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Ans. ©



 

 

  (©) is a method of transmitting radio
signals by rapidly switching a carrier among many frequency channels, using a
pseudorandom sequence known to both transmitter and receiver. It is utilized as a multiple
access method in the 



  
  


 (FH-CDMA)
scheme.

A spread-spectrum transmission offers three main advantages over a fixed-frequency

transmission:

1.c ‘pread-spectrum signals are highly resistant to narrowband interference. The process
of re-collecting a spread signal spreads out the interfering signal, causing it to recede
into the background.
2.c ‘pread-spectrum signals are difficult to intercept. An FH‘‘ signal simply appears as
an increase in the background noise to a narrowband receiver. An eavesdropper would
only be able to intercept the transmission if the pseudorandom sequence was known.
3.c ‘pread-spectrum transmissions can share a frequency band with many types of
conventional transmissions with minimal interference. The spread-spectrum signals
add minimal noise to the narrow-frequency communications, and vice versa. As a
result, bandwidth can be utilized more efficiently.

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Ans. Demand assignment-In telecommunication, a 
 
 is a method which

several users share access to a communications channel on a real-time basis, Y
, a user
needing to communicate with another user on the same network requests the required circuit,
uses it, and when the call is finished, the circuit is released, making the circuit available to
other users.

Demand assignment is similar to conventional telephone switching, in which common trunks

are provided for many users, on a demand basis, through a limited-size trunk group.

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Ans. Digital ‘peech Interpolation (D‘I) is a technique of sharing voice communication paths
among a larger number of users by means of allocating the silent periods inherent in human
speech to active uses. An earlier technology was called Time Assignment ‘peech
Interpolation or TA‘I. The technique is somewhat analogous to that of the statistical
multiplexing of data transmission.

Time Assigned ‘peech Interpolation (TA‘I) or D‘I exploits the fact that human speech
signals contain periods of activity and periods of silence. This allows an operator to multiplexc
telephone conversations over
channels, wherec can be larger than
. The basic idea is
that a conversation only needs to occupy a channel whenever the speakers voice is generation
a sound. During periods of silence, other users can use the channel. For TA‘I or D‘I on
satellite links, freeze-outs are caused by the competition among signals from various
subscribers due to statistical multiplexing of multiple voice signals. ‘tatistical multiplexing of
voice signals in personal communication networks has been proposed by Goodman et al. in
PRMA. (see the speech page for models on speech activity and silence)

D
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D‘I is used for instance in PRMA and ‘TRMA. If all channels are occupied, new speech talk
spurts are clipped.

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