C92C2

Material and Machine Interaction During Weaving

(i) Structure Property Relationship in Ring/Rotor/Air Jet Spun Yarns
(ii) Yarn Performance During Weaving

PI(s): Clemson:
Bhuvenesh C. Goswami, Professor (Team Leader)
Rajesh D. Anandjiwala, Research Associate/Asst. Professor
Tony Shan, Ph. D. Student
S. Yellambalse, Ph. D. Student P

NCSU:
William Oxenham, Professor, Graduate Student (will join program in the 3rd year)

Relevance to NTC Goals:

Staple yarns form the bulk of the manufacturing activity of the U.S. textile industry. Staple fiber yams are
utilized in the making of apparel, upholstery and industrial fabrics. Yarns may be made from natural staple fibers
or from a variety of synthetic fibers or from the blends of different fibers. As a matter of fact, blends constitute a
bulk of the staple yarns manufactured in the U.S. Although both natural (primarily cotton) and synthetic fibers
(primarily polyester) have geometric and physical properties that meet most, if not all of the end-use requirements
for a variety of applications. However, the limits in the utilization and translation of the physical and mechanical
properties of fibers into yarns are strongly influenced by the system of manufacturing. We believe that by delineating
the role played by the fiber/machine interactions in determining the characteristics of the final products, i.e. yarns
that the U.S. textile industry will be able to better utilize the raw materials and improve the product quality. The
proposed work in this project is concerned with the fundamental aspects of studying the factors that influence the
yarn structure and consequently the properties of the resultant yarns spun with various spinning systems especially
the air jet and rotor systems.

Spun yarns, especially the blends made from cotton and polyester are consumed in large quantities both by
the weaving and knitting industry. The yarn structure has a very profound influence on the physical and mechanical
properties of yarns and fabrics but also determines the processing efficiency during knitting and weaving. The
introduction of tine synthetic fibers in the apparel and industrial yarns coupled with the high speed air jet spinning
and weaving has created problems but at the same tile opportunities for the textile manufacturers in the U.S. Since
U.S. textile industry is the only country at the present that has any significant activity in the air jet spinning,
consequently, a thorough understanding of the material and machine interaction can only help the U.S. industry
compete with the imports. The emphasis in this project has been to understand the structure development in existing
systems. The proposed work in this area will be concerned with studies on how twist flows in the twisting zone,
modification of already twisted yarns to achieve higher strength in the air-jet yarns and high draft during spinning
on the structure and properties of both cotton and blended yarns. Air jet spinning is the fastest system of producing
staple yarns. Rotor spinning and ring spinning follow air jet in that order in terms of productivity of the systems.
However, ring spun yarns are the strongest followed by rotor spun yarns and the air jet yarns are the weakest,
provided all other factors are constant. The rotor and the air jet systems are amenable to automation and the yarns
that can be produced on these systems cover a very wide range of yarn linear densities customarily produced in the
U.S. Process and better material utilization will enhance the capabilities of the textile industry. The product
characteristics that meet the end use requirements will give the industry an added strength in meeting global
competition. The information generated in this project will help the entire textile industry in improving the process
of twisting in staple yarn spinning thus meeting the goals of National Textile Center.

C92C2, Page 1

n
National Textile Center Annual Report: Sepfmtbn30,1993
Objectives

The objectives of this study are to understand the dynamics of the interaction of fibers and yarns with the
machines during processing. To achieve these objectives it is important to have a theoretical understanding of the
process of yarn formation and how the processing factors influence the disposition of fibers in the yarn structure.
Also, it is important to understand the behavior of the yams structure and characteristics during the subsequent
processes such as in winding and weaving.

Technical Approach and Experimental

To achieve these objectives simultaneous studies on the structure property relationship in yarns made on
different spinning systems and the performance of these yarns during weaving are being studied, The spun yarns
made from 50:50 blends of micro denier polyester (0.7 denier, low and high tenacity) and cotton have ken spun
on ring, rotor and air jet systems. The yarns have been spun at three different twist levels on each spinning system.
Fiber distribution in yarns cross sections and the blend homogeneity have been studied. The mechanical properties
of these yarns have been determined at different strain rates, e.g. 10, 50. 100 and 200 % per minute to simulate
various conditions of subsequent end use such as winding, weaving etc. The fatigue behavior of sized and unsized
yarns has been studied on the Sulzer-Ruti Webtester where all the forces that a yarn experiences during weaving are
simulated.

(i) Structure Property Relations in Ring/Rotor/Airjet Yarns

Literature Review

The engineering design of a yarn involves, in essence, the investigation of its mechanical response in terms
of constituent fiber properties and yarn structure which is decided by the distribution of fibers in a cross section and
longitudinal fiber migration along the yarn axis [l]. The complex interrelationship of fiber and yarn structure is
decided by the process of yarn formation, i.e. the interaction of material with the spinning system [Z]. The structure
property relationships have been investigated for ring spun [2,3]. open-end rotor [4-61 open-end friction [7,8] and
for air-jet-spun [9-l 11 yarns.

All the published research work cited above pertains to the yarns made from single component fiber either
of natural origin or synthetic of normal denier (1.2 to 1.6). The micro fibers provide better handle, drape, luster,
smoothness and comfort [121. Micro fibers are expected to yield uniform yarn because they can be easily wrapped
around the core due to their low bending rigidity [13]. Therefore, to understand the final yarn behavior, which in
turn affects the machine performance in the subsequent process, it is important to understand the structure property
relationship of blended yarns made from such micro fiber polyester and cotton.

Experimental

The experimental part of the study is concerned with the establishment of structure-property relationship
in spun yarns made from 50:50 blend of micro denier polyester and cotton on various spinning systems viz. ring,
rotor and air-jet. To pursue this objective yarns were spun at three different twist levels for each spinning method
to understand the effect of twist on yarn structure. Tensile response of these yams was tested at various strain rates
(10, 50, 100 and 200 % per minute). Fiber distribution in yarn cross-section was studied along with blend
homogeneity for yarns spun from all three spinning systems under study. Further work on longitudinal migration
using digital image analysis technique is under progress.

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72 National Textile Center Annual lhyort: September 30,1993

 Two different micro-denier polyesters. both with same denier (0.7) but with different tenacity and elongation
were selected for blending with Upland cotton (3.9 micronnaire). The blending was carried out at the draw frame
stage. Ring spun yarns were spun at twist levels of 3601. 3791 and 3980 texsi. Yarns were spun on rotor spinning
system at twist levels of 3601.3980, and 4731 texsi. In air jet spinning yarns were spun at second nozzle pressures
of 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0 kglcm’.

Yam cross-sections were prepared by standard microtome technique [14] as used in our previous work [2].
Evenness of various yarns were measured using an Uster evenness tester. Tensile properties of yarns at various strain
rates were measured on an Instron tensile tester at a gauge length of 10 inches.

Results

Fiber density distribution was carried out according to the method suggested by Driscoll and Pestle [ 151.
From the fiber distributions obtained it is seen that in both ring and rotor spun yarns, fiber packing density decreases
parabolically with the increase in yarn radius. Typical fiber packing density distributions are shown in Figures 1 and
2 for ring and rotor spun yarns, respectively. In air-jet spun yams the fiber packing density distribution tends to be
linear for all yarns as shown in Figures 3 an 4. These findings are consistent with our earlier published results [I].
Tables 1 and 2 show the coefficients of parabolic fit to fiber packing density distribution for all yarns under study.
The technical significance of the variations in the values of coefficients for different types of yarns is being studied
in terms of the stress-strain behavior of these yarns.

The range of twist studied in the present program did not seem to have any influence on fiber packing
density. The blend homogeneity characterized by Hamilton’s method [163. as shown in Table 3, indicates that cotton
fibers migrate towards surface of yarn for both ring and air-jet spun yarns, whereas in rotor spun yarns it tends to
migrate towards the core of the yarn. From the tensile properties studies it appears that , in the absence of any
clusters, the yarn tenacity increases with the increase in strain rate as shown in Tables 4 and 5. Presence of fiber
clusters in the yarn structure tends to decrease the yarn tenacity at the increasing strain rates. The findings in this
study agrees well with some reported results by other authors [ 171. Figure 5 shows the presence of clusters as seen
in ring yarn spun at twist multiplier of 3980 tex”.

(ii) Yarn Performance During Weaving

Literature Review

In the traditional approaches to the problem of assessing warp yarn performance on the loom, researchers
have investigated tensile strength of sized yarn and attempted to correlate it with weavability [18,19]. However, the
use of such tensile strength approach has not shown consistent correlations to weavability because the process of
weaving is far more complex and several authors have raised doubts as to this approach [20,21]. The failure of sized
yarns on a loom is attributed to the cumulative damage caused by cyclic fatigue of relatively small forces combined
with abrasion [22].

The failure of warp yarns on a loom is caused by repeated cyclic elongation at small stresses well below the breaking
point applied under static load [23,24]. The phenomenon commonly known as fatigue [25], is caused by the gradually
diminishing resistance of the material, attributable to cumulative damage. Earlier attempts to characterize the fatigue
performance of various materials, including textiles, were made in terms of average, median, or logarithmic lifetimes
[26-281. Fatigue behavior of sized staple yam under cyclic loading follows three parameter Weibull distribution
[23,26-281. However, some studies have reported unimodal [29] distribution whereas other studies have shown
bimodal distribution 1301. This poses a formidable problem in understanding the mechanism of yam failure under
tensile loading, since the mechanism involved in bimodal behavior is inherently different from that in unimodal
Weibull distribution [23].

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National Textile Centn Annual Report: September 30,1993

73
 Before being able to correlate experimental fatigue behavior of sized staple yarns with actual weaving
performance, it is essential that a proper statistical distribution is fitted to experimental data under loading conditions
common to weaving. A methodology established to analyze fatigue behavior of staple yams on Sulzer-Ruti Webtester
will be used in this work [23].

Technical Approach

The aim of this part of the project is to assess the warp yarn performance during weaving and to correlate
it with the laboratory evaluation as studied on the Sulzer-Ruti Webtester. A methodology to evaluate the fatigue
performance of yarn as discussed in our recent paper [23] is used. A three parameter Weibull distribution is found
to tit extremely well to our data on fatigue behavior of yarns [23].
t
The breakage pattern and incidence of breaks on the loom during weaving of ring-spun yarn has
demonstrated that it is important to understand the dynamic tension variation in the warp yarn during weaving. A
Tenstec tensiometer will be used to measure the dynamic tension profile in the warp yarn. It is planned to interface
this tension measuring device to a computer to continuously measure and plot the dynamic tension variation on the
loom. Such information can then be used to simulate the yam deformation conditions on the laboratory tester.

Experimental

The preparation and sizing of 6535 polyesterzcotton ring and rotor spun yarns was carried out at Milliken,
Judson Plant under real practical conditions. The sized yarns from these weaver’s beam were tested on Instron
tensile tester at 8.48, 100 and 200 % per minute strain rates at a gauge length of 10 inches. Studies on higher strain
rates without decreasing the gauge length was not possible because of the inherent limitations of the Instron tensile
tester and the data acquisition capacity of the personal computer interfaced with it.

The warp break report for the ring spun yarn on Picanol Air-jet loom working at 600 picks per minute has
been completed. The break report for 48.5 hours was observed, out of which 39 hours and 33 minutes were actual
run time when idle time was excluded. Totally 192 breaks were recorded.

A TENSTEC tensiometer was used to manually record the tension in the yarns during running of the loom.
Measurements were done at the back rest , near the selvedges and in the middle of the warp sheet.

Results:

Tables 6 and 7 show tensile behavior of ring and rotor spun yarns, respectively. For each set of 50 data
points the standard deviation and the co-efficient of variation were calculated. The values of co-efficient of variation
varied from 8 to 40% for our results. Data on fatigue testing have been collected. We have to analyze the results
for fitting three parameter Weibull distribution as discussed in our recent paper [23]. Meanwhile, a systematic break
report on loom for ring spun yarn has been completed. The recorded breaks are now being analyzed.

The average tension in the warp yarn recorded during the working of the loom was about 35 cN and the
peak tension was between 60 to 70 cN. Tension recorded on the sides were higher than the ones recorded at the
middle of the beam. This manual method of recording tension was somewhat erroneous and was inherently imposing
the limit on the speed at which the data could be recorded. Therefore, it was decided to interface the Tensiometer
to a personal computer for fast and continuous data capturing.

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74 National Textile Center Annual Report: September 30,1993

A data capturing board (model DT2801. Digital Translation) capable of converting single
ended/differential/mu/bipolar analog signals to digital output is used. The board is set, calibrated and programmed
to carry out required analog/digital translation. The software sets the data capturing board’s clock to 10 Hz (0.1set).
The clock rate used is slightly slow because of the slow speed of interpreted BASIC language, however, it is
sufficiently accurate for the purpose of the tension measurement of the yarn on the loom. The computer program
prepared requests the user to specify A/D input channels, the gain rate and the total number of A/D conversions. The
block of A/D conversion at the rate of internal clock frequency takes place and it calculates the input values from
the converted data and prints out the A/D input for the entire block. A graphic program is incorporated to plot the
values of signals recorded against time at an interval of 0.1 second. We have just completed this part of the work
and now the instrument set-up is ready for actual measurement of tension on the loom. After necessary refinements,
we shall collect dynamic tension profiles, which will be reported in the next report period.

Proposed Work

So far one student has finished work for a master’s thesis and a part of his work has been presented in the
annual report. Three Ph. D. students, two at Clemson and one at NC state have chosen the area of material/machine
interaction for their thesis topic. (1) One topic is the ‘twist distribution in the spinning zone in air jet spinning, (2)
a second thesis topic is the translation of yam structure and fiber properties in yarn properties spun from fine denier
fibers on ring, rotor and air jet yarns. (3) The third thesis topic will be the influence of drafting conditions on the
quality of air jet yarns. Our previous results have shown that drafting has a tremendous effect on the clustering of
fibers in the yarn and consequently on the structure and properties of resultant yarns. A possible (4) fourth topic
which has come about as a result of the experience of one of the investigators is the post treatment (use of crossbelt
twisting of air jet yarns) to modify the distribution and disposition of surface fibers in the air jet yarns to improve
the strength of cotton yarns. The literature on the development of structure and twist geometry in air jet spun yarns
is scarce [10,11,31,32]. The kinematic approach suggested by Grosberg et al [ill does not agree with the actual twist
distribution and there are presumably some contradictions that occur between the theoretical and the experimentally
observed results. Similarly, the kinematic approach suggested by Miio and Chen [33] (M = KT, a simple linear
approach to the relationship between moment and twist) does not agree with the experimental work. A modified
approach which combines both the aforementioned approaches is proposed and is currently being analyzed. In the
modified approach it is postulated that the twist in the strand is minimum at the two extremities of the fiber bundle
and it is maximum in the middle which corresponds to the position of the air jet (nozzle). All three approaches are
shown in Figure 6.

The instrument set-up and preparation of necessary software’for measuring the dynamic tension variation
have just been completed. After necessary calibration of this instrument, dynamic tension variation profiles during
actual weaving trials will be studied. Actual break data on working of open-end yarn beam will be commenced
shortly. The analysis and correlation of the warp stops to laboratory evaluation will be reported in the subsequent
reports. To assess the microscopic damage that the yarn experiences during the process of weaving, the broken ends
will be examined under the electron microscope. The type of breakage will be correlated with the distribution of
fibers in the yarn. This exercise will help in engineering yarns where the fibers will contribute the desired
characteristics needed in the winding and weaving operations.

References

HI B.C. Goswarni, R.D. Anandjiwala and M. Carrnical, Engineering of Fiber Properties for Spinning on Various
Systems, J. Appl. Poly. Sci.: Applied Polymer Symposium 47, 464-485, pp 463485 (1991).
PI J.W.S. Hearle, in Tomorrow’s Yarns, Conference at UMIST, June 1984.
[31 J.W.S. Hearle, On the Theory of the Mechanics of Twisted Yarns, J.Text. Inst., 60, T95-101 (1969).

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National Textile Center Annual Report: Septetnber30,1993 . 75

[41 J.W.S. Hearle, P.R. Lord, and N. Senturk, Fiber Migration in Open-end Spun Yarns, J.Text. Inst., 63,605
617 (1972).
El P.R. Lord and P.L. Grady, Text. Res. J., 46. 123-129 (1976).
[61 P.R. Lord, The Structure of Open-End-Spun Yarns, Text. Res. I., 41.778784 (1971).
[71 K.J. Brockmanns, Friction Spinning Analyzed, Int Text. Bull., Yarn Forming, 15(3), 24-32 (1984).
rw P.R. Lord, G. Grover and C.H. Chewning, Differential-twist Yarn Structure, J. Text. Inst.,75.72-75 (1984).
[91 RJ. Chasmawala, S.M. Hansen, and S. Jayraman, Structure and Properties of Air-Jet Spun Yarns, Text.
Res. J., 60.61-69 (1990).
IlO1 H.W. Krause and H.A. Soliman, Theoretical Study of Wrapping Twist in Single Jet False Twist Spinning,
Text. Res. J., 60, 309-318, 546-552 (1990).
[111 P. Grosberg, W. Oxenham, and M. Miao, The Insertion of ‘Twist’ into Yarns by Means of Air-jets, Part
I: An Experimental Study of Air-jet Spinning, J. Text. Inst., 78, 189-203 (1987). f
WI V. Lessina, Int. Text. Bull., Yarn Forming, III Quarter, Vol. 38, pp 42 (1992).
1131 P. Artz, G. Steinbach. and C. Six, Int. Tex. Bull, Yam Forming, II Quarter, Vol. 38, pp 5 (1992).
[I41 J.E. Booth, Principles of Textile Testing, Newness-Butter-worms, 1961.
WI R.H.Driscoll and R. Postle, Modelling the Distribution of Fibers in Yarns, J. Text. Inst., 79, pp 140 (1988).
[Ml J.B. Hamilton, The Radial Distribution of Fibers in Blended Yarns: Part I - Characterization by a Migration
Index, J. Text. Inst. 49, T411 (1958).
u71 P. BaIasubmmanian and K.R. Salhotra, Effect of Strain Rate on Yarn Tenacity, Text. Res. J., 55, pp 74
(1985).
ml N.J. Faasen and K. van Harten, The Effect of Sizing on the Weavability of Cotton Yarns, J. Text. Inst., 57,
T269-285 (1966).
I191 A.E. Owen, Some Physical Tests on Sized Yarns, J. Text. Inst., 14, T375-389 (1923).
r201 A. Barella, New Views on Forecasting the Performance of Sized Yarns, Invest. Inform. Textile, 6,239-246
(1963).
WI N.N. Milovidov, Cyclic Tensile Strength of Yarn and Its Connection With the End-Breakage Rate in
Weaving, Technol. Text Ind. U.S.S.R., No. 2, 75-79 (1964).
ml P.R. Lord, Warp Damage During the Weaving Process, Textile Recorder, 83. No. 4.56-58.67: No.5.59-60
(1966).
WI R. D. AnandjiwaIa and B. C. Goswami, Tensile Fatigue Behavior of Staple Yarns, Text Res. J., 63.392-403
(1993).
1241 A. Barella, The Fatigue Behavior of Warp Yarn and Its Influence On Weaving Performance, Text Res. J.,
43.428-430 (1973).
WI S. Timoshenko, Strength of Materials, Part II: Advanced, Van Nostrand Reinhold, NY, 1978.
Ml R. Picciotto and S.P. Hersh, The Tensile Fatigue Behavior of a Warp Yarn and Its Influence on Weaving
Performance, Text. Res. J., 42. 512-522 (1972).
V71 WJ. Lyons, Fatigue in Textile Fibers, Part I: General Considerations: Fatiguing by Cyclic Tension:
Instrumentation and Fatigue Lifetimes, Text. Res. J., 32, 448-459 (1992).
LW D. Prevorsek, WJ. Lyons, and J.C. Whitewell, Statistical Treatment of Data and Extreme-Value Theory in
Relation to Fatigue in Textiles, Text. Res. J., 33, 967-973 (1963).
P91 D.C. Prevorsek and WJ. Lyons, Fatigue in Textile Fibers, Part IV: Fatiguing by Cyclic Tension; Effects
of Stroke on the Statistics of Lifetimes, Text. Res. J., 34, 881-888 (1984).
r301 A. Barella, On Certain Applications of Weibull’s Distribution to Fatigue Phenomena of Yarns, Text. Res.
J., 35, 1051-1053 (1965).
1311 B. Schwabe, E. Schglegl, and J. Troger, Physical and Textile Technological Principles in the Manufacture
of Wrap-spun Yarns, Melliand, lo/1991
1321 J. Lunenschlob, and J. Bergmann, Forschungsber. des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, No. 3206, 72s (1986).
[331 M. Miao and R. Chen, Yarn Twisting Dynamics, Text. Res. J., 63, 150-158 (1993).

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National Textile Center Annual Report: September 30,1993

76
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Figure 2 JUcr I’ockili~ Dcndy VI Yom rnllh : Iblur y:w Spill

from UicuJ of Y I Y W I’oiyulcJCouon ai Twirl Muliiylicr o f J6U1.

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National Textile Center Annual Report: Septier30,1993 77

 EgUre 5 Dirlribulion or Fibcn in Yam Ours Sodon : Ring S p u n
, ’ Yarn f r o m Dlend or 915W Polyu~u and COIIOII 11 Twirl Mulliplicr
0f 3980 .

r
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nclx
TN

bI

(a) Kincmahc analysis

(b) Kinetic analysis (c) Modifted rppmach

Figure 6: Twist distribution by vsrious mclhodr

78 National Textile Center Annual Report: September 30,1993

 Table 1: Cocflicicnls of Pambolic Cum Fit to Fiber Disdbuhn (blcml of 919 W pdycslcr/~~~~~)

Table 2: Cocfficicnts OC Parabolic Curve Fit LO Fib D&rib&m (blend of 915 W plycs~cr/~o~~o~~)

l * Second noulc prcssurc in k&m’

Tnblo 3
illcnd Uniforlllily Indicor

King spun yarn 50150 corloll/ so/so colloll/

715W poiyenlcr 717W polycslcr

TM (1crl/2) Ulcnd Uniforitiily UlonJ Unilorinily

lnclcx 5% llltlcx ‘XI

3601 12 24
3791 22 I2
39HO 37 20

Holor spun yorn

T M (tcxl/2) UlenJ Unilorinily UiciiJ UniCornlily
IIlJCX Ib lllJOX 16

360 I -7 9
3980 -5 21
473R -7 -2

Air jcl rpull yam

Ii Norzlo presruro UlcnJ UniCorniily lJl011d Uuilormily

Kg/cm2 lndor Ib hdor 56

4.0 3 32
4.5 21 -6
5.0 2 20
Norc: L o w e r 1110 index bciicr 1110 bhding. A porilivo nu~hr
Jc110lcs cotton migraling Iowrrds 1110 8urfaco 0r 1110 yarn; wlierc~s a
negative number indicolcs collon ribor 11 miyruliug lowxrds 1110 cure

0r hc yarn.

National Textile Center Annual Report: September 30,195?3 79

 Tablo 4 Tnblo ti
Yarn Tcnsilo Properlies al V a r i o u s Strain Rnlor : Yam Tcnrllo Ptopcrries rt V a r i o u s Stmis ita~tr :
Ring Spun Yarns born Dlcndr of SO:50 919W Polyester and Cotton Ring Spun Yams from IllenJs or 3030 9lSW Polyor~cr rnd Cotton

TM (I- Siraln Dr. TCtllC. Ten. E10,,6. ClO% Mod& Energy TM (I. Slraln Dr. iOll0 ten. lllonp Olon. Modul* nner6y
cr112) Ralc !6 Load II? "u. I l IIOII var. 2 “I * Dr.3 e&l/l) Ratr C L o r d III w. I r1lor w. 1 MI 10 Dr. 3
(6) khfl) (C-) + (CV%) (6ller) Kpmm (11 Illlcr) (CVS) % WV%) [rflcrl Kr-mm

3601 IO 29J.22 lJ.6 lO.2b 1.68 9.67 lJJ.21 l.IJ

3601 IO 3J3.09 17.01 I I.5 7.12 a.31 2J2.1 3.19 JO 301.69 IJ.99 12.31 7.43 ua 192.lJ 3.lJ

SO 36a.J 17.Jl 13.J 7.13 Il.9 261.13 3.34 Ill0 295.69 1J.63 14.39 7.03 llL9I 301.02 1.94
100 361.16 11.14 19.5 7.01 10.26 267.16 3.4 200 292.a9 lJ.41 IO.71 6.69 11.7J 326.9 2.77
t
200 313.02 la.23 14.27 6.91 9.22 216.J 3.4

3791 IO 309.73 lJ.71 10.9 7.Jl 9.14 291.3 3.27

3791 IO 341.52 I a32 9.41 a.03 a.34 264.J 3.74 JO 26a.02 14.61 II.16 6.92 9.66 217.J 2.74
JO 342.1 Ia.JJ I I.3 7.29 a.14 277.96 3.17 100 320.19 16.31 1I.J 7.03 13.94 3noa 3.16
100 3 16.66 17.11 12.J4 6.11 7.aJ 210.4s 1.74 200 291.02 lJ.19 10.03 6.6J 12.01 309.67 2.74
200 350.27 I9 Il.lJ 7.J7 a.93 291.2 3.J9

3960 IO 312.03 lJ.16 9.73 1.43 ll.Jl 313.71 3.21

3910 lo 329.91 It.04 10.62 7.42 lO.6J 271.77 3.36 JO 310.93 IJ.11 a.69 7,07 Il.37 322.J3 3.11
JO 339.33 ll.JJ 14.J6 7.311 Il.34 291.0 3.47 100 306.47 IJJI 9.41 7.37 1.73 244.2 3.16
100 346.17 17.92 11.63 7.13 a.27 217.6 3.33 2no 306.21 IS..57 n.ia 7.37 7.76 mn7 3x17
2nn 337.2 17.42 12.94 6.71 III.2 NI9.J 3.11 i Tenacity wrintlon 2 Elongrlioa Vnriollon
I Tenacity varintion 2 Elonplion Vorirllon 3 Energy lo Ilroak
3 ihrgy IO Drcak

Tublc 6: Tensile Prolxxhs ol Sizul Ring-spun Yarn.

Shm Ra~c Load ill Uongotion (96) Tcnacily Urcnking

(%/min) Break (g) Wrx) Energy
(Kg-mw)

R 431.48 12.67 18.13 39.02 9.79

1
4H 431.73 IIJS 111.14 4394 H.H7

loo 444.32 II.RI 111.67 4O.‘J4 9.47

200 44R.53 10.79 IR.RS 4H.I I R.7t-l

Tabic 7: Tcnsiic Propcrtics of Sized O~X-CIIJ Yam.

Strain Ralc Load 01 Elongalion (%) Tcnacily Mtxl~~lus hnking

(%/min) Brwk (g) (g/m) ww Encruy
(Kg-mm)

8 425.R4 6.29 ltl.6l 4R!)2 3.96

48 402.315 660 17.5H 47.37 3.92

IO0 430.24 7.06 18.HO 41.41 4.52

42X.32 5.RR I X.72 !I169 3.X1

80 National Textile Center Annual Report: September 30,1993