Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Of
Concept in
bio technology
Genetically modified
organisms
Submitted to submitted by
Mr. Harsh Sahil Sharma
Roll no. 20
Regn. No.
1040070156
b.tech biotech
sec - b
Acknowledgement
Genetically modified bacteria are used to produce the protein insulin, to treat
diabetes. Similar bacteria have been used to produce clotting factors to treat
haemophilia, and human growth hormone to treat various forms of dwarfism. These
recombinant proteins are much safer than the products they replaced, since the older
products were purified from cadavers and could transmit diseases. Indeed the
human-derived proteins caused many cases of AIDS and hepatitis C in
haemophilliacs and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease from human growth hormone.
For instance, the bacteria in your mouth which causes tooth decay is called
Streptococcus mutans. This bacteria eats left over sugars in your mouth and
produces acid that eats away tooth enamel and causes cavities. Scientists have
recently modified Streptococcus mutans to produce ethanol. This transgenic
bacterium, if properly colonized in a person's mouth, could possibly eliminate
cavities and other tooth related issues. Transgenic microbes have also been used in
recent research to kill or hinder tumors, and fight Crohn's disease . Genetically
modified bacteria is also used in some soils to facilitate crop growth, and can also
produce chemicals which are toxic to crop pests
Transgenic animals
Transgenic animals are used as experimental models to
perform phenotypic tests with genes whose function is
unknown or to generate animals that are susceptible to
certain compounds or stresses for testing in biomedical
research. Other applications include the production
Flies are often preferred over other animals for ease of culture, and also because the
fly genome is somewhat simpler than that of vertebrates. Transgenic mice are often
used to study cellular and tissue-specific responses to diseases
research: genes that cause
disease
Application of genetic modification technology
to animals can be used in medical research to
create
models of human disease. Such models help
elucidate disease pathways and allow
assessment of new therapies.
Medical research: creating GM animals to
understand gene function
If, as exporters, developing countries have pleaded against any modification of the
existing multilateral trade rules that would allow more flexibility to use trade-
restrictive measures for the protection of human or animal life and health or the
environment, as potential importers of GMOs, most developing countries have
requested the flexibility to decide whether to accept or refuse products whose
effects on health and the environment are not yet fully known.
Biotechnology may be an area where developing countries do not have a particular
interest in negotiating further, especially within the WTO, since in any negotiations
they would be likely to face several risks. Introducing GMOs into the WTO may
bring the trade and environment communities into conflict and allow the GMO -
exporting countries to develop new disciplines which could undermine the Bio
safety Protocol. On the other hand, it may allow some countries to develop new
rules on the precautionary principle that extend far beyond the GM products that
developing countries are concerned about, thus undermining their market access
for conventional products.
In my opinion these Genetically Modified Organisms are far better and will not
harmful for our environment and are beneficial for the developing world.