Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
• Decaying DC considerations
• Examples
• Examples
150/5 E • Select the best relay characteristics and relay settings for
2.5 MVA
X = 10%
fault detection and discrimination
450/5 D
CONTENTS
Representation of Power System Elements
• Why analyze power system fault ?
• Examples • Transformers
• Examples
T. Sidhu © 2009
Line & Cables Decaying DC Component
∠∅
Z∠∅
L L L L
R R R R R + jwL
C C C
iF
VM sin (wt + α)
iF = id.c. + ia.c.
V VM
= - M sin (∝ - ∅ )e-Rt/L + sin (wt + ∝ - ∅ )
-j Z Z
ωL
X L = jω XC = ↓ ↓
ωC Fault Applied
iF D.C. Transient Symmetrical A.C.
Component Component
at FN (60Hz) XC = large :-
↓
π 3π
Max. value when (∝ - ∅ ) = - or
2 2
id.c
If ∅ = 90 °, this occurs when ∝ = 0 or 180 °,
.
L i.e. when the fault occurs at voltage zero.
R
ia.c.
i
jX"d
TIME
jXd’ jXd
E E
N1
Xd"
ZT1 = ZP + ZS
P1 S1
ZP and ZS
both expressed
on same voltage
base. M 1.0
N1
Small Motors
Large Synchronous Motors
Motor load <35kW neglect
Motor load >35kW SCM = 4 x sum of FLCM SCM ≈ 6.7 x FLCM for Assumes X”d = 15%
1200 rpm
Large Motors
≈ 5 x FLCM for Assumes X”d = 20%
SCM ≈ motor full load amps 514 - 900 rpm
Xd”
≈ 3.6 x FLCM for Assumes X”d = 28%
Approximation : SCM = locked rotor amps 450 rpm or less
SCM = 5 x FLCM ≈ assumes motor
impedance 20%
T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009
CONTENTS
Per Unit System
• Why analyze power system fault ?
• Per unit system and impedance Used to simplify calculations on systems with more
than 2 voltages.
• Balanced (3 Phase) Fault Analysis
• Examples
T. Sidhu © 2009
Base Quantities and Base Quantities and
Per Unit Values Per Unit Values
11 kV 11/132 kV 132/33 kV
Base quantities normally used :-
20 MVA 50 MVA 50 MVA
O/H LINE FEEDER
BASE MVA = MVAb = 3∅ MVA
ZG = 0.3 p.u.
ZT = 10%
ZL = 40Ω
ZT = 10%
ZL = 8Ω Constant at all voltage levels
Value ~ MVA rating of largest item
of plant or 100MVA
Particularly useful when analysing large systems with several
BASE VOLTAGE = KVb = ∅/∅ voltage in kV
voltage levels Fixed in one part of system
All system parameters referred to common base quantities This value is referred through
transformers to obtain base
Base quantities fixed in one part of system
voltages on other parts of
Base quantities at other parts at different voltage levels system.
depend on ratio of intervening transformers
T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009
MVA a
(kVb )2 Per Unit MVA = MVAp.u. =
Base Impedance = Zb = in Ohms MVAb
MVAb
KVa
Per Unit Voltage = kVp.u. =
KVb
MVAb
Base Current = Ιb = in kA Za MVAb
3 . kVb Per Unit Impedance = Zp.u. = = Za .
Zb (kVb )2
Ιa
Per Unit Current = Ιp.u. =
Ιb
(kVb1)2
3∅
kVb1 kVb2 MVAb2
= Zp.u.1 x x FAULT
MVAb1 (kVb2 )2
Actual Z = Za
11 kV 11/132 kV 132/33 kV
20 MVA 50 MVA 40 MVA XG=0.1pu 11kV
j0.05 j0.1
1.457p.u.
0.3p.u. 40Ω 8Ω V 1p.u.
10% 10%
3∅ 20MVA
FAULT
kV 11 132 33
b
IF = 1 = 0.686p.u.
MVA 50 50 50 1.457
b
XG=0.2pu
Z b = kV 2
b 2.42 Ω 348.5 Ω 21.8 Ω
MVA
b
• Balanced faults
j0.05 j0.1 j0.05 j0.1
– 3 Phase faults (L-L-L, L-L-L-G)
CONTENTS
Power System Fault Statistics
• Why analyze power system fault ?
• 50% of these due to lightning strikes. • Sequence Impedances of Power System Components
• Examples
T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009
Balanced Faults Balanced Faults
1. System energization with maintenance earthing • Voltages equal and 120° apart
3Ø FAULT
IaF
Ea ZG ZT ZLX IaF ZLY
Eb IbF Ec Eb
Ec IcF
Single Phase Circuit :-
Ea IbF
ZG1 ZT1 ZLX1 F1 ZLX2
ZLOAD
Ia1 = IaF ZLOAD
N1
Note: All Impedances are in “per unit”
Note: All Impedances are in “per unit”
T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009
• Contents 34.5kV
– Classification of Faults SCC = 1200 MVA
13.8 kV
T. Sidhu © 2009
Example 1 Example 1
34.5kV 34.5kV
SCC = 1200 MVA Step 1: Calculate Base Values SCC = 1200 MVA
MVAbase = 100 Step 2: Calculate p.u impedances
kVbase = 34.5 MVAbase
Z Tpu = Zt ×
2
kVbase MVAoldbase
10/12.5 MVA
Z base = 10/12.5 MVA 100
6% MVAbase 6% = 0.06 × = 0.48
2 12.5
34.5
= = 11.9ohms
100
13.8 kV 13.8 kV
MVAbase 100MVA
I base = =
F 3kVbase 3 × 34.5kV F
= 1673.48 A
Calculate the fault current at F Calculate the fault current at F
Example 1 Example 1
MVAbase kVoldbase
13.8 kV
Z utility = × 13.8 kV
SCC kVbase
100 34.5
F = × F
1200 34.5
Calculate the fault current at F = 0.0833 Calculate the fault current at F
T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009
1.0V
1.0V
0.5633 × 2.4
0.0833 Z Eq = = 0.456
0.5633 × 2.4 0.0833 0.5633 + 2.4
Zutility Z Eq = = 0.456
2.4 0.5633 + 2.4 Zutility
2.4
Vpu 1. 0
ZGpu 0.456
ZGpu 0.456
IFpu = = = 2.192 pu
ZTpu 0.48
ZTpu
ZEq 0.456
0.48
10/12.5 MVA
1.0V Vpu 1. 0 6%
IFpu = = = 2.192 pu 5MVA
ZEq 0.456 10/12.5 MVA Xd”=0.12
0.0833 6%
Zutility
2.4
I FHV = I Fpu × I base
= 2.192 × 1673.48 = 3668 A 13.8 kV 13.8 kV
ZGpu 0.456
ZTpu 0.48
I FHV
I FLV = × 34.5 F F
13.8
= 9170 A IF =7426 Amps IF =9170 Amps
T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009
Example 3 –Presence of transformer & motor Example 3 –Presence of transformer & motor
34.5kV
Step 1: Calculate impedances
SCC = 1200 MVA
34.5kV
10/12.5 MVA 5MVA SCC = 1200 MVA
6% MVAbase kVoldbase
Xd”=0.12
Z utility = ×
10/12.5 MVA 5MVA SCC kVbase
6% Xd”=0.12
13.8 kV 100 34.5
= ×
1200 34.5
F 3 MVA
13.8 kV
= 0.0833
5%
2.4 kV F 3 MVA
5%
M 2500 HP 2.4 kV
Xd”=0.17
2500 HP
M Xd”=0.17
Calculate the fault current at F Calculate the fault current at F
T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009
Example 3 –Presence of transformer & motor Example 3 –Presence of transformer & motor
Example 3 –Presence of transformer & motor Example 3 –Presence of transformer & motor
2500 HP
M Xd”=0.17 M 2500 HP
Xd”=0.17
Calculate the fault current at F
T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009 Calculate the fault current at F
Example 3 –Presence of transformer & motor Example 3 –Presence of transformer & motor
0.0833 1.667
Zutility I FHV = I Fpu × I base
ZMpu
2.4 0.4354 0.4354 = 2.297 × 1673.48 = 3844 A
ZGpu I
ZTpu1 0.48 I FLV = FHV × 34.5
7.89 ZTpu2 13.8
= 9609 A
ia.c.
I F , Asym = AF × I F , Sym
T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009
CONTENTS
Table of Asymmetry Factors
• Why analyze power system fault ?
• Decaying DC considerations
• Examples
• Examples
T. Sidhu © 2009
Example
Symmetrical Faults Summary – Without AF
34.5kV
• Let’s consider X/R = 5 in last example
34.5kV 34.5kV
SCC = 1200 MVA • We obtained symmetrical fault currents as ,
SCC = 1200 MVA
SCC = 1200 MVA IF1=7426 A; IF2=9170 A; IF3=9609 A
10/12.5 MVA 5MVA
6% Xd”=0.12
10/12.5 MVA
• For, X/R=5, AF=1.25
10/12.5 MVA
6% 6%
5MVA 13.8 kV
Xd”=0.12
• Hence, I F , Asym = AF × I F , Sym
F 3 MVA
5%
F 3 MVA
5%
2500 HP
F F
M Xd”=0.17