1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Research

English is an international language. It is used in many countries as the

inter-nation communication tool such as in the cooperation’s economic, social,

politic, cultural, military. As the role of English is very important, we are

expected to learn it. It is taught in different part of the world. For example,

Indonesia sets English as the subject of its educational program started from the

Elementary School until the High School. Even, it is made as one of the

departments’ language in many universities in the world. By learning English, we

can go across the world. As it is used in many countries, so we must be able to

speak English to ease us in communications with many people in other countries.

One of the subjects in learning English is Grammar. According to

Harry Shaw (1981:1) in his book entitled “The Harper Handbook of College

Composition, Fifth Edition”, English Grammar is the English way of saying

things. It consists of a series of statement about the way a language works. He

says that the word grammar, which comes from Greek gramma (meaning “letter”

or “written symbol”), means the entire structure of a language. It concerns the

form of words: tenses, cases, and the order in which they are strung together in

phrases, clauses, and sentences.

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In general, learning English consists of Reading, Writing, Listening,

and Speaking. All of them are called as language skills. To be skillful in English,

the learners are expected to adequately learn grammar, especially tenses.

According to Harry Shaw (1981:1) in his book entitled “The Harper

Handbook of College Composition, Fifth Edition”, tense shows the time of the

action or state of being expressed by a verb. The three divisions of time those are

present, past, and future are shown in English by six tenses. The three primary or

simple tenses are the present, the past, and the future. Difficulty with tense usage

arises from:

1. not knowing the functions of six tenses, or

2. not thinking carefully about the time element involved.

One needs to seriously explore and find out more about the particular

tense for some reasons whether from the view point of their functions or their

kinds. There will be different meanings and functions between one tense with

others.

One of the tenses is Simple Past Tense. According to A. J. Thomson

and A. V. Martinet (1986:162) in “A practical English Grammar”, simple past

tense is used for actions completed in the past at definite time and for actions

whose time is not given but which:

1. occupies a period of time now terminated, or ;

2. occur at a moment in a period of time now terminated.

The other subject of grammar is Passive Voice. It is a quite simple

grammar which has many complex usages. According to Elaine Walker and Steve
 3

Ellsworth (1990:76) at “Grammar Practice or Intermediate Students”, passive

voice are used to describe actions when we do not know who does, or did the

action, and when it is not important to know who does, or did the actions. Also, it

describes what happens to people or things, other as the result of action by other

people or things. And what happens is more important than who is responsible.

However, as an English learner we must be able to know its forms, its functions,

its allocations and restrictions in using it, especially in the Novel.

As Grammar has many forms, and kinds, the writer would like to limit

his research and explore Simple Past Tense Passive Sentences. He has limited the

scope of his analysis from the ones which are used in the novel entitled “Where

Truth Lies” by Christiane Heggan.

Reading novel is one of the most exciting ways to learn and understand

English. As Novel has always an interesting story to read, we can make it as a

perfect media to learn English. We can bring the comprehension and grammar

close toward the Novel itself. When one reads a novel, there will be a lot of

grammar found in it which we are not familiar with.

Problems, difficulties, and obstacles occur in doing this analysis. The

basic problems faced by the writer in doing this analysis are to find out the usages

and the forms of Simple Past Tense Passive Sentences in Tenses. It must have

been the writer’s task to find the exact differences between them. In term of

usage, Past Tense Passive Sentences and Past Tense Active Sentences are quite

hard to be differentiated. However, the writer tries best in his sentences duty to
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find and to analyze the difference between them based on the theories proposed

by some experts.

B. The Aims of the Research

This study is conducted to answer the problems related to the usage

and forms of Simple Past Tense Passive sentences in the Novel “Where Truth

Lies” by Christiane Heggan. There are 3 objectives wants to get the writer as

follows:

1. to have better knowledge and understanding of Simple Past

Tense Passive Sentences in particular and the Passive Sentences in

general;

2. to classify grammatically the Simple Past Tense Passive

Sentences found in the novel; and

3. to find the kinds and forms of Simple Past Tense Passive

Sentence.

C. The Assumption of the Research

Grammar is very important to learn if we want to be able in

understanding English. It has many forms, kinds, usages, and functions. One of

the grammars is tense.

There are many kind of tense. Simple Past Tense Passive Voice is one

of the tense kinds which are often used. This tense is often found in a literary
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work such as Novel. There is a language use aspect which is related to tense in

Novel and it is one of the literary works that tells about the life.

There are many forms and usages of Simple Past Tense Passive

sentences used in the Novel. Simple Past Tense Passive sentence has created a

complex problem as it has various forms and usages in English grammar.

The writer has some assumptions regarding this study, as follows:

1. How many forms of Simple Past Tense Passive Sentences which

are used in the novel “Where Truth Lies” by Christiane Heggan?

2. What forms of Simple Past Tense Passive Sentences which are

often used in the novel “Where Truth Lies” by Christiane Heggan?

3. In what situation does the author use Simple Past Tense Passive

Sentences in the novel “Where Truth Lies”?

D. Limitation of the Research

There are many Past Tense Passives that can be explored. But the

writer has limited his research scope to the usages and the forms of the Simple

Past Tense Passive Sentences which are found in Christiane Heggan’s Novel

entitled “Where Truth Lies” containing 378 pages and 42 chapters which were

published in 2006 by Mira Books.

E. The Research Method and Techniques of Collecting Data

The research method used by the writer in his study on the novel

“Where Truth Lies” is a Descriptive Method. He chooses it as he will describe the

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facts found in the novel. According to Gay (1987:28) in his book “Educational

Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications”, a Descriptive Method is

a method of research or to answer questions concerning the current status of the

study of the object. The descriptive study determines and reports the way things

are.

While Whitney in her book entitled “The Elements of Research

(1960:160) states that “a descriptive method is a search of facts with correct

interpretations”.

Where as Nazir in his “Metode Penelitian“ (1988:63) says, “

descriptive method is a method used in investigating the status of the group of

people, an object, an certain condition, a paradigm, or an event at current period”.

In this research, the writer would like to find out the kinds and usages

of Simple Past Tense passive sentences. Therefore, the main problem to study in

this research is analyzing the usage of Simple Past Tense passive sentences.

In collecting the data, the writer has used several techniques and steps

to collect the data as follows:

1. The writer browsed some references related to the English Grammar,

especially about the definition, kind, and usage of Simple Past Tense

Passive Sentences.

2. The writer read the Novel “Where Truth Lies“ and found out the forms of

Simple Past Tense Passive Voice Sentences.

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3. All forms of Simple Past Tense Passive Sentences taken from the Novel

“Where Truth Lies“ are collected and classified based on the forms and

kinds.

4. The writer made the percentages of the uses of Simple Past Tense Passive

Sentences.

5. At last, they are analyzed.

F. The Organization of the Paper

This paper consists of five chapters in which the general descriptions

of each chapter are divided as follows:

1) Chapter I : Introduction

This chapter presents the background of the study, the aims of the

research, the assumption of the research, the limitation of the research, the

research method and techniques of collecting the data, and the

organization of the paper.

2) Chapter II : General Description of Passive Voice.

This chapter includes related theories about Passive Voice Sentences, its

forms, usages, and allocations also restrictions in applying Simple Past

Tense Passive Sentences

3) Chapter III : The Description of the novel “Where Truth

Lies” in general.

This chapter includes biography of the Author, and the content of the

Novel.
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4) Chapter IV : The Simple Past Tense Passive Sentence in the

novel and its Analysis

This chapter presents findings of the research and the analysis of the data

needed in this study which consists of the list of passive voices in the

novel, the categorizing of passive sentences, and discussion.

5) CHAPTER V : Conclusions and Suggestions

This chapter presents conclusions and suggestions of what have been

described and discussed in the earlier chapters.

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CHAPTER II

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PASSIVE VOICE

A. Sentence

1. Definition of Sentence

Harry Shaw (1981:37) at “The Harper Handbook of College

Composition” says that:

“A sentence is a grammatical unit of one or more words, bearing

little grammatical relationship to words that precede or follow it,
often preceded and followed in speech by pauses, having one of a
number of characteristic patterns, and expressing an independent
statement, question, command, and request”.

Similar with Harry Shaw, Marcella Frank in his book entitled “Modern

English: A practical Reference Guide (1972:220)” has defined that, “A

sentence is a full predication containing a subject plus a predicate with a finite

verb”.

While Hilman Fariz Mukti in his book entitled “Complete English

Grammar (2006:1)” says that, “Sentence is a group of words that states

meaning completely about a statement, distinction, question, etc”.

Based on the definitions of sentence defined by the experts above, we

can conclude that, “A sentence is a group of words containing a subject and

predicate and expressing a complete thought”.

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2. Kind of Sentence

According to Harry Shaw in his book entitled “The Harper Handbook

of College Composition (1981:37), sentences can be classified according to

kinds of statements they make.

Similar with Harry Shaw, Marcella Frank in her book “Modern

English: A practical Reference Guide (1972:220)” classifies the kinds of

sentence in two ways, one by the types, and one by the number of formal

predications.

There are four kinds of sentences, they are:

a) Simple Sentence

Simple Sentence is a sentence which has only main clause or

independent clause. Independent Clause is a group of words has a

subject and verb, or even has an object and completed with adverb.

Example:

They visit my home. Main clause

S V Adv

From the example above, we can conclude that the special

character of simple sentence is that it has only one infinitive verb.

b) Compound Sentence

Compound Sentence is a sentence which has two main clause or

more. Both of them are generally related to Coordinate

Conjunction, such as and, but, or, etc. each of the clauses of a

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compound sentence is grammatically capable of standing alone as

complete sentence.

Example:

She is beautiful but she is arrogant.

Main clause Main clause

Coordinate Conjunction

c) Complex Sentence

Complex Sentence is a sentence which has one main clause and one

or more subordinate clause (dependent clause). It is generally

related to subordinate conjunction such as when, where, that,

because, until, if, and so on.

Example:

I didn’t go to school yesterday because I was ill.

Main Clause Subordinate Clause

d) Compound Complex Sentence

Compound Complex Sentence is the combination of 2 or more

Independent Clauses and 1 or more Dependent Clause.

Example:

I hate playing Tennis but enjoy playing Basket ball even I am not

good at it.

I hate playing Tennis but enjoy playing Basket ball is Main

Clause, and I am not good at it is Subordinate Clause.

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B. The Verb

1. Definition of Verb

Marcella Frank says in her book entitled “Modern English: A Practical

Reference Guide (1972:47)”, that the verb is most complex of speech. Its

varying arrangements with nouns determine the different kinds of sentences-

statement, questions, commands, exclamations.

According to Harry Shaw in his book entitled “The Harper Handbook

of College Composition (1981:13)”, says that, “A verb is a word that indicates

(expressed, specifies) actions or events that take place in time”. To show their

number and time-related meanings, verbs are inflicted, meaning that they

undergo changes in spelling or that various endings are ended.

Based on the statements above, we can conclude that Verbs may be

also defined as members of a class of words (part of speech) that express

action or state of being (existing) or that show a relationship between two

objects or ideas. Verbs act as the main element of a predicate (what is said

about the subject of a sentence). In short, a verb is the heart, the core, of a

sentence.

Action verbs : to buy, to ride, to climb, to speak, to jump, etc.

State of being verbs : to be, to become, to have, etc.

We will know that there is “to” in front of those verbs which are called

as “infinitive” or basic form of verb.

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Action verbs might have been understood clearly, but State of being

verbs might have not yet. Neither activity nor action exists in State of being

verbs. These verbs only explain us about a condition.

The verb “is” tells us about its shape. The other verbs, such as: buy,

read, ride, climb, see, speak, jump can tell us about the activity; while the verb

”is” tell us about the condition.

2. Kinds of Verb.

A. J. Thomson and A. V. Martinet in “A Practical English Grammar,

Fourth Edition (1986:105),” classify the kinds of verb into the auxiliary verb,

and all the verbs, which may call ordinary verbs”.

While in the book entitled “Modern English: A Practical Reference

Guide (1972:4)”, Marcella Frank differs the verbs according to the kind of

complement they may have. Because these types may cut across each other, a

verb may belong to more than one type. He classify it into linking verb,

transitive or intransitive verb, reflexive verb, auxiliary or lexical verb, and

finite or non-finite verb.

Goridus Sukur in his book entitled “Panduan Praktis Menguasai

Grammar (2007:49)”’ has divided the verbs into 2 main kinds. They are

Ordinary Verbs, and Auxiliary Verbs.

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a) Ordinary Verbs

Ordinary verbs are often called with Main verbs. It is main verb which

can stand alone in a sentence such as the words see, walk, sing, sleep,

read, go, etc, like the examples as follows:

I go to campus everyday.

The verbs can change depending on tenses and sentence context. The

main verb used in negative, and interrogative sentence must use

auxiliary verb do, does, and did, related to tense, such as:

1) Regular Verbs

Regular verb is the verb that its past and past participle form is

made by adding suffix –ed or –d in its basic verb, such as:

Infinitive (V1) Past (V2) Past Participle (V3)

Achieve Achieved Achieved
Walk Walked Walked

2) Irregular Verbs

Irregular verb is the verb that its past and past participle form is

not ended with –ed or –d like regular verb.

Infinitive (V1) Past (V2) Past Participle (V3)

Break Broke Broken
Blow Blew Blown

b) Auxiliary Verbs

1) To Be (is, am, are, was, were, been)

(a) To Be as Auxiliary Verb

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Example : I am helped by the man.

(b) To Be as Full Verb

Example : She is beautiful.

2) Do, Does, Did

(a) Do, Does, Did as Auxiliary

Verb

Example : Don’t disturb me!

(b) Do, Does, Did as Full Verb

Example : She doesn’t do anything.

3) Have, Has, Had

(a) Have, Has, Had as Auxiliary Verb

Example : They had met me before.

(b) Have, Has, Had as Full Verb

Example : She has beautiful eyes.

4) Modal

(a) Can

Example : Can I help you?

(b) Could

Example : Could you lend me some money?

(c) Will

Example : Will you open the window, please?

(d) Would

Example : Would you like a cup of tea?

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(e) May

Example : You may go now!

(f) Might

Example : You might be wrong.

(g) Shall

Example : What shall we do now?

(h) Should

Example : They should have done their homework on time.

(i) Must

Example : He must be very tired after the all day traveling

(i) Had to

Example : We had to finish our study on time.

C. The Voice

1. Definition of Voice

According to Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, “A Grammar of

Contemporary English (1972:801)”, a voice is a grammatical category which

makes it possible to view the action of a sentence in two ways, without

changes the facts reported.

2. Definition of Active Voice

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According to Silvester Goridus Sukur in his book entitled ”Panduan

Praktis Menguasai Grammar (2007:121)”, Active Voice is the form of verb

which indicates that the subject of a sentence actively does an activity or

action.

While Rudy Hariyono in his book entitled “Complete English

Grammar (2002:70), Active Voice is a sentence which its subject acts

something or does an action.

3. Definition of Passive Voice

According to Rudy Hariyono in his book entitled “Complete English

Grammar (2002:70)”, Passive Voice is a sentence that its subject is hit by an

action or is suffering something. In other word, the subject of that sentence

becomes action target expressed by verb.

Similar to the above definition, Imam D. Djauhari says in his book

entitled “Mastery on English Grammar (1996:176)”, that Passive Voice is the

sentence that its subject is struck by action, and can be formed from Active

Sentence.

4. Forms of Passive Voice

1. As adjective (Stative Passive)

It can be followed by adjective. The adjective describes or gives

information about the subject of a sentence, for instance:

(1) Wanty is young.

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(2) John is tall.

Can be followed by past participle, for instance:

(1) Marry is tired.

(2) Farid is married.

Often past participles are followed by particular preposition plus an

object, for instance:

(1) Marry is married to Farid.

(2) Tina is excited about the game.

b) Get followed by Adjective, Get followed by Past Participle

Get + past participle, for instance:

(1) Farid gets married.

(2) Marry gets ashamed.

c) Using ‘be used’ / ‘accustomed to’

(1) They are used to hot weather.

(2) She is used to going by walking.

d) Using the “by phrase”

Used to know who performs the action.

(1) The poem was written by me.

(2) It was made in Indonesia (by someone).

e) Passive Modal Auxiliary

Modal + be + Past Participle

(1) It can be done by him.

(2) She will be picked up by her father.

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f) Passive Forms of Tenses

(1) Simple Present Tense

PASSIVE : Poetry is written by her.

(2) Present Continuous Tense

PASSIVE : Poetry is being written by her.

(3) Present Perfect Tense

PASSIVE : Poetry has been written by her.

(4) Present Perfect Continuous Tense

PASSIVE : Poetry has been being written by her.

(5) Simple Past Tense

PASSIVE : Poetry was written by her.

(6) Past Continuous Tense

PASSIVE : Poetry was being written by her.

(7) Past Perfect

PASSIVE : Poetry had been written by her.

(8) Past Perfect Continuous

PASSIVE : Poetry had been being written by her.

(9) Future Tense

PASSIVE : Poetry will be written by her.

(10) Future Continuous Tense

PASSIVE : Poetry will be being written by her.

(11) Future Perfect Tense

PASSIVE : Poetry will have been written by her.

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(12) Future Perfect Continuous Tense

PASSIVE : Poetry will have been being written by her.

(13) Past Future Tense

PASSIVE : Poetry would be written by her.

(14) Past Future Continuous Tense

PASSIVE : Poetry would be being written by her.

(15) Past Future Perfect Tense

PASSIVE : Poetry would have been being written by her.

(16) Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

PASSIVE : Poetry would have been being written by her.

Roderich A. Jacobs “English Syntax (A Grammar for English Learner

Professionals) says that the forms of passive voice are:

a) Stative and Dynamic Passives;

b) Pseudo Passive; and

c) Get Passive.

Those three ideas of the forms of Passive Voice are same but in the

different term.

5. Uses of Passive Voice

According to A. J. Thomson and A. V. Martinet in the book entitled

“A Practical English Grammar, Fourth Edition (1986:304), the passive is used:

a) When it is not necessary to mention the doer or the action as it is

obvious who he is/was/will be.

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Example:

The rubbish has not been collected.

b) When we do not know, or do not know exactly, or have forgotten

who did the action.

Example:

My car has been moved.

c) When the subject of the active verb would be ‘people’.

Examples:

He is suspected of receiving stolen goods.

d) When the subject of the active sentence would be the indefinite

pronoun one: One sees this sort of advertisement everywhere would be

usually be expressed:

This sort of advertisement is seen everywhere.

But more formal English requires one + active verb or the more usual

passive form.

e) When we are more interested in the action than the person who

does/did it.

Example:

The house next door has been bought (by Mr. Jones).

f) The passive may be used to avoid an awkward or ungrammatical

sentence. This is usually done by avoiding a change of subject.

Example:

When he arrived home, the detective arrested him.

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g) The passive is sometimes preferred for psychological reasons. A

speaker may use it to disclaim responsibility for disagreeable

announcements.

Example:

Overtime rates are being reduced/will have to be reduced.

The active will, of course, be used for agreeable announcements:

I am/we are going to increase overtime rates.

h) For the have + object + past participle construction.

Example:

I had my car washed.

D. Novel as a Source of Linguistic Data

1. Definition of Novel

Virginia Wolf said that a roman or novel is particularly an exploration

or a chronicle life; muses and describes it in a certain form, impact, relation,

result, destruction or the achievement of human movements.

Merriam Webster said that Novel is a fictional prose narrative of

considerable length and a certain complexity that deals imaginatively with

human experience through a connected sequence of events involving a group

of person in a specific setting.

It is a narrative story in written; the average novel running to 15.000-

30.000 words or some 300 pages; it is about human manners and characters.
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Novel is stated as a source of linguistic data as novel is a literary work

which has monolog and prolog, so that there are the uses of language in it.

2. Novel Elements

a) Plot

There are many definitions of plot, but plot is essentially the

story, or the events that make up what the book is about. Plot, of

course, is defined by conflict, either internal (Coming to terms with the

loss of a spouse, for example) or external, (A stalker is watching

through the window), and the best plots are both original and

interesting. Complexity of the plot is a matter of taste, so is the setting

(such as time period).

No matter what other definition is given, the very best plots are

defined by readers with the simple phrase, "I couldn't put the book

down." In other words, a great story.

(http://www.nicholassparks.com/index.html).

Plot results from a series of choices made by the author.

Another way of saying the same thing is that plot is artificial, that is

something made up. There are no plots in life; plot is the imposition of

form on experience that is essentially formless.

In the book entitled “Analyzing and Evaluating Poetry” by Dra.

Hj. Iim Rogayah Danasaputra, M. Hum., it is said that Plot is a unit of

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narrative to make a single pattern of events, complete in itself; consists

of exposition, conflict, suspense, climax and resolution, point of view

either through the eyes of a good narrator or through the eyes of the

central character or the minor ones.

We may conclude that an understanding of plot is the most

important factor in the understanding of fiction. Plot, says Aristotle, is

the soul of tragedy. It may well be the soul of fiction too.

b) Setting

Setting is everything that happens somewhere at some time.

This element reveals to us the where and when of events we call

setting. In other words, the term “setting” refers to the point in time

and space at which the events of the plot occur. Setting may thrust

itself dynamically into the action, affecting events and being in turn

affected by them, until setting seems to assume the role of a major

character. The elements of setting may be listed under four heading:

(1) the actual geographical location, including topography, scenery,

even the details of a room’s interior;

(2) the occupation and modes of day-to-day existence of a characters;

(3) the time in which the action takes place, historical period, season

of the year; and

(4) the religious, moral, intellectual, social, and emotional

environment of the characters.

While according to Logman, Setting is the time and place of

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the action of a literary, dramatic or cinematic work (1984:1365).

Setting is a foothold base, refer to the definition of place, time

relation, social environment where the accidents narrated are happened

(Abrams, 1981:175).

From the definitions above, we may conclude that Setting is the

background in which the story takes place.

c) Theme

Theme is the idea of the story. In writing a theme, the writer

not only wants to tell a story, but also tells something to the reader.

One of the realizations of it is by giving a life problem, the view of

life, or the comment of this life.

Theme itself in the work is only one of the elements that

develop the other story which simultaneously form a totality. Even

actually, the existence of theme depends on the other elements. Pooley

(1964:723) says that, “Theme is the main idea of a literary work; also a

subject which recurs in the same work or in a different work”.

To put the matter simply, theme is the meaning of the story.

But any experienced readers will realize that this is not a very

informative definition, and even less experienced readers, upon

thinking it over, may begin to wonder in what sense a story can mean

anything.

We may more closely approach the meaning of theme if we

devote some attention to what theme is not. Theme is not the moral of
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a story, it is not the subject, and although we have defined it as the

meaning of the story, it is not what most people have in mind when

they speak of “what the story really means”.

The theme of a story is not identical with the subject of the

story at least, not as we will use the term “theme” in our discussion.

Some critics, it is true, do seem to regard the two terms as anonymous.

From the explanation above, we can conclude that theme is the

base of a story or a general idea of a novel. This general idea has been

decided before by the writer to develop a story.

d) Character

Character is less representation of human personality than the

embodiment of a single attitude or obsession in a character. A

character is obviously relevant to us and to our experience if he is like

ourselves or like others whom we know.

Merriam Webster says that character is a descriptive, often

satiric analysis of a human virtue vice or of general type of human

character. A representative human usually is made to stand for trait,

quality or type.

While according to Abrams (1981:20) character is the persons

performed in a narative work or in drama who are defined by the

reader that they have the quality of moral and certain tendency

expressed in an utterance and what is done in action. From this

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quatation, we will know that an actor which his/her personal quality

has a tight relationship in the acceptance of the reader.

In the book entitled “Analyzing and Evaluating Poetry” by Dra.

Hj. Iim Rogayah Danasaputra, M. Hum., it is said that Character is the

show how and why people change their minds. The writer may present

their character through descriptions and discussions or in a more

dramatic manner by the author’s simply reporting the character’s

speech and action.

The following is a summary of these novel elements:

• Setting is the "where" and ”when" of the story or novel.

• Characters are the "who”.

• Plot is the "how" (How is the sequence of event or story developed and

resolved?)

• Theme is the "why" (The author's message and one of the reasons why the

author writes the story or novel).

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CHAPTER III

THE DESCRIPTION OF THE NOVEL “WHERE TRUTH LIES”

IN GENERAL

A. Biography of the Author

Christiane Heggan is a woman who was born and raised in Nice,

France. When she was young, she studied until she had graduated at the

University of Nice. She is an ardent enthusiast of stage and screen and worked as

a journalist before devoting herself to creative writing. Christiane makes her home

with her family in Medford, New Jersey.

There are many novels that she had created whether as long as she

worked as a journalist or when she decided herself to devote in writing. One of

her incredible novel which made peoples interested to read is the novel entitled

“Where Truth Lies”. It is one of her great thriller novels she ever made. She

cleverly weaves several disparate plot threads together in Where Truth Lies, a

very intriguing suspense novel.

Prologues are sometimes used to quickly grab the reader's interest or to

provide continuity later in the book. In Where Truth Lies novel, the prologue

achieves neither. It is not particularly provocative nor does it add any information

that isn't otherwise disclosed elsewhere. If anything, it gives away too much too

early, and should be avoided.

It has been reported that Christiane Heggan is retiring with the

publication of Where Truth Lies. Though it is regrettable that she will no longer
 29

be writing outstanding suspense fictions, it is with pleasure to note that she ends

her remarkable writing career on a high note.

Besides the novel entitled “Where Truth Lies”, there are also other

novels she created. They are “Now You Die”, “The Search”, “Scent of a Killer”,

“Deadly Intent”, “Moment of Truth”, “Blind Faith”, “Enemy Within”, “Trust No

One”, “Deception”, and “Suspicion”. (http://freshfiction.com/)

B. The Content of the Novel

1. Theme

The theme of the novel “Where Truth Lies” was thriller. This novel

told us about killing. We could have the information that the theme of this

novel was thriller as it told about a Museum curator named Grace McKenzie

who tried her best to find out who had killed her ex-fiancée, Steven Hatfield.

She and FBI agent named Matt Baxter would like to solve the mystery of

Steven’s murder. While he and Grace searched answers, they discovered that

beneath the surface of this charming, peaceful town lied and old secret a few

of its citizens would rather keep buried. And when their search took an

unexpected turn, they had only hours to find out where truth lies-or be buried

with it.

The novel made the readers wondering who the killer is or are, as there

are many clues refer to who had killed Steven. After a long searching, Grace

McKenzie had finally found who killed her ex-fiancée Steven Hatfield. Even

this novel tells about a woman who finds out her ex-fiancée’s murderer, but
 30

there is no entirely a romantic love story between them or other characters in

this story. Also, this novel really tells many accidents that can make the reader

wondering, surprises, amazed, scared, angered but suppressed, or even

anxious to find out who the killer is or are.

2. Setting

The novel “Where Truth Lies” tells us that the killing of Steven took

place at Point Pleasant, New Hope on Pennsylvania in June 13, 1986. Then the

other accidents took place at Boston on Massachusetts, and Innsbruck on

Austria in October 9, 2006.

3. Characters

Characters which exist in this novel are:

a) The Main Characters

• Grace McKenzie : An art expert. The new owner of Hatfield

Gallery. The new curator at the Griff

Museum of Modern Art. Steven ex-fiancé. A

working and commoner girl. (page 26)

• Matt Baxter : An FBI agent. A smart man. Fred Baxter’s

son. Denise Baxter’s brother. (page 69).

• Sarah Hatfield : An older woman. Grace’s mother in law.

Steven’s mother. “She is very hard to

please.” (page 49).

 31

b) The Non-Main Character

• Denise Baxter : Matt’s sister. Fred’s daughter. “She was

suspected had an affair with Steven. (page

21). A good judged of character. (page 50).

• Fred Baxter : Matt’s and Denise’s father. The chief of

police at the time (page 62). A serious and

settled man. The man charged with Steven’s

murder.

• Steven Hatfield : Grace’s ex-fiancé. He was a peaceful, happy

go lucky kind of guy. Murder victim. A

hopeless womanizer. (page 55)

• Angie Viero : An archivist. (page14). She was a short,

compact woman of 35 with a lovely,

expressive face and thick, curly black hair.

Concern about Grace’s love life intrusive.

• Preston : A world class jerks. Grace ex-fiancé. (page

12).

• Fenley : A doctor. A handsome man. (page 38)

• Chuck : A marathon runner, likes to kayak, and plans

to climb Mount Everest, likes to cook. (page

13)

• Josh Nader : The chief of police in New Hope. Felicia

and Steven’s murderer (page 26).

 32

• Stefan Birsner : Austrian Police Officer.

• Ernst Verlag : Austrian Police Officer.

• Bashim Rashad : One of the most wanted terrorists an the

world. (page 33)

• Roger Fairfax : Matt’s superior at the Sacher Hotel, Vienna.

• Felicia Newman : A 19 years old girl. Kidnapping victim.

Matt’s former girl friend. (page 62)

• Fenley : A doctor. A handsome man. (page 38)

• Rob Montgomery : Chief of Police Josh Nader. An old man.

• Father Donnelly : A priest.

• Cal and Lou Badger: Two hopeless morons.

• Eddie O’Hara : The Pat Pub’s owner.

• John Amos : The dean of the local college where Steven

taught an art course twice a week.

• Carmine : The girl who runs the shooting range.

• Lucy : Matt’s step daughter.

• George Renchaw : The mayor. An attorney. A good friend of

Matt. Felicia’s and Steven’s murderer.

• Mary Ellen : A new girl moved next door to Josh’s house.

• Dusty Colburn : A mentally retarded man with a crush. (page

62). The man who was eventually arrested

for kidnapping Felicia.

 33

• Ellie Colburn : Dusty’s mother.

• Victor Lorry : A dealer with whom Steven was doing

business. (page 165)

• Miles Stewart : One of the best criminal lawyers in the

country.

• Gary Wickers : John neighbor.

• Ari Fishburn : A Professor

• Elizabeth Runyon : A part time worker at aunt’s antique shop on

Church Street.

• Bernie Buckman : Steven’s best friend.

• Buzz Brown : The man who was suspected as Steven’s

murderer.

• Duke Ridgeway : A respected businessman and a fair and

incorruptible member of the planning board.

• Mr. Horace Badger: Cal’s and Lou’s father

• Moureen : Bernie’s friend.

• Mr. Lombardi : Steven’s painting prospective buyer.

• Mrs. Vernon : Grace’s first customer.

4. Plot

On June 13, 1986 at Point Pleasant in Pennsylvania, a 19 years old girl

named Felicia Newman was kidnapped by the two unknown men. The two
 34

men stood under the moonless night sky. They were in their early twenties,

solidly built, with the speaker only an inch or so shorter than his friend. Both

had been celebrating, and while they had drunk more than their share, they

were sobering up fast. After a while, the victim tried to hit one of the two men.

To shut the girl up, one of the two men slapped her a little. He hit the back of

her head on the door. Accidentally, he had killed her. All they had to do was

bury her someplace where somebody would not find her.

A few years later, on October 2006, in Boston, a curator museum

named Grace McKenzie had been told by Sarah Hatfield that her ex-fiancé

who had had the Hatfield gallery in New Hope was dead. Sarah was capable

of reaction. Then, Sarah said that in his will, Steven had left the gallery for

Grace.

At first, Grace rejected to have the gallery. She objected as this should

be owned by Sarah as she was Steven’s mother. But, she finally accepted to

own the gallery. Motivated by a sense of duty to a man she once loved, she

agreed to go to New Hope for one week to find out who had killed Steven and

why he was killed.

On October 2006, at Innsbruck in Austria, FBI Special Agent Matt

Baxter had informed that Fred Baxter, his father, was arrested for murder. He

was accused as Steven’s murder. Matt finally went to New Hope,

Pennsylvania to see his father. He met Grace there. Both of them were willing

to find out who killed Steven.

 35

While he and Grace were seeking the answers, they met many peoples

whom Steven had known. They were helped by Matt’s sister named Denise

Baxter in collecting the data related to Steven’s murder.

Having helped by Bernie Buckman, Steven’s best friend, Matt and

Grace finally had a clear clue about Steven’s murder. They met George

Renchaw who substituted Fred Baxter as the former mayor police in New

Hope. He was one of the men who were suspected as Steven’s murder beside

Buzz Brown, Dusty Colburn, and Josh Nader as the chief of police.

While Matt came to the police station in New Hope, he met the mayor

George Renchaw and Josh Nader. He asked Josh to put Felicia Newman’s file

on his desk. After a while, deputy Motgomery walked in and shook Matt’s

hand. He looked at the file on Josh’s desk. Then, Josh asked Rob to put the

file back. He was about to say something more when a commotion in the front

room stopped him. There was the sound of a crash. Josh sprang out of his

chair and Rob drew his gun, Cal Badger burst into the room. Josh waved him

off but Cal ignored him then his finger pointed at Matt. Cal made him mad

and Josh came to stand between the two men. Then, head down, he charged

like a bull, knocking Josh down and heading straight for Matt.

Matt quickly stepped to one side and grabbed him, spun him around

and slammed his fist into the big man’s face. Blood spurted out of Cal’s Nose.

He wiped it off with the back of his hand, but before he could strike again,

Josh, Rob, and Duncan wrestled him to the ground and hell him there until

Rob was able to handcuff him.

 36

Josh stood up and asked to throw Cal into a cell. Matt asked to wait but

Josh seemed so angry and said that Matt have done nothing but cause trouble

for his town since he arrived.

Matt was in jail. Grace and Denise were shocked and they blamed Josh

for this. So, they decided to get Matt out of jail by telling him that they would

go Buzz’s farm to find out where Felicia was buried and told George what

they would do in that night.

After having prepared what they need to go to Buzz’s farm, they

directly went there that night. They climbed and hide in that farm while were

waiting the persons whom they suspected as the killers.

Ten minutes went by; the men came and stopped their car at that farm.

They get out and swung their shovels over their shoulders and started walking

deep into the wood. Grace’s heart was beating when she paid attention to

them. She was taken aback as one of the two men she look was George

Renchaw, the man she and Denise had talked to a little over two hours ago at

the Bucks County Playhouse.

Denise sat down and could not believe that. George was one of the

volunteers who searched the county for her sister, Felicia. She was itching to

get her hands on her sister’s murderers. She moved around, switching her

weight from one hip to the other.

Finally, Grace and Denise found them tried to dig up the grave which

they believe as Felicia’s grave. The two men turned around, momentarily
 37

frozen. The taller one turned his head a fraction and said something to his

companion who shook his head before he resumed his digging.

Grace took a deep breath. Denise brought her big beach bag onto her

lap and started going on through it to take her phone. Unfortunately, the phone

was gone. She looked miserable and finally realized that she left it when she

switched from one to the other.

Finally, Grace decided to go back to first time she and Denise stayed

watching the two men to bring the phone back to call the police. She made a

quarter turn and moved as quietly as the conditions allowed. She would have

to get a little closer. She gave one last push. That time she was able to position

the branch behind the phone. All she was to do was pull it toward her. But just

as the phone began to move, a booted stepped on it. Grace froze. That man

was Chief Josh Nader.

The chief glanced around him and saw Denise too. As George

approached Denise, she gave him a menacing look. He threw a hesitant look at

his partner. They checked what Grace and Denise brought in the bag. They

found nothing. Then, they decided to bring them get in the trunk to bring them

somewhere.

Having stayed in that trunk, Grace and Denise made a plan to run away

when one of the two men open the trunk. In that trunk, Grace told Denise that

she brought a gun that she hade it in her pocket.

When the two men open the trunk, Grace shot Josh on the target and

made him wounded while Denise jumped out and screamed out. George came
 38

and tried to help his partner but he was too afraid with the gun that was

grasped by Grace. Denise asked him to give her the phone he took before.

Then he called the police and told it all to Deputy Rob Montgomery and asked

him to bring Matt to that place together.

It was a long night. Grace, Denise and Matt were brought back to the

police station, along with George and Josh, the last two men in handcuffs.

Felicia’s remains were taken to the morgue.

In that police station, Josh admitted that he had raped and killed Felicia

while George admitted that he had only helped Josh to bury Felicia. This

accident heads for the Steven murder. It turned out that Steven ever had an

affair with Felicia when they lived. Steven made a short investigation on them

and finally knew that Felicia was killed by them. He was planning to

blackmail and extort them one million dollars. George’s was tied up in stocks

and real estate. He agreed to give Steven two hundred and fifty thousand

dollars right away and the rest in installment. He expected Josh to pay his

share of the balance.

That was where Steven’s luck took a turn for the worse. Josh rejected

to pay, so that he decided that the only one thing that could make him free and

calm was to kill Steven. He and George made a plan to kill them in the right

time by staying at Fred Baxter’s home. Josh killed Steven by using Fred’s gun

so that murder would aim at Fred as the Steven murderer. They did it well so

Fred was arrested for Steven murder.

 39

CHAPTER IV

THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE PASSIVE SENTENCE IN THE NOVEL

AND ITS ANALYSIS

A. Findings

1. List of Passive Voice in the Novel

As stated in chapter I, the aims of this research are to find the kinds

and the forms of Past Tense Passive Sentence. Based on the data, the forms of

Past Tense Passive Sentence found in the novel are great in number as they are

shown in the following table.

Table IV.1

Passive Sentence

No Forms of Passive Sentence Number Percentage

1 Simple Present 65 18,46 %
2 Simple Past 196 55,68 %
3 Present Continuous 1 0,28 %
4 Past Continuous 4 1,13 %
5 Present Perfect 10 2,84 %
6 Past Perfect 15 4,26 %
7 Present Perfect Continuous 2 0,56 %
8 Past Perfect Continuous - -
9 Future 9 2,55 %
10 Past Future 14 3,97 %
11 Future Continuous 1 0,28 %
12 Past Future Continuous - -
13 Future Perfect - -
14 Past Future Perfect 3 0,85 %
15 Future Perfect Continuous - -
16 Past Future Perfect Continuous - -
17 Passive Modal Auxiliary 20 5,68 %
18 Get Passive 11 3,12 %
19 To Be Used / Accustomed to 1 0,28 %
TOTAL 352 100 %
 40

Passive Sentence

1% 3%
6%
4%
3%
18%

1%
4%
56%
3%
1%

Simple Present Simple Past

Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past Future
Past Future Perfect
Get Passvive
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Future
Future Continuous
Passive Modal Auxiliary
To Be Used/Accustomed To

Chart IV.1

The following chart above is the description of the collected data that

are found in the novel. There are 352 items of passive sentences. It is found

that Simple Present Passive (65) Simple Past Passive (196), Simple Present

Continuous Passive (1), Simple Past Continuous Passive (4), Present Perfect

Passive (10), Past Perfect Passive (15), Present Perfect Continuous Passive

(2), Past Perfect Continuous Passive (0), Future Passive (9), Past Future

Passive (14), Future Continuous Passive (1), Past Future Passive (0), Future

Perfect Passive (0), Past Future Perfect Passive (3), Future Perfect Continuous

Passive (0), Past Future Perfect Continuous Passive (0), Passive Modal

Auxiliary (20), Get Passive (11), To Be Used To (1).

 41

2. Categorizing The Past Tense Passive Voice

From 352 passive sentences exist in the novel “Where Truth Lies”, the

writer has analyzed that there are 196 items of Simple Past Tense Passive

Sentences, 4 items of Past Continuous Passive Sentences, 15 items of Past

Perfect Passive Sentences, 5 items of Get Passive, 5 items of Passive Modal

and 1 item of Passive “To Be Accustomed To”. There is no Past Perfect

Continuous Passive Sentences and Passive “To Be Used To” in it. So, there

are totally 226 items Past Tense Passive Sentences.

Based on the data, it turns out that there are many simple past tense

passive sentences. The sentence sum of this past tense is more than other past

tense such as Past Continuous, Past Perfect, and Past Perfect Continuous. The

following is the description of the collected data of Past Tense.

Past Tense Passive

2% 2% 0%
Simple Past
0% 0%
Past Continuous
7%
Past Perfect

2% Past Perfect
Continuous
Get passive

Passive Modal

To Be
Accustomed To
To Be Used To
87%

Chart IV.2
 42

a) Simple Past Passive

There are 196 items of passive sentence in simple past

form. For example: “Cool as a cucumber, the stranger did as he

was told” (page 1), “Grace’s foray through her closet was

interrupted by the sound of the buzzer” (page 14), “Larger works

were propped up one easels placed throughout the room (page 43),

“Felicia’s remains ware taken to the morgue” (page 358).

b) Past Continuous Passive

There are 4 items of passive sentence in form of past

continuous. For example: “There were rumors were being

considered for a higher office” (page 63), “And while I was home,

Steven was being murdered” (page 70), “… who will return it to

the person who was being blackmailed” (page 204).

c) Past Perfect Passive

There are 15 items of passive sentence in form of past

perfect. For example: “It had been taken in Santa Barbara” (page

78), “I had to tell that Steven had been killed” (page 236), “Bernie

has been arrested on suspicion of murder” (page 299).

d) Past Perfect Continuous Passive

There is no passive sentence in form of past perfect

continuous that is found in the novel.

 43

e) Get Passive

From 11 items of get passive sentence, there are 5

sentences that belong to simple past tense. For example: “John

Amos is lucky he didn’t get fired” (page 54), “You got me involved.

Denise” (page 228), “Ellie tried to get him interested in other

things” (page 255).

f) Passive Modal Auxiliary

From 20 items of passive modal auxiliary, there are 5

modals that are related to simple past tense. They are modal

“could”, “would”, “might”, and “had to”. For example: “She no

longer had any doubt that the Arroyo had to be authenticated”

(page 138). Both of us would be questioned, and he didn’t think

that (page 294).

g) Passive “to be used/accustomed

to”

Similar with passive modal, the writer only found 1 item.

That is passive “to be accustomed to”. For example: “Steven hated

doing without the luxuries he was accustomed to” (page 186).

There is no passive “to be used to”.

B. Discussion

The basic formula of Simple Past active sentence is Subject + Verb 2

(Past Participle). While the passive formula is Subject + to be 2 (was/were) + Past

 44

Participle. This tense always has 1 or more verb in its sentences. The verb is in

past participle. This past participle has a role as or main verb. So that, not every

past participles function as adjective. For example, the writer has found some past

participles in the novel “Where Truth Lies” which function as adjective and verb.

The following is the analysis of simple past which has a verb function as adjective

and simple past which has a verb function as the real verb.

Felicia’s remain was taken to the morgue. (page 358)

Subject to be 2

Past Participle Function as the real verb

She was too tired, and too worried about the gallery.

to be 2 Past Participle Function as adjective

Subject Past Participle Function as adjective

The following are the verbs used in the novel “Where Truth Lies” by

Christiane Heggan.

List of Past Participle Function as Adjective

Table IV.2

No Past Participle Frequency Page Percentage

1 Amazed 1 199 1,78 %
2 Ashamed 1 295 1,78 %
3 Convinced 2 254, 294 3,57 %
4 Concerned 1 159 1,78 %
5 Disappointed 1 296 1,78 %
6 Determined 1 88 1,78 %
7 Excited 1 372 1,78 %
 45

8 Interested 5 122, 129, 164, 255, 265, 8,92 %

9 Impressed 2 75, 123 3,57 %
10 Inclined 1 185 1,78 %
11 Liked 2 72, 96 3,57 %
12 Mixed 1 96 1,78 %
13 Mortified 1 152 1,78 %
14 Opposed 1 312 1,78 %
15 Proportioned 1 142 1,78 %
16 Retarded 1 255 1,78 %
17 Respected 1 25 1,78 %
18 Scared 7 152, 182, 282, 293, 297, 12,5 %
313, 352
19 Scattered 2 15, 44 3,57 %
20 Sealed 1 349 1,78 %
21 Stunned 1 337 1,78 %
22 Shocked 1 246 1,78 %
23 Satisfied 1 239 1,78 %
24 Surprised 1 100 1,78 %
25 Supposed 2 70, 320 3,57 %
26 Steamed 1 70 1,78 %
27 Sophisticated 1 41 1,78 %
28 Starved 1 207 1,78 %
29 Submerged 1 153 1,78 %
30 Triggered 1 286 1,78 %
31 Tired 1 40 1,78 %
32 Uncluttered 1 80 1,78 %
33 Undisturbed 2 74, 119 3,57 %
34 Worried 7 40, 81, 152, 224, 253, 12,5 %
288, 295
TOTAL 56 100 %

Based on the above data, there are 56 verbs that are used in simple past

passive sentence function as adjective. It turns out that the verb that is often used

in the novel is “worried” and “scared”. Both of them are used 7 times.

List of Past Participle Function as Verb

Table IV.3

No Past Participle Frequency Page Percentage

1 Achieved 1 178 1,49 %
2 Accustomed 1 186 1,49 %
 46

3 Adopted 1 175 1,49 %

4 Allowed 2 48, 54 2,98 %
5 Approached 1 148 1,49 %
6 Arrested 3 66, 202, 212 4,47 %
7 Asked 1 148 1,49 %
8 Attached 1 145 1,49 %
9 Banged up 1 74 1,49 %
10 Bent 2 140, 278 2,98 %
11 Born 2 148, 175 2,98 %
12 Brought 1 358 1,49 %
13 Buried 2 314, 348 2,98 %
14 Comprised 1 44 1,49 %
15 Curled up 1 283 1,49 %
16 Closed 1 269 1,49 %
17 Cancelled 1 216 1,49 %
18 Covered 1 78 1,49 %
19 Committed 1 24 1,49 %
20 Caught 1 203 1,49 %
21 Called 1 81 1,49 %
22 Devoted 1 44 1,49 %
23 Devastated 1 294 1,49 %
24 Dispatched 1 281 1,49 %
25 Done 1 158 1,49 %
26 Engaged 1 74 1,49 %
27 Entitled 1 46 1,49 %
28 Focused 1 142 1,49 %
29 Finished 4 135, 158, 199, 299 5,97 %
30 Forged 1 129 1,49 %
31 Fired 1 54 1,49 %
32 Filled 4 45, 71, 153, 252 5,97 %
33 Found 4 23, 52, 206, 284 5,97 %
34 Flooded 1 157 1,49 %
35 Framed 1 149 1,49 %
36 Given 1 265 1,49 %
37 Gone 4 30, 193, 208, 273 5,97 %
38 Handed 1 42 1,49 %
39 Held 1 121 1,49 %
40 Hidden 2 233, 243 2,98 %
41 Hit 2 36, 159 2,98 %
42 Inclined 1 185 1,49 %
43 Intimidated 1 94 1,49 %
44 Interrupted 4 14, 111, 147, 229 5,97 %
45 Interrogated 1 62 1,49 %
46 Involved 4 20, 220, 228, 295 5,97 %
 47

47 Invited 1 284 1,49 %

48 Killed 11 98, 134, 215, 261, 261, 16,41 %
264, 264, 264, 283, 289,
296
49 Listed 2 13, 121 2,98 %
50 Locked 1 36 1,49 %
51 Married 1 208 1,49 %
52 Murdered 1 20 1,49 %
53 Mentioned 1 121 1,49 %
54 Motivated 1 369 1,49 %
55 Meant 1 295 1,49 %
56 Made 1 77 1,49 %
57 Needed 1 158 1,49 %
58 Opened 1 31 1,49 %
59 Owned 1 121 1,49 %
60 Packed 1 95 1,49 %
61 Peeled 1 56 1,49 %
62 Pushed 2 182 2,98 %
63 Packaged 2 167, 168 2,98 %
64 Plowed 1 148 1,49 %
65 Recruited 1 131 1,49 %
66 Retired 1 66 1,49 %
67 Released 2 43, 74 2,98 %
68 Recovered 1 36 1,49 %
69 Registered 1 205 1,49 %
70 Recorded 1 204 1,49 %
71 Spared 1 314 1,49 %
72 Subbed 1 295 1,49 %
73 Sent 2 82, 258 2,98 %
74 Seen 2 257, 281 2,98 %
75 Signed 1 226 1,49 %
76 Swindled 1 220 1,49 %
77 Stolen 1 129 1,49 %
78 Searched 1 42 1,49 %
79 Suspected 1 36 1,49 %
80 Situated 1 35 1,49 %
81 Transferred 1 265 1,49 %
82 Tied 1 234 1,49 %
83 Tailored 1 142 1,49 %
84 Taken 3 41, 128, 255 4,47 %
85 Told 2 1, 116 2,98 %
86 Tossed 1 42 1,49 %
TOTAL 67 100 %
 48

Based on the above data, there are 67 verbs used in Simple Past

Passive Sentence function as the real verb. It turns out that the word “killed” is on

top as that verb is often used in the novel “Where Truth Lies” by Christiane

Heggan. This word is used 11 times.

After analyzing the verbs which are used in the novel, the writer have

found 58 sentences of Simple Past Stative Passive, 131 sentences of Simple Past

Passive, 5 sentences of Simple Past in Get Passive, 5 sentences of Simple Past

Passive Modal, and 1 sentence of Simple Past in form of “to be accustomed to”.

The total is 196 sentences of Simple Past Tense Passive.

It turns out that Simple Past Tense Passive (verb function as the real

verb) is often used in this novel. From 196 sentences of Simple Past Tense

Passive, there are 131 sentences of Simple Past Tense Passive.

The following is the percentage of Simple Past Passive Sentence which

exist in the novel “Where Truth Lies” by Christiane Heggan.

Simple Past Tense Passive

 49

3%
Simple Past Passive
1%
3%
Simple Past Stative
28%
Passive

Simple Past Passive

Modal

Simple Past Get Passive

Simple Past "to be

accustomed to"

65%

Chart IV.3

1. Simple Past Tense Passive Sentence As adjective (Stative

Passive)

Based on the theory, passive sentence must basically consist of Subject

+ to be + Verb 3 (Past Participle) + Agent. The writer found 58 sentences of

Simple Past Stative Passive. In stative passive, there are 3 theories that

classify passive. They are: (1). Stative Passive followed by Adjective; (2).

Stative Passive followed by Past Participle; and (3). Stative Passive plus Past

Participle followed by particular preposition.

The sentences like “She was too tired, and too worried about the

gallery” (page 40), “Josh was impressed” (page 75), and “It’s more like…he

was scared or something” (page 152), which are found in the novel, can be

classified as stative passive because the words “tired”, “worried”, and

“impressed” are adjective.

 50

The sentences which are mentioned above appropriate with the theory.

So that, the sentences above are regarded as stative passive followed by

adjective in the form of simple sentences.

She was too tired Josh was impressed

Subject Adjective Subject Adjective

To be (Past) To be (Past)

Often past participles are followed by particular preposition such as to,

about, for, of, etc. The example of the kind of this stative passive more exist in

the novel “Where Truth Lies” by Christiane Heggan, for instance:

a) “She was too tired and too worried about the gallery”

(page 40).

b) “The rest of the inventory was comprised of colorful Bucks

County landscapes signed by names she didn’t recognize. (page

44).

c) “He was so excited about that tackle box” (page 372).

d) “Did he tell you why he was so interested in Felicia’s

disappearance?” (264)

2. Simple Past Passive

 51

The writer found 131 sentences of common Simple Past Passive in the

novel. This sentence has a character that the used verb has a role as the real

verb. For example:

a) “Wasn’t that listed in his resume?” (page 13).

b) “He was murdered”. (page 20).

c) “She was engaged to Steven about ten years ago”. (page 74).

d) “It was achieved by using a textured brush”. (page 178).

He was murdered . (page 20)

Subject Verb (Past Participle)

to be (Past)

“She was engaged to Steven about ten years ago”. (page 74).

Subject Verb (Past Participle)

to be (Past)

3. Simple Past Passive in Form of Passive Modal

As we know that the formula of Passive Modal is Modal + Past

Participle. As the writer study is about Simple Past Tense Passive. So, modal

that belongs to passive must be in past form. The modal past form in simple

past must have a modal. The writer found 5 verbs that have a role as modal.

They are modal “had to”, “could”, “might”, and 2 modals “would”.

Appropriate with the formula, the following sentences are the example found
 52

by the writer those exist in the novel that can be stated as Simple Past Passive

Modal. For instance:

a) She no longer had any doubt that the Arroyo had to be authenticated”.

(page 138)

Subject Past Participle

Modal Past Participle

b) Both of us would be questioned, and he didn’t think that. (page 294)

Subject Past Participle

Modal Past Participle

4. Simple Past in Form of and Get + Past Participle

Got + Adjective or Got + Past Participle are derived from Get Passive.

This theory is suitable with what described in “English Syntax (A Grammar

for English Learner Professionals) by Roderich A. Jacobs.

As the writer’s study is about simple past tense, so he changes Get

Passive above into Got Passive which consist of “Got + Adjective” and “Got +

Past Participle”. The word “got” is the past participle form of the word “get”.

After analyzed the novel, he found about sentences related to Got

Passive. These sentences are regarded as Got Passive by the writer as they are

suitable with the theory written above.

a) “You got me involved, Denise.” (page 228)

Got Past Participle

Subject
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b) “I got scared and run.” (page 297)

Adjective

Got

Subject

5. Using the “by phrase”

Used to know who perform the action or the agent. It can be a noun

phrase, verb phrase, or even adjective phrase. The writer have found simple past

tense passive using the “by phrase” in the novel. For instance:

a) “He was interrupted by the ring of his cell phone.” (147)

Noun Phrase

b) “You were raised by your father?” (143)

Noun Phrase

c) It was achieved by using a textured brush.” (178)

Verb Phrase

6. Passive To Be Used/Accustomed To

There is only 1 passive to be accustomed to in form of Simple Past

Tense. For example, it can be seen on page 186 called, “Steven hated doing

without the luxuries he was accustomed to”.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusions

After analyzing all the data, the writer would like to point out some

conclusions as follows:

1. There are 200 items of Simple Past Tense passive sentences that are

found in the novel “Where Truth Lies” by Christiane Heggan. The total

numbers of those Simple Past Tense passive sentences are divided into 6

forms. They are Simple Past Tense Passive (verb function as the real

verb), Simple Past Tense Stative Passive (verb function as adjective),

Simple Past Tense Passive Modal, Simple Past Tense Passive using “Get”

+ Past Participle, Simple Past Tense Passive followed “by” phrases, and

Simple Past Tense Passive using “to be used to”/”to be accustomed to”.

2. The number of Simple Past Tense Passive sentence is 131 items. The

percentage is 65 %. This number turns out to be the largest number of the

past tense passive sentences that are found in the novel. The second largest

number of simple past tense passive is Simple Past Tense Stative Passive.

The numbers of these sentences are 58 items; with the percentage is 28 %.

Simple Past Tense Passive Modal and Simple Past Tense Passive using

“Get” + Past Participle have the same number. Both of them have 5 items.

The percentage is 3%. The smallest number of simple past tense passive is
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Simple Past Tense Passive using “to be accustomed to”. The writer has

only found 1 item; with the percentage is 1 %.

3. Based on the findings, the writer concludes that there are many Past

Tense Passive sentences which are used in the novel “Where Truth Lies”

by Christiane Heggan. It turns out that Simple Past Tense Passive sentence

is one of the kinds of Past Tense Passive which is often used and found in

the novel. The number of this tense occupies the top position in the use of

past tense passive. It means that simple past tense passive sentence is

widely used in the novel.

B. Suggestions

In this research, the writer has found that the frequency of simple past

tense passive sentence form used by the author is quite imbalanced. The learners

of English should know the different usages of Simple Past Tense Passive

sentences to improve their understanding and knowledge.

Addressing to the readers, there is a more specific and deep structure

to be analyzed and developed, especially for the learning of structure in English.

The data can also be gained not only from this novel “Where Truth Lies” by

Christiane Heggan, but also from other books. Therefore it is necessary for the

other students to carry out a research in the different topics.

The writer also realizes that this paper is still far from being perfect.

He only discusses some structures on the surface, especially about the kinds and

forms of Simple Past Tense Passive. Based on the research, the writer has found
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that there are many passive sentences that can be analyzed. As the data which are

only taken from 1 novel, so that it needs the next largest research to get the largest

data. This research in only taken from the limited data. The readers may create the

next analyses of Simple Past Tense Passive or other tenses in the novel “Where

Truth Lies” by Christiane Heggan or other novels. Therefore, the writer would

like to welcome well the helpful comments and suggestions for the improvements

of this paper.