Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Major Project
Done by
Prerna Saini
07MIB026
MAY 2009
This is to certify that the study titled ‘A Study of Foreign Exchange Transactions of
Punjab National Bank, Lucknow Region from October 2007-October 2008’ is submitted
by Ms. Prerna Saini, Reg. No. [07MIB026] to VIT Business School, VIT University,
Vellore in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business
supervision. The contents of this study, in full or in parts have not been submitted in any
form to any other institute or university for the award of any degree or diploma
2
Declaration
I, Prerna Saini, a Bonafide student of the VIT Business School, VIT University, Vellore,
hereby declare that the project titled “A Study of Foreign Exchange Transactions of
Punjab National Bank, Lucknow Region from October 2007-October 2008” in partial
Date:
Place: Vellore
Prerna Saini
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to acknowledge my deepest gratitude towards all those people who helped
me in the completion of this project. The success of this study would not have been
possible without the help and guidance of these people. They have played a very
important role in making this Institutional training an enriched experience.
I would like to express my deep gratitude to Dr. Anand. A. Samuel, Dean VIT- BS, for
his motivation for doing this summer training.
I would also like to thank Prof. Dr. K.T. Rengamani, Associate Dean for inspiring us to
do this training with full enthusiasm and also helping in all possible ways for completing
the training.
I am also pleased to express my sincere thanks and deep gratitude to my faculty guide
Dr. C. Annadurai, Professor, VIT-BS for his keen interest in this study, who offered her
noble advice and gave me valuable suggestions throughout the project work.
I take this opportunity to express my sincere and heartfelt thanks to Mr. Saxena, Chief
Manager, Punjab National Bank, Lucknow, for having given me the opportunity to
complete this project. My deepest regards are also to Mr. A K Sahu, Head of Foreign
Exchange Department, Punjab National Bank, HAL Branch, under whose guidance I
completed my project and who showed complete faith in me and offered me to do my
project here.
Prerna Saini
07MIB026
4
CONTENTS
Chapter 1 - Introduction 1
1.5 Objectives 15
1.6 Methodology 16
(Sale) Rate 34
(Sale) Rate 47
(Sale) Rate 60
(Purchase) Rate 73
6
studying the commission earned by the Bank 91
Chapter 4 95
4.1 Summary 95
4.2 Findings 96
4.3 Conclusion 98
Chapter 5 99
5.1 References 99
5.2 Annexure
7
List of Tables
S. No. Description P. No.
1.1 Codes for Foreign Currencies 3
3.1 Inter-day variations in the Selling rate of Dollar over the 12 months 28
3.2 Inter-day variations in the Selling rate of Euro over the 12 months 29
3.3 Inter-day variations in the Selling rate of Pound over the 12 months 30
3.4 Inter-day variations in the Purchase rate of Dollar over the 12 months 31
3.5 Inter-day variations in the Purchase rate of Euro over the 12 months 32
3.6 Inter-day variations in the Purchase rate of Pound over the 12 months 33
3.7 Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 34
October 2007
3.8 Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 35
November 2007
3.9 Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 36
December 2007
3.10 Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 37
January 2008
3.11 Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 38
February 2008
3.12 Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 39
March 2008
3.13 Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 40
April 2008
3.14 Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 41
May 2008
3.15 Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 42
June 2008
3.16 Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 43
July 2008
3.17 Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 44
August 2008
3.18 Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 45
September 2008
3.19 Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 46
October 2008
3.20 Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 47
October 2007
3.21 Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 48
November 2007
3.22 Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 49
December 2007
3.23 Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 50
January 2008
3.24 Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 51
8
February 2007
3.25 Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 52
March 2007
3.26 Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 53
April 2007
3.27 Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 54
May 2007
3.28 Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 55
June 2007
3.29 Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 56
July 2007
3.30 Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 57
August 2007
3.31 Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 58
September 2007
3.32 Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 59
October 2007
3.33 Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 60
October 2007
3.34 Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 61
November 2007
3.35 Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 62
December 2007
3.36 Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 63
January 2008
3.37 Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 64
February 2008
3.38 Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 65
March 2008
3.39 Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 66
April 2008
3.40 Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 67
May 2008
3.41 Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 68
June 2008
3.42 Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 69
July 2008
3.43 Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 70
August 2008
3.44 Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 71
September 2008
3.45 Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of 72
October 2008
3.46 Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase) Rate for the 73
Month of October 2007
9
3.47 Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase) Rate for the 74
Month of November 2007
3.48 Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase) Rate for the 75
Month of December 2007
3.49 Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase) Rate for the 76
Month of January 2008
3.50 Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase) Rate for the 77
Month of February 2008
3.51 Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase) Rate for the 78
Month of March 2008
3.52 Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase) Rate for the 79
Month of April 2008
3.53 Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase) Rate for the 80
Month of May 2008
3.54 Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase) Rate for the 80
Month of June 2008
3.55 Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase) Rate for the 81
Month of July 2008
3.56 Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase) Rate for the 82
Month of August 2008
3.57 Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase) Rate for the 83
Month of September 2008
3.58 Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase) Rate for the 84
Month of October 2008
3.59 Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Purchase) Rate for the 85
Months of October 2007-October 2008
3.60 Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Purchase) Rate for the 86
Months of October 2007-October 2008
3.61 Currency-wise Number of Foreign exchange Transactions 87
3.62 Currency-wise Amount of Foreign exchange Transactions 89
3.63 Analysis of Currency-wise Composition of the Commission earned 91
by the bank on various foreign exchange transactions
3.64 Analysis of Composition of Foreign exchange Transactions on the 93
basis of Purpose
10
List of Charts
S. No. Description P. No.
3.1 Avegare Selling Rate of Dollar over the 12 months 28
3.2 Avegare Selling Rate of Euro over the 12 months 29
3.3 Avegare Selling Rate of Pound over the 12 months 30
3.4 Avegare Purchase Rate of Dollar over the 12 months 31
3.5 Avegare Purchase Rate of Euro over the 12 months 32
3.6 Avegare Purchase Rate of Pound over the 12 months 33
3.7 Currency-wise number of Foreign Exchange Transactions 88
3.8 Currency-wise Amount of Foreign Exchange Transactions 90
3.9 Analysis of Currency-wise Composition of the Commission 92
earned by the bank on various foreign exchange transactions
3.10 Analysis of Purpose-wise Composition of Foreign Exchange 94
transactions
11
Introduction
In this study the foreign exchange transactions of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow are
analyzed on a day to day basis for the period of one year i.e. from 16 October 2007 to 16
October 2008. This means analyzing the inward and outward remittances of foreign
currency in the bank for 364 days. The study involves analyzing the trends (if any) in the
foreign exchange transactions of the bank carried out by the bank in the Lucknow
Region. This includes analysis of revenue generation pattern for the bank through
commission charged and also through spread between the ask rate and the bid rate
charged by the bank. The purpose of transaction also forms and important part of the
study and an analysis has been done on the percentage composition of the purpose for
which foreign exchange has been transacted. The study includes finding out the trends in
the change in foreign exchange rate of rupee with respect of other foreign currencies and
also if there have been any intraday rate changes and inter day rate changes. For this
purpose the data was collected from the bank records for the stated period.
Foreign exchange has two meaning. First it refers to the currency of a foreign country.
Second it means exchange of currencies of two countries at a certain rate known as
exchange rate. The foreign exchange transactions involves buying and selling of foreign
currencies. The foreign exchange transactions may be spot or forwards.
In order to minimize the risk and maximize the returns the investors globally are trying to
find out new investment strategies. Among the most fruitful markets opening up to
traders is the Foreign Exchange market. Identifiable trading patterns and comparatively
low margin requirements have proved to be a trading opportunity for the traders.
12
York Stock Exchange. The advantage of these transaction is that they can be executed
quickly and with low transaction costs (i.e., a small bid/ask spread).
As a result, foreign exchange trading has long been recognized as a superior investment
opportunity by major banks, multinational corporations and other institutions. Today,
this market is more widely available to the individual trader than ever before.
The foreign exchange market performs three major functions. These are:
The foreign exchange quotes can either be ‘direct’ or can be ‘indirect’. A direct quote is a
home currency price of a unit of foreign currency. And an Indirect quote is a foreign
currency price of a unit of home currency.
There are two types of quotes in the foreign exchange market. These are as follows:
Bid/Ask Spread (or "Spread"): The distance between the Bid and Ask price. It is the
difference in the bid price and the ask price. The dealers bid at one price and ask at a
slightly higher price, thus creating a spread and making profit.
13
Codes for Foreign Currencies
All the currencies of the countries are given some international currency codes. Some of
the major currencies of the world are:
Symbol Currency
USD US Dollar
EUR Euro
14
1.2 Nature of Foreign Exchange Transactions
The transactions in the foreign exchange market can be executes as ‘spot transaction’,
‘forward transaction’ or ‘swap transactions’. These can be described as below:
Foreign currency derivatives are those instruments which derive their value from some
underlying asset like, currency, commodity or a stock. These are two important tools for
hedging and speculation. Most common foreign currency financial derivatives are:
15
o Call Option – It is an option to buy foreign currency but not an obligation
to buy.
The buyer of an option is called holder and the seller of an option is called
writer.
Hedging
Hedging involves protecting from foreign exchange risk. In this the owner purchases a
contract which will rise in value in the future and offset a drop in value of another
contract. This mechanism does not mean making profit. But it just protects from loss.
16
1.3 Foreign Exchange Market in India
Foreign Exchange Market in India works under the central government which has wide
powers to control transactions in foreign exchange in India.
The Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 or FEMA regulates the whole foreign
exchange market in India. The foreign exchange market in India is regulated by the
reserve bank of India through the Exchange Control Department.
Indian authorities are able to manage the exchange rate easily, only because foreign
exchange transactions in India are so securely controlled. Since liberalization, foreign
exchange markets in India have witnessed explosive growth in trading capacity. The
importance of the exchange rate of foreign exchange in India for the Indian economy has
also been far greater than ever before. While the Indian government has clearly adopted a
flexible exchange rate regime, in practice the rupee is one of most resourceful trackers of
the US dollar.
The foreign exchange market in India is growing very rapidly, since the annual turnover
of the market is more than $400 billion. This foreign exchange transaction in India does
not include the inter-bank transactions. The transactions are made on spot and also on
forward basis, which include currency swaps and interest rate swaps.
The Indian foreign exchange market is made up of the buyers, sellers, market mediators
and the monetary authority of India. The main center of foreign exchange in India is
Mumbai, the commercial capital of the country. The other centers for foreign exchange
transactions in India are the major cities of Kolkata, New Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore,
Pondicherry and Cochin.
The Foreign Exchange Market in India is a flourishing ground of profit and higher
initiatives are taken by the central government in order to strengthen the foundation.
Participants of the foreign exchange market are the players that operate and engage in
foreign exchange transactions. The major participants of the foreign exchange market in
India are classified into five major categories. These are as follows:
The banks and the non-bank foreign exchange dealers are also known as
authorized dealers. They make profit through the spread that exists between the
ask price and bid price. ADs are banks authorized by the RBI to do foreign
exchange business. Foreign Exchange Dealers Association of India (FEDAI)
forms the ground rules for the commission and other important aspects of foreign
exchange dealers in India.
• Customers
The customers form a major component of the foreign exchange market in India.
They include various Public Sector Units and Private Sector Corporations. These
days even Foreign Institutional Investors have emerged as an important
component of the Foreign exchange market.
18
• Reserve Bank of India
Reserve Bank of India is the central bank of India. RBI forms the rules and
regulations which guide the operation of foreign exchange market in India. The
main powers of RBI are:
• Deposits between persons resident in India and persons resident outside India;
• Transfer of immovable property outside India, other than a lease not exceeding
five years, by a person resident in India;
19
• Make any payment in any manner to any person who resides outside India. No
payments can even be made for the credit of the particular person.
• Enter into any sort of financial transaction in India to acquire any asset outside
India by any person.
• Acquire, hold, own, possess or transfer any foreign exchange, foreign security or
any immovable property situated outside India.
R-Return
This statement reports the total inflow and outflow of Foreign Exchange through an
Authorized Dealer for the particular fortnight. There are two types of R-returns:
• R-Return(Vostro) – statement for the foreign banks which have accounts in the
Indian banks in India.
The bank has to submit the R-return to the RBI within 7 days from the end of particular
fortnight as a Hard Copy, email and also in a floppy to the regional RBI office. Failing
which there is a penalty on the following basis:
For submitting this return the banks have to maintain specific records in the notified
format by the RBI. They have to record the incoming and outgoing foreign currency
20
classified on the basis of purpose and also have to maintain Mirror Account for the
Nostro Account they have with the foreign Bank. The statement has Sales, Purchases,
Opening Balance and Closing Balance of foreign currency for a period of 15 days.
XOS Statement
This statement submitted to RBI reports the export outstanding bills beyond 6 months
from the date of export. This statement is submitted on a half yearly basis and is
cumulative, i.e. it includes the export bills included in the last statement and is still
outstanding. The Authorized dealers should follow up with the defaulting exporter
immediately failing which the RBI can impose penalty on the Authorized Dealers.
BEF statement
This statement includes a list of all the exporters for non-submission of overdue Bill of
Entry within 6 months from the date of shipment. This statement is submitted to RBI on
half yearly basis and in non-cumulative i.e. exporters mentioned in the last statement are
not included again in the next statement.
FEDAI GUIDELINES
21
• Represent member banks on Government/Reserve Bank of India/Other Bodies.
• Announcement of daily and periodical rates to member banks.
FEMA Guidelines
The Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 has come into effect on June 1, 2000 and
has replaced the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973 (FERA). FEMA is a civil law.
FEMA defines capital account and current account transactions, while power is delegated
on Reserve Bank of India to regulate capital account transactions.
Objectives of FEMA
FEMA defines certain terms which have been used throughout the ACT as follows:
22
• Financial Transaction: It means making any payment to, or for the credit of any
person, or receiving any payment for, by order or on behalf of any person, or
drawing, issuing or negotiating any bill of exchange or promissory note, or
transferring any security or acknowledging any debt.
• Foreign Currency: It denotes any currency other than the Indian currency.
• Foreign Exchange: Money instruments used to make payments between
countries.
• Foreign Security: Any security in the form of shares, stocks, bonds, debentures
or any other instrument denominated or expressed in foreign currency. It is only
applicable where redemption or any form of return such as interest or dividends is
payable in Indian currency.
• Import: It simply defines a process that facilitates bringing of goods or services
into India.
• Indian Currency: Currency expressed in Indian rupee.
• Person: It includes an individual, a Hindu undivided family, a company, a firm,
an association of persons or a body of individuals, whether incorporated or not,
every artificial juridical person and any agency, office or branch owned or
controlled by such person.
• Person Resident in India: He is a person who lives a minimum of 182 days in
India during the preceding financial year.
• Repatriate to India: It means bringing into India the realized foreign exchange
and selling of such foreign exchange to an authorized person in India.
• Security: It means shares, stocks, bonds and debentures, Government securities,
savings certificates, deposit receipts in respect of deposits of securities and units
of the Unit Trust of India or of any mutual fund and includes certificates of title to
securities, but does not include bills of exchange or promissory notes other than
Government promissory notes or any other instruments which may be notified by
the Reserve Bank as security for the purposes of this Act.
• Service: It means service of any description which is made available to potential
users and includes the provision of facilities in all terms.
23
• Transfer: It includes sale, purchase, exchange, mortgage, pledge, gift, loan or
any other form of transfer of right, title, possession or lien.
24
1.4 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The topic of this study is ‘A study on the foreign exchange transactions of Punjab
National Bank, Lucknow region from October 2007 to October 2008’. In this study the
foreign exchange transactions of Punjab National Bank in in Lucknow Region are
analyzed for a period of one year. Here the data collected constitutes day to day
transactions of foreign exchange that the bank dealt with during the given period.
Foreign exchange market is one of the most growing and attractive market for the
investors which has with time become one of the most rewarding markets. The Punjab
National Bank has been involved in various foreign exchange transactions in Lucknow
Region where it basically deals on behalf on its clients. The major activities in foreign
exchange includes payment for import, receipts for exports, traveler’s cheques, currency
buying and selling.
The objective of this research is to study and analyze these transactions by classifying the
data on various basis. Through this research it is to be identified that what are the major
currencies that are being dealt in the bank, the most profitable transactions carried out in
the bank and the trend followed by the exchange rates by analyzing the inter-day and
intra-day variations in the foreign exchange rate and the purpose for which the foreign
exchange transactions are carried out.
25
1.5 OBJECTIVES
The research project has the following objectives. The basis of study is a day to day data
of the foreign exchange transaction of the Punjab National Bank in the Lucknow Region
for 364 days for the period 16 October 2008 – 2009.
4. To study the profitability of the foreign exchange transactions for the Punjab National
Bank in the Lucknow Region.
26
1.6 METHODOLOGY
The study requires data relating to foreign exchange transactions on a day to day basis.
This includes data of both sale and purchase of foreign exchange by the bank within a
specified period. The data collected includes the following:
Sources of Data
The source of data collected for the study is the records of the bank for a 364 day period
starting from 16 October 2007 to 16 October 2008. The bank maintains a record of daily
transactions in separate books. The data for this study has been collected from all the
books prepared by the bank with respect to foreign exchange.
Data Collected
The data is collected from the records of the bank from the books prepared by them for
the period of 16 October 2007 to 16 October 2008. The various heads under which the
data is collected are:
• Imports
• Exports
Classification of Data
The data collected has been classified on various basis for the purpose of analyzing it.
These basis are:
27
• Amount of various currencies transacted in terms of Rupees on a month to month
basis.
For studying the trends of foreign exchange transactions the following tools of technical
analysis are used:
• Standard Deviation
• Coefficient of Variation
• Arithmetic Mean
28
1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
• It was an in-house study of the foreign exchange transactions within the bank
premises.
• Since bank deals mainly with HAL transactions and HAL business relates to
specific countries like USA, UK and France, so major transactions were found in
Dollar, Euro and Pound.
29
2.1 Punjab National Bank - Profile
Punjab National Bank(PNB) was established in 1895 at Lahore, undivided India. It was
nationalized in nationalized in July 1969 along with 13 other banks. Punjab National
Bank offers a wide variety of banking services which include corporate and personal
banking, industrial finance, agricultural finance, financing of trade and international
banking. The clients of PNB include conglomerates, medium and small industrial units,
exporters, non-resident Indians and multinational companies.
Punjab National Bank serves over 3.5 crore customers through 4540 Offices including
421 extension counters - largest amongst Nationalized Banks. It is one among 300 global
companies and seven Indian companies which are expected to emerge as challengers to
World’s leading blue chip companies.
Strong correspondent banking relationship which Punjab National Bank maintains with
over 200 leading international banks all over the world enhances its capabilities to handle
transactions world-wide. Besides, bank has Rupee Drawing Arrangements with 15
exchange companies in the Gulf and one in Singapore. Bank is a member of the SWIFT
and over 150 branches of the bank are connected through its computer-based terminal at
Mumbai. With its state-of-art dealing rooms and well-trained dealers, the bank offers
efficient foreign exchange dealing operations in India.
Punjab National Bank(PNB) was established in 1895 at Lahore, undivided India. It was
nationalized in nationalized in July 1969 along with 13 other banks. Punjab National
Bank offers a wide variety of banking services which include corporate and personal
banking, industrial finance, agricultural finance, financing of trade and international
banking. The clients of PNB include conglomerates, medium and small industrial units,
exporters, non-resident Indians and multinational companies.
Punjab National Bank serves over 3.5 crore customers through 4540 Offices including
421 extension counters - largest amongst Nationalized Banks. It is one among 300 global
30
companies and seven Indian companies which are expected to emerge as challengers to
World’s leading blue chip companies.
• Euros
• Sterling Pound
• Japanese Yen
• Swiss Franc
The Punjab National Bank, Hal Branch, Lucknow is the only branch of the bank in
Lucknow which deals with the foreign exchange in the UP Circle. Imports and Exports
forms a major percentage of the nature of foreign exchange transactions carried out at the
bank. The foreign exchange transactions both sales and purchase amount to more than Rs
350 crore annually. Main business of the bank comes from Hindustan Aeronautics
Limited, Lucknow which imports aeronautical parts from USA, UK, France, etc.
31
2.2 Foreign Exchange Transactions at Punjab National Bank
Inward Remittances
• Exports
Outward Remittances
• Imports
The imports and exports form the most important component of the foreign exchange
transactions of the bank. The various bills used by the bank for payment and collections
are given as below and also a summary of the import and export procedures to be
followed in India are given.
Import Bills:
32
• FIBNLC – Foreign Inward Bills Negotiated under a Letter of Credit
Export Bills:
33
Various Forms Used for Export of Goods from India
G R / SDF / SOFTEX Form under FEMA - Reserve Bank of India has prescribed GR /
SDF form under FEMA. “G R” stands for ‘Guaranteed Receipt’ form, while SDF stands
for 'Statutory Declaration Form’). SDF form is to be used where shipping bills are
processed electronically in customs house, while GR form is used when shipping bills are
processed manually in customs house.
Other documents required for export - Exporter also has to prepare other documents like
34
2.3 International Network of Punjab National Bank
The Bank maintains strong banking relationship with over 200 leading international
banks all over the world. This helps it in enhancing its capabilities to handle transactions
world-wide. The bank has Rupee Drawing Arrangements with 15 exchange companies in
the Gulf and one in Singapore. PNB is a member of the SWIFT and over 150 branches of
the bank are connected through its computer-based terminal at Mumbai. With its state-of-
art dealing rooms and well-trained dealers, the bank offers efficient foreign exchange
dealing operations in India.
The bank has various foreign currency Nostro accounts in various countries. These are:
35
2.4 Literature Review
A research titled ‘Survey of foreign exchange and derivatives market activity in Canada’
was conducted in April 2001 by the Bank of Canada to study the foreign exchange
transaction of all the banks in Canada. This was done in coordination with the Bank for
International Settlements (BIS).
The survey included all the financial institutions in Canada active in the
wholesale foreign exchange and derivatives markets were surveyed which consisted of 28
financial institutions and foreign exchange and fixed-income brokers. With respect
to foreign exchange, the survey covered spot transactions, outright
forwards, foreign exchange swaps, currency swaps, and over-the-counter (OTC) options.
The interest rate products covered were forward rate agreements, interest rate swaps, and
OTC options. Participants were also asked to identify transactions by currency and type
of counterparty.
The results of the research were presented under the following heads. turnover of
traditional foreign exchange transactions, currency swaps and
OTC foreign exchange options, currency distribution, type of transaction and
counterparty transactions.
And there is also a mention of factors that determine the exchange rate which are direct
channel and indirect channel. Direct channel includes those information which are
publicly available and indirect channel includes the private information which the public
doesn’t know about.
The research by Yu Hsing titled ‘Analysis of Exchange Rate Fluctuations for Thailand’
conducted in Thailand in 2007 established that there is a negative relationship between
the foreign exchange rate and international interest rate. The samples were taken from
1997 Q1 to 2004 Q3. The exchange rate was expressed in US Dollar per Thai Bhat. In the
paper the extended macroeconomic model which includes three equations for good
market, the money market and uncovered interest rate parity.
Various factors like monetary policy, fiscal policy, stock market performance, the foreign
interest rate, the expected inflation rate, the expected exchange rate and the relative price
index are considered for analyzing the effect on the nominal exchange rate.
37
after the permission was according to borrow and lend overseas capital upto 15% of Tier
I capital.
The major issue that is debatable is forex market participants is the issue of long term
rupee – foreign currency swaps. This was permitted in 1997 as a hedging mechanism for
corporate who have long term currency exposures. The market players demand for
greater freedom in the investment of foreign currency funds and increasing tenure of
FCNR(B).
The author then went on to study the foreign exchange market structure. What type of
transactions are carried out is found out. The participants of the market are
intermediaries, the end users, the individuals, corporate, institutional investors, etc. There
seems to be no established results regarding relationship of financial liberation and
growth. Therefore industry analysts say that trade liberation should take place before
financial liberation.
The author has also given the disclosure norms and transparency initiatives that have
been taken by RBI to ensure the effective functioning of the foreign exchange market in
India.
38
3.1.1Analysis of Inter-Day Variations in the Selling Rate of Dollar over
the 12 Months
Avg.
Total Dollar Standard Coefficient of
Date Selling
Amount Deviation Variation
Rate
Oct-07 862304.25 39.83 0.21 0.54
Nov-07 737152.3 39.56 0.28 0.72
Dec-07 515271.12 39.62 0.12 0.31
Jan-08 1619997.72 39.52 0.22 0.55
Feb-08 656971.55 39.84 0.31 0.78
Mar-08 1136001.3 40.49 0.25 0.62
Apr-08 383819.65 40.23 0.22 0.54
May-08 1251526.44 42.23 0.94 2.22
Jun-08 2810935 42.99 0.69 1.62
Jul-08 338567.73 42.81 0.65 1.51
Aug-08 1006872.3 43.07 0.75 1.75
Sep-08 1519823.5 45.18 0.76 1.68
Oct-08 387981.71 48.04 0.55 1.14
Table 3.1: Inter-day variations in the Selling rate of Dollar over the 12 months
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
Interpretation: The inter-day Dollar-Rupee exchange rate variations for May 2008, June
2008, July 2008, August 2008, September 2008 and October 2008 is higher as compared
to other months. The least variations in exchange rate can be observed in the month of
December 2007 and the highest variations are in May 2008.
Conclusion: The above graph shows an increase in the average Selling rate of Dollar
over the 12 months.
39
3.1.2 Analysis of Inter-Day Variations in the Selling Rate of Euro over
the 12 Months
Avg.
Total Euro Standard Coefficient of
Date Selling
Amount Deviation variation
Rate
Oct-07 514262.3 56.89 0.34 0.59
Nov-07 806245.43 58.32 0.74 1.27
Dec-07 1588171.19 57.89 0.46 0.80
Jan-08 1137677.4 58.44 0.35 0.59
Feb-08 1185311.13 58.99 1.00 1.69
Mar-08 1462429.38 63.33 0.72 1.14
Apr-08 1050254.8 63.57 0.29 0.46
May-08 1108392.79 66.04 1.68 2.55
Jun-08 1205083.4 66.93 1.09 1.63
Jul-08 3412952.22 67.92 0.86 1.27
Aug-08 2949810 64.75 0.93 1.43
Sep-08 1288631.32 65.36 1.52 2.33
Oct-08 7981187.02 65.74 0.41 0.63
Table 3.2: Inter-day variations in the Selling rate of Euro over the 12 months
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
Interpretation: The inter-day variations in the selling rate of Euro is higher in the
months of November 2007, Feb 2008, March 2008, May 2008, June 2008, July 2008,
August 2008 and September 2008. Whereas the variations in exchange rate is low in
other months of October 2007, December 2007, January 2008, April 2008 and October
2008. The least variations are in the months of October 2007 and January 2008 and the
highest are in the month of May 2008.
Conclusion: The above graph shows that the exchange rate fluctuates during the month
of July 2008.. After initially increasing it falls after July 2008.
40
3.1.3 Analysis of Inter-Day Variations in the Selling Rate of Pound over
the 12 Months
Avg.
Total Pound Standard Coefficient of
Date Selling
Amount Deviation Variation
Rate
Oct-07 313980.08 81.33 0.30 0.37
Nov-07 1428598.34 82.04 0.90 1.10
Dec-08 1305508.76 79.85 0.86 1.07
Jan-08 1028744.67 77.99 0.51 0.65
Feb-08 666658.3 78.71 0.83 1.05
Mar-08 2548507.16 81.02 0.95 1.17
Apr-08 322119.52 79.51 0.48 0.61
May-08 1842404.44 83.24 1.77 2.12
Jun-08 997825.94 84.84 0.68 0.80
Jul-08 2502194.71 85.45 0.94 1.10
Aug-08 916260 81.57 0.83 1.01
Sep-08 238138.21 81.29 2.69 3.32
Oct-08 966993.47 84.10 0.88 1.04
Table 3.3: Inter-day variations in the Selling rate of Pound over the 12 months
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
Interpretation: The inter-day variations in the selling rate of Pound is higher in the
months of November 2007, December 2007, Feb 2008, March 2008, May 2008, July
2008, August 2008 and September 2008 and October 2008. Whereas, the variations in the
exchange rate are low in months of October 2007, January 2008, April 2008 and June
2008. The least variations are in the months of October 2007 and the highest are in the
month of September 2008.
Conclusion: The above graph shows that the exchange rate fluctuates many times over
the 12 months. its highest during the month of July 2008 and lowest in January 2008.
41
3.1.4 Analysis of Inter-Day Variations in the Purchase Rate of Dollar
over the 12 Months
Avg.
Total Dollar Standard coefficient of
Date Purchase
Amount Deviation variation
Rate
Oct-07 24136.78 39.35 0.26 0.67
Nov-07 43089 38.99 0.34 0.86
Dec-07 29489.5 39.21 0.21 0.53
Jan-08 21763.4 39.29 0.12 0.31
Feb-08 29078.47 39.69 0.33 0.83
Mar-08 41751.50 40.35 0.16 0.39
Apr-08 35832.13 40.59 1.14 2.80
May-08 10289.13 42.32 0.20 0.48
Jun-08 163163.7 42.62 0.21 0.50
Jul-08 318255.85 42.53 0.66 1.54
Aug-08 332272.49 43.29 0.38 0.88
Sep-08 512618.73 45.36 0.82 1.80
Oct-08 25936 46.92 0.35 0.74
Table 3.4: Inter-day variations in the Purchase rate of Dollar over the 12 months
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
Interpretation: The inter-day variations in the Purchase rate of Dollar are high in the
months of April 2008, July 2008 and September 2008. Whereas the variations in the
exchange rate is low in the other months. The least variations are in the month of January
2008 and the highest are in the month of April 2008.
Conclusion: The above graph shows a steady increase in the exchange rate over the 12
months. The exchange rate is highest in the month of October 2008.
42
3.1.5 Analysis of Inter-Day Variations in the Purchase Rate of Euro
over the 12 Months
Avg.
Total Euro Standard coefficient of
Date Purchase
Amount Deviation variation
Rate
Oct-07 45000.00 56.11 0.27 0.48
Dec-07 40000.00 57.20 0.00 0.00
Jan-08 12479.70 58.34 0.00 0.00
Feb-08 2000.00 58.01 0.00 0.00
Apr-08 20250.00 62.61 0.00 0.00
May-08 3909.19 64.32 2.12 3.29
Jun-08 13333.45 62.03 8.52 13.74
Jul-08 7983.45 65.86 0.00 0.00
Aug-08 200.00 64.22 0.00 0.00
Sep-08 16195.50 63.63 0.53 0.83
Oct-08 4250.00 64.45 0.00 0.00
Table 3.5: Inter-day variations in the Purchase rate of Euro over the 12 months
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
Interpretation: The inter-day variations in the Purchase rate of Euro are higher in the
months of May 2008 and June 2008. Whereas the variations in exchange rate is low in
the other months. In the months of December 2007, January 2008, February 2008, April
2008, July 2008, August 2008 and October 2008 there have been no variations at all.
Conclusion: The above graph shows that the exchange rate fluctuates during the months
of May 2008 to July 2008. But it increases over the 12 months, with highest exchange
rate in the month of July 2008.
43
3.1.6 Analysis of Inter-Day Variations in the Purchase Rate of Pound
over the 12 Months
Avg.
Total Pound Standard coefficient of
Date Purchase
Amount Deviation variation
Rate
Dec-07 54000.00 78.51 0.97 1.23
Mar-08 3350.00 81.31 0.36 0.44
Apr-08 29454.46 79.15 0.40 0.51
May-08 6720.00 81.44 0.40 0.49
Jun-08 6880.00 83.79 0.57 0.68
Jul-08 9930.00 84.28 0.63 0.75
Aug-08 8600.00 80.10 0.32 0.40
Sep-08 35280.00 80.64 3.06 3.79
Table 3.6: Inter-day variations in the Purchase rate of Pound over the 12 months
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
Interpretation: The inter-day variations in the purchase rate of Pound is higher in the
months of December 2007 and September 2008. Whereas the variations in exchange rate
is low in all the other months. The least variations are in the month of August 2008 and
the highest are in the month of September 2008.
Conclusion: The above graph shows a lot of fluctuation in the exchange rate over the 12
months. the highest exchange rate is in the month of July 2008 and the lowest is in the
month of December 2008.
44
3.2.1 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of October 2007
Table 3.7: Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
October 2007
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
45
3.2.2 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of November 2007
Total Dollar Avg. Selling Standard Coefficient of
Date
Amount Rate Deviation Variation
1-Nov-07 22167.20 39.66 0.21 0.52
2-Nov-07 39098.50 39.51 0.17 0.44
5-Nov-07 44423.03 39.12 0.36 0.92
6-Nov-07 48740.00 39.49 0.04 0.10
7-Nov-07 51174.70 39.45 0.00 0.00
8-Nov-07 9660.16 39.55 0.02 0.06
12-Nov-07 664.39 39.69 0.23 0.59
13-Nov-07 11294.84 39.47 0.51 1.29
14-Nov-07 40828.12 39.40 0.18 0.45
19-Nov-07 38924.26 39.49 0.03 0.08
20-Nov-07 33413.40 39.62 0.00 0.00
21-Nov-07 270890.16 39.47 0.29 0.74
22-Nov-07 8568.00 39.66 0.00 0.00
23-Nov-07 2267.50 39.41 0.50 1.27
26-Nov-07 68544.00 39.83 0.00 0.00
27-Nov-07 21530.00 40.05 0.00 0.00
28-Nov-07 24964.00 39.68 0.50 1.25
Table 3.8: Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
November 2007
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
46
3.2.3 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of December 2007
Total Dollar Avg. Selling Standard Coefficient
Date
Amount Rate Deviation of Variation
3-Dec-07 49650.58 39.73 0.14 0.35
6-Dec-07 50424.65 39.63 0.03 0.07
10-Dec-07 32933.67 39.63 0.04 0.09
11-Dec-07 42952.90 39.59 0.00 0.00
12-Dec-07 25639.25 39.49 0.23 0.57
13-Dec-07 13473.90 39.54 0.00 0.00
14-Dec-07 103553.82 39.57 0.04 0.11
17-Dec-07 34272.00 39.60 0.00 0.00
18-Dec-07 17136.00 39.80 0.00 0.00
19-Dec-07 8568.00 39.74 0.00 0.00
20-Dec-07 25394.15 39.74 0.05 0.12
24-Dec-07 13872.70 39.62 0.03 0.06
26-Dec-07 34272.00 39.66 0.00 0.00
27-Dec-07 43390.00 39.52 0.29 0.74
28-Dec-07 19737.50 39.63 0.00 0.00
Table 3.9: Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
December 2007
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
47
3.2.4 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of January 2008
Total Dollar Avg. Selling Standard Coefficient
Date
Amount Rate Deviation of Variation
1-Jan-08 1500.00 39.22 0.00 0.00
3-Jan-08 1900.00 38.85 0.00 0.00
4-Jan-08 8146.15 39.50 0.00 0.00
7-Jan-08 761056.00 39.44 0.00 0.00
8-Jan-08 34076.00 39.48 0.04 0.09
9-Jan-08 9453.00 39.35 0.61 1.54
10-Jan-08 111999.00 39.65 0.29 0.73
11-Jan-08 10943.81 39.61 0.21 0.52
14-Jan-08 24666.65 39.29 0.25 0.65
15-Jan-08 98595.58 39.46 0.03 0.08
16-Jan-08 40626.01 39.45 0.03 0.07
17-Jan-08 9528.00 39.53 0.04 0.09
21-Jan-08 49662.97 39.57 0.06 0.16
22-Jan-08 13552.50 39.98 0.00 0.00
23-Jan-08 73114.63 39.73 0.03 0.07
28-Jan-08 231452.49 39.61 0.05 0.13
29-Jan-08 99879.17 39.58 0.04 0.09
30-Jan-08 21897.33 39.63 0.03 0.07
31-Jan-08 17948.43 39.63 0.04 0.11
Table 3.10: Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
January 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
48
3.2.5 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of February 2008
Total Dollar Avg. Selling Standard Coefficient
Date
Amount Rate Deviation of Variation
4-Feb-08 7006.50 39.50 0.00 0.00
5-Feb-08 17136.00 39.67 0.00 0.00
6-Feb-08 17322.30 39.68 0.14 0.35
8-Feb-08 9134.00 39.71 0.02 0.06
11-Feb-08 35652.60 39.85 0.01 0.04
12-Feb-08 35461.13 39.89 0.02 0.05
14-Feb-08 412853.22 39.84 0.00 0.00
19-Feb-08 60668.35 39.68 0.88 2.23
20-Feb-08 2833.78 40.30 0.00 0.00
26-Feb-08 9184.93 40.10 0.00 0.00
28-Feb-08 38650.74 40.02 0.04 0.09
29-Feb-08 11068.00 40.16 0.08 0.21
Table 3.11: Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
February 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
49
3.2.6 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of March 2008
Total Dollar Avg. Selling Standard Coefficient
Date
Amount Rate Deviation of Variation
3-Mar-08 21512.00 40.37 0.27 0.68
4-Mar-08 17776.00 40.43 0.00 0.00
7-Mar-08 218277.76 40.65 0.00 0.00
10-Mar-08 19199.00 40.53 0.00 0.00
13-Mar-08 252811.75 40.67 0.00 0.00
14-Mar-08 16742.86 40.68 0.06 0.14
17-Mar-08 49962.48 40.85 0.00 0.00
19-Mar-08 138396.08 40.62 0.05 0.13
20-Mar-08 2382.75 40.65 0.00 0.00
24-Mar-08 61500.00 40.53 0.00 0.00
25-Mar-08 5000.00 40.25 0.00 0.00
27-Mar-08 43834.53 40.40 0.10 0.24
28-Mar-08 173050.00 40.24 0.02 0.06
31-Mar-08 115556.09 40.08 0.08 0.19
Table 3.12: Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
March 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
50
3.2.7 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of April 2008
Total Dollar Avg. Selling Standard Coefficient
Date
Amount Rate Deviation of Variation
2-Apr-08 35144.00 40.23 0.06 0.14
4-Apr-08 2693.80 40.20 0.00 0.00
8-Apr-08 13106.74 40.18 0.03 0.07
9-Apr-08 16727.08 40.24 0.05 0.13
11-Apr-08 3500.00 40.53 0.67 1.66
12-Apr-08 48244.43 40.22 0.18 0.46
15-Apr-08 2827.25 40.13 0.02 0.05
16-Apr-08 10698.60 40.19 0.09 0.22
17-Apr-08 28230.00 40.23 0.28 0.69
19-Apr-08 1500.00 39.75 0.00 0.00
22-Apr-08 35.00 40.10 0.00 0.00
24-Apr-08 6296.61 40.03 0.03 0.07
25-Apr-08 179209.30 40.33 0.24 0.59
29-Apr-08 14845.99 40.38 0.08 0.20
30-Apr-08 20760.85 40.6 0.00 0.00
Table 3.13: Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
April 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
51
3.2.8 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of May 2008
Total Dollar Avg. Selling Standard Coefficient
Date
Amount Rate Deviation of Variation
1-May-08 31786.66 40.63 0.04 0.10
2-May-08 309.00 40.84 0.02 0.05
5-May-08 400286.60 40.64 0.22 0.53
6-May-08 15155.74 40.85 0.07 0.17
8-May-08 6030.00 41.41 0.58 1.40
9-May-08 35536.00 42.07 0.30 0.72
13-May-08 10758.72 41.96 0.84 2.00
14-May-08 15618.08 42.53 0.06 0.14
15-May-08 11919.98 42.67 0.04 0.10
16-May-08 55526.83 42.81 0.00 0.00
17-May-08 259815.84 42.70 0.00 0.00
21-May-08 1256.55 42.90 0.00 0.00
22-May-08 6233.00 43.59 0.37 0.86
23-May-08 35524.22 43.08 0.00 0.00
27-May-08 330193.77 43.13 0.04 0.09
28-May-08 1700.00 42.74 0.48 1.13
29-May-08 28275.45 42.94 0.00 0.00
30-May-08 5600.00 42.7 0.00 0.00
Table 3.14: Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
May 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
52
3.2.9 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of June 2008
Total Dollar Avg. Selling Standard Coefficient
Date
Amount Rate Deviation of Variation
2-Jun-08 306854.30 42.46 0.02 0.05
3-Jun-08 228144.50 42.73 0.00 0.00
4-Jun-08 310054.87 42.72 0.00 0.00
5-Jun-08 375.05 42.95 0.00 0.00
6-Jun-08 156996.97 42.62 0.34 0.27
9-Jun-08 1630.00 43.05 0.00 0.00
10-Jun-08 2842.17 43.09 0.02 0.05
11-Jun-08 935281.30 43.20 0.11 0.24
12-Jun-08 2780.36 43.25 0.28 0.65
13-Jun-08 6291.44 42.98 0.03 0.08
16-Jun-08 133096.02 46.62 0.00 0.00
17-Jun-08 27582.41 43.09 0.03 0.07
18-Jun-08 9251.60 43.06 0.00 0.00
20-Jun-08 354810.00 42.96 0.40 0.92
23-Jun-08 30609.25 43.17 0.03 0.07
25-Jun-08 1200.00 42.61 0.00 0.00
26-Jun-08 42653.05 42.95 0.06 0.15
27-Jun-08 122034.12 43.03 0.00 0.00
29-Jun-08 138447.59 43.12 0.03 0.08
Table 3.15: Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
June 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
53
3.2.10 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of July 2008
Total Dollar Avg. Selling Standard Coefficient
Date
Amount Rate Deviation of Variation
1-Jul-08 40339.61 43.55 0.09 0.21
3-Jul-08 18000.00 43.57 0.00 0.00
7-Jul-08 6000.00 43.05 0.25 0.57
8-Jul-08 11140.80 43.80 0.35 0.81
9-Jul-08 2095.29 43.30 0.01 0.02
10-Jul-08 5540.16 43.32 0.00 0.00
12-Jul-08 13334.00 42.93 0.00 0.00
14-Jul-08 5360.75 43.00 0.00 0.00
16-Jul-08 3500.00 43.40 0.57 1.30
18-Jul-08 1998.30 43.00 0.00 0.00
21-Jul-08 50234.00 42.67 0.93 2.19
23-Jul-08 142246.77 42.59 0.03 0.08
24-Jul-08 7313.00 42.17 0.21 0.50
25-Jul-08 8568.00 42.55 0.00 0.00
27-Jul-08 6600.00 41.00 0.00 0.00
28-Jul-08 5482.86 42.45 0.00 0.00
29-Jul-08 2183.03 42.91 0.04 0.08
31-Jul-08 8631.16 42.62 0.00 0.00
Table 3.16: Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
July 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
54
3.2.11 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of August 2008
Total Dollar Avg. Standard Coefficient
Date
Amount Selling Rate Deviation of Variation
1-Aug-08 306991.64 42.61 0.00 0.00
4-Aug-08 5782.73 42.83 0.32 0.74
5-Aug-08 7465.00 42.46 0.00 0.00
6-Aug-08 42824.26 42.19 0.05 0.11
7-Aug-08 15592.38 42.22 0.00 0.00
8-Aug-08 10800.00 42.39 0.00 0.00
11-Aug-08 18831.76 42.13 0.08 0.18
12-Aug-08 57604.32 42.56 0.20 0.47
13-Aug-08 19551.20 42.80 0.22 0.51
18-Aug-08 1000.00 43.95 0.00 0.00
21-Aug-08 9520.00 43.95 0.00 0.00
22-Aug-08 155618.01 43.54 0.06 0.13
25-Aug-08 46927.28 43.82 0.02 0.05
26-Aug-08 18544.00 44.20 0.09 0.21
27-Aug-08 262440.72 43.92 0.01 0.03
29-Aug-08 27379.00 43.97 0.03 0.08
Table 3.17: Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
August 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
55
3.2.12 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of September 2008
Total Dollar Avg. Selling Standard Coefficient
Date
Amount Rate Deviation of Variation
1-Sep-08 203354.08 44.28 0.17 0.38
2-Sep-08 170356.00 44.53 0.12 0.28
3-Sep-08 230245.00 44.67 0.00 0.00
5-Sep-08 40789.21 44.55 0.15 0.34
8-Sep-08 22543.31 44.50 0.17 0.38
9-Sep-08 545880.00 45.04 0.09 0.20
10-Sep-08 23789.68 45.04 0.06 0.14
12-Sep-08 12570.00 45.77 0.09 0.20
15-Sep-08 40995.00 46.05 0.15 0.33
16-Sep-08 168417.47 46.82 0.11 0.24
18-Sep-08 9100.00 46.53 0.00 0.00
19-Sep-08 4450.00 46.44 0.00 0.00
23-Sep-08 47333.75 45.85 0.14 0.30
Table 3.18: Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
September 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
56
3.2.13 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of October 2008
Avg.
Total Dollar Standard Coefficient
Date Selling
Amount Deviation of Variation
Rate
1-Oct-08 122477.13 47.26 0.10 0.21
3-Oct-08 28265.40 47.12 0.07 0.15
6-Oct-08 28560.00 47.95 0.00 0.00
7-Oct-08 9520.00 48.35 0.00 0.00
8-Oct-08 7944.40 48.61 0.00 0.00
13-Oct-08 156185.28 48.47 0.11 0.22
14-Oct-08 380.00 47.76 0.00 0.00
15-Oct-08 14846.50 48.49 0.11 0.23
16-Oct-08 19803.00 48.88 0.27 0.56
Table 3.19: Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
October 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
Interpretation:
It can be inferred from the standard deviation and coefficient of Variation in the above
table that, for this month there is low variation in exchange rate throughout the month.
On 6th, 7th October there is no variation in exchange rate.
57
3.2.14 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of October 2007
Total Euro Avg. Selling Standard Coefficient
Date
Amount Rate Deviation of Variation
16-Oct-07 62184.44 56.20 0.00 0.00
17-Oct-07 131250.16 56.65 0.29 0.51
18-Oct-07 11420.82 56.72 0.14 0.25
22-Oct-07 102576.58 57.43 0.00 0.00
23-Oct-07 150302.03 56.72 0.00 0.00
25-Oct-07 10860.44 56.80 0.00 0.00
29-Oct-07 34865.68 57.19 0.00 0.00
30-Oct-07 9514.82 57.19 0.00 0.00
31-Oct-07 1287.33 57.2 0.00 0.00
Table 3.20: Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
October 2007
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
Interpretation:
It can be inferred from the standard deviation and coefficient of Variation in the above
table that, for this month there is no variation in exchange rate throughout the month. On
17th and 18th there is low variation in exchange rate.
58
3.2.15 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of November 2007
Total Euro Avg. Selling Standard Coefficient
Date
Amount Rate Deviation of Variation
1-Nov-07 3787.43 57.38 0.00 0.00
2-Nov-07 13775.00 57.34 0.00 0.00
5-Nov-07 14809.30 57.40 0.00 0.00
7-Nov-07 20356.00 57.82 0.00 0.00
8-Nov-07 23691.22 58.02 0.00 0.00
12-Nov-07 367.15 58.00 0.00 0.00
13-Nov-07 98219.58 57.79 0.00 0.00
14-Nov-07 29307.59 58.20 0.15 0.26
19-Nov-07 49046.71 57.96 0.00 0.00
20-Nov-07 202306.10 58.09 0.00 0.00
21-Nov-07 161468.96 58.85 0.00 0.00
27-Nov-07 110548.09 59.77 0.00 0.00
28-Nov-07 78562.30 59.3 0.00 0.00
Table 3.21: Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
December 2007
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
Interpretation:
It can be inferred from the standard deviation and coefficient of Variation in the above
table that, for this month there is no variation in exchange rate throughout the month. On
14th November there is low variation in exchange rate.
59
3.2.16 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of December 2007
Total Euro Avg. Selling Standard Coefficient
Date
Amount Rate Deviation of Variation
3-Sep-07 35232.07 58.47 0.00 0.00
6-Sep-07 8922.76 58.05 0.00 0.00
10-Dec-07 77404.30 58.15 0.00 0.00
12-Dec-07 48262.23 58.20 0.00 0.00
13-Dec-07 171772.85 58.40 0.00 0.00
14-Dec-07 132824.68 58.08 0.00 0.00
17-Dec-07 206630.02 57.28 0.06 0.11
18-Dec-07 803985.04 57.44 0.09 0.16
19-Dec-07 16994.84 57.30 0.00 0.00
20-Dec-07 8615.00 57.30 0.00 0.00
24-Dec-07 6494.87 57.20 0.00 0.00
27-Dec-07 23353.76 57.52 0.00 0.00
28-Dec-07 20205.42 58.11 0.00 0.00
31-Dec-07 27473.35 58.55 0.00 0.00
Table 3.22: Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
December 2007
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
Interpretation
It can be inferred from the standard deviation and coefficient of Variation in the above
table that, for this month there is no variation in exchange rate throughout the month. On
17th and 18th December there is low variation in exchange rate.
60
3.2.17 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of January 2008
Total Euro Avg. Selling Standard Coefficient
Date
Amount Rate Deviation of Variation
4-Jan-08 5148.00 58.47 0.02 0.04
9-Jan-08 66302.27 58.27 0.00 0.00
11-Jan-08 158334.04 58.54 0.00 0.00
14-Jan-08 106677.20 58.60 0.00 0.00
15-Jan-08 76778.37 58.84 0.00 0.00
16-Jan-08 24978.40 58.71 0.00 0.00
17-Jan-08 42254.82 57.98 0.00 0.00
21-Jan-08 49055.60 57.61 0.00 0.00
22-Jan-08 2865.86 57.94 0.19 0.33
23-Jan-08 39631.88 58.20 0.00 0.00
28-Jan-08 138544.77 58.21 0.00 0.00
29-Jan-08 1627.60 58.65 0.00 0.00
30-Jan-08 459092.10 58.65 0.00 0.00
31-Jan-08 6018.37 59 0.00 0.00
Table 3.23: Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
January 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
Interpretation
It can be inferred from the standard deviation and coefficient of Variation in the above
table that, for this month there is no variation in exchange rate throughout the month. On
4th and 22nd there is low variation in exchange rate.
61
3.2.18 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of February 2008
Total Euro Avg. Selling Standard Coefficient
Date
Amount Rate Deviation of Variation
5-Feb-08 30915.14 58.88 0.00 0.00
7-Feb-08 326336.79 58.11 0.00 0.00
11-Feb-08 43764.78 58.00 0.00 0.00
12-Feb-08 28798.23 58.00 0.00 0.00
13-Feb-08 92239.28 58.20 0.00 0.00
14-Feb-08 139223.90 58.21 0.00 0.00
15-Feb-08 27869.42 58.38 0.00 0.00
18-Feb-08 63283.19 58.58 0.00 0.00
19-Feb-08 74634.81 58.87 0.00 0.00
20-Feb-08 29115.78 59.50 0.00 0.00
26-Feb-08 134589.46 59.68 0.00 0.00
27-Feb-08 4815.00 60.30 0.00 0.00
29-Feb-08 189725.35 61.06 0.00 0.00
Table 3.24: Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
February 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
Interpretation
It can be inferred from the standard deviation and coefficient of Variation in the above
table that, for this month there is no variation in exchange rate throughout the month.
62
3.2.19 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of March 2008
Total Euro Avg. Selling Standard Coefficient
Date
Amount Rate Deviation of Variation
3-Mar-08 175311.68 61.74 0.00 0.00
4-Mar-08 59972.81 61.69 0.00 0.00
7-Mar-08 42121.60 62.90 0.15 0.23
10-Mar-08 10390.20 62.69 0.51 0.81
13-Mar-08 8534.80 63.54 0.00 0.00
14-Mar-08 152246.51 63.60 0.00 0.00
17-Mar-08 8426.58 64.92 0.00 0.00
18-Mar-08 65966.70 64.65 0.00 0.00
19-Mar-08 58881.50 63.90 0.00 0.00
20-Mar-08 6005.26 63.70 0.00 0.00
25-Mar-08 384786.56 62.92 0.00 0.00
26-Mar-08 163334.18 63.35 0.31 0.48
27-Mar-08 186727.52 63.88 0.00 0.00
28-Mar-08 63817.12 63.75 0.00 0.00
31-Mar-08 75906.36 63.50 0.07 0.12
Table 3.25: Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
March 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
Interpretation
It can be inferred from the standard deviation and coefficient of Variation in the above
table that, for this month there is almost no variation in exchange rate throughout the
month. On 7th ,26th and 31st there is low variation in exchange rate. On 13th March there
is high variation.
63
3.2.20 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of April 2008
Total Euro Avg. Selling Standard Coefficient
Date
Amount Rate Deviation of Variation
2-Apr-08 19418.40 62.84 0.00 0.00
3-Apr-08 1000.00 63.25 0.00 0.00
8-Apr-08 108553.40 63.52 0.00 0.00
9-Apr-08 66675.10 63.34 0.00 0.00
11-Apr-08 2429.02 63.42 0.00 0.00
15-Apr-08 86485.81 63.70 0.00 0.00
16-Apr-08 67522.61 63.83 0.09 0.00
17-Apr-08 41361.00 64.13 0.00 0.00
22-Apr-08 212561.31 64.05 0.00 0.00
24-Apr-08 238034.26 63.76 0.33 0.53
25-Apr-08 63986.00 63.60 0.00 0.00
28-Apr-08 99496.70 63.26 0.00 0.00
29-Apr-08 2605.21 63.38 0.00 0.00
30-Apr-08 40126.00 63.39 0.00 0.00
Table 3.26: Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
April 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
Interpretation
It can be inferred from the standard deviation and coefficient of Variation in the above
table that,for this month there is almost no variation in exchange rate throughout the
month. On 24th April there is low variation in exchange rate.
64
3.2.21 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of May 2008
Total Euro Avg. Selling Standard Coefficient
Date
Amount Rate Deviation of Variation
1-May-08 167092.26 63.74 0.00 0.00
5-May-08 31035.31 63.17 0.00 0.00
6-May-08 62115.84 63.68 0.00 0.00
8-May-08 77917.99 64.28 0.00 0.00
9-May-08 37176.00 64.61 0.00 0.00
12-May-08 48358.90 65.92 0.00 0.00
14-May-08 22728.97 65.87 0.00 0.00
15-May-08 79279.22 66.06 0.00 0.00
16-May-08 825.69 66.42 0.00 0.00
17-May-08 129713.52 66.65 0.00 0.00
21-May-08 11852.57 67.43 0.00 0.00
22-May-08 61766.81 68.60 0.00 0.00
23-May-08 66546.07 67.98 0.00 0.00
26-May-08 79793.22 67.74 0.00 0.00
27-May-08 32618.53 68.14 0.00 0.00
29-May-08 164784.41 67.31 0.00 0.00
30-May-08 34787.48 66.56 0.00 0.00
Table 3.27: Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
May 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
Interpretation
It can be inferred from the standard deviation and coefficient of Variation in the above
table that, for this month there is no variation in exchange rate throughout the month.
65
3.2.22 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of June 2008
Total Euro Avg. Selling Standard Coefficient
Date
Amount Rate Deviation of Variation
2-Jun-08 30827.52 66.30 0.14 0.21
3-Jun-08 167501.75 66.58 0.00 0.00
4-Jun-08 80351.11 66.23 0.00 0.00
5-Jun-08 29913.69 66.55 0.05 0.08
9-Jun-08 57004.25 68.17 0.00 0.00
10-Jun-08 45017.40 67.36 0.00 0.00
11-Jun-08 20251.73 66.95 0.00 0.00
17-Jun-08 129263.05 64.40 0.00 0.00
18-Jun-08 176611.71 66.78 0.40 0.60
20-Jun-08 59914.15 67.11 0.07 0.10
23-Jun-08 171070.79 67.58 0.00 0.00
27-Jun-08 126927.34 67.90 0.00 0.00
29-Jun-08 110428.91 68.2 0.00 0.00
Table 3.28: Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
June 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
Interpretation
It can be inferred from the standard deviation and coefficient of Variation in the above
table that, for this month there is almost no variation in exchange rate throughout the
month. On 2nd 5th, 20th June there is low variation in exchange rate. On 18th June there is
high variation in exchange rate.
66
3.2.23 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange(Sale) Rate
for the Month of July 2008
Total Euro Avg. Selling Standard Coefficient
Date
Amount Rate Deviation Of Variation
1-Jul-08 121518.19 68.60 0.44 0.63
3-Jul-08 18881.06 69.28 0.00 0.00
7-Jul-08 174564.69 67.84 0.00 0.00
8-Jul-08 69229.00 68.59 0.00 0.00
9-Jul-08 97419.92 68.18 0.00 0.00
11-Jul-08 2368.03 68.65 0.00 0.00
15-Jul-08 27822.33 69.20 0.00 0.00
18-Jul-08 26286.00 68.28 0.00 0.00
21-Jul-08 92127.20 68.38 0.00 0.00
22-Jul-08 2544102.96 68.64 0.00 0.00
23-Jul-08 442.50 67.30 0.00 0.00
24-Jul-08 18047.47 66.24 0.00 0.00
28-Jul-08 213685.76 66.95 0.00 0.00
29-Jul-08 6457.11 67.85 0.00 0.00
Table 3.29: Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
July 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
Interpretation
It can be inferred from the standard deviation and coefficient of Variation in the above
table that, for this month there is almost no variation in exchange rate throughout the
month. On 1st July there is high variation in exchange rate.
67
3.2.24 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange(Sale) Rate
for the Month of August 2008
Avg.
Total Euro Standard Coefficient
Date Selling
Amount Deviation of Variation
Rate
1-Aug-08 191064.32 66.65 0.16 0.24
4-Aug-08 13960.15 66.60 0.00 0.00
5-Aug-08 15313.00 66.14 0.00 0.00
6-Aug-08 2430.00 65.77 0.00 0.00
8-Aug-08 410062.44 64.62 0.00 0.00
11-Aug-08 158399.09 63.38 0.00 0.00
12-Aug-08 1128220.17 63.39 0.00 0.00
14-Aug-08 23524.37 64.30 0.00 0.00
21-Aug-08 111191.62 65.00 0.00 0.00
22-Aug-08 34137.21 65.15 0.00 0.00
25-Aug-08 131315.16 64.73 0.03 0.05
26-Aug-08 170501.82 65.30 0.00 0.00
27-Aug-08 11849.00 65.14 0.00 0.00
28-Aug-08 218689.86 65.17 0.00 0.00
29-Aug-08 340734.99 65.08 0.34 0.52
Table 3.30: Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
August 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
Interpretation
It can be inferred from the standard deviation and coefficient of Variation in the above
table that, for this month there is almost no variation in exchange rate throughout the
month. On 1st 25th, 29th August there is low variation in exchange rate.
68
3.2.25 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of September 2008
Avg.
Total Euro Standard Coefficient
Date Selling
Amount Deviation of Variation
Rate
1-Sep-08 11812.80 64.68 0.00 0.00
8-Sep-08 816312.73 63.80 0.00 0.00
10-Sep-08 106410.19 63.83 0.02 0.03
11-Sep-08 35374.56 63.56 0.00 0.00
15-Sep-08 207159.25 66.11 0.00 0.00
16-Sep-08 9739.25 66.73 0.00 0.00
18-Sep-08 6469.25 67.03 0.00 0.00
22-Sep-08 1514.00 65.94 0.00 0.00
23-Sep-08 93839.29 67.57 0.00 0.00
Table 3.31: Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
September 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
Interpretation
It can be inferred from the standard deviation and coefficient of Variation in the above
table that, for this month there is almost no variation in exchange rate throughout the
month. On 10th September there is low variation in exchange rate.
69
3.2.26 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of October 2008
Avg.
Total Euro Standard Coefficient
Date Selling
Amount Deviation of Variation
Rate
1-Oct-08 5336.35 66.67 0.00 0.00
3-Oct-08 49692.04 65.35 0.00 0.00
6-Oct-08 130078.07 65.45 0.00 0.00
7-Oct-08 6429.10 65.52 0.00 0.00
8-Oct-08 1450.18 66.39 0.00 0.00
13-Oct-08 321732.65 65.29 0.00 0.00
14-Oct-08 7386078.00 66.07 0.00 0.00
15-Oct-08 5150.53 66.00 0.00 0.00
16-Oct-08 75240.10 65.76 0.00 0.00
Table 3.32: Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
October 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
Interpretation
It can be inferred from the standard deviation and coefficient of Variation in the above
table that, for this month there is no variation in exchange rate throughout the month.
70
3.2.27 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of October 2007
Avg.
Total Pound Standard Coefficient
Date Selling
Amount Deviation of Variation
Rate
16-Oct-07 110944.17 80.70 0.00 0.00
18-Oct-07 727.46 81.00 0.00 0.00
23-Oct-07 1000.00 81.18 0.00 0.00
25-Oct-07 118102.50 81.46 0.01 0.02
29-Oct-07 21705.75 81.35 0.00 0.00
30-Oct-07 20466.20 81.68 0.00 0.00
31-Oct-07 41034.00 81.80 0.00 0.00
Table 3.33: Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
October 2007
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
Interpretation
It can be inferred from the standard deviation and coefficient of Variation in the above
table that, for this month there is almost no variation in exchange rate throughout the
month. On 25th October there is low variation in exchange rate.
71
3.2.28 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange(Sale) Rate
for the Month of November 2007
Avg.
Total Pound Standard Coefficient
Date Selling
Amount Deviation of Variation
Rate
2-Nov-07 1096.75 82.45 0.00 0.00
5-Nov-07 20193.46 82.60 0.00 0.00
7-Nov-07 3984.57 82.55 0.00 0.00
8-Nov-07 27162.98 83.10 0.00 0.00
12-Nov-07 33736.60 82.30 0.00 0.00
13-Nov-07 41858.90 81.63 0.00 0.00
14-Nov-07 481191.05 81.53 0.32 0.39
16-Nov-07 381042.81 80.78 0.00 0.00
19-Nov-07 308804.04 81.03 0.00 0.00
20-Nov-07 42163.82 81.00 0.00 0.00
21-Nov-07 1273.87 81.75 0.00 0.00
23-Nov-07 42540.35 82.33 0.02 0.02
27-Nov-07 42549.14 83.69 0.49 0.59
30-Nov-07 1000.00 82.27 0.00 0.00
Table 3.34: Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
November 2007
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
Interpretation
It can be inferred from the standard deviation and coefficient of Variation in the above
table that, for this month there is almost no variation in exchange rate throughout the
month. On 14th, 23rd and 27th September there is low variation in exchange rate.
72
3.2.29 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of December 2007
Avg.
Total Pound Standard Coefficient
Date Selling
Amount Deviation of Variation
Rate
3-Dec-07 137705.49 81.80 0.05 0.06
6-Dec-07 79220.08 80.39 0.00 0.00
10-Dec-07 74991.00 80.50 0.00 0.00
11-Dec-07 4069.05 80.75 0.35 0.44
12-Dec-07 2442.57 80.70 0.00 0.00
14-Dec-07 1430.05 80.74 0.00 0.00
17-Dec-07 34529.71 79.95 0.00 0.00
18-Dec-07 10927.50 80.33 0.00 0.00
19-Dec-07 1279.35 79.90 0.00 0.00
20-Dec-07 53839.41 79.46 0.10 0.13
24-Dec-07 278638.44 78.62 0.00 0.00
26-Dec-07 436716.74 78.32 0.00 0.00
27-Dec-07 58359.62 78.87 0.23 0.30
28-Dec-07 5375.59 79.12 0.00 0.00
31-Dec-07 125984.16 79.10 0.03 0.04
Table 3.35: Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
December 2007
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
Interpretation
It can be inferred from the standard deviation and coefficient of Variation in the above
table that, for this month there is almost no variation in exchange rate throughout the
month. On 3rd, 11th, 20th, 27th and 31st December there is low variation in exchange rate.
73
3.2.30 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of January 2008
Avg.
Total Pound Standard Coefficient
Date Selling
Amount Deviation of Variation
Rate
1-Jan-08 431820.19 78.56 0.00 0.00
3-Jan-08 30152.00 78.55 0.02 0.02
4-Jan-08 9358.00 77.88 0.04 0.05
7-Jan-08 138.60 77.80 0.00 0.00
8-Jan-08 27442.90 77.81 0.00 0.00
10-Jan-08 117545.98 77.28 0.00 0.00
14-Jan-08 42658.79 77.42 0.07 0.09
17-Jan-08 15466.78 77.44 0.02 0.03
22-Jan-08 4253.69 77.63 0.03 0.04
23-Jan-08 2979.36 77.81 0.08 0.11
24-Jan-08 26530.00 77.55 0.04 0.05
28-Jan-08 120629.94 78.19 0.00 0.00
29-Jan-08 148523.01 78.53 0.03 0.04
30-Jan-08 49030.43 78.80 0.00 0.00
31-Jan-08 2215.00 78.79 0.00 0.00
Table 3.36: Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
January 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
Interpretation
It can be inferred from the standard deviation and coefficient of Variation in the above
table that, for this month there is almost no variation in exchange rate throughout the
month. On 3rd ,4th ,14th ,17th ,22nd ,23rd ,24th and 29th January there is low variation in
exchange rate.
74
3.2.31 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of February 2008
Avg.
Total Pound Standard Coefficient
Date Selling
Amount Deviation of Variation
Rate
4-Feb-08 110.00 77.81 0.00 0.00
5-Feb-08 26653.56 78.11 0.00 0.00
7-Feb-08 17558.08 77.72 0.00 0.00
11-Feb-08 52731.78 77.60 0.00 0.00
13-Feb-08 29057.28 78.05 0.00 0.00
19-Feb-08 6170.00 78.11 0.00 0.00
20-Feb-08 135476.27 78.61 0.07 0.09
26-Feb-08 6321.06 78.95 0.00 0.00
27-Feb-08 237579.19 79.26 0.00 0.00
29-Feb-08 155001.08 79.79 0.00 0.00
Table 3.37: Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
February 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
Interpretation
It can be inferred from the standard deviation and coefficient of Variation in the above
table that, for this month there is almost no variation in exchange rate throughout the
month. On 20th February there is low variation in exchange rate.
75
3.2.32 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of March 2008
Avg.
Total Pound Standard coefficient
Date Selling
Amount Deviation of variation
Rate
3-Mar-08 165524.96 80.35 0.00 0.00
4-Mar-08 165047.36 80.26 0.00 0.00
5-Mar-08 295458.88 80.94 0.42 0.52
7-Mar-08 149117.36 81.78 0.00 0.00
10-Mar-08 343002.93 81.69 0.40 0.48
13-Mar-08 130567.36 82.49 0.00 0.00
14-Mar-08 178874.47 82.61 0.00 0.00
17-Mar-08 99661.50 82.28 0.00 0.00
19-Mar-08 502.20 81.70 0.00 0.00
20-Mar-09 6297.53 80.60 0.00 0.00
24-Mar-08 332150.01 80.21 0.00 0.00
25-Mar-08 4568.96 80.29 0.02 0.03
26-Mar-08 1000.00 80.87 0.00 0.00
27-Mar-08 13494.90 80.89 0.02 0.02
28-Mar-08 1700.00 80.80 0.00 0.00
31-Mar-08 661538.74 79.85 0.10 0.12
Table 3.38: Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
March 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
Interpretation
It can be inferred from the standard deviation and coefficient of Variation in the above
table that, for this month there is almost no variation in exchange rate throughout the
month. On 5th, 10th ,25th ,27th and 31st February there is low variation in exchange rate.
76
3.2.33 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of April 2008
Avg.
Total Pound Standard coefficient
Date Selling
Amount Deviation of variation
Rate
3-Apr-08 600.00 79.76 0.00 0.00
4-Apr-08 260.00 80.22 0.00 0.00
8-Apr-08 150.00 80.10 0.00 0.00
9-Apr-08 4650.80 79.10 0.00 0.00
10-Apr-08 18969.00 79.39 0.02 0.03
11-Apr-08 9396.64 78.92 0.58 0.73
15-Apr-08 6456.94 79.25 0.00 0.00
16-Apr-08 163496.66 78.90 0.03 0.04
22-Apr-08 13540.00 79.51 0.00 0.00
24-Apr-08 67693.80 79.86 0.18 0.22
28-Apr-08 21847.70 80.09 0.15 0.19
30-Apr-08 15057.98 79.92 0.00 0.00
Table 3.39: Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
April 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
77
3.2.34 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of May 2008
Avg.
Total Pound Standard coefficient
Date Selling
Amount Deviation of variation
Rate
1-May-08 229872.30 80.79 0.00 0.00
2-May-08 354659.75 80.66 0.00 0.00
5-May-08 146471.37 80.43 0.00 0.00
6-May-08 121976.38 80.70 0.00 0.00
8-May-08 434.09 81.70 0.00 0.00
9-May-08 98516.70 81.83 0.00 0.00
12-May-08 10367.07 81.40 0.00 0.00
13-May-08 100.00 83.65 0.00 0.00
14-May-08 34626.80 82.81 0.26 0.32
15-May-08 105777.94 82.94 0.00 0.00
16-May-08 17044.40 83.35 0.00 0.00
17-May-08 2514.78 83.62 0.02 0.02
21-May-08 241239.63 84.44 0.01 0.01
22-May-08 294415.43 84.44 0.00 0.00
23-May-08 153785.75 85.17 0.00 0.00
26-May-08 6969.91 85.04 0.19 0.22
27-May-08 1241.00 85.31 0.00 0.00
28-May-08 13425.25 85.17 0.00 0.00
29-May-08 8965.89 85.10 0.30 0.35
Table 3.40: Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
May 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
78
3.2.35 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of June 2008
Avg.
Total Pound Standard coefficient
Date Selling
Amount Deviation of variation
Rate
2-Jun-08 30726.10 83.82 0.09 0.10
3-Jun-08 85982.40 83.89 0.02 0.03
4-Jun-08 100.00 83.92 0.00 0.00
5-Jun-08 1201.67 84.00 0.00 0.00
9-Jun-08 2021.39 84.80 0.00 0.00
10-Jun-08 196856.14 84.83 0.00 0.00
13-Jun-08 1056.38 83.84 0.00 0.00
17-Jun-08 12996.54 84.85 0.00 0.00
20-Jun-08 3137.17 85.10 0.00 0.00
23-Jun-08 235418.90 85.16 0.05 0.06
26-Jun-08 339863.25 84.65 0.00 0.00
27-Jun-08 34735.95 85.75 0.29 0.34
29-Jun-08 53730.05 85.90 0.00 0.00
Table 3.41: Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
June 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
79
3.2.36 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of July 2008
Avg.
Total Pound Standard coefficient
Date Selling
Amount Deviation of variation
Rate
1-Jul-08 4936.84 86.81 0.72 0.83
4-Jul-08 11575.00 86.71 0.41 0.47
8-Jul-08 14832.27 86.01 0.01 0.01
9-Jul-08 3788.58 85.35 0.00 0.00
10-Jul-08 1685.00 86.95 0.00 0.00
11-Jul-08 11328.11 85.50 0.00 0.00
14-Jul-08 55643.37 85.50 0.00 0.00
15-Jul-08 83862.99 86.49 0.02 0.02
16-Jul-08 295079.41 86.72 0.00 0.00
18-Jul-08 149405.40 85.87 0.04 0.05
21-Jul-08 650.00 84.75 0.00 0.00
23-Jul-08 149787.33 84.79 0.12 0.14
24-Jul-08 508387.28 83.78 0.54 0.65
25-Jul-08 22429.92 84.35 0.00 0.00
28-Jul-08 673719.75 84.48 0.00 0.00
29-Jul-08 300959.74 85.48 0.00 0.00
30-Jul-08 214123.72 84.51 0.00 0.00
Table 3.42: Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
July 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
80
3.2.37 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of August 2008
Avg.
Total Pound Standard coefficient
Date Selling
Amount Deviation of variation
Rate
1-Aug-08 1310.00 84.55 0.00 0.00
3-Aug-08 50.00 82.00 0.00 0.00
5-Aug-08 26075.89 83.20 0.00 0.00
6-Aug-08 400.00 82.48 0.00 0.00
8-Aug-08 18169.25 81.76 0.03 0.03
11-Aug-08 33302.62 80.96 0.02 0.03
12-Aug-08 22803.55 81.05 0.00 0.00
14-Aug-08 15355.33 80.30 0.00 0.00
18-Aug-08 4134.30 81.30 0.00 0.00
19-Aug-08 61951.32 81.60 0.00 0.00
21-Aug-08 201685.78 81.76 0.13 0.16
22-Aug-08 125564.60 82.02 0.33 0.41
25-Aug-08 2696.39 81.07 0.81 1.00
26-Aug-08 116379.62 81.70 0.03 0.04
27-Aug-08 123572.04 81.73 0.46 0.57
29-Aug-08 162809.31 80.54 0.24 0.29
Table 3.43: Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
August 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
81
3.2.38 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of September 2008
Avg.
Total Pound Standard coefficient
Date Selling
Amount Deviation of variation
Rate
1-Sep-08 7513.11 79.88 0.15 0.19
2-Sep-08 400.00 79.71 0.00 0.00
3-Sep-08 5466.11 78.92 0.00 0.00
5-Sep-08 930.33 78.20 0.00 0.00
8-Sep-08 6250.00 79.28 0.00 0.00
9-Sep-08 31115.50 78.88 0.08 0.10
10-Sep-08 2546.33 79.71 0.20 0.25
11-Sep-08 16749.42 79.73 0.16 0.20
12-Sep-08 15000.00 80.75 0.00 0.00
15-Sep-08 33788.27 83.13 0.26 0.31
16-Sep-08 104984.29 84.07 0.11 0.14
23-Sep-08 13394.85 85.57 0.86 1.00
Table 3.44: Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
September 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
82
3.2.39 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate
for the Month of October 2008
Avg.
Total Pound Standard coefficient
Date Selling
Amount Deviation of variation
Rate
1-Oct-08 163939.01 84.29 0.00 0.00
6-Oct-08 37238.39 83.89 0.23 0.27
8-Oct-08 34495.44 82.83 0.00 0.00
13-Oct-08 1053.12 82.26 0.10 0.12
14-Oct-08 2000.00 83.90 0.00 0.00
15-Oct-08 439432.63 84.75 0.00 0.00
16-Oct-08 288834.88 84.58 0.23 0.27
Table 3.45: Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Sale) Rate for the Month of
October 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
83
3.2.40 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase)
Rate for the Month of October 2007
Avg.
Total Dollar Standard coefficient
Date Purchase
Amount Deviation of variation
Rate
Table 3.46: Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase) Rate for the Month
of October 2007
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
84
3.241 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase)
Rate for the Month of November 2007
Avg.
Total Dollar Standard coefficient
Date Purchase
Amount Deviation of variation
Rate
Table 3.47: Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase) Rate for the Month
of November 2007
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
85
3.2.42 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase)
Rate for the Month of December 2007
Avg.
Total Dollar Standard coefficient
Date Purchase
Amount Deviation of variation
Rate
Table 3.48: Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase) Rate for the Month
of December 2007
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
86
3.3.43 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase)
Rate for the Month of January 2008
Avg.
Total Dollar Standard coefficient
Date Purchase
Amount Deviation of variation
Rate
Table 3.49: Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase) Rate for the Month
of January 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
87
3.2.44 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase)
Rate for the Month of February 2008
Avg.
Total Dollar Standard coefficient
Date Purchase
Amount Deviation of variation
Rate
2-Feb-08 550.00 39.30 0.00 0.00
4-Feb-08 5881.67 39.27 0.05 0.13
6-Feb-08 5145.00 39.66 0.29 0.72
9-Feb-08 2000.00 40.38 0.00 0.00
12-Feb-08 1260.80 39.64 0.09 0.22
19-Feb-08 280.00 39.66 0.00 0.00
20-Feb-08 9978.00 40.03 0.00 0.00
25-Feb-08 3983.00 39.84 0.16 0.41
Table 3.50: Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase) Rate for the Month
of February 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
88
3.2.45 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase)
Rate for the Month of March 2008
Avg.
Total Dollar Standard coefficient
Date Purchase
Amount Deviation of variation
Rate
10-Mar-08 10478.00 40.55 0.04 0.10
11-Mar-08 1235.50 40.34 0.00 0.00
14-Mar-08 1000.00 40.30 0.00 0.00
17-Mar-08 3500.00 40.46 0.00 0.00
18-Mar-08 9978.00 40.46 0.00 0.00
19-Mar-08 10360.00 40.30 0.05 0.12
24-Mar-08 5200.00 40.01 0.00 0.00
Table 3.51: Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase) Rate for the Month
of March 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
89
3.2.46 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase)
Rate for the Month of April 2008
Avg.
Total Dollar Standard coefficient
Date Purchase
Amount Deviation of variation
Rate
3-Apr-08 152.00 39.80 0.00 0.00
9-Apr-08 187.00 39.91 0.00 0.00
15-Apr-08 1141.72 39.85 0.00 0.00
16-Apr-08 28602.67 39.83 0.02 0.04
25-Apr-08 300.00 42.42 0.00 0.00
29-Apr-08 19.46 42.42 0.00 0.00
30-Apr-08 5429.28 40.98 1.25 3.04
Table 3.52: Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase) Rate for the Month
of April 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
90
3.2.47 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase)
Rate for the Month of May 2008
Avg.
Total Dollar Standard coefficient
Date Purchase
Amount Deviation of variation
Rate
15-May-08 6409.13 42.24 0.00 0.00
23-May-08 3880.00 42.42 0.32 0.75
Table 3.53: Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase) Rate for the Month
of May 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
91
3.2.49 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase)
Rate for the Month of July 2008
Avg.
Total Dollar Standard coefficient
Date Purchase
Amount Deviation of variation
Rate
4-Jul-08 200.00 41.69 0.00 0.00
10-Jul-08 250.00 41.39 0.00 0.00
11-Jul-08 46250.00 42.67 0.00 0.00
15-Jul-08 219763.21 42.60 0.73 1.71
16-Jul-08 28724.64 42.98 0.00 0.00
17-Jul-08 4995.00 42.07 0.00 0.00
22-Jul-08 500.00 43.42 0.00 0.00
29-Jul-08 17573.00 42.81 0.87 2.03
Table 3.55: Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase) Rate for the Month
of July 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
92
3.2.50 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase)
Rate for the Month of August 2008
Avg.
Total Dollar Standard coefficient
Date Purchase
Amount Deviation of variation
Rate
12-Aug-08 4295.00 42.17 0.00 0.00
19-Aug-08 318122.66 43.40 0.00 0.00
22-Aug-08 476.44 43.40 0.00 0.00
27-Aug-08 1950.50 43.60 0.00 0.00
28-Aug-08 100.00 43.61 0.00 0.00
29-Aug-08 7327.89 43.61 0.00 0.00
Table 3.56: Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase) Rate for the Month
of August 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
93
3.2.51 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase)
Rate for the Month of September 2008
Avg.
Total Dollar Standard coefficient
Date Purchase
Amount Deviation of variation
Rate
3-Sep-08 5000.00 44.40 0.00 0.00
4-Sep-08 1572.00 44.10 0.00 0.00
10-Sep-08 182.00 44.86 0.00 0.00
12-Sep-08 1300.00 45.42 0.00 0.00
16-Sep-08 102131.00 46.57 0.06 0.14
17-Sep-08 382535.73 46.12 0.00 0.00
22-Sep-08 19898.00 45.22 0.00 0.00
Table 3.57: Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase) Rate for the Month
of September 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
94
3.2.52 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase)
Rate for the Month of October 2008
Avg.
Total Dollar Standard coefficient
Date Purchase
Amount Deviation of variation
Rate
3-Oct-08 22267.00 46.68 0.00 0
6-Oct-08 3669.00 47.28 0 0
Table 3.58: Intra-Day Variations in Dollar Exchange (Purchase) Rate for the Month
of October 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
95
3.2.53 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Purchase)
Rate for the Months of October 2007 – October 2008
Avg.
Total Euro Standard coefficient
Date Purchase
Amount Deviation of variation
Rate
19-Oct-07 20000.00 56.30 0.00 0.00
23-Oct-07 25000.00 55.92 0.00 0.00
6-Dec-07 40000.00 57.20 0.00 0.00
8-Jan-08 12479.70 58.34 0.00 0.00
5-Feb-08 2000.00 58.01 0.00 0.00
16-Apr-08 20250.00 62.61 0.00 0.00
8-May-08 1950.00 62.83 0.63 1.00
30-May-08 1959.19 65.82 0.00 0.00
11-Jun-08 12000.00 56.00 0.00 0.00
30-Jun-08 1333.45 68.06 0.26 0.38
17-Jul-08 7983.45 65.86 0.00 0.00
7-Aug-08 200.00 64.22 0.00 0.00
4-Sep-08 4914.00 64.00 0.07 0.11
10-Sep-08 11281.50 63.25 0.00 0.00
3-Oct-08 4250.00 64.45 0.00 0.00
Table 3.59: Intra-Day Variations in Euro Exchange (Purchase) Rate for the Months
of October 2007-October 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
96
3.2.54 Analysis of Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Purchase)
Rate for the Months of October 2007 – October 2008
Avg.
Total Pound Standard coefficient
Date Purchase
Amount Deviation of variation
Rate
19-Dec-07 4000.00 79.19 0.00 0.00
24-Dec-07 50000.00 77.82 0.17 0.22
4-Mar-08 350.00 81.57 0.00 0.00
18-Mar-08 3000.00 81.06 0.00 0.00
3-Apr-08 16000.00 78.92 0.00 0.00
15-Apr-08 9754.46 78.92 0.00 0.00
29-Apr-08 3700.00 79.62 0.00 0.00
8-May-08 2500.00 81.16 0.40 0.50
13-May-08 4220.00 81.72 0.00 0.00
6-Jun-08 2000.00 83.39 0.00 0.00
25-Jun-08 4880.00 84.19 0.00 0.00
9-Jul-08 150.00 85.03 0.00 0.00
11-Jul-08 5000.00 84.23 0.00 0.00
15-Jul-08 100.00 83.49 0.00 0.00
29-Jul-08 4680.00 84.36 0.00 0.00
12-Aug-08 3705.00 80.32 0.00 0.00
25-Aug-08 4895.00 79.87 0.00 0.00
4-Sep-08 3500.00 78.48 0.00 0.00
22-Sep-08 31780.00 82.81 0.08 0.09
Table 3.60: Intra-Day Variations in Pound Exchange (Purchase) Rate for the
Months of October 2007-October 2008
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
97
3.3.1 Analysis of Currency-wise Number of Foreign exchange
Transactions of PNB, Lucknow Region from October 2007-October
2008
Currency/
USD EUR GBP Others Total
Month
Oct-07 40 24 13 4 81
Nov-07 87 34 41 8 170
Dec-07 62 48 52 6 168
Jan-08 59 35 42 9 145
Feb-08 45 35 36 8 124
Mar-08 56 53 59 10 178
Apr-08 53 29 32 2 116
May-08 64 47 56 6 173
Jun-08 63 42 50 5 160
Jul-08 60 45 63 8 176
Aug-08 57 43 44 7 151
Sep-08 66 28 31 4 129
Oct-08 36 18 33 3 90
Total 748 481 552 80 1861
Percentage 40.19 25.85 29.661 4.2988 100
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
Interpretation: By analyzing the above table it can be concluded that the three major
currencies that were dealt at the bank during the one year period are US Dollar, Euro and
GB Pound. The percentage of Dollar transactions is 40%, Euro constitutes 26% and the
Pound constitutes 30% of the total transactions. They together form more than 95% of the
foreign exchange transactions.
The other currencies form just 4% of the total transactions and the other currencies that
are dealt are:
98
• Australian Dollar
• Canadian Dollar
• Swiss Franc
• Japanese Yen
• Singapore Dollar
Conclusion: The above graph represents that the maximum number of foreign exchange
transactions are for US Dollar, followed by GB Pound and Euro.
99
3.3.2 Analysis of Currency-wise Amount of Foreign exchange
Transactions of PNB, Lucknow Region from October 2007-October
2008
Currency/
USD EUR GBP Others Total
Months
Oct-07 35.20 31.72 25.51 0.94 93.37
Nov-07 29.29 47.14 116.09 4.60 197.13
Dec-07 21.58 93.89 107.63 0.63 223.73
Jan-08 64.85 64.97 80.50 2.24 212.56
Feb-08 27.36 69.95 52.65 0.59 150.54
Mar-08 46.20 92.62 205.87 2.06 346.75
Apr-08 16.88 68.10 27.88 0.17 113.03
May-08 53.10 73.45 152.44 0.49 279.48
Jun-08 125.71 81.13 85.26 0.45 292.54
Jul-08 28.16 234.16 213.49 2.33 478.15
Aug-08 57.90 189.89 75.31 1.12 324.23
Sep-08 92.09 84.13 22.34 4.36 202.93
Oct-08 19.81 527.20 81.71 0.86 629.59
TOTAL 618.12 1658.35 1246.69 20.84 3544.01
Percentage 17.44 46.79 35.18 0.59 100.00
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
The other currencies form just about 1% of the total and include the following currencies:
100
Australian Dollar
• Canadian Dollar
• Swiss Franc
• Dutch Krone
• Japanese Yen
• Singapore Dollar
101
Conclusion: The above chart represents that the maximum amount in terms of Rupees
has been transacted for Euro. The next highest currency transacted in terms of Rupees is
GB Pound, followed by US Dollar.
(Figures in Rupees)
Currency/
DOLLAR EURO POUND OTHERS Total
Months
Oct-07 9622 9853 7613 540 27628
Nov-07 16554 13393 34539 540 65026
Dec-07 9870 11253 30641 0 51764
Jan-08 12836 19889 22655 399 55779
Feb-08 12124 21123 15768 140 49155
Mar-08 15034 28569 55438 857 99898
Apr-08 7730 21487 8530 0 37747
May-08 16783 24046 46611 0 87440
Jun-08 28590 31058 21013 4227 84888
Jul-08 8907 70117 57911 130 137065
Aug-08 14488 55418 23643 230 93779
Sep-08 36966 2881 8733 7114 55694
Oct-08 35113 17348 32920 1875 87256
Total 224617 326435 366015 16052 933119
Percentage 24 35 39 2 100
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
Interpretation: It can be inferred from the above table that the maximum commission
earned by the bank on the foreign exchange transactions done by them comes from
transacting Great Britain Pound, which constitutes about 39% of the total commission
earned by the bank. The next highest commission is earned by the bank from the Euro
transactions which is about 35% of the foreign exchange transaction. 24% of the
commission earned by the bank comes from the US Dollar transactions.
The other currencies form about 2% of the total commission earned by the bank. The
other currencies that were transacted are:
102
• Australian Dollar
• Canadian Dollar
• Dutch Krone
• Swiss Franc
• Japanese Yen
• Singapore Dollar
103
Conclusion: It can be concluded from the above chart that the maximum commission is
earned by the bank for its GB Pound transactions, followed by Euro and Dollar
respectively.
104
3.5 Analysis of Composition of Foreign Exchange Transactions on the
basis of Purpose
(Figures in Numbers)
Purpose/
Imports Receivables Education Others Total
Month
Oct-07 72 7 1 3 83
Nov-07 127 15 13 14 169
Dec-07 137 14 8 8 167
Jan-08 107 6 16 16 145
Feb-08 88 14 8 14 124
Mar-08 145 12 8 12 177
Apr-08 76 17 10 13 116
May-08 138 8 5 22 173
Jun-08 129 13 7 11 160
Jul-08 146 15 2 13 176
Aug-08 128 12 6 5 151
Sep-08 101 17 5 6 129
Oct-08 83 4 2 1 90
Total 1477 154 91 138 1860
Percentage 79.40 8.28 4.89 7.42 100
Table 3.64: Analysis of Composition of Foreign exchange Transactions on the basis
of Purpose
Source: The records of Punjab National Bank, Lucknow from Oct 2007- 2008
Interpretation: The above table which classifies the number of transactions on the basis
of the purpose of transaction, concludes that the maximum number of transactions of
foreign exchange are to cater to Import Bills. It constitutes about 80% of the total
transactions. The other receivables like Exports Bills and receipts from abroad constitute
about 8% of the total transactions. Education also forms a major part of the foreign
exchange transactions and forms about 5% of the total transactions. The other purpose for
which foreign exchange transactions are carried out constitute about 7% and includes the
following:
105
• Medical
• Personal
• Publishing Fee
• Travel
Conclusion: It can be concluded from the above chart that the maximum foreign
exchange transactions are made for the purpose of Import Bills.
106
4.1 SUMMARY
This study involved analyzing the foreign exchange transactions of the Punjab
National Bank in the Lucknow Region for the period October 2007 – October 2008.
This study involved analyzing the inter-day fluctuations of foreign exchange
transactions, the intra-day fluctuations in the foreign exchange rate and also analyzing
the composition of currency of foreign exchange transaction, the profitability of the
foreign exchange transaction, the foreign exchange transactions on the basis of
Purpose of transactions carried out in the Punjab National Bank in Lucknow Region.
After analyzing it by using standard deviation, coefficient of variation and arithmetic
mean, it can be concluded that for some months the inter-day fluctuations in the
exchange rate is high, for some months the inter-day fluctuations in the exchange rate
is low and on the other hand in some months there have been no inter-day
fluctuations in the exchange rate.
107
4.2 FINDINGS
From the analysis of data of foreign exchange transactions of Punjab National Bank,
Lucknow region from October 2007 to October 2008, the following findings can be
concluded:
• By studying the inter-day variations, it can be concluded that in the month of May
2008 there are most variations in the Dollar exchange (Selling) rate. Even for
Euro Exchange (Selling) rate the most variations are in the month of May 2008.
The same trend was seen for Pound, where the exchange (Selling) rate variations
are highest for the month of May 2008.After analyzing the standard deviation and
coefficient of variation for the 12 months, it can be concluded that for some
months the inter-day fluctuations in the exchange rate is high, for some months
the inter-day fluctuations in the exchange rate is low and on the other hand in
some months there have been no inter-day fluctuations in the exchange rate.
• While for the Dollar (Purchase) rate the most variations are in the month of April
2008, the Euro exchange (Purchase) rate the most variations were found in the
month of May 2008. For Pound Exchange (Purchase) rate, the highest variations
were found in September 2008.
• By analyzing the intra-day variations for Dollar, Euro and Pound, it can be found
that there have been low intra-day variations in the selling and buying exchange
rate. Most of the days the there have been intra-day variations but these have been
low.
• The analysis of data shows that the three major currencies that are dealt in the
bank are Dollar, Euro and Pound which form more than 90% of the total
transactions of foreign exchange carried out at the bank.
• Dollar constitutes the maximum 40% of the total transactions on the basis of
number of total transactions.
• While Euro constitutes about 47% of the total transactions if analyzed on the basis
of amount in terms of Rupee equivalent.
108
• The analysis of commission charged by the bank on the various foreign exchange
transactions shows that the most commission is earned by the bank from Great
Britain Pound (GBP) transactions which is about 37% of the total commission
earned by the bank.
• It can be concluded from the analysis that the major purpose of foreign exchange
transactions at the Punjab National Bank, Lucknow is Imports which constitutes
about 79% of the total number of transactions.
109
4.3 CONCLUSION
The study of the foreign exchange transactions of Punjab National Bank in Lucknow
Region during October 2007 – October 2008 revealed many patterns in the foreign
exchange transactions carried out at the bank. For the first objective the standard
deviation and coefficient of variation are analyzed for the 12 months. From that it can be
concluded that for some months the inter-day fluctuations in the exchange rate is high,
for some months the inter-day fluctuations in the exchange rate is low and on the other
hand in some months there have been no inter-day fluctuations in the exchange rate.
For the objective to analyze the intra-day variations the standard deviation and coefficient
of variation for the 12 months are studied, and it can be concluded that for some months
the intra-day fluctuations in the exchange rate is high, for some months the intra-day
fluctuations in the exchange rate is low and on the other hand in some months there have
been no intra-day fluctuations in the exchange rate.
The commission analysis shows that Euro transactions account for the maximum
commission in terms of Rupee earned by the bank through its foreign exchange
transactions.
110
5.1 REFERENCES
1. Survey of foreign exchange and derivatives market activity in Canada, By: Bank
of Canada, April 2001
6. FEMA Guidelines
7. FEDAI Guidelines
111