A

ABMA
- American Boiler Manufacturers Association.
ABRASION
- The wearing away of a surface by rubbing, as with sandpaper on wood.

ABRASION RESISTANCE
- The ability of a material to resist surface wear.

ABRASIVE EROSION
- Erosive wear caused by the relative motion of solid particles which are entrained in a fluid, moving n
parallel to a solid surface.

ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY
- Amount of moisture in the air, indicated in kg/kg of dry air.

ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
- Total pressure measured from an absolute vacuum. It equals the sum of the gauge pressure and the
atmospheric pressure corresponding to the
barometer.

ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
- Air at standard conditions (70°F air at sea level with a barometric pressure of 29.92 in Hg) exerts a pr
of 14.696 psi. This is the pressure in a
system when the pressure gauge reads zero. So the absolute pressure of a system is the gauge pressure
pounds per square inch added to the
atmospheric pressure of 14.696 psi (use 14.7 psi in environmental system work) and the symbol is "psia

ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE SCALE

- A scale of temperature measurement in which zero degrees is absolute zero.

ABSOLUTE VELOCITY -

ABSOLUTE ZERO
- A hypothetical temperature at which there is total absence of heat. Since heat is a result of energy cau
molecular motion, there is no motion of
molecules with respect to each other at absolute zero. It is theoretically the coldest possible temperatur

ABSOLUTE ZERO TEMPERATURE

- Temperature measured from absolute zero (-459.67°F, or -273.16°C).

ABSORBENT
- A material which, due to an affinity for certain substances, extracts one or more such substances from
liquid or gaseous medium with which it
contacts and which changes physically or chemically, or both, during the process. Calcium chloride is a
example of a solid absorbent, while solutions
of lithium chloride, lithium bromide, and ethylene glycols are liquid absorbents.
B
BACK PRESSURE
- Pressure in low side of refrigerating system; also called suction pressure or low-side pressure.

BACK PRESSURE TURBINE -

BACK SEATING - Fluid opening/closing such as a gauge opening or to seal the joint where the valve s
goes through the valve body.

BACK WORK RATIO - Is the fraction of the gas turbine work used to drive the compressor.

BACKGROUND NOISE - Sound other than the wanted signal. In room acoustics, the irreducible nois
measured in the absence of any building
occupants.

BACKING RING - Backing in a form of a ring, generally used in welding of piping.

BACKWASH - The counter-current flow of water through a resin bed (that is, in at the bottom of the
exchange unit, out at the top) to clean and regenerate
the bed after exhaustion (water treatment). Also, the process whereby a filtering mechanism is cleaned
reversing the flow through the filter.

BACTERIA - Microscopic unicellular living organisms.

BAFFLE - Plate or vane used to direct or control movement of fluid or air within confined area.

BAGHOUSE - A chamber containing bags for filtering solids out of gases.

BALLAST GAS - Are the nonflammable portion of the gas, such as carbon dioxide.

BAROMETER - Instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure. It may be calibrated in pounds per s
inch, in inches of mercury in a column in
millimeters or kPa.

BARRING GEAR -

BASE - An alkaline substance.

BASE METAL - The metal present in the largest proportion in an alloy. (Copper is the base metal in b

BASE METAL - The substrate metal that is coated or protected by a surface coating.

BASICITY - The ability of a substance to boost the pH after neutralizing all the acid species.

BATCH OPERATION - The utilization of ion-exchange resins to treat a solution in a container wherei
removal of ions is accomplished by agitation of
the solution and subsequent decanting of the treated liquid.
C
CALCAREOUS COATING OR DEPOSIT - A layer consisting of a mixture of calcium carbonate and magne
hydroxide deposited on surfaces being
cathodically protected against corrosion, because of increased pH adjustment to the protected surface.

CALCIUM - A scale forming element found in boiler feedwater.

CALCIUM CHLORIDE - A substance used to obtain calcium chloride brine.

CALCIUM SULFATE - Chemical compound (CaSO4) which is used at a drying agent or desiccant in liquid
dryers.

CALIBRATION - A process of dividing and numbering the scale of an instrument; also of correcting or dete
the error of an existing scale, or of
evaluating one quantity in terms of readings of another.

CALORIE - It is equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degre
Celsius.

CALORIMETER - Device used to measure quantities of heat or determine specific heats.

CANGE OF STATE - Change from one phase, such as solid, liquid or gas, to another.

CAPACITANCE - The property of an electric current that permits the storage of electrical energy in an elect
field and the release of that energy at a
later time.

CAPACITOR, (CONDENSER) - A device that can store an electric charge when voltage is applied.

CAPACITY - The adsorption activity possessed in varying degrees by ion-exchange materials. This quality m
expressed as kilograins per cubic foot, gram-
milliequivalents per gram, pound-equivalents per pound, gram-milliequivalents per milliliter, and so on, whe
numerators of these ratios represent the
weight of the ions adsorbed and the denominators represent the weight or volume of the adsorbent.

CAPILLARY - The name given to the thin tube attached to the bulb which transmits the bulb pressure chang
the controller or indicator. The cross
sectional area of the capillary is extremely small compared to the cross section of the bulb so that the capillar
which is usually outside of the controlled fluid,
will introduce the smallest possible error in the signal being transmitted from the bulb.

CAPILLARY TUBE - The capillary tube is a metering device made from a thin tube approximately 0.5 to 6
long and from 0.025 to 0.090 inches in
diameter which feeds liquid directly to the evaporator. Usually limited to systems of 1 ton or less, it performs
the functions of the thermal expansion valve
when properly sized.
D
DALTON'S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE - Each constituent of a mixture of gases behaves thermodynam
as if it alone occupied the space. The sum of
the individual pressures of the constituents equals the total pressure of the mixture.

DAMPER - A device used to vary the volume of air passing through an air outlet, air inlet or duct.

DASHPOT - A damping device, usually consisting of a cylinder and a piston in which relative motion of eith
displaces a fluid such as air or oil, resulting in
friction.

DEADBAND - In HVAC, a temperature range in which neither heating nor cooling is turned on; in load
management, a kilowatt range in which loads are
neither shed nor restored.

DE-AERATING HEATERS - Mechanical device using steam to strip dissolve gases from the boiler feedwat
heating the feedwater.

DE-AERATION - Act of separating air from substances.

DE-AERATOR - An apparatus or device which is used to remove dissolved air or oxygen from water.

DE-ALKALIZATION - The removal of alkalinity from a water supply by neutralization or ion exchange.

DE-ALKALIZER - An apparatus or device used to remove the alkaline carbonate and bicarbonate ions from
supply.

DE-ALLOYING - This is a corrosion process whereby one constituent of a metal alloy is preferentially remo
from the alloy, leaving an altered residual
microstructure.

DEASHING - The removal from a solution of inorganic salts by means of adsorption by ion-exchange resins
the cations and the anions that comprise
the salts. See deionization.

DE-CARBONATION - Refers to the removal of carbon dioxide from the boiler feedwater.

DECIBEL (dB) - A decibel is a division of a logarithmic scale for expressing the ratio of two quantities prop
to power or energy. The number of decibels
denoting such a ratio is ten times the logarithm of the

DECONCENTRATOR - This is a cylindrical tank connected before the boiler to receive the boiler feedwater
entering the boiler. It is designed to
promote settling of suspended solids, which then could be removed via its own blowdown device. Was used
operation with very high suspended solids.

DE-FLOCCULANT - An electrolyte adsorbed on colloidal particles in suspension that charges the particles t
E

ECONOMIZER - A series of tubes located in the path of flue gases. Feedwater is pumped through these tube
way to the boiler in order to absorb waste
heat from the flue gas.

EDDY CURRENT TESTING - An electromagnetic nondestructive testing method in which eddy-current flo
induced in the test object. Changes in flow
caused by variations in the object are deflected into a nearby coil or coils where they are measured.

EDDY CURRENTS (ELECTRICITY) -

EDDY CURRENTS (STAM TURBINES) -

EDTA - A chelating agent used with boiler water treatment. Often referred as the replacement for the phosph
hydroxyde treatment method.

EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE - Overall effect on a human of air temperature, humidity and air movement.

EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE - Overall effect on a human of air temperature, humidity and air movement.

EFFLUENT - The solution which emerges from an ion-exchange column.

ELASTIC LIMITS -

ELECTRIC DEFROSTING - Use of electric resistance heating coils to melt ice and frost off evaporators dur
defrosting.

ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT - A power supply, a load, and a path for current flow are the minimum requiremen
an electrical circuit.

ELECTRICAL NET WORK -

ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTIONS - A metal wasting process, due to the fluid (boiler water) being subjec
an electrical current.

ELECTRODE BOILER - A boiler which generates steam or hot water by the action of immersed electrodes w
conduct electricity through the boiler water,
which, in turn, generates heat by its resistance to electric current.

ELECTRODIALYSIS - This is a membrane process where an applied electric charge draws impurity ions thr
permeable membranes to create high purity
feedwater streams or low purity waste streams.

ELECTROLYSIS - Chemical decomposition caused by action of an electric current in a solution.

ELECTROLYTE - A chemical compound which dissociates or ionizes in water to produce a solution which
F
Face Area: The total plane area of the portion of a grille, coil, or other items bounded by a line tangent

FACE SEALING -

Fahrenheit: A thermometric scale in which 32 (¡F) denotes freezing and 212 (¡F) the boiling point of water un
normal pressure at sea level (14.696 psi).

FAIL SAFE - In load management, returning all loads to conventional control during a power failure. Accom
by a relay whose contacts are normally
closed.

FAILURE - A rupture, break, or disintegration of a metal or part of an HVAC system.

FALSE BRINELING - Damage to a solid bearing surface characterized by indentations not caused by plastic
deformation resulting from overload, but thought
to be due to other causes such as fretting corrosion.

FAN PERFORMANCE CURVE - Fan performance curve refers to the constant speed performance curve. Th
graphical presentation of static or total
pressure and power input over a range of air volume flow rate at a stated inlet density and fan speed. It may i
static and mechanical efficiency curves.
The range of air volume flow rate which is covered generally ex tends from shutoff (zero air volume flow rat
free delivery (zero fan static pressure). The
pressure curves are generally referred to as the pressure-volume curves.

FAN TUBE AXIAL - A propeller or disc type wheel within a cylinder and including driving mechanism sup
for either belt drive or direct connection.

FAN, CENTRIFUAL - A fan rotor or wheel within a scroll type housing and including driving mechanism su
for either belt drive or direct connection.

FAN, PROPELLER - A propeller or disc type wheel within a mounting ring or plate and including driving
mechanism supports for either belt drive or direct
connection.

FAN, VANEAXIAL - A disc type wheel within a cylinder, a set of air guide vanes located either before or af
wheel and including driving mechanism
supports for either belt drive or direct connection.

FARAD - A unit of electric capacity, designated by F.

FATIGUE - The phenomenon leading to fracture under repeated or fluctuating stresses having maximum val
than the ultimate strength of the material.

FAULT - A short circuit either line to line, or line to ground.

G

GAGE PRESSURE - Absolute pressure minus atmospheric pressure.

GALVANIC ACTION - Wasting away of two unlike metals due to electrical current passing between them.
action is increased in the presence of moisture.

GALVANIC CELL - Electrolytic brought about by the difference in electric potential between two dissimilar
metals.

GALVANIC COUPLE - The connection of two dissimilar metals in an electrolyte that results in current flow
through the circuit.

GALVANIZING - The coating of metal with another by an electrolytic process; for example, electrolytically
coat steel is called galvanized steel.

GAS - Usually a highly superheated vapor which, within acceptable limits of accuracy, satisfies the perfect g

GAS - Vapor phase or strata of a substance.

GAS CONSTANT - The coefficient "R" in the perfect gas equation: PV = MRT.

GAS LUBRICATION - A system of lubrication in which the shape and relative motion of the sliding surface
the formation of a gas film having sufficient
pressure to separate the surfaces.

GAS REFRIGERATION CYCLE - Where the refrigerant remains in the gaseous phase throughout.

GAS TURBINE - An engine in which gas , under pressure is formed by combustion, is directed against a ser
turbine blades. The energy in the expanding
gas is converted into rotary motion.

GAS TURBINE COMPRESSOR - a compressor designed foe the use with gas turbine installations. This cou
centrifugal or an axial compressor.

GAS VALVE - Device in a pipeline for starting, stopping or regulating flow of gas.

GAS, INERT - A gas that neither experiences nor causes chemical reaction nor undergoes a change of state i
system or process; e.g., nitrogen or helium
mixed with a volatile refrigerant.

GASIFICATION - When a substance is converted to become a gas.

GASKET - A device, usually made of a deformable material, that is used between two relatively static surfac
prevent leakage.

GAUGE MANIFOLD - Chamber device constructed to hold both compound and high-pressure gauges. Valv
H

HAC - Hydrogen- assist cracking.

HALIDE LEAK DETECTOR - A device used to detect vapor leaks of halogen refrigerants. It uses acetylene
base.

HALIDE REFRIGERANTS - Family of refrigerants containing halogen chemicals.

HALIDE TORCH - Type of torch used to safely detect halogen refrigerant leaks in system.

HALOGENS - Substance containing fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

HARD WATER - Water that contains dissolved compounds of calcium, magnesium or both.

HARDNESS - Are generally referred to the presence of calcium and magnesium content of the water.

HARDNESS - The scale-forming and lather-inhibiting qualities which water, high in calcium and magnesium
possesses.

HARDNESS CONTROL - An action designed to remove hardness and at the same time to produce an equiva
amount of suspended solids.

HARDNESS OF CALCIUM CARBONATE - The expression ascribed to the value obtained when the hardn
forming salts are calculated in terms of equivalent
quantities of calcium carbonate; a convenient method of reducing all salts to a common basic for comparison

HEAD - Pressure, usually expressed in feet of water, inches of mercury or millimeters of mercury.

Head - The measure of the pressure of water expressed in feet of height of water: 1 psi = 2.31 feet of water.

HEAD DYNAMIC OR TOTAL - In flowing fluid, the sum of the static and velocity heads at the point of
measurement.

HEAD PRESSURE - Pressure which exists in condensing side of refrigerating system.

HEAD PRESSURE CONTROL - Pressure-operated control which opens electrical circuit if high-side pressu
becomes too high.

HEAD STATIC - The static pressure of fluid expressed in terms of the height of a column of the fluid, or of s
manometric fluid, which it would support.

HEAD VELOCITY - Height of fluid equivalent to its velocity pressure in flowing fluid.

HEADER - Length of pipe or vessel to which two or more pipe lines are joined carries fluid from a common
to various points of use.
I

ICE CREAM CABINET - Commercial refrigerator which operates at approximately -18°C; used for storage
cream.

IGNITION QUALITY - The ability of a fuel to ignite when it is injected into the compressed-air charge in a
cylinder. It is measured by an index called
the cetane number.

IMMISCIBLE - Not capable of mixing (as oil and water).

IMPEDANCE (Z) - The quantity in an AC circuit that is equivalent to resistance in a DC circuit, inasmuch as
relates current and voltage. It is composed of
resistance plus a purely AC concept called reactance and is expressed, like resistance, in ohms.

IMPELLER - A rotating set of vanes designed to impart rotation to a mass of fluid.

IMPINGEMENT - High-velocity flow of water or gas over a metal surface, causing premature failure by abr

IMPULSE PRINCIPLE -

INDUCTANCE - The process when a second conductor is placed next to a conductor carrying AC current (b
touching it), the ever-changing magnetic
field will induce a current in the second conductor.

INDUCTION - The capture of part of the ambient air by the jet action of the primary air stream discharging f
controlled device.

INDUCTION HEATING - Heating by combined electrical resistance and hysteresis losses induced by subjec
metal to varying magnetic field surrounding a
coil carrying alternating current.

INDUCTIVE LOADS - Loads whose voltage and current are out-of-phase. True power consumption for indu
loads is calculated by multiplying its voltage,
current, and the power factor of the load.

INDUCTOR - A fundamental element of electrical systems constructed of numerous turns of wire around a
ferromagnetic or air core.

INERT GAS - A gas that does not readily enter into or cause chemical reactions.

INFILTRATION - Air flowing inward as through a wall, crack, etc.

INFLUENT - The solution which enters an ion-exchange unit.

INHIBITOR - An additive used to retard undesirable chemical action in a product. It is added in small quanti
gasoline’s to prevent oxidation and gum
J

JACKING OIL PUMP -

JET COMPRESSOR - A device employing a ventury tube so that a high pressure stream flowing through the
creates a lower pressure or a vacuum into
which the gas to be compressed flows. The gas is discharged from the nozzle with the expanded high-pressur
medium.

JOULE - English Scientist James Prescott Joule (1818 - 1889)

JOULE - The unit used to measure heat, work, and energy in the metric system. Its symbol is J. It is the amou
energy required to move an object of 1 kg
mass to a height of 1 m. Also called a newton-metre.

JOULE-THOMSON EFFECT - The change in gas temperature which occurs when the gas is expanded adiab
from a higher pressure to a lower pressure.
The effect for most gases, except hydrogen and helium, is a cooling of the gas.

JOURNAL - That part of a shaft or axle that rotates relative to a radial bearing.
K

KATA THERMOMETER - Large-bulb alcohol thermometer used to measure air speed or atmospheric condi
by means of cooling effect.

KELVIN SCALE (K) - Thermometer scale on which unit of measurement equals the Celsius degree and acco
to which absolute zero is 0 degree, the
equivalent of -273.16°C. Water freezes at 273.16 K. and boils at 373.16 K. The relationship - TK = TC + 273

KEROSINE - a light, hydrocarbon fuel or solvent.

KILO CALORIE - This is the amount of heat (energy) necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1°C
calorie = kcal)

KILO CALORIE - This is the amount of heat (energy) necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1°C
calorie = kcal)

KILOGRAIN - A unit of weight; 1000 grains.

KILOVOLT AMPERE - Product of the voltage times the current. Different from kilowatts because of induct
loads in an electrical system. Abbreviated: kVA
kilo watts is equal to KVA times power factor. Kilowatt: 1000 watts. Abbreviated: kW.

KILOWATT - A metric unit of power equal to approximately 1.34 horsepower.

KILOWATT-HOUR - A measure of electrical energy consumption. 1000 watts being consumed per hour.
Abbreviated: kWh.

KINETIC ENERGY - The ability of an object to do work by virtue of its motion. (Water moving in a pipe ha
kinetic energy.) The energy terms that are usually
used to describe the operation of a pump are "pressure" and "head". In classical mechanics, equal to one half
body’s mass times the square of its speed.

KING VALVE - Liquid receiver (refrigeration only) service valve.

KIRCHOFF’S SECOND LAW - The law stating that, at each instant of time the increase of voltage around a
loop in a network is equal to the algebraic
sum of the voltage drop.

KNOCK - In a spark ignition engine, uneven burning of the fuel/air charge that causes violent, explosive
combustion and an audible metallic hammering
noise. Knock results from premature ignition of the last part of the charge to burn.

KRAFT PROCESS - A wood-pulping process in which sodium sulfate is used in the caustic soda pulp-digest
liquor. Also called Kraft pulping or sulfate
pulping.
kW DEMAND - The maximum rate of electric power usage required to operate a facility during a period of t
usually a month or billing period. Often called
"demand".

kWh CONSUMPTION - The amount of electric energy used over a period of time; the number of kWh used
month. Often called "consumption".
L

LABYRINTH SEAL -

LAG - A delay in the effect of a changed condition at one point in the system, on some other condition to wh
related. Also, the delay in action of the
sensing element of a control, due to the time required for the sensing element to reach equilibrium with the p
being controlled; i.e., temperature lag,
flow lag, etc.

LAMINAR FLOW - A non-turbulent flow regime in which the stream filaments glide along the pipe axially
essentially no transverse mixing.

LANGELIER SATURATION INDEX - An index (SI) based upon the pH of saturation of calcium carbonate
to determine the tendencies of a water supply
toward corrosion or scaling. A positive index indicates scaling tendencies; a negative one means corrosion
tendencies. (Langlier Index = pH - pHs, where pH =
actual pH of water and pHs = pH at which water having the same alkalinity and calcium content is just satura
with calcium carbonate.

LATENT HEAT - Change of enthalpy during a change of state, usually expressed in Btu per lb. With pure
substances, latent heat is absorbed or rejected at
constant pressure.

LATENT HEAT - Heat energy absorbed in process of changing form of substance (melting, vaporization, fu
without change in temperature or pressure.

LATENT HEAT OF CONDENSATION - Amount of heat released (lost) by a pound of a substance to chang
state from a vapor (gas) to a liquid.

LATENT HEAT OF FUSION - The heat required to change 1.0 kg of a substance from the solid to the liquid

LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION - The energy required to produce saturated vapor from saturated liqu
constant pressure per unit mass of fluid.

LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE, DALTON’S - Each constituent of a mixture of gases behaves thermodyna
as if it alone occupied the space. The sum of
the individual pressures of the constituents equals the total pressure of the mixture.

LEADING EDGE - Refers to the point where the steam enters the blade of an impulse turbine.

LEAK DETECTOR - Device or instrument such as a halide torch, an electronic sniffer; or soap solution used
detect leaks.

LEAKAGE - In water treatment, it refers to the passing of impure steam or boiler water through the drum int

LEAKAGE - In water treatment, the phenomenon in which some of the influent ions are not adsorbed and ap
LOAD (AIR CONDITIONING) - The amount of heat per unit time imposed on a refrigeration system or the
required rate of heat removal.

LOAD TURBINE (GAS) - Is the turbine which is directly coupled to the load, which can only be the case wi
multishaft gas turbine arrangement.

LOCKED ROTOR CURRENT - See "Inrush Current".

LONGITUDINAL SEAM - A riveted or welded seam along the longitudinal axis of a boiler shell or drum.

LOW SIDE - The refrigerating system from the expansion point to the point where the refrigerant vapor is
compressed; where the system is at or below
evaporated pressure.

LOW TEMPERATURE CUTOUT, REFRIGERATON - A pressure or temperature actuated device with sen
element in the evaporator, which will shut the
system down at its control setting to prevent freezing chilled water or to prevent coil frosting. Direct expansio
equipment may not use this device.

LOW VOLTAGE - In the control industry, a power supply of 25 volts or less.

LOW-SIDE FLOAT VALVE - Refrigerant control valve operated by level of liquid refrigerant in low-pressu
of system.

LOW-SIDE PRESSURE - Pressure in cooling side of refrigerating cycle.

LOW-SIDE PRESSURE CONTROL - Device used to keep low side evaporating pressure from dropping bel
certain pressure.

LUBRICANT - A substance - usually petroleum based, that is used to reduce friction between two moving p

LUBRICANT, BONDED FILM - (see lubricant, bonded solid).

LUBRICANT, BONDED SOLID - A solid lubricant dispersed in a continuous matrix of a binder or attached
surface by an adhesive material.

LUBRICANT, CHLORINATED - A lubricant containing a chlorine compound that reacts with a rubbing sur
elevated temperatures to protect it from
sliding damage, (see extreme pressure lubricant).

LUBRICANT, SYNTHETIC - A lubricant produced by synthesis rather than by extraction or refinement.

LUBRICATION, AERODYNAMIC - (see gas lubrication).

LUBRICATION, AEROSTATICS - (see pressurized gas lubrication).

LUBRICATION, BATH - (see lubrication, flood).

M

MAGNESIUM - A scale forming element found in some boiler feed water.

MAGNETIC FIELD - The region within which a body or current experiences magnetic force.

MAGNETIC FLUX - The rate of flow of magnetic energy across or through a surface.

MAGNETIC IRON OXIDE (Fe3O2) - Partially oxidized iron.

MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION - A nondestructive method of inspection for determining the extent
surface cracks and similar imperfection in
ferromagnetic materials.

MAGNETIC POLE -The area on a magnetized part at which the magnetic field leaves or enters the part. It is
point of maximum attraction in a magnet.

MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION - Where very low temperatures are obtained by using paramagnetic salts w
magnets.

MAKEUP WATER - Water fed to a system to replace that which is lost - for example, water fed to a boiler t
replace that lost as steam or condensate; water fed
to a cooling tower to replace that lost by evaporation, drift, or other causes.

MALLEABILITY - The characteristic of metals that permits plastic deformation in compression without frac

MANGANESE - A metallic element occasionally found in very small amounts as an impurity in well-water
supplies.

MANIFOLD, SERVICE - Chamber equipped with gauges and manual valves, used by service technicians to
refrigerating systems.

MANIFOLDING - A method of circulating the refrigerant through separate rows of tubes and mostly used w
direct-expansion or dry evaporators.

MANOMETER - A device to measure small to moderate pressure differentials. Device is general constructed
glass or plastic tubes filled with water, oil,
alcohol or other suitable fluids.

MANOMETER - An instrument for measuring pressures: especially a U-tube partially filled with a liquid, us
water, mercury, or a light oil, so constructed
that the amount of displacement of the liquid indicates the pressure being exerted on the instrument.

MANUAL FROST CONTROL - Manual control used to change operation of refrigerating system to produce
defrosting conditions.

MASS - The quantity of matter in a body as measured by the ratio of the force required to produce a given
N

NAPHTA - A volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon distilled from petroleum and used as a solvent or fuel.

NATURAL CIRCULATION - The circulation of a boiler caused by differences in density. Also referred as t
or thermally induced circulation.

NATURAL CONVECTION - Movement of a fluid caused only by temperature differences (density changes

NATURAL DRAFT COOLING TOWER - Cools water by moving air at low velocities.

NATURAL GAS - A highly compressible, highly expandable mixture of hydrocarbons having a low specific
and occurring naturally in gaseous form.
Besides hydrocarbon gases, natural gas may contain quantities of nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide, hydrogen
and water vapor.

NATURALLY ASPIRATED - A term used to describe a diesel engine in which air flows into the engine by
of atmospheric pressure only.

NC - Normally closed contacts of a relay.

NEGATIVE CHARGE - The electrical potential which an atom acquires when it gains one or more electrons
characteristic of an anion.

NET POSITIVE SUCTION - The difference between total pressure and vapor pressure in a fluid flow, expre
terms of equivalent height or "head".

NEUTRAL - The circuit conductor that is normally grounded or at zero voltage difference to the ground.

NEUTRALIZATION NUMBER - An ASTM number given to quenching oils that reflect the oil’s tendency t
oxidation and sludging.

NEUTRALIZER - A substance that will combine with an acid or alkali chemically, thus removing the acidity
alkalinity.

NEUTRALIZING AMINES - Are amines used to neutralize the acid generated by the dissolution of carbon d

NEWTON - The unit of force in the metric system. A newton is the force required to accelerate an object of 1
kilogram mass to a velocity of 1 meter per
second in 1 second.

NIPPLE - A short, threaded tubular coupling, used for making connections between pipe joints.

NITROGEN BLANKETING - Used with wet standby, where the space above the water level is filled with n
at about 5 to 10 psig in order to keep the
oxygen out.
O

OCCLUSION - An absorption process by which one solid material adheres strongly to another, sometimes
occurring by coprecipitation.

OCTANE RATING - A classification of gasoline according to its antiknock qualities. The higher the octane
or rating, the greater are the antiknock
qualities of the gasoline.

OCTYL ALCOHOL - ETHYL HEXANOL - Additive in absorption machines to reduce surface tension in th
absorber.

OFFSET - Term used to describe the difference between the set point and the actual operating or control poin

OHM - The unit of electrical resistance equal to the resistance through which a current of 1 ampere will flow
there is potential difference of one volt
across it.

OHM’S LAW - The relationship between current and voltage in a circuit. It states that current is proportional
voltage and inversely proportional to resistance.
Expressed algebraically, in DC circuits I=E/R; in AC circuits I=E/Z.

OIL - A liquid of vegetable, animal, mineral, or synthetic origin that feels slippery to the touch.

OIL BINDING - Condition in which an oil layer on top of refrigerant liquid may prevent if from evaporating
normal pressure temperature.

OIL GROOVE - A channel or channels in a bearing to improve oil flow through the bearing.

OIL RING LUBRICATION - A system of lubrication for horizontal shafts. A ring of larger diameter rotates
the shaft and collects oils from a container below.

OIL SEPARATOR - Device used to remove oil from gaseous refrigerant or steam.

OIL, MINERAL - A refined hydrocarbon oil without animal or vegetable additives.

OIL, MULTIGRADE - An oil having relative little change in viscosity over a specified temperature range.

OIL, NEUTRAL - A lubricating oil obtained by distillation, not treated with acid or with alkali.

OIL, TURBINE - An oil used to lubricate bearings in a steam or gas turbine.

ONCE-THROUGH BOILER - A steam generating unit usually operated above the critical pressure in which
no re-circulation of the working fluid in any
part of the unit.

ON-OFF CONTROL - A two position action which allows operation at either maximum or minimum conditi
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PACKAGE UNITS, (REFRIGERATION) - Complete refrigerating system including compressor, condenser

evaporator located in the refrigerated space.

PACKED COLUMN - A tower filled with small objects, designed to obtain large surfaces per volume betwe
rising vapors and a descending liquid.

PACKING - Material made usually of woven animal, plant, mineral or metal fiber and some type of lubrican
placed in rings around the shaft of a pump and
used to control leakage from the stuffing box.

PACKING - The fill in a confined space in a stripping vessel, ranging from simple shaped units such as rock
slats to complex shapes that provide large
surface area per unit volume.

PACKING GLAND - The metal part that compresses and holds packing in place in a stuffing box.

QUALITY - Weight fraction of the vapor in a vapor-liquid mixture.

QUICKLIME - Unslaked lime (calcium oxide).

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RACEWAY - Any support system, open or closed, for carrying electric wires.

RADIAL THRUST -

RADIANT HEATING - Heating system in which warm or hot surfaces are used to radiate heat into the space
conditioned.

RADIATION - Transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves.

RADIATION LOSSES (STEAM TURBINE) -

RAM AIR - Air forced through the condenser due to the rapid movement of steam from the turbine exit.

RANKINE SCALE - Name given the absolute (Fahrenheit) scale. Zero (0) R on this scale is -460°F.

RANKINE TEMPERATURE - Degrees Fahrenheit plus 491.60.

RAPTURE MEMBRANE - A metal membrane (pressure relief device) designed to rapture at a predetermine
pressure.

RATEAU METHOD -

RAW MAKEUP WATER - Untreated water fed to a system to replace that lost.

RAW WATER - With water treatment it means untreated feedwater or water in its natural state, prior to any
treatment.

REACTION PRINCIPLE -

REAGENT - A substance, chemical, or solution used in laboratory to detect, measure, or react with other
substances, chemicals or solutions.

RE-CARBONATION - A process using carbon dioxide gas to stabilize and thereby prevent precipitation of c
carbonate from cold process lime or
lime-soda softened water.

RECEIVER - An auxiliary storage receptacle for fluids.

RECEIVER DEHYDRATOR - Small tank which serves as liquid refrigerants reservoir and which also conta
desiccant so remove moisture. Used on most
automobile air conditioning installations.

RECEIVER HEATING ELEMENT - Electrical resistance mounted in or around liquid receiver. It is used to
maintain head pressures when ambient temperature
is low.
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SACRIFICIAL ANODES - Coupling of a more active metal to a structure resulting in a galvanic current flow
through the corroding electrolyte.

SACRIFICIAL PROTECTION - Reduction of corrosion of a metal in an electrolyte by galvanically coupling

more anodic metal. A form of cathodic
protection.

SADDLE VALVE (TAP-A-LINE) - Valve body shaped so it may be silver brazed or clamped onto a refriger
tubing surface.

SADDLE VALVE (TAP-A-LINE) - Valve body shaped so it may be silver brazed or clamped onto a refriger
tubing surface.

SAFETY CAN - Approved container of not more than 5 gallon capacity. It has a spring closing lid and spout
It is designed to relieve internal pressure
safely when exposed to fire.

SAFETY CONTROL - Device to stop refrigerating unit if unsafe pressure and/or temperatures and/or danger
conditions are reached.

SAFETY PLUG - Device which will release the contents of a container before rupture pressures are reached.

SALINITY - A measure of the concentration of dissolved mineral substances in water.

SALT SPITTING - The ability of an anion exchanger to convert a salt solution to caustic; the ability of a cati
exchanger to convert a salt solution to acid.

SATURATED AIR - When the air cannot hold any more moisture.

SATURATED LIQUID - A liquid which is at saturation pressure and saturation temperature; in other words,
liquid which is at its boiling point for any given
pressure.

SATURATED VAPOR - A vapor which is at saturation pressure and saturation temperature. A saturated vap
cannot be superheated as long as it is in contact
with the liquid from which it is being generated.

SATURATION - Condition existing when substance contains all of another substance it can hold for that
temperature and pressure.

SATURATION INDEX - The relation of calcium carbonate to the pH, alkalinity, and hardness of a water to
determine its scale forming tendency.

SATURATION PRESSURE - The point, where at a given temperature a pure substance starts to boil.
T

TAlL PIPE - Outlet pipe from the evaporator.

TANDEM COMPOUND TURBINE -

TANNINS - A chemical used as an inhibitor in relation with caustic embrittlement.

TEMPERATURE - Degree of hotness or coldness as measured by a thermometer.

TEMPERATURE - Degree of hotness or coldness as measured by a thermometer.

TEMPERATURE CONTROL - Temperature-operated thermostatic device which automatically opens or clo

circuit.

TEMPERATURE CRITICAL - The saturation temperature corresponding to the critical state of the substanc
which the properties of the liquid and vapor are
identical.

Temperature, Absolute Zero: The zero point on the absolute temperature scale, 459.69 degrees below the zero
Fahrenheit scale, 273.16 degrees be low
the zero of the Celsius scale.

TEMPERATURE, DEWPOINT - The temperature at which the condensation of water vapor in a space begin
given state of humidity and pressure as the
temperature of the vapor is reduced. The temperature corresponding to saturation (100 percent relative humid
a given absolute humidity at constant
pressure.

TEMPERATURE, DRYBULB - The temperature of a gas or mixture of gases indicated by an accurate therm
after correction for radiation.

TEMPERATURE, EFFECTIVE - An arbitrary index which combines into a single value the effect of temper
humidity, and air movement on the sensation
of warmth or cold felt by the human body. The numerical value is that of the temperature of still, saturated ai
would induce an identical sensation.

TEMPERATURE, SATURATION - The temperature at which no further moisture can be added to the air wa
vapor mixture. Equals dew point temperature.

TEMPERATURE, WET BULB - Thermodynamic wet bulb temperature is the temperature at which liquid or
water, by evaporating into air, can bring the
air to saturation adiabatically at the same temperature. Wet bulb temperature (without qualification) is the
temperature indicated by a wet bulb psychrometer
constructed and used according to specifications.

TEMPERATURE-HUMIDITY INDEX - Actual temperature and humidity of air sample compared to air at s
U

ULTIMATE STRENGTH - The maximum stress (tensile, compressive or shear) a material can sustain witho
fracture. It is determined by dividing maximum
load by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen.

ULTRA FILTRATION - A process that forces water through a filtering membrane by means of pressure grad
in order to obtain ultra pure water.

UNDERDEPOSIT ATTACK - Corrosion under or around a localized deposit on a metal surface (a form of c
corrosion).

UNITARY SYSTEM - A room unit which performs part or all of the air conditioning functions. It may or ma
be used with a central fan system.

UNLOADER - A device in or on the compressor for equalizing high-side and low-side pressures for a brief t
during starting and for controlling compressor
capacity by rendering one or more cylinders ineffective.

UPFLOW - The operation of an ion-exchange unit in which solutions are passed in at the bottom and out at t
of the container.

UPFLOW FILTER - A unit containing a single filter medium, usually with graded sand.

UPFLOW FURNACE - A furnace in which the heated air flows upward as it leaves the furnace.

UPSTREAM - The inlet side of an instrument, a pump, valve, etc..

UTILITY TRANSFORMER - Primary and secondary coils of wire which reduce (step down) the utility supp
age for use within a facility.

U-TUBE MANOMETER - A U-shaped section of plastic or glass tubing that is partially filled with water or
mercury. They are used to measure the lower pressure
ranges of gases.
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VACUUM - Pressure lower than atmospheric pressure.

VACUUM BREAKER - A device to prevent a suction in a water pipe.

VACUUM PUMP - Special high efficiency device used for creating high vacuums for testing or drying purp

VALVE, MODULATING - A valve which can be positioned anywhere between fully on and fully off to pro
the rate of flow in response to a modulating
controller (see modulating control).

VALVE, NEEDLE - A form of globe valve that contains a sharp pointed, needle like plug that is driven into
out of a cone shaped seat to accurately
control a relatively small rate of flow of a fluid.

VALVE, POP - A spring loaded safety valve that opens automatically when pressure exceeds the limits for w
the valve is set. It is used a safety device on
pressurized vessels and other equipment to prevent damage from excessive pressure, also called relief valve o
safety valve.

VALVE, POPPET - A device that controls the rate of flow of fluid in a line or opens or shuts of the flow of f
completely. When open, the sealing surface of
the valve is moved away from a seat. When closed, the sealing surface contacts the seat to shut of the flow. P
valves are used extensively as pneumatic
controls and as intake and exhaust valves in most internal combustion engines.

VALVE, PRESSURE RELIEF - A valve designed to minimize the possibility of explosion when air tempera
surrounding a refrigeration system may rise to a
point where the pressure of the refrigerant gas to increase to a danger point.

VALVE, RELIEF - Also called pressure relief valve.

VALVE, TWO-POSITION - A valve which is either fully on or fully off with no positions between. Also cal
"on-off valve".

VAPOR - A gas, particularly one near to equilibrium with the liquid phase of the substance and which does n
follow the gas laws. Usually used instead of gas
for a refrigerant, and, in general, for any gas below the critical temperature.

VAPOR BARRIER - A moisture-impervious layer applied to the surfaces enclosing a humid space to preven
moisture travel to a point where it may condense
due to lower temperature.

VAPOR LOCK - A condition where liquid flow is impeded by vapor trapped in a liquid line.

VAPOR PHASE -
W

WALK-IN-COOLER - A large commercial refrigerated space often found in supermarkets or places for who
distribution.

WASTE WATER - The used water and solids from industrial processes that flow to a treatment plant.

WATER - A tasteless, odorless, colorless liquid in its pure state.

WATER ABSORPTION - The amount of weight gain (%) experienced in a polymer after immersion in wate
specific length of time under controlled
environment.

WATER HAMMER - Banging of pipes caused by the shock of closing valves (faucets). //////////////////

WATER LUBRICANT - Water used as a lubricant; for example, in a mechanical seal on a centrifugal water

WATER SEALED GLAND -

WATER SOFTENER - A device or system used to remove calcium and magnesium hardness minerals from
supply.

WATER TUBE - A boiler tube through which the fluid under pressure flows. The products of combustion su
the tube.

WATER VAPOR - In air conditioning, the water in the atmosphere.

WATER, BRAKISH - (1) Water having less salt than sea water, but undrinkable. (2) Water having salinity v
ranging from about 0.5 to 17 parts per thousand.

WATER, POTABLE - Water that is safe to drink.

WATER, SOUR - Waste waters containing fetid materials, usually sulfur compounds.

WATER-ICE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM - Heat is absorbed as ice melts and thus producing a cooling eff

WATERLEG - That space that is full of boiler water between two parallel plates. It usually forms one or mor
of internally fired boilers.

WATERWALL - A row of water tubes lining a furnace or combustion chamber, exposed to the radiant heat o
fire.

WATT (W) - A measure of electric power equal to a current flow of one ampere under one volt of pressure; o
joule per second in SI units.
WEIGHT TO POWER RATIO - It is the weight of the machine producing work. For example - the gas turbin
capable of producing more horse power per
given mass of its machinery, then the same amount of horse power produced by a machine having many time
mass.

WET BULB - Device used in measurement of relative humidity. Evaporation of moisture lowers temperature
bulb compared to dry bulb temperature in
same area.

WET BULB TEMPERATURE (WB) - The temperature registered by a thermometer whose bulb is covered b
saturated wick and exposed to a current of
rapidly moving air. The wet bulb temperature also represents the dew point temperature of the air, where the
moisture of the air condenses on a cold surface.

WET STANDBY - Boiler is filled completely with water or maintained at normal operating level with a posi
nitrogen pressure of 35 to 70 kPa.

WET-BULB DEPRESSION - The difference between the dry-bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature

WINDAGE DRIFT - That water lost from an open re-circulating-water system by means of wind blown thro
spray area that carries water out of the system.
This is not the same as loss by evaporation, since such a loss can occur even without evaporation.

WOBBLE PLATE-SWASH PLATE - Type of compressor designed to compress gas, with piston motion par
crankshaft.

WORKING FLUID - is the substance which does the work in a heat engine. The air is one of the working flu
used with gas turbines. Freons are the working
fluids used with some refrigeration systems. Water is the working fluid used with steam boilers.
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ZEOLITE - A natural mineral (hydrous silicates) that has the capacity to absorb hardness, calcium, and magn
ions from water.

ZEOLITE SOFTENING - Refers to the process, where zeolite chemicals are capable to exchange ions with t
hardness causing impurities of the water.

ZETA POTENTIAL - The difference in voltage between the surface of the diffuse layer surrounding a colloi
particle and the bulk liquid beyond.

ZONING - The practice of dividing a building into small sections for heating and cooling control. Each sectio
selected so that one thermostat can be used
to determine its requirements.