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This document discusses simple harmonic motion (SHM). It defines key terms like period, frequency, amplitude, phase, displacement, velocity, and acceleration in the context of SHM. Examples of SHM include a loaded spring, pendulum, and tuning fork oscillations. The time period of a simple pendulum depends on its length and the acceleration due to gravity. Similarly, the time period of a spring-mass system depends on the mass and spring constant. Properties of springs like how spring constants change when springs are cut, joined in series or parallel are also described.
This document discusses simple harmonic motion (SHM). It defines key terms like period, frequency, amplitude, phase, displacement, velocity, and acceleration in the context of SHM. Examples of SHM include a loaded spring, pendulum, and tuning fork oscillations. The time period of a simple pendulum depends on its length and the acceleration due to gravity. Similarly, the time period of a spring-mass system depends on the mass and spring constant. Properties of springs like how spring constants change when springs are cut, joined in series or parallel are also described.
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This document discusses simple harmonic motion (SHM). It defines key terms like period, frequency, amplitude, phase, displacement, velocity, and acceleration in the context of SHM. Examples of SHM include a loaded spring, pendulum, and tuning fork oscillations. The time period of a simple pendulum depends on its length and the acceleration due to gravity. Similarly, the time period of a spring-mass system depends on the mass and spring constant. Properties of springs like how spring constants change when springs are cut, joined in series or parallel are also described.
Droits d'auteur :
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Formats disponibles
Téléchargez comme DOC, PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
The motion of a body that repeats itself ω after regular intervals of time is called displacement 2π periodic motion. acceleration If a particle in the periodic motion Kinetic energy at any instant = moves to and fro over the same path, the 1 1 motion is said to be vibrating or oscillating. mω 2 A2Cos 2ωt = mω 2 ( A2 − y 2 ) 2 2 e.g: Oscillations of the balance wheel of a watch, stretched violin string, loaded spring. 1 KEmax = mω 2 A2 , when y = 0. 2 If a particle moves along a straight line with its acceleration directed towards a fixed Potential energy at any instant = point in its path and the magnitude of the 1 1 mω 2 A2 Sin2ωt = mω 2 y 2 acceleration is directly proportional to the 2 2 displacement from its equilibrium position, Total energy at any instant = then it is said to be in simple harmonic 1 PE + KE = mω A . 2 2 motion. 2 A particle in SHM has (a) variable In SHM, average kinetic energy = average displacement, (b) variable velocity, potential energy = half of the total energy, (c) variable acceleration and (d) variable when friction is zero. force. The period of oscillation of a simple Examples for SHM are 1. Vertical pendulum is independent of amplitude (for oscillations of a loaded spring. 2. Oscillations small values only), length being constant. of a paper boat on water waves. 3. Vibrations Time period of a simple pendulum , T = 2Π of a tuning fork. 4. Oscillations of a simple L/g. pendulum with small amplitude etc., If the pendulum is suspended in a lift, then The time taken for one complete T = 2Π L / g+a depending upon whether the vibration or oscillation is called time period lift is moving down (-ve) or moving up (T). (+ve) with acceleration a. The number of oscillations or vibrations For a simple pendulum L-T graph is a made per second is called frequency (n). parabola and L-T2 graph is a straight line. The maximum displacement of a Both these graphs pass through origin. particle measured from the equilibrium For a simple oscillator (spring mass position is called amplitude (A). system), T = 2Π m/k. Phase is defined as the state of vibration If the mass of the spring is ms and a mass m of the particle. It describes the position and is suspended, then the time period of loaded direction of motion of the particle at that spring is given by T = 2Π (m+ms/3/k). instant of time. Seconds pendulum is a pendulum whose Displacement y of the body at an instant period of oscillation is 2 seconds. t is given by y = A sin ( ωt + Φ ) where Φ is the initial phase. A pendulum clock runs slow when 1) L increases and 2) g decreases. Velocity at any position is given by, v = A pendulum clock runs fast when 1) L Aω cos ( ωt + Φ ) ; v = ω A2 − y 2 . decreases and 2) g increases. Velocity is maximum when y = 0. Time period of a pendulum clock depends Vmax = Aω. That means velocity is maximum on g where as time period of a spring clock at the equilibrium position and minimum does not depnds on g. (i.e., zero) at the extreme position. The spring constant of a spring may be Acceleration(a) = dv/dt = - Aω2 sin ( ωt defined as the force required to produce an + Φ); a = - ω2y. extension of one unit in the spring. k= F/x. Acceleration is proportional to If a spring is cut into two pieces (of equal displacement and it is maximum when y= A, size), each piece will have a force constant amax = - ω2A. double the original. Acceleration is minimum when y = 0 The spring constant of a spring is inversely i.e., at equilibrium position, amin = zero. proportional to the number of turns. If two springs of force constants k1 and k2 are joined in series, the combined force constant, k = k1k2 / (k1+k2). If two springs of force constants k1 and k2 are joined in parallel, the combined force constant, k = k1+k2. When a spring of force constant k is cut into n equal parts, the spring constant of each piece is nk.