ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f

Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD A[kdpnf;±kH;a&;aumfrwD. aºu;a=umfoH

2011 {+yD v zufqpfawmfvSefa&; (66) ESpfjynfh txdrf;trSwf twGJ (1) trSw(f 4)

rsufESmzkH; aqmif;yg;

}uHh§zGH@ tpdk;& &Sif;&r,fhudpP}uD; (2) ck

(1) etz csex f m;cJw h hJ }u§hH zG@H tpd;k &u rkcsajz&Si;f &r,fu h pd }P u;D (2) ck &Sod nf? xdu
k pd }P u;D
(2) ckrmS NLD udpeP @J +ird ;f tzG@J awGupd P jzpfonf? udp}P u;D awGjzpfv@kd / olw@kd ‘etz’
tpd;k &oufwrf;rSm &Si;f Edik rf mS r[kwv f @kd / ±_yv f nf;±_yf ywfouf&m ywfoufa=umif;
awGvnf;&Sv d @kd csexf m;cJjh cif; jzpfonf? &Si;f wJah e&mrSmawmh olw@kd u t"dutcef;u
ygaerSmyg? }u§hH zG@H uckd sn;f v$cJ w hJ mawmh r[kw?f bmha=umifv h q
J akd wmh ‘ppftm%m
&Sipf epf’ t"Ge@f &n S w f nfwahH ea&;eJ@qikd w f uhJ pd aP wG jzpfv@kd y?J

(2) NLD udpu P jynfv;kH qdik &f mjy\em jzpfonf? Edik if w H umu pdw0f ifpm;onf?
jynfov l xl ek @J vnf; ywfoufonf? xdak =umifh jzpfuwwfqef; vkyrf &? weyfpm;
}uHv@kd r&? tvGeo f rd af rG@onfu
h pd P jzpfonf?
+ird ;f tzG@J upd u
P awmh wrsKd ;? a'oE©&jy\em/ vlrsKd ;pk wckcsi;f &J@jy\em
jzpfonf? (1989) wke;f uawmh ‘Auy’ tjrpfjywfa&;udk aZmif;ay;+yD; pOf;pm;&
wmjzpfv@kd wa=umif;/ w±kwt f pd;k &uvnf; ppfat;acwf 0efxyk 0f efy;kd udk cyfjrefjref
cgcscsiaf evd@k wa=umif;/ jzpfuwwfqef; weyfpm;}u+H y;D ajz&Si;f Edik cf o hJ nf? ,cktajc
taeu wrsKd ;jzpfonf? Auyudk xnfw h u
G pf &m rvdak wmh? +ird ;f tzG@J awG wxD;weef;
jzpfaewmudk tjrpfjzwfz@kd pOf;pm;&wm jzpfonf? w±kwt f pd;k &eJ@uvnf; [dw k ek ;f uvdk
r[kw?f tusKd ;pD;yGm;csi;f ,SuEf , G af eonf? Edik if w
H umhtajctae ajymif;aewmu
vnf; &So d nf? 'ga=umifh jzpfuwwfqef; &Si;f r&? weyfpm;}uHv@kd r&? ppfwu kd +f yD;
ajz&Si;f &v#iv f nf; olw@kd acwfusrS +ird ;f csr;f a&;wnfaqmufEikd cf w hJ m[k t}urd }f urd f
ºum;xm;wmu vl&,fp&m jzpfawmhrnf? t&Suu f rJG nf?

(3) jA[Rmah cgi;f udp}P u;D (2) ckukd olw@kd b,fvakd jz&Si;f =urvJqw kd m apmif=h unfah eonf?
(Auy) eJ@ wdu k ±f udk yf wfoufaomudprP sm; r[kwo f jzifh pum;OD;oef;+yD; rajymvdk
ao;?
(Auy) . +r+J ro H nf&h yfwnfcsuu f ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd qef@usiw f mrSef
or#ukd axmufcrH nf? ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd taxmuftuljyKwmrSeo f r#ukd qef@
usiyf grnf?
Auy(A[k d )

1
ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f

pmwnf ; tzG J @ &J @

trSm
ul;ajymif;jcif;/ tajymif;tvJESifh
ESpfopfqEN

(1)

o}ueF af &mufawmhrmS rd@k yHrk eS u f ;l ajymif;r_wckukd cHpm;=u&awmhrmS yg?

*syefu ivsi/f qlemrD/ "mwfaygi;f zdu k pd /P t,fen
D Kd / vmeDnm*,uf/ obm0ywf0ef;usif rxde;f
odr;f Edik rf /_ jynfwiG ;f &moDOwk azmufjyefra_ wGa=umifh aemifArmjynf[m obm0 yHrk eS u
f ;l ajymif;r_awG jzpfEikd yf g
awmhrvm;? pOf;pm;p&m jzpfvmyg+y?D

(2)

Edik if aH &;bufrmS awmh ajymif;vJra_ wG &Sv d maeygw,f? 'gu jyifyurBmrSmyg? ajrxJyifv,f awmif
bufjcrf; rlqvifEikd if aH wGrmS vrf;ray:Edik if aH &;rS vufeufe@J tm%modr;f zd@k txd v_y&f mS ;vm=u wmuawmh
tav;xm;&r,fu h pd P jzpfvmygw,f? vrf;a=umif;rSev f m;/ u|eaf wmfw@kd apmif=h unfch siyf gao; w,f?
t&if;&Siu f rBmrSm pD;yGm;ysuu f yf tusyt f wnf;u vGwv f w
G u
f if;uif; ±ke;f rxGuEf ikd w
f m cktxdy?J
,dik w
f EhJ ikd if uH ,dik af eyg+yD? ‘aq;csu’f rawG@ao;yg? ud, k Ehf ikd if H touf±aª ygu&f a&;twGuf ud, k u
f sKd ;pD;yGm;
umuG,af &; vky&f yfawG (wm;aewJ=h um;u) yHpk t H rsKd ;rsKd ;eJ@ zswcf eJ zswcf eJ ay:vmaeygw,f? b,fukd OD;wnf
oGm;rvJ pd;k &drpf &myg?
jynfwiG ;f rSmawmh ‘tpd;k &opf’ qdw k t hJ ajymif;tvJwck ay:cJw h ,f? 'guawmh apmif=h unfph &m
rvdw k u
hJ pd yP g? ud, k jhf ynfwiG ;f udpP ud,k yf J odygw,f?
vlawGu 'Dval wGy?J rluvnf; 'Dryl ?J ppfbufppfxu G af wGu quftyk cf sKyfr,f? jynfoal wG pnf;
urf;&S&d /dS emcHr&_ &dS adS e=u/ axmifxu J Edik if aH &;orm;awG axmifxrJ mS yJae=u/ bmajymif;vJrr_ S r&S/d rawG@&ao;?
obm0ywf0ef;usiu f kd (vl@ya,m*eJ@) ajymif;vJypfEikd w f ,f? tqd;k bufq&kd if ('DacwfrmS ) jrefjref
ajymif;ypfEikd w f ,f? taumif;bufajymif;zd@k usawmh =umw,f?
tvm;wl pepfa[mif;udk vlra_ wmfveS af &;eJ@om ajymif;vJypfv@kd &w,f? ('gu taumif;buf) 'gayrJh
ta=umif;tcsuf rjynfph &kH if olvnf; =umEdik w f ,f? od@k aomf jynfoal wGrmS 'Dvrf;yJ a&G;p&m&Syd gw,f?
(3)

'DEpS f jrefrmESpo
f pfu;l rSm -
- ,rf;eH@uif;wJh ydawmufyef;awG obm0twdik ;f yGizhf ;l Edik =f uygap?
- jynfoal wG rdr=d urRmrdrzd efw;D Edik wf b
hJ 0 wufvrS ;f Edik =f uygap?
- tusO;f csxm;jcif;cH&wJh Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awG jynfo@l &ifciG x f jJ yef0if+yD; vGwvf w
G vf yfvyf
v_y&f mS ; Edik =f u ygapvd@k qENjyKvdu k yf gw,f?
(7 - 4 - 2011)

2
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
acgif ; }uD ; yk d i f ;

yderf omvdrrf om rde@f ceG ;f

(1) jyvdu k w f ,f? ('Dpum;uawmh Adv k of ef;a&$vuf

tm%majymif; ppftyk pf &k @J tESpf 20 ausmf pDru H ed ;f cs/ xuf tmaygurf wwf pum;awGyg?)
wGucf suv
f yk u
f ikd jf yifqifvmcJw h hJ rde@f ceG ;f ? 'Dvpkd um; ‘a=umif;wlou H ’JG awG rqv acwf 26 ESpf
‘w&m;0ifr’_ udpu P kd jynfoal wGqu D twif; vH;k vH;k ajymcJ+h y;D zG@H +zKd ;r_tenf;qH;k Edik if H (LDC) jzpfwmyJ tzwf
t"rR tqifq h ifh vk,+l yD;csed rf mS ajymwJrh ed @f ceG ;f ? wifcw hJ ,f? 'gukd olw@kd trSwrf xm;cJ=h ubl;?
tajymrSm ‘a&$ref;’ uawmh yg;pyfyw d o f mG ;+y?D
ck ‘orRwopf’ qdo k &l @J tvSn?hf (3)
u|eaf wmfw@kd taeeJ@
(2) (1) tvkyo f rm;awG &ykid cf iG hf tjynft
h 0 &&Sad &;?
ol@red @f ceG ;f rSm æ (2) awmifov l ,form;awGukd taESmiftzG@J awG tm;
-‘jynfolu a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufvdkufwJh jynf vH;k u vGwaf jrmufatmifvyk af &;?
ol@udk,fpm;vS,frsm; jzpf=uwJhtwGuf’ (3) trsKd ;om;t&if;&Siaf wG ppftyk pf /k ppfAsL±du k &uf
qdwk mudk +red af &&Suaf &ajymaewmu ‘w&m; ‘vuf0g;}u;D tky"f e&Sirf sm;’ &J@ avmif;&dyaf tmufrS
0if tpd;k &’ qdw k mudk vdck siv
f @kd y?J vGwaf jrmufa&;?
-‘2008 zG J @ pnf ; yH k t ajccH O ya'ud k av;pm; (4) pme,fZif;vGwfvyfcGifh/ tEkynm&Sif/ twwf
vdu k ef m umuG,af pmifah &Smuf&r,fh wm ynm&Sirf sm;. wDxiG zf efw;D cGihf &&Sad &;?
0ef &Swd ,f’ qdw k mu jynfoal wGe@J ud, k pf m; (5) wwfoyd nm&Siaf wG&@J t}uH^m%frsm;/ pGr;f tm;
vS,af wmfawGukd wkyaf ESmifxm;csuyf ?J (pnf; rsm;udk tm;ud;k tm;xm;jyKa&;?
urf;&Sad om 'Dru kd a&pD ‘abmif’xJrmS yJ (ae (6) vli,fv&l , G w f @kd &@J ynma&;tqift h wef;udk jr‡ihf
- ajym - vdu k ef m) qdwk hJ awmif;qdck suyf ?J ) wifa&;?
- wdkif;jynf}uD; 'Dvdkjzpfae&wm[m ‘0g'pGJ/ (7) jynfo@l use;f rma&;udk tmrcHa&;?
*d%
k ;f *%pG/J vlrsdK;pGaJ wGa=umif’h vd@k owWK 'D 7 csuu f kd rvky&f if Avmpum;yJ? pum;}uD;
csw,f? Adv k af e0if;up+yD; ppftpd;k &tquf pum;us,f ajymwmyJv@kd ,lqw,f?
quf&@J vufo;kH pum;yg? (olw@kd vyk cf w hJ mawG
arhaeykH &w,f?) (4)
-‘wyfrawmfu wdik ;f jynfukd 0ifa&muf u,f tpd;k &opfuawmh zG@J vu kd +f y?D rl0g'awGvnf; a=u
wifcJh&wmvnf; t}udrf}udrfyJ’ (rsuf nmvdu k +f yD? 'gayrJh odoo d mom bm ‘ta&G@’rS &Srd vm?
ESmajymifajymife@J trSwjf ynf, h v l u kd yf g+y?D ) Edik if t
H csKd @u yHrk eS tf wdik ;f qufq/H Edik if wH csKd @u qef@usi+f rJ
- aemufqHk;rSm ‘wdkif;jynfwnfaqmufzdk@ qef@usifaewm awG@&w,f? jynfolawGbufu azmuf
tarGcHaumif;awG ay;xm;cJh+yD’ vdk@ csKyf rxGuEf ikd b f ;l qd&k ifawmh 'DZmwf}uD; arsmaeOD;rSmyg?

v$wfawmfowif;udkawmif vuf0g;}uD;tkyfw,f (5 - 4 - 2011)

ppftpd;k &xkwo f wif;pmawGrmS owif;"mwfyakH wGe@J a0a0qmqm azmfjyaew,f? wjcm;b,fy*k v ~ u d *sme,frmS rS azmfjyEdik w f m
r[kwb f ;l ? owif;,lz@kd v$waf wmfxJ r0ifEikd ?f owif;"mwfyu kH kd tjyifuyJ ±du
k , f +l y;D azmfjy=u&w,f? 'g[m pwkwrˆ ¾dKiv f @kd ac:wJh
u¾udk vuf0g;}uD;tkyw f myJ?
owif;pmxJrmS "mwfyykH gawmh - wjcm;b,frmS rS rygEikd w f "hJ mwfyykH gawmh - wcsKd @u pdw0f ifpm;+y;D 0,f=uovm; rod
ygb;l ?
owif;pmapmifa& ae@pOf oH;k ode;f ausmf xkw&f w,fv@kd qdw k ,f? ta&mif;jri‡ w hf ifa&;rsm; vkyw f mvm;vd@k wGu&f w,f?
tenf;qH;k awmh v$waf wmftrwf tdro f t l rd o
f m; aqGrsKd ;om;csi;f awGu v$waf wmfusi;f yyHk "mwfyu kH kd jrifcsiv
f @kd 0,f=uvdrrhf ,f?
jrifaeus ygaeus ‘yk*Kd~ vf}u;D awG’ &J@ "mwfyu kH awmh ±d;k aetDae=u+yyD ?J olw@kd uawmh b,focl cJG JG wd@k ruGJ t+rw J wGw J yJG J
qdw
k mudk odapcsiv f @kd yJ "mwfytkH ±du
k cf zH @kd vlpkH vlv;kH xGujf y=uwm jzpfvrd rhf ,f?
3
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
ta&;awmf y k H
zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&; ‘66’ ESpf jynfh+yD
jynfwGif;jzpfzufqpfpepf ay:aeonf?

pk d ; at;
(1)
zufqpfpepfukd rdwq f ufay;cJoh l oifjyay;cJo h ul *syefy?J tck
awmh *syefjynfrmS u 'Dru kd a&pDpepf tjrpfw, G af e+yD? Armjynf
rSmawmh jynfwiG ;f jzpf ‘a&S@ajy; zufqpfpepf’ (Proto-fascism)
tkwjf rpfcsaeonf? ol@ukd ±kyjf yxm;onf? ArmjynfrmS u r&S?d ppf tkypf k
‘2008 tajccHOya'’ . ‘Edik if aH wmftajccHrrl sm;’ qdw k hJ eHygw0f rf;u ±kyjf yrvky?f tm%m&Sif vkyof nf?
tcef; (1)/ ‘Edik if aH wmft}uD;tuJ’ tcef; (3)/ tcef; (7) wyfr
awmf/ tcef; (11) ta&;ay:umvqdik &f m jyÏmef;csurf sm;wGif (3)
‘a&S@ajy;zufqpfpepf’twGuf b,fvt kd w k jf rpfcsay;ovJ qdw k m etz u rqv tawG@t}uKeH @J oifcef;pm ,lxm;onf?
udk awG@Eikd o
f nf? +yD;awmh urBmrSmu ‘ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDav’ wdkufaeonf? 'g
a=umifh ‘a&S@ajy;zufqpfpepf’ vkyw f m jzpfonf?
(2) ‘a&S@ajy;zufqpfpepf’ u yxrydik ;f rSm tvkyjf zpfvrd hf
‘a&S@ajy;zufqpfpepf’udk Armjynftajctaet& tm rnf? trdef@tm%meJ@ vkyfEdkifwmrSefor# tvkyfjzpfvdrhfrnf?
%modr;f ppftyk pf u k }uHqazmfxw k wf m jzpfonf? jynfwiG ;f jzpf od@k aomf -
ppfppf jzpfonf? trde@f tm%meJ@ vkyrf &wmawG ay:vmvdrrhf nf? rq
‘1962’ ckEpS w f ek ;f u rqv ppftyk pf u k *smreD. ‘trsKd ; vwke;f uxuf yd+k y;D jrefjrefay:rnf? bma=umifv h q
J akd wmh urBmh
om; qd&k ,S vf pf’ yHpk uH kd tm;uscyhJ &kH onf? rqv ygwu D kd ‘emZD pD;yGm;a&;/ b¾ma&; tusyq f u kd af eonf? vlra_ &;/ Edik if aH &;/ ppf
ygw’D qefqef zG@J pnf;vnfywfco hJ nf? od@k aomf tHr0if cGirf usc?hJ a&; tusyt f wnf;qDo@kd a&S;±_aeonf? ukeaf ps;E_e;f awG wuf
rqv ygw. D eHygw0f rf;tyg xdyo f ;D tm;vH;k rSm *syef aeonf? 'gawG tm;vH;k udk ppftyk pf u k trde@f tm%meJ@ ajz&Si;f
zufqpfpepf. ‘ausmif;awmfom;’ awG jzpf=uonf? 'ga=umifh vd@k r&? ‘a&S@ajy; zufqpfpepf’ uae+y;D ‘ppftm%m&Sipf epf’qDo@kd
*syefzufqpfypkH /H *syefzufqpf[efukd yd+k y;D usio hf ;kH =uonf? ul;vdrrhf nf? ‘2008 tajccH Oya'’ u ta&;ay:umv jyÏmef;
• ‘*syefzufqpfpepf’ rSm v$wfawmf&Sdonf? csurf sm; csxm;onf? ‘tajccHOya'wGi;f u tm%modr;f yG’J wck
rqv rSmvnf; ‘v$waf wmf’ &So d nf? udk ar#mrf eS ;f Edik o
f nf? ppftm%m&Sipf epfqw kd muvnf; zufqpf
• ta&;}uD;qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk ppftyk pf u k yJ cs pepfyJ jzpfonf? *syefu b,fwek ;f urS zufqpfpepf usio hf ;kH onf
rSwfonf? xdk@twl rqv v$wfawmfu [k rajymcJyh g? zufqpfygw/D emZDygwD rzG@J yg? ‘ppftyk pf ’k zG@J +y;D ‘ppf
vnf; t'Dtwdik ;f vkyo f nf? tm%m&Sipf epf’ udyk J usio hf ;kH onf?
• *syefzufqpfpepfrmS *syef=unf;wyfu }u;D pd;k
ovdk ArmjynfrmS vnf; =unf;wyfuyJ }u;D pd;k (4)
onf?
• *syefukd twk,v l akd yr,fh r,lEikd w f mu *syef ed*;kH csKyf&aomf -
rSmu *syefvrl sKd ;csn;f &So d nf? 99³ 4 &mckid Ef e_ ;f *syefzufqpfpepfu jynfyuvm+yD; jynfyjyefomG ;wm
&So
d nf? ArmjynfrmS u ArmvlrsKd ;u 66 &mckid f jzpfonf? rdrw d @kd awmfveS af &;uvnf; +yKd awmhr,fh *syefukd wwyf
E_e;f om &So d nf? +yD;awmh *syefrmS u tm;vH;k wtm; 0if+zKd wmom jzpfonf? rdrw d @kd rwduk v
f nf; *syef qkw&f rSm
&Siw f kd Ak'b < mom0ifawGcsn;f jzpfonf? c&pf jzpfonf? od@k aomf =umvdrrhf nf? wdik ;f jynfemvdrrhf nf?
,mef r&So d avmufy?J ArmjynfrmS awmh od=u tckay:wJh ‘a&S@ajy;zufqpfpepf’ u jynfyu vmwm
wJt h wdik ;f bmompH&k o dS nf? 'ga=umifh ‘Arm r[kw?f jynfwiG ;f jzpfppfppf jzpfonf? ol@ukd ‘jynfo@l tiftm;’ eJ@
vlrsKd ;}uD;0g'’ usio hf ;kH onf? om +zdKzsu&f vdrrhf nf? jynfo@l tiftm;pkpnf;r_ jrefav ‘a&S@ajy;
• *syefrmS u {u&mZf&o dS nf? *syefppftyk pf u k 4 zufqpfpepf’ usq;kH r_jrefav jzpfvmvdrrhf nf?
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
ta&;awmfykH
}uH§h zG@H tpd;k &vufxufrmS
bmtajymif;tvJ &Srd vJ?
rdrw
d @kd bmvkyrf vJ? (&JabmfndKrif;)
(wpf)
ppftm%m&Sipf epfu ykwo f ifnKd vdk ta&mifajymif;wwfonf? § ‘v$waf wmfEikd if aH &;’ vky&f if; twdu k t
f cHawGukd ‘2008’
jynfwiG ;f jynfytajctaeeJ@ Edik if aH &;&moDOwkukd =unf+h y;D ajymif; tajccHabmiftwGi;f oGi;f +y;D +ird 0f yfyjd ym;atmif vkyrf nf?
jcif; jzpfonf?
1962 ckEpS w f ek ;f u ppfat;wdu k yf jJG yif;xefaecsed f jzpf
onf? Armjynf. teD;ywf0ef;usiw f iG yf if tajctae wif;rm (oHk;)
aeonf? rdrw d @kd buftwGuf wGuq f csu?f
• AD,uferfppf jzpfaeonf? rdrw d @kd bufqw kd m v$waf wmfjyify Edik if aH &;tiftm;
• ,d;k ',m;wGif ‘qD;wd;k ’ ppfXmecsKyf &So d nf? pkrsm;bufuykd J qdv k okd nf? aoe*FAsL[m ajymif;p&mrvd?k ay:
• tdE, dN - ygupPwef &efapmifaeonf? vpDvnf; ajymif;p&mrvd?k enf;y&d,m,fvrf;pOfe@J enf;em
'ga=umifh ‘rqv ppftm%m&Sipf epf’u qd&k , S vf pf rsm;/ ajcvSr;f rsm;udak wmh ajymif;zd@k vrkd nf[k xifonf?
ta&+cKH+yD; tar&duef/ *syefe@J yvl;cJo h nf? Auy . }uHqcsuu f kd av;pm;pGm wifjyygrnf?
1988 ckEpS u f sawmh ppfat;wdu k yf +JG y;D +y?D 'Dru
kd a&pD av § y%mr }uHqcsuo f m jzpfonf? !‡Ed i_d ;f +yD; jyKjyif
±l;wdu
k af ecsed jf zpfv@kd 'Drukd a&pDta&+cK+H y;D qd&k , S vf pf w±kwef @J p&m&Su d jyKjyifygrnf?
yvl;onf? § rdrw d @kd bufrmS ‘taetxm;rsKd ;pH’k jzpfonf? 'g
2011 rSm b,fvjkd ynfwiG ;f jynfytajctae (&moDO a=umifh ud, k t hf aetxm;t& enf;emeJ@ajcvSr;f rsm;udk oifh
wk) &Srd vJ? tJ'gukd wGuq f =u&ygrnf? ovdk usio hf ;kH &rnf?
§ Oya'wGi;f enf;/ Oya'yenf; aygi;f pyf&rnf? Oya'y
(ESpf) a&mufaeonfh tiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; ‘Oya'wGi;f ’ &yfwnf
21 &mpktzGiu hf 9§11 jzpfonf? tar&duefu ppfaoG;ºu/ vuf v_yf&Sm;Edkifrnfh vlr_a&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; wnf&Sdv_yf&Sm;Edkif
,m;+yD; ppfyw JG csKd @ wdu
k of nf? tmz*efepPwefppf r+yD;ao;? tD atmif yHyh ;kd axmufuo l ifyh gonf?
&wfppf +yD;+yD? quf'rf[pl ed u f kd }udK;ay;Edik of nf? 'gayrJh tjrwf (av;)
xGuw f mu tD&ef(quf'rf[pl ed &f @J urBmra=u&efo)l jzpfomG ; tvm;tvmudk rSe;f qcsu?f
onf? § }uH§h zG@H tpd;k &ydik f owif;pmrsm; &S+d yD; jzpfonf?
21 &mpk&@J 'kw, d q,fpEk pS t f zGirhf mS u ajrxJyifv,f tck tm%m+ydKifppfwyfu owif;pmxkwv f mawmhrnf? [dk
awmifbufjcrf;rSm v_yv f y_ &f mS ;&Sm; jzpfaeonf? ±_yaf xG;onf? wke;f uvdyk J *g;'D;,ef;vdk wm0efxrf;aqmifrmS vd@k wGuo f nf?
tckawmh ukvvH+k cKaH &;aumifpD qH;k jzwfcsuef @J ppfa&;t& tar&d § Adv k af rmifarmif/ Adv k af tmif}uD;/ Advk w f ifazwd@k
uef/ jyifopf/ t*Fvyd f 0ifpu G af eonf? rdrw d @kd trd ef ;D csi;f w±kwf nD!w G af ewke;f u jy\emrjzpfayr,fh tusKd ;pD;yGm;csi;f yËd
eJ@tEd , dN u tJ't D ±_yxf rJ yg? vufa&Smifonf? tar&duefu yuQjzpfvmawmh oJ}uD;rJ}uD; tm%mvk=uovd/k tckvnf;
vnf; [dw k ek ;f uvdk rarmufrmawmh? ‘igacgi;f aqmifr,f’ vd@k rkcsjzpfvmvdrrhf nf?
rvky0f ?hH aewd;k ppftyk pf u k vnf; acgi;f aqmifz@kd tifwifwif jzpf § tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;/ ausmif;om;pwJh tzG@J
aeonf? bmjzpfrvJ? apmifh=unfh&ygrnf? }uHh§zGH@ tpdk;&u tpnf;awGukd zG@J z@kd }uH§h zG@H tpd;k & pDpOfvrd rhf nf? b,fypkH eH @J
rD;pif=unf+h y;D uvdrrhf nf? Edik if jH cm;a&;&mwGif etz tpd;k & ajym ay:vmrvJ apmif=h unfrh nf? olw@kd vnf; ‘vlra_ &;tzG@J tpnf;’
cJyh rkH sKd ;awmh ajymawmhrnfr[kw[ f k wGuq f onf? tar&duef/ awG zG@J =urSm jzpfonf?
tD;,lw@kd e@J &if=um;apha&;udk wd;k +y;D }uKd ;pm;vdrrhf nf? 'gu Edik if jH cm; rdrwd @kd u b,fvkd toH;k csrvJqw kd mawmh
a&;&m wGuq f csujf zpfonf? ta&;}uD;wmu jynfwiG ;f a&;yJ ud, k pf t D aetxm;/ tajctaeeJ@ pGr;f tm;ay:rSmyJ
jzpfonf? wnfygvrd rhf nf?
jynfwiG ;f a&;rSmawmh wrsKd ;jzpfvrd rhf nf? aocsmwmuawmh tcsdeftawmf=um
wGuq f &wmu etz tpd;k &&J@ =um jyifqifwm vky=f u&ygrnf? yHpk aH [mif;eJawmh
§ NLD udk xde;f csKyfa&; qufvyk rf nf? vkyrf &wm aocsmygonf?
§ +idr;f tzG@J awGukd usKH ;oGi;f wJt h vkyf qufvyk rf nf?
5
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
EkdifiHa&;eJ@ obm0ywf0ef;usif

{&m0wDukd u,fwifyg
rSL;up+yD; ppfwyftm%mydkifawGu opfawGudk ajymif
atmif ckwcf iG /hf o,faqmifciG ahf wGukd ay;cJ=h uw,f? w±kwf
ukef onfu 'Dvu kd pd rP mS u|r;f usiw
f ,f? tJ'v
D ekd @J {&m0wD
opf v G i f r if ; jrpfzsm;rSm awmawG tukejf yKe;f w,f? tJ't D cgusrS jrpfzsm;
{&mrSm awmvH;k ajymif awmifv;kH &Si;f awmhw,f?

(1) aEGO;D aygupf rSmyJ {&m0wDjrpfa=umif;rSm oJaomifawG xGe;f - 1978 ckEpS t f xd (2 ygwo D abmwlncD sut f &) pyg;waph
+y;D jrpfa=umif;usO;f vmw,fv@kd od&w,f? 'g[m {&m0wD opfwprS Armjynfu w±kwjf ynfukd xkwcf iG hf ray;cJb h ;l ?
ruse;f rmawmhb;l qdw k hJ vuQ%myg? (89) usawmh awmifuwH;k jzpfatmifcw k +f yD; xkwaf &mif;
(2) {&m0wD[m Armjynf&@J toufaoG;a=umjzpfw,f? Arm w,f? a&S;ya0o%Duwnf;u &Scd w hJ hJ obm0awm}uD;
jynf&@J ordik ;f u {&m0wDukd trSjD yK+y;D jzpfay:cJw h myJ? {&m0 awG ajymifuek af tmif ckw+f yD; a&mif;w,f?
wDay:rSmyJ Armjynf&@J ordik ;f a&;cJ=h uwmyJ? {&m0wD wdrf - w±kwjf ynfuvnf; wHcg;zGiahf y:vpDusio hf ;kH p/‘a&mif;Edik f
aum&if wdik ;f jynfwrd af umrSmyJ? wm tukeaf &mif;r,f - 0,fEikd w f mtuke0f ,fr,f’ qdw k hJ
(3) {&m0wD ruse;f rrm p+y;D jzpfwm e0w§etz acwfrmS usrS ay:vpD vkyu f mpqdak wmh awmjyKef; awmifuwH;k jzpfwm
jzpfwmyg? [dw k ek ;f uqd&k if {&m0wD use;f use;f rmrm &Scd hJ rqef;bl;?
w,f? a&pD;a&vmaumif;cJw h ,f? e0w§etz acwfusrS - {&m0wD&@J tpu arc/ arvdcyg? ol@a&t&if;tjrpfu
p+y;D ruse;f rrmjzpfwmyJ? jzpfpOfu=kd unf&h if - rd;k wGi;f rSm rd;k a&/ aEGcgrmS t&nfaysmu f swhJ a&cJa&yJ &Sw d m
v awmjyKef;wmu pw,f? jzpfw,f? odyrf sm;wm r[kwb f ;l ? atmufyikd ;f u jrpfvuf
- Auy +zKd cJaG &;twGuf e0w u +ird ;f tzG@J awGukd Edik if aH &; wufawGuyJ a&t&if;tjrpf azmazmoDoD&wm jzpf
rvky&f if+yD;a&m usew f mtukev f yk cf iG ahf y;cJw
h ,f? Auy w,f? wmydejf rpf/ a&$vjD rpf/ jrpfi,f ('kÏm0wD)/ csi;f wGi;f wd@k
‘101’ a'o(ucsijf ynfe,ftxl;a'o 1) cGx J u
G af wGu jzpfw,f? wmydeef @J a&$vu D w±kwjf ynfrmS jrpfzsm;cHwmyJ?
opfyifawG&o dS r#cw k +f y;D a&mif;w,f? 101 a'orSm opfawG w±kwjf ynfxrJ mS qnfawGaqmuf/ v#ypf pfxw k f vky=f u
ukefawmhjrpfzsm;a'o&Sd wdkif;rSL;/ AsL[mrSL;/wyf&if; awmh a&oGm; a&vmawG wef@w,f? cgwikd ;f vdk azmazm

6
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f

oDoD r&Edik af wmhb;l ? 'kÏm0wD (jrpfi,f)/ csi;f wGi;f uawmh v vlO;D a& wd;k vmwm?
jynfwiG ;f rSm tajccHwmygy?J 'gayrJh tckawmh &J (&ref;) Armjynf&@J vlO;D a& b,favmuf&o dS vJqw kd m
a&umwm}uD; wnfaqmufxm;vd@k / a&$usif ausmuf twdtus w&m;0ifxw k jf yefwm rawG@&bl;? rsm;vmwm
wl;=uvd@k cgwikd ;f vdk a&oGm;a&vm raumif;awmhb;l ? uawmh aocsmw,f? oef; (60) vm;/ b,favmufvJ
jrpfi,fjrpfa&u {&m0wDxJ pD;0ifwm tif;0 (ppfuikd ;f ) rodb;l ? 'gayrJh etz uawmh a&S;bk&ifacwfu pyg;t
wHwm;atmufrmS jzpfw,f? wHwm;aqmuf+y;D uwnf; xGuEf e_ ;f udak wmif odaeovdyk ?J r=umcifu xkwjf yefwhJ
u wHwm;atmufrmS aomifxeG ;f wm udv k ekd aD cwfu pyg;txGuf pm&if;tif;rSm azmfjyxm;wm awG@vu kd w
f ,f?
wnf;uyJ? 'gayrJh rd;k wGi;f rSm jrpfi,f ('kÏm0wD) a&t[kef olw@kd vufxufrmS pyg;awG AH;k aygvatm xGuaf =umif;
u wdu k pf m;ypfay;vd@k a&vrf;a=umif;u wnf+ird cf w hJ ,f? ºum;csifvdk@ a&S;bk&ifacwf pyg;xGufE_ef;awGeJ@ Ed_if;,SOf
tckawmh wHwm;u (2) pif;? 'kÏm0wD (jrpfi,f) u a&t azmfjyxm;wmyg?
[kef raumif;awmhb;l ? 'ga=umifh aomifxeG ;f wmu =um vlO;D a& rsm;vm&if pm;oH;k olrsm;r,f? pm;zd@k pyg;
av us,jf yef@av jzpfvmw,f? txufyikd ;f rSm awmjyKe;f pdu
k =f ur,f? {&m0wDjrpfa&wif+yD; pdu k wf m &Srd ,f? acsmif;
vd@k wdu k pf m;vmwJh oJawGuvnf; yd+k yD; rsm;vmw,f? ajrmif;awGyw d +f y;D a&,lr,f? pduk rf ,f? tJ'aD wmh {&m0wD&@J
=um&if {&m0wDjrpfu aumrSmyJ? jrpfaumvm&if jrpft a&t&if;tjrpf =umav ukecf ef;av jzpfrmS yJ?
wGi;f rSm a&pD;a&vm &yfomG ;r,f? tydik ;f ydik ;f tjywfjywf
a&aoa=umif;awG jzpfomG ;r,f? 'grjzpfEikd w f m r[kwf (4) tcsed rf aESmif;ao;bl;?
bl;? wjcm;Edik if aH wGrmS jzpfwmudk awG@ae&wmyJ? {&m0wDukd u,fwifr,ft h pd;k &?
v urBm&h moDOwk azmufjyefwm? {&m0wDukd ukpm;r,fyh nm&Si?f
'guvnf; wa=umif;yJ? 'Dupd u P rdrw d @kd csn;f {&m0wDukd cspjf rwfE;kd wJjh ynfo?l
tJ'(D 3) OD;aygi;f +y;D vky&f if {&m0wD&iS o f efEikd w
f ,f?
wwfprG ;f Edik w f uhJ pd P r[kwb f ;l ? urBmeJ@!+d‡ yD; vky&f rSmyg?
tcsed rf aESmif;ao;bl;? ukpm;vd@k &ao;w,f?
rdrwd @kd wwfprG ;f Edik w
f mu wHwm;aqmuf/ qnfwnfwm
Auy u {&m0wDukd cspw f ,f? ta=umif;trsKd ;
awGrmS a&&Snt f jrif&&dS dS vkyzf @kd y?J tckawmh acsmif;awG/
rsKd ;a=umifh wdik ;f jcm;jynfjcm;rSm uG,v f eG wf hJ Auy rsm;[m
jrpfawGrmS t&rf;uma&m qnfawGz@kd / wHwm;awG xd;k ae
olw@kd &@J t±d;k jymudk {&m0wDtxd pD;0ifomG ;atmif ar#may;
=uw,f? (ppfAdkvfvkyfwwfwmvnf; tJ'Dvdk wnf
ygv@kd yJ rSmcJ=h uolcsn;f yJ? use&f pfol rdom;pkuvnf; wul;
aqmufa&;rSm uefx±du k ef @J aygi;f pm;zk@d y?J ) {&m0wD&@J
wu ar#may;cJ=h uw,f?
a&t&if;tjrpfawGu =umavavsmhyg;av jzpfae+yD?
{&m0wDuu kd ,fwifwhJ vkyif ef;rSm Auy wuf
acsmif;aumwm/ ajrmif;aumwmawG &Sad e+y?D tif;av;
wufºuºu yg0ifygr,f? u|r;f usiw f hJ ynm&Sirf sm;&J@ acgi;f
uef a&cef;pjyKae+y?D
aqmifra_ emufrmS / wm0efot d pk;d &&J@aemufrmS t+r&J adS erSm
yg? {&m0wDukd tcsed rf D u,fwif=uygp@kd ?

7
opf v G i f r if ;
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
EkdifiHa&;
‘etz bwf*su’f &J@ t"dym` ,f Edkifw,f? um§csKyfu txl;&efyHkaiGudk
oloHk;csifovdk oHk;Edkifw,fr[kwfvm;?
b,furkd S wifjyaep&m rvdb k ;l ? orRw
uvnf; aiGcsay;+yD;&if ppfaq;ydik cf iG hf r&Sd
0if ; xk d u f bl;? orRweJ@ um§csKyfu tm%m+ydKif
jzpfaeawmh 'D (2) zuf&J@ txufrSm
‘etz’ eHygw0f rf;&Sad e&rSmyJ? etz w
&m;0if ysurf ysuf raocsmbl;? ‘Edik if OH ;D
(1) etz u ‘bwf*su’f xkwjf yefw,f? ‘}uH§h zG@H v$waf wmf’ udk
ao#miftzG@J ’ &Srd vdvk v
kd nf; =um;&w,f?
ab;cswd +f y;D vkyvf ukd wf myJ? bmt"dym` ,fv?J jzpfEikd w f mawGukd
jzpfEikd w
f myJ?
pOf;pm;awG;q=unf=h uzd@k vdyk gw,f? Auy pOf;pm;rdwmawG wif
•owif;pmrSm owif; azmfjyyHk
jyygr,f?
ukd =unf+h y;D pOf;pm;p&m ay:w,f? ppfwikd ;f
(u) bwf*surf mS etz ±H;k twGuf usyaf iGuak Ë (2000)
rSL;u 0ef}uD;&J@ txufrmS azmfjyw,f?
owfrw S x f m;w,f? v$waf wmfxu J srS ‘bwf*su’f
‘etz’ tzG J @ 0if u d k a wmh ppf w d k i f ; rS L ;
wif&if etztwGuf ‘ukaËESpaf xmif’ vd@k acgi;f pOf
txufrmS azmfjyw,f? ppfwyfxrJ mS &S=d u
cGwJ if&if vl&,fp&mjzpfr,f? twdik ;f wdik ;f tjynfjynf
wkef;u 0ef}uD;qdkolawGu tJ'Dppfwdkif;
=um;vd@k vnf; rawmfb;l ? rqvwke;f ueJ@ twlwl ygyJ
rSL;uav;awGxuf &mxl;}uD;=uolawG
vdk@ tm;vHk;u 0dkif;ajym=uvdrfhr,f? rqvwkef;
jzpfw,f?
uvnf; bwf*sucf w JG rf;csay;cJ&h wmyJ r[kwv f m;?
'gu ol@tajccHOya'eJ@tnD vkyw f mjzpfv@kd vl&,fp&m
pOf;pm;r,fq&kd if pOf;pm;p&mawG odyrf sm;
rjzpfb;l ?
w,f? ‘2008 tajccHOya'’ rSmudu k r&Si;f r&Si;f
tck ‘2008 tajccHOya'’ rSm tJ'yD 'k rf rsKd ;
a&;xm;wmyJ? wcsKd @y'k rf qd&k if orRweJ@ um§csKyf
rygb;l ? etz±H;k twGuf bwf*sucf w JG rf; csay;&r,fv@kd
&efwukd af y;xm;ovdv k ykd ?J
a&;rxm;bl;? ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfygvdk@ ajymxm;
(2) ‘ppfaumifp’D rSm eHygw0f rf; &S&d +rJ jzpfw,f? ppf
w,f?
aumifp0D iftcsi;f csi;f yËdyuQjzpf&ifjzpfap/ 0ef}uD;
(c) tckb¾mESpt f wGuyf J cGwJ rf;csay;wmyJ? aemuf
tcsi;f csi;f yËdyuQjzpf&if jzpfap ‘eHygw0f rf;’ u tqH;k
ESpaf wGrmS aum ‘etz’ twGuf cJw G rf;csay;rSmvm;/
tjzwfay;&+rJ jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh etz &So d nfjzpf
'gr&Si;f bl;?
ap etz zsu+f y;D ‘tuv aumifp’D udk v$o J nfjzpf
jzpfEikd w f mu 'DwESpyf aJ y;wm jzpfvrd rhf ,f?
ap eHygw0f rf;uawmh &Sad e&rSmyg?
'gayrJh pOfpm;p&mu
• apmfbmG ;awG tm%mpGe@f wek ;f uvdk etz
aemifvmr,fh ‘bwf*su’f awGrmS txl;
udk avsmaf =u;ay;wmvm;? 'grjzpfEikd b f ;l ?
&efyakH iGukd *±kwpdu
k f apmif=h unfzh @kd vdyk g
• Adv
k o f ef;a&$w@kd u aemufEpS rf mS ao=urSm
vdrrhf ,f?
vm;? 'gvnf; rajymEdik b f ;l ? aorif; ac:csiw f t
hJ csed f
ac:rSm?
•etz xdyfoD;}uD;awGu um§csKyf &J@
(10 - 3 - 2011)
txl;&efyakH iGxu J cGw J rf; ‘qufa=u;’ ,lwmyJ jzpf

8
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
EkdifiHa&;
ppftm%m&Sifpepf tajccspOfu ta=umif;
(etz Akdvfoef;a&$ bmtcuftcJawG@aewmvJ)
xG e f ; aomf

1? vGecf w hJ hJ ESpf 50 u ppftm%m&Sipf epf tajccscw hJ ,f? ygomG ;wJh Akv d af usmpf ;dk u ae0if;ukd oHawmfO;D wifv@dk jrefjref
tJ'gudk jyefajym&wmu tck etz Akv d o f ef;a&$w@dk ppftm &Si;f ypfwmjzpfw,f?
%m&Sipf epfudk 'Dru dk a&pD rsuEf mS zH;k pGyaf y;aewmrSm tcuf (Akv d af e0if;u tm%modr;f zk@d wkid yf ifco hJ l 2 OD;
awG@aeyHu k dk ajymcsiv f @kd yg? bmawGu b,fvdk tcufawG@ xJrmS Akv d af usmpf ;dk u t"du usw,f? 7 &ufZv l ikd rf mS vnf;
aeovJqw dk m ukd apma=umavhvmzk@d y?J jynfxJ a&; ukid w f hJ Akv
d af usmpf ;dk [m t"duvly?J )
2? ppftm%m&Sipf epf tajccspOfu qk&d , S v f pfrsuEf mS zH;k 3? Akv d o f ef;a&$&@J tcufu ol@ ‘'Dru dk a&pD’ukd vlawGu
oH;k cJw h ,f? tJ'u D mvu ‘qk&d , S v f pf0g'’ qk&d , S v f pfprf; t,Ht k =unf r&Sw d myJ? olvyk cf o hJ r#uvnf; t&m&meJ@
oyfru _ dk vGwv f yfcgp Ekid if w H idk ;f avmufu vkyaf e=ucsed f ta=umif;a=umif;csn;f yJ? NLD vkd 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pk
jzpfw,f? a&yef;pm;aew,f? ArmjynfrmS vnf; a&yef; }u;D uvnf; ol@udk bmrS ar#mv f ifrh xm;bl;? ‘ES;D aESmyG’J qkd
pm;w,f? Auy u vG&J if tm;vH;k avmufu ArmjynfrmS wmawGvnf; Adv k af e0if;vdk ol rvky0f b hH ;l ? vky&f if ‘awmuf
'Dru dk a&pDawmfveS af &;tqifh +yD;qH;k +yDv@dk ,lq+yD; qk&d , S f wJh vSn;f eif;’ jzpfr,f?
vpfprf;oyfru _ dk vkyaf e=ucsed jf zpfw,f? tm%m& qk&d , S f ol@=oZmruku d w f hJ Akv
d af wGudk &Si;f ypfz@kd usawmh
vpfygwu D vnf; qk&d , S v f pfa&; aºu;a=umf+y;D t&yfbuf yk+d y;D cufao;w,f? Akv d cf if!eG @f udk &Si;f ypfwmrSmawmif Akv d f
AsL±ku d &uf t&if;&Si}f uD;pepfudk xlaxmifaevk@d =umav cif!eG @f u ‘vnfveG ;f wJb h ;D acs;oif’h atmif vkyrf v d @kd y?J
emrnfysuaf v jzpfaew,f? ('Dupd aP wmh aemufusrS tcsed o f ifrh S a&;ygr,f?)
tJ't D ajctaerSm Akv d af e0if;ppftyk pf u k ‘rq Akv
d af e0if;uawmh &Si;f &r,fh Akv d af wGudk t&if&iS ;f
v’vrf;pOfe@J wpifaxmifvmwm jzpfw,f? aqG+idr;f qdk ypfEidk cf v hJ @kd tm;vH;k tqifajyw,f?
&S,v f pfe@J jywfjywfc+JG y;D xGuv f mwmqkad wmh ol@udk vlawG Akvd o f ef;a&$uawmh awmfveS af &;ae@udk trnf
u tawmfav;ar#mfvifh=uw,f? oluvnf; tJ'Dvkd ajymif;xm;wJh ‘wyfrawmfae@’qdw k mukad wmif rvky0f b hH ;l ?
ar#mv f ifah tmif vkyx f m;w,f? ‘ES;D aESmzvS,yf ’JG yHpk eH @J vl ‘65’ ESpf ajrmufwek ;f uawmh tawmfudk }uD;}uD;us,f
awGudk ajymqkcd iG ahf wG ay;xm;w,f? ajymvnf; ajym=u us,f vkycf w hJ ,f?
w,f? Ekid if aH &;t& t}uaH y;qk+d y;D ‘t}uaH y;tzG@J ’ qkw d m tck ‘66’ ESpaf jrmufusrS rvky0f b hH ;l ?
awmif zG@J vu dk af o;w,f? aocsmwmuawmh tul;tajymif;u racsmarG@
tajctaeawGudk Akv d af e0if;u qkyrf u d idk rf v d nf; bl;? 'Drkdua&pD rsufESmzHk;pGyfyGJrSm tcuf&Sdaew,f? OD;
&Sad &m ‘1974 tajccHOya'’ukd csrw S v f u dk w f ,f? }uD;}uD; eif;yhaJ xmif jzpfaew,f?
rm;rm; uef@uu G o f l r&Sb d ;l ? tJ'v D edk @J ‘qd&k , S v f pf rsuEf mS zH;k Akv d af e0if; tul;tajymif;vky&f pOfu
pGyf ppftm%m&Sipf epf’ ay:vmwmyJ? pkpak ygi;f 12 ESpf =um ol@toufu Akv d o f ef;a&$ tcktouf
w,f? xuf i,fw,f? v_yv f y_ &f mS ;&Sm; oGm;
tJ'D12 ESpftwGif;rSm Akdvfae0if;u ol@=oZm oGm;vmvm vkyEf idk w f ,f?
ruku d w f hJ Akv d af tmif}u;D udak &m/ ol@=oZm ruku d b f ;l xifol Ekid if w
H umh tajctaeuvnf; Akv d f
awGuydk g tm;vH;k ukd wyfxu J &Si;f ypf+yD;+yD? ae0if;wke;f ueJ@ rwlb;l ? Armjynftay:
‘ar#mw f idk ;f a0;’ol wa,mufu Akv d af e0if;ajym Ekid if wH umh tokid ;f t0ef;&J@ oabm
wJh Akv d af tmif}u;D ta=umif;a&;aewm awG@w,f? rjynfh xm;u aumif;vSwm r[kwb f ;l ?
pHyk gb;l ? Akv d af e0if;u Akv d af tmif}u;D ukd &Si;f ypf&wJh t"du
ta=umif;u Akv d af tmif}u;D u aqG+ird ;f qk&d , S v f pfudk tm 'ga=umifh Akvd o f ef;a&$ r0Hrh &Jjzpfaew,f? ajcvSr;f
%mjyeftyfcsiv f @kd &Si;f ypfwmyJ? (*syefjynfrmS *syef0ef}uD; us,u
f s,f rvSr;f 0Hb
h ;l / aoG;wk;d prf;+yD; vkyaf e&wmyJ? ?
csKyfudk Akv d af tmif}u;D tmacsmif+y;D ajymcJw h mawGudk twl

9
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
obmoywf 0 ef ; usif
awG;rdavwdik ;f &ifem&ygonf
(ausmfrif;)
em*pfrek w f ikd ;f ta=umif; a&;cJ=h uwmawGrsm;vS+y?D tjzpftysurf sKd ;pHk
ta=umif;t&mrsKd ;pHu k kd trsKd ;rsKd ;aomtjrifawG trsKd ;rsKd ;aom ±_
axmifahf wGraS eI a&;cJ=h u+yD? ajymcJq h ckd =hJ u+yD? 'Dvakd &;cJh ajymcJ=h u
wmawG[m em*pfrkefwdkif;=uD; b,favmufawmif jyif;xefjyD;
vlawGb,fvakd oausc&hJ w,f/ td;k tdrw f u kd w f mawG v,f,mudik ;f
u|e;f awG pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;awGb,fr#q;kH ±_;H oGm;cJ&h w,f qdw k mawG
xuf 'Drek w f ikd ;f =u;D tay: xm;cJw h hJ ppf tpd;k &eJ@ ppftm%mydik af wG&hJ 'Dvakd &$@ajymif;&mrSm aq;±kv H el mawGukd wa,mufrusef a&$@ajymif;
,kwrf myufpufwhJ pdw"f mwfe@J oabmxm;awGukd &G&H mS rke;f wD;pdwf ay;cJyh gw,f? vlemawGukd avwyf&@J tultnDe@J ajymif;a&$@c&hJ
rauseyfpw d af wGe@J a&;cJh ajymcJ=h uwmawGu ydrk sm;ygw,f? tck wmyg? +rdK@o+l rdK@om;awGukd vH+k cHKwJu h ,fq,fa&;pcef;awGziG jhf yD;
vnf; ra&;bJraeEdik af vmufatmif ta=umif;t&mawGu wdu k f em;cdck iG ahf y;cJwh myg? aemufq;kH u,fq,fa&; pcef;awG jynfo h mG ;
qdik v f mvd@k xyfa&;&ygO;D r,f? awmh useo f al wGukd eD;pyf&m awmifw h if;wJh taqmufttHak wG
wdik ;f jynfwjynf&@J tpd;k &qdw k m[m tJ'h w D ikd ;f jynfrmS &Sw d hJ tdraf wGrmS aeapchyJ gw,f? avrkew f ikd ;f rvmcifrmS tdraf wG t
wkid ;f oljynfom;awG&@J tusK;d udak qmifz@kd / ab;tE©&m,fawGukd um aqmufttHak wGukd awmifEh idk o f r#awmihaf tmif oJtw d af wGz@kd
uG,w f m;qD;zd@k / 'kuu Q yfab;qd;k awG usa&mufvm&ifvnf; u,f wmwd@k / oHra_d wGe@J &du k wf mwd@k ukd vkyx f m;=uygw,f? rkew f ikd ;f eJ@
q,fz@kd ulnaD xmufyzhH @kd wm0ef&ydS gw,f? wdik ;f jynf&@J b¾maiGawG twl ay 30 ausmjf rifw h hJ 'Da&v_id ;f }uD;awG wufr,fv@kd wGuf
udck ;kd zd@k 0Suzf @kd / om;pOfajr;qufo;kH rukeaf tmiftrdt&,lz@kd / pnf; csufxm;wJhtwGuf urf;pyfaejynfoltm;vHk;udk ajymif;a&$@
pdrcf pH m;zd@k / jynfov l x l u k akd wmh rw&m;ESyd pf ufnO‡ ;f qJowfjzwf+yD; ay;xm;cJhygw,f? tdrfawGxJrSmusefaeolawGudkvnf; b,f
ab;'kuq Q ;kd awGe@J }uHKawG@vm&if ypfxm;zd@k / rodcsiaf ,mif aqmif vdak e&xdik &f r,f qdw k mawGukd ynmay;r_awG vkyaf y;aecJyh gw,f?
aezd@k ud, k u f sKd ;twGuyf J OD;pm;ay;vkyzf @kd r[kwyf gb;l ? 'Dawmh u|ef tqH;k pGerf mS uav;awGukd rkew f ikd ;f eJ@ywfoufv@kd b,fvykd nmay;
awmfw@kd Eidk if u H kd tkycf sKyfrif;vkyaf ewJh ppfAv kd cf sKyf}uD;awG[m b,f xm;&r,f qdw k mutp use;f rma&;Xmeu !¸e=f um;ay;cJyh gw,f?
vdk vlrsK;d awGvJ qdw k mudk waphwapmif; =unf=h u&atmif? b,f E S p f e m&D u ae b,f t csd e f t xd bmtquf t oG , f r S
wavmwke;f u =opa=w;vsrmS {&mrrkew f ikd ;f }u;D wck 0if r&Ekdifwm/ v#yfppfrD;utp jywfawmufaerSmawGudk =udKwif
a&mufwu kd cf wfomG ;cJw h ,f? rkew f ikd ;f u b,favmuftxd }uD; ynmay;xm;cJyh gw,f?
vJqdkawmh u|efawmfwdk@qDrSm wdkufoGm;wJh em*pfrkefwdkif;xuf rkefwdkif;wdkufjyD; aemufwae@rSm xdcdkufaoausr_udk
yd}k u;D w,f? em*pfrek w f ikd ;f &J@ tjrifq h ;kH wdu k cf wfomG ;wJh avwdu k Ef e_ ;f u pm&if;csKyfvdkufawmh aoqHk;olwOD;yJ &SdwmudkawG@&ygw,f?
wem&D 215 uDvrkd w D myg? tqifah v; qdik u f vke;f rkew f ikd ;f tjzpf aowJo h u l vnf; rkew f ikd ;f a=umifah owm r[kwb f J tdru
f tcef;
owfrw S x f m;wmyg? tck =opa=w;vsEidk if aH jrmufyikd ;f uGi;f pvef; usO;f xJrmS rD;pufziG x hf m;vd@k touf&KS usyjf y;D aoqH;k oGm;wmyg?
jynfe,frmS wdu k cf wfomG ;wJh &mqD( Yasi ) rkew f ikd ;f uawmh wem&D 'gavmuf}uD;rm; a=umufrufzG,faumif;wJh tqifhtjrifhqHk;
udk 285 uDvrkd w D mE_e;f eJ@ wdu k cf wfomG ;wmyg? tqifih g; qdik u f vke;f tjyif;xefq;kH {&mrrkew f ikd ;f =uD;udk jynfov l x
l ak wG taot
rkew f ikd ;f trsK;d tpm;yg? 2011 ckEpS f azazmf0g&v D qef; 3 &ufae@ reuf aysmuf r&So d avmuf tenf;qH;k jzpfatmif pGr;f aqmifay;Ekid cf w hJ hJ
vif;tm;}u;D tcsed rf mS wdu k cf wfomG ;wmyg/ 'Drek w f ikd ;f }u;D rwdu k cf ifrmS =opa=w;vstpd;k &&J@ vkyaf qmifru _ kd jynfoal wGu aumif;cs;D
=opa=w;vsEidk if H uGi;f pvef; jynfe,ftpd;k &eJ@ uGi;f pvef; jynfol ay;=urS m taotcsmyg? =opa=w;vs0ef = uD ; csKyf a [mif ;
vlx&k @J rkew f ikd ;f tE©&m,f }uKd wifumuG,af &; vkyaf qmifra_ wG[m
tawmfuckd s;D usL;zd@k aumif;ygw,f?
uGif;pvef;jynfe,ftpdk;&[m rkefwdkif;=uD;rwdkufcif 2
&ufcef@u }udKwifjyD; 'Drek w f ikd ;f }uD;[m =opa=w;vsEidk if H ordik ;f rSm
wdu k cf wfz;l or# rkew f ikd ;f awGtm;vH;k xuf yd+k yD;}uD;rm;jyif;xefwhJ
rkew f ikd ;f }uD;jzpfwt hJ a=umif;udk rD', D mawGtm;vH;k uae+yD; vlxk
ud}k uKd wifowday;xm;wmyg? rkew f ikd ;f jzwfoef; wdu k cf wfEidk w f hJ vrf;
a=umif;udv k nf; }udKwifcef@reS ;f csurf sm; xkwjf yefjyD; vrf;a=umif;
usEidk w f hJ +rdK@awGrmS &Sw d hJ vlxu k v kd nf; ab;uif;vH+k cHK&mod@k }udKwif
ajymif;a&$@ay;cJhygw,f? Cairns +rdK@w+rdK@wnf;rSmyif vl
aygif;oHk;aomif;ausmfudkab;uif;&m odk@a&$@ajymif;ay;cJhygw,f?
10
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
vuf&EdS idk if jH cm;a&;0ef=uD; Kevin Rudd qd&k if uGi;f pvef; jynf
e,f a&ab;wke;f u a&jrKyfaewJt h rd af wGu ypPn;f awGukd rd;k xJa&
xJrmS ud, k w f ikd f acgi;f eJ@&u G jf yD; o,fy;kd ulnaD y;cJw h myg? ol 'Dvkd
o,fydk;aewJhab;rSm bmudk,f&HrS r&Sdygbl;? ppfom;wdk@ &Jwdk@
waumifwjr;D rS apmif=h uyfaewmrawG@&ygb;l ? &d;k &d;k t&yfom;vdk
ulncD w hJ myg?
uJ-'Dvo kd rl sm;Ekid if u
H tpd;k &acgi;f aqmifawG olw@kd jynf
olvlxktusdK;udk *&kwpdkufaqmif&Gufwmjrif&jyD;awmh udk,fh
Edik if u H ppftpd;k &acgi;f aqmifawGukd wvSnjhf yef=unf&h atmif?
jrefrmedik if rH mS em*pfrek w f ikd ;f }uD;rwdu k cf if ppftpd;k &u
bmawGvyk af y;cJv h ?J em*pfrek w f ikd ;f }u;D r0ifcifrmS tdE, dN u jrefrm
Edik if uH kd em*pfrek w f ikd ;f &J@ tiftm;jyif;xefre_ @J ywfoufv@kd vSr;f jy;D
owday;w,fv@kd =um;zl;ygw,f? jrefrmEdik if H rd;k av0o Xmeu bmrSr,fr,f&&vkyf ray;ao;ygbl;? 'DtawmtwGif;rSm
vnf; rkefwdkif;&J@tE©&m,fudk }udKwifwGufqrdyHk&ygw,f? u,fq,fa&;rvkyEf idk v f @kd xyfaooGm;&wJo h al wG renf;ygb;l ?
=um;&wJo h wif; b,favmufreS rf rSeaf wmh rodEikd yf gb;l ? rd;k av u,fq,fa&;vkyif ef;awG wu,fpvkyEf idk w f m rkew f ikd ;f wdu k jf y;D 10
0oXmeu wm0ef&o dS w l a,mufu aejynfawmfomG ;+y;D rkew f ikd ;f &J@ &ufausmfrS pEkdifwmyg? 'D=um;xJ EkdifiHwum tultnD
tvm;tvmeJ@ ywfoufv@kd tpD&ifcw H ,fv@kd =um;&ygw,f? 'g awGuv kd nf; r,Ho k uFmjzpf+yD; [dyk w d f 'Dq@kd e@J trsKd ;rsKd ; taESmifh
ayrJh Edik if aH wmft}u;D tuJ}u;D abmvH;k yJG =unfah evd@k tpD&ifccH iG hf t,Suaf wG ay;cJw h myg? rkew f ikd ;f u,fq,fa&;vkyw f hJ apwem
r&bJ jyefc&hJ w,fv@kd =um;zl;ygw,f? 'gayrJh b,fvykd aJ jymajym &Siw f csKd @uvkd nf; zrf;qD;axmifcswt hJ xd vkycf yhJ gw,f? rkew f ikd ;f
aocsmwmuawm@ rkew f ikd ;f rwdu k cf if w&uftvdrk mS a=unm u,fq,fa&;vkyif ef;awGrmS vkyu f ikd af qmif&u G wf o hJ l trsm;pkukd
wmuawmh wem&Drdkif 50 E_ef;txdwdkufr,fvdk@yJ qdkwmyg? r,Ho k uFmpdwef @J apmif=h unfw h mawGvyk cf yhJ gw,f? apwem&Sif
wdu k rf ,fah e@naerSm wcsKd @ae&mawGrmS rdik f 80 txd wdu k Ef idk w
f ,f awGu aiGtm;vltm; tpGr;f ukeo f ;kH +y;D 'kuo Q nfawGtwGuf u,f
vd@k a=unmygw,f? 'DavmufEe_ ;f uawmh wdu k af eusr@kd b,forl S q,fa&;vkyif ef;awG rtm;rvyf vkyaf e=ucsed rf mS ppftpd;k &&J@
axGaxGxl;xl; jyifqifrxm;=uygbl;? omrefrkefwdkif;wckvdkyJ tzJ@G tpnf;wcsK@d u Ekid if w H umu ay;wJh u,fq,fa&;ypPn;f
oabmxm;cJ=h uwmyg? b,forl S 'Davmuf jyif;xefq;kd 0g;vdrhf awGukd aps;uGux f rJ mS csa&mif;ae=uwmyg? Edik if w H umu tul
r,fv@kd rodc=hJ uygb;l ? 'gukd bmu oufaojyaeovJqakd wmh tnDay;wJh tzJ@G tpnf;wHqyd af wGe@J &dumQ ajcmufawG/ a&oef@ bl;
rkew f ikd ;f '%fa=umifh [dik ;f }uD;u|e;f a&wyfpcef;u ppfa&,mOfawG awG/ EkdifvGefjcifaxmifawGudk &efukef+rdK@&J@ aps;wdkif;vdkvdku
epfjrKyo f mG ;&r_ygy?J olw@kd vnf; rkew f ikd ;f &J@ twdik ;f tqudk 'Davmuf vrf;ab;awGrmS aps;aygayge@J csKd csKd acsmifacsmif 0,fv@kd &aecJw h myg?
xd }udKrwGucf =hJ uwm aocsmaeygw,f? a&wyfuawmif }udK ppftpdk;&tqufquf/ ppftkyfpktqufquf xdyfoD;ppfAdkvf
rodwm jynfolawGtwGufawmh aoab;}uD;udk tdyfa&;00 csKyfawG jynfov l x l u k kd b,fvzkd Ed ydS cf sKyfcs,cf =hJ uw,f/ b,fvkd
tdyjf yD; }udKapmifch &hJ ovdk jzpfcw hJ myg? 'Da&awG t&ifwufvm+yD; &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfc=hJ uw,f/ jynfoal wG 'kuaQ &mufae
aemufu rkew f ikd ;f }uD;0ifvmwJh tcsed rf mS jynfoal wG tdyaf rmus csed af wGrmS b,fvkd vspv f sL±_xm;cJ=h uw,f/ b,fvu kd ,
kd u f sKd ;&Sm
aecsed yf g? olw@kd wawGvef@E;kd vmwJt h csed rf mS 'Da&awGu tdraf y: cJ=h uw,fqw kd hJ jzpf&yfawGuawmh jrefrmhordik ;f rSm zsuv f @kd r&wJh
a&mufaeyg+y?D narSmifarSmifrnf;rnf; 'Da&vdi_ ;f }u;D &J@atmufrmS trnf;uGuaf wGtaeeJ@ xifuse&f pfcyhJ g+y?D
tdraf wGtvH;k vdu k f u|wyf guek +f yD; rdom;pkvu kd af wG a&atmuf u|efawmfwdk@jrefrmjynfolawG uHraumif;cJh=uygbl;?
a&mufomG ;&wmyg? 'Da&awG&@J tjrifu h vnf; tke;f yifawGawmif aemifumvwcktxdvnf; uHraumif;Ekid af o;bl;vd@k xifygw,f?
tzsm;yJ ay:Ekid af wmhwmyg? bmjzpfv@dk vq J akd wmh em*pfrek w f ikd ;f }u;D wduk +f y;D jynfoal wGoed ;f eJ@csD
aemufq;kH pm&if;csKyfvu kd =f uwJh tcgrmS awmh jynfol aoa=u=u&um 'kuaQ wG yifv,fa0aecsed rf mS ppfAv kd cf sKyfawGu
vlxak wG toufaygi;f wode;f oH;k aomif;&Spaf xmifausmf qH;k ±_;H olw@kd tvdck siq f ;kH t&mudk t&,lomG ;edik cf v hJ @kd ygy?J
cJ=h u&wmyg? 'gawmif 'Dpm&if;u aemufyikd ;f 0ifvmwJh aopm tJ'guawmh jrefrmedik if eH @J jynfov l x l t k ay: ppftyk pf rk if;
&if;awGukd xyfjyD; vufrcHawmhw/hJ pm&if;xyf twd;k rcHawmhwJh qufawG wqufjy;D wquf qufvuftyk pf ;kd cGi/hf zdEydS cf sKyfcs,cf iG hf
tapm=u;D pm&if;ydwx f m;wJh pm&if;vd@k ajymae=uwmyg? awGukd w&m;0ifatmifvyk af y;r,fh zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'
jynfoal wG 'Davmuf ab;'kuq Q ;kd }u;D eJ@ }uKH awG@ae&wm qdw k m}u;D ygy?J
udak wmifrS ppfAv kd cf sKyfawG jynfoal wGukd vSnrhf =unfh tm;ygb;l ? 'Dz@GJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya' qdw k m}u;D udk ysupf ;D oGm;
rkew f ikd ;f 0ifjy;D 2 &uft=umrSmvkyrf ,fh &moufyef ppfwyf tkycf sKyf atmif &du k cf sKd ;zsuq f ;D jcif;rjyKEkid af o;orsaS wmh ——?
cGijhf yKr,fh tajccHOya'qENc, H yl u GJ ykd J jzpfajrmufatmif vH;k yef;
ae=uwmyg? rkew f ikd ;f wduk jf yD; 3 &uf=umwJt h xd ppftpd;k &u ausmfrif;
11
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
tvk y f o rm;a&;&m &efukefpufr_Zkef tvkyform;rsm;b0
pl;prf;avhvmcsuf

xGef;a0nGef@

· rsuaf rSmufv@l tzG@J tpnf;udk pl;prf;avhvmonfah qmif;yg;rsm;

tcgtm;avsmpf mG azmfjyoGm;zd@k tpDtpOf&ydS gonf?
· vlwef;pm;pH/k vl@tv$mpHuk kd pl;prf;avhvm=uzd@k jzpfygonf?
· pl;prf;avhvma&;pmwrf;rsm;udk zdwaf c:tyfygonf?
&efuek +f rKd @wiG f pufrZ_ ek f 18 Zkef &So d nf? xkd pufrZ_ ek }f u;D rsm;wGif (v_id o f m,m/ a&$jynf r&S=d u? tpk;d &onf tvkyo f rm; tpkt
pufrZ_ ek rf sm;rSm v_id o f m,m+rKd @e,fwiG f Zkef om) jynfyvkyif ef;&Sirf sm;. puf±kH tvky±f kH a0;rsm; wk;d yGm;vmrSmukd pk;d &dryf &kH onf?
5 ck/ a&$jynfom+rKd @e,fwiG f Zkef 4 ck/ awmif rsm;onf 80 &mckid Ef e_ ;f cef@&+dS yD; jynfwiG ;f xk@d a=umifh pufrZ_ ek jf yify puf±kH w±Hck si;f
'*ke+f rdK@e,fwiG f Zkef 2 ck/ '*keq f yd u f rf;+rdK@ vkyif ef;&Sirf sm;. tvky±f pkH uf±rkH sm;onf 20 jyef@usJwnf&Sdr_ukd cGifhjyKxm;jcif; jzpf
e,fwiG f Zkef 1 ck/ '*ket f a&S@yidk ;f +rdK@e,fwiG f &mckid Ef e_ ;f avmufom &So d nf? onf?
Zkef 2 ckEiS hf usepf ufrZ_ ek rf sm;rSm ajrmufOuU tpk;d &xkwjf yefcsurf sm;t& pufr_ jynfy&if;ES;D jrK‡ yEf o
HS rl sm;. puf±kH
vm/ r*Fvm'k/H axmuf}uH/h arSmb f +D rdK@e,f Zket f oD;oD;wGif tvkyv f yk af eaom tvkyf trsKd ;tpm;rsm;wGif txnfcsKypf uf±rkH sm;
wk@d wiG f Zkew f ckpD &So d nf? orm;OD;a&onf (160˜000) ausm&f dS onf? onf trsm;pkjzpfonf? vkyfief;trsdK;
&efukef+rdK@&Sd pufr_Zkefrsm;wGif pufrZ_ ek . f jyify+rKd @e,frsm;jzpfonfh awmif tpm;t& txnfcsKyfpuf±Hkrsm;wGif
tvky±f /kH puf±akH ygi;f 420 cef@ &So d nf? puf±/kH OuUvm/ ajrmuf'*ke/f oCFe;f u|e;f / ok0À/ trsKd ;orD; tvkyo f rm;OD;a&onf 90
tvky±f kH trsKd ;tpm;rsm;rSm txnfcsKyf puf omauw/ 'v/ oefvsi/f tif;pde/f tkwf &mckid Ef e_ ;f xuf renf;&Sw d wfonf? trsKd ;
±Hrk sm;/ zdeyfcsKyfpuf±rkH sm;/ pm;aomufuek f usi;f / orkid ;f / urm&Gwpf onfh +rdK@e,frsm; om;rsm;u 10 &mckid Ef e_ ;f avmufom &Sd
xkwv f yk o f nfh puf±rkH sm;/ aq;0g;xkwv f yk f wGif jynfyvkyif ef;&Sirf sm;. tvky±f rkH sm; onf? jynfwiG ;f vkyif ef;&Sirf sm;. tvkyf
onfhpuf±Hkrsm;/ pufr_ukef=urf;/ oHxnf wGif 0ifa&mufvyk u f idk af eonfh tvkyo f ±Hpk uf±rkH sm;wGif trsKd ;om;tvkyo f rm;
ypPn;f rsm;xkwv f yk of nfh puf±rkH sm;/ vlo;kH rm;OD;a&onf 100˜000 0ef;usi&f EdS idk o f nf? rsm;onf trsm;pk jzpfonf? 90 &mckid f
ukeEf iS hf tdraf qmufypPn;f xkwv f yk o f nfh xkt d vky±f kH trsKd ;tpm;rsm;onf trsm; E_ef;txufrSm &Sdonf? vkyfief;trsdK;
puf±rkH sm;/ armfawmf,mOf xkwv f yk w f yfqif tm;jzifh txnfcsKyf/ ok;d arG;xnf &ufvyk f tpm;t& u|rf;usifvkyfom;rsm; jzpf
onfh puf±rkH sm;/ tdrw f iG ;f ypPn;f xkwv f yk f onfh puf±Hk/ zdeyfpuf±Hk/ a&xGufypPnf; =uonf? vkycf t& ae@pm;tvkyo f rm;
onfh puf±rkH sm;/ wd&p>meftpm;tpm xkwf oef@pifxw k v
f yk of nfh tat;cef;puf±rkH sm; rsm;.0ifaiGonf wvv#if usyf 90˜000
vkyo f nfh puf±rkH sm;/ om;ig;/ ykZeG u f ek af csm jzpfonf? xkpd uf±rkH sm;onf 100 txuf rS 150˜000 usyt f xd &Sw d wfonf? vkyf
xkwv f yk o f nfh tat;cef;puf±rkH sm;/ yJt &SEd idk o
f nf? puf±w kH ±Hck si;f &Sd tvkyo f rm; ief;cGif u|rf;usiftvkyform;rsm; jzpf
rsKd ;rsKd ; }uw d cf o JG ef@pifonfh puf±rkH sm; ponf OD;a&onf 200 rS 1˜000 0ef;usi&f w dS wf onft h wGuf vkyif ef;&Sirf sm;u xkd t
jzifh trsKd ;tpm; pHv k ifonf? puf±rkH sm;onf =uonf? xkdpuf±Hktvkyf±Hkrsm;&Sd tvkyf vkyo f rm;rsm;ukd rdrw d @dk tvkyw f iG f +rJae
tao;pm;ESihf tvwfpm;jzpf=u+yD; jynfy orm;OD;a&onf tpk;d &xkwjf yefcsux f uf ap&ef oifhwifhonfhvkyfcay;+yD; xdef;
vkyif ef;&Sirf sm;&if;ES;D jr‡KyfEo HS nfh puf±rkH sm; yk+d yD; 250˜000 rS 300˜000 xd&EdS idk o f nf? xm;wwf=uonf? xkdvkyfief;rsdK;wGif
onf puf±w kH ±Hwk iG f tvkyo f rm;OD;a& 200 pufr_Zkefjyify+rdK@e,frsm;&Sd tvkyf±Hkpuf±Hk tvky&f iS t f vkyo f rm;jy\emonf vkyf
rS 3˜000 xd &Sw d wfonf? jynfwiG ;f vkyf rsm;onf qdw+f ird &f yfuu G rf sm;&Sd twGi;f ykid ;f ief;cGif xdcu dk 'f %f&m&r_rsKd ;wGif jzpfwwf
ief;&Sirf sm;. tvky±f /kH puf±rkH sm;onf t vrf;oG,rf sm;/ vlaeusJ onfah e&mrsm;wGif onf? jynfyvkyif ef;&Sirf sm;. tvky±f kH
vkyo f rm; 50 rS 200 txd &Sw d wfonf? &Sw
d wfonf? wcsKd @puf±rkH sm;onf trnfyif puf±rkH sm;wGif tvky&f iS f tvkyo f rm;jy
12
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
\emonf tcsed yf dk tvGet f u|cH idk ;f apr_/ tdrk if;vmjcif;ESihf wDbaD &m*guo hJ @dk a&m*g a&$@ vkyu f idk w
f wf=uonf?
vkycf jzwfawmufc&H r_/ vkycf enf;r_/ tvkyf rsm; pGu J yfvm=uonf? xk@d a=umifh puf±t kH vky±f rkH sm;onf
ydwf&ufjy\em ponfwkd@wGif jzpfwwf xdtk vkyo f rm;rsm;onf pm;0wf tvkyo f rm; t+rv J t dk yfaeovkd tvkyo f
onf? tvkyo f rm; wOD;csi;f tvku d f jzpf aea&;tcuftcJrsm;a=umifh tvkyfrem; rm;rsm;uvnf; r=umc% tvkyaf jymif;a&$@
wwfonfh use;f rma&;vkd vlrz_ v l akH &; udpP Ekid jf cif;/ tpmtm[m&twGuf vkt d yfonfh wwf=uonf?
rsm;wGif jzpfymG ;onfrsKd ; rawG@&yg? tpm;tpmrsm; 0,f,rl pm;Ekid jf cif;/ pepf tvkyfydwf&ufcHpm;ykdifcGifh
vkyfief;cGif tajctae wus aq;ukor_rjyKEkid jf cif;ponfh tajc jy\emrsm;
&efuek +f rdK@&dS pufrZ_ ek rf sm;wGif 0if taersm;a=umifh touf&iS af &;twGuyf if tvkyyf w d &f uf cHpm;ykid cf iG hf jy\
a&mufvkyfukdifaeonfh tvkyform;rsm; ra&&mawmhay? emonfvnf; tvky&f iS f tvkyo f rm; r=um
&ifqikd af e&onfh vkyif ef;cGit f ajctaersm; xkt d vkyo f rm;rsm;ukd tvky&f iS f c% wufonfh jy\emwck jzpfonf? Ekid if H
onf qk;d &Gm;vSonf? rsm;u tvkyx f wk yf pfjcif;rsKd ; rjyKvkyaf omf awmf ±H;k ydw&f ufrsm; ydw&f ufcpH m;cGihf tjynfh
vkyfief;trsdK;tpm;t& tvkyf vnf; usef;rma&; =unfh±_apmifha&Smuf r&=ujcif;/ tywfpOftvkyfydwf&ufwGif
orm; trsm;pkonf trsKd ;orD;rsm; jzpf=u jcif;rsm; vnf; r&Syd g? b0wltvkyo f rm;u tvkyq f if;ckid ;f jcif;/ rqif;u tjcm; cHpm;cGihf
onf? xkt d vkyo f rm;rsm;onf t ouf 18 wwfEkdifoavmuf pkaygif;axmufyHh=u rsm; jzwfawmufc&H jcif;/ ESpjf ynfyh w d &f uf cH
ESprf S 25 ESpt f &G,rf sm;onf trsm;qH;k jzpf onf? txl;ojzifh "mwkaA'ypPnf;rsm; pm;cGi/hf cGi&hf ufrsm;ray;jcif;wk@d onf tvkyf
onf? touf 15˜ 16 ESp/f t±G,rf a&muf aygi;f pyfo;kH &onfh yvyfpwpfyu dk v f ;kH rsm; ydw&f ufudk tajcjyKwufwwfonfh jy\
ao;onfh trsKd ;orD;i,frsm;/ toufvrd f xkwv f yk o f nfh puf±rkH sm;/ zdeyfpuf±kH om; emrsm;jzpfonf?
oufaocHvufrw S f twkrsm;jzifh 0ifa&muf a&xnf}udw&f onfh tvkyo f rm;rsm;wGif vlr_zlvHka&;cHpm;cGifhjy\em
vkyu f idk of nfvnf; &So d nf? xkt d vkyo f r wDbu D o hJ @dk a&m*grsm; pGu J yfwwfonf? tvkyo f rm;Oya'rsm;t& vlrz_ l
i,frsm;onf vkyif ef;cGiw f iG f xdcu dk 'f %f&m vkyfcenf;r_ vHak &; cHpm;cGirhf sm; &Sad eaomfvnf; pufrZ_ ek f
&r_rsm; }uHK&ygu Oya't& w&m;r0ifo tvkyform;rsm;. vkyftm;c tvkyo f rm;rsm;onf xkt d cGit hf a&;rsm; cH
jzifh tusKd ;cHpm;cGirhf &bJ tvkycf iG rf S xGuf onf trsm;tm;jzifh wvv#if 45˜000 usyf pm;&jcif; r&Syd g? uav;rD;zGm;v#if ay;&rnfh
oGm;&wwfonf? rS 50˜000 usy=f um;wGif &So d nf? tvkycf sed f cGi&hf ufrsm; r&jcif;a=umifh tdraf xmifonf
tvk y f o rm;rsm; &if q k d i f a e& em&Daygi;f 290 ausmf vky&f onf? w&m; 0if trsdK;orD;tvkyforrsm;onf om;orD;
onfh vkyif ef;cGit f ajctaersm;onf (1) vkyt f m;c 1 em&D 60 usyf 0ef;usio f m& r,l=uay? uk, d 0f ef&v dS mv#iv f nf; tvkyrf S
tcsed yf dk rw&m;ckid ;f ap&r_ (2) vkycf enf;r_ (3) onf? tcsed yf dk em&D 2 E_e;f (E_e;f 2 rsKd ;) tyg t+yD;xGuo f mG ;=uonf? trsKd ;orD; tvkyf
tvkyfydwf&uf cHpm;cGifh qHk;±_H;aer_ (4) t0if tjcm;qka=u;/ &ufysuaf =u;/ ESpw f ;dk or 50 &So d nfh tvky±f rkH sm;wGif uav;xdef ;f
vlrz_ v l akH &; tusKd ;cHpm;cGihf r&&Sjd cif;wk@d onf vpm ponfw@dk jzifh tvkyo f rm;wa,muf Xme xm;ay;&rnf? uav;rdcif tvkyo f r
t"dujzpfonf? wv0ifaiGukd 45˜000 usyfESifh 50˜000 rsm;onf rdrw d @kd om;orD;rsm;ukd tcsed yf idk ;f t
tcsdefykdjy\em =um;wGif xde;f n‡x d m;onf? vkduf Ekd@wkdufcGifhay;&rnf qkdaomfvnf;
tvkyo f rm;rsm;onf wvv#if usyf 60˜000 rS 80˜000 txd & trsKd ;orD;tvkyo f r trsm;pk vkyu f idk af e
em&D 90 ESihf em&D 100 tcsed yf dk vkyaf e&onf? onfh tvkyo f rm;rsm; &Sad omfvnf; xkt d onfh rnfonfph uf±/kH tvky±f rkH S uav;xde;f
tvkyo f rm; Oya'rsm;t& &ufowWwywf vkyo f rm;rsm;onf puf±kH tvkyo f rm;OD;a& Xme r&Syd g?
v#if 48 em&Dom vkycf iG jhf yKxm;aomfvnf; . 7 &mckid Ef e_ ;f cef@om &So d nf? tvkyv f yk f puf±w kH csKd @wiG f aq;cef;xm;ay;
vufawG@wiG f tvkyo f rm;rsm;onf &uf &uf ysuu f u G yf gu tjcm;qka=u;rsm; jzwf aomfvnf; q&m0ef trnfom&S+d yD;/ vlr&Sd
owW wywfv#if 73 em&D vkyaf e&onf? awmufjcif;/ ysu&f uf vkycf jzwfawmufjcif; jcif;? aq;xkw&f rvG,u f jl cif;wk@d a=umifh
wv w&m;0if tvkyef m&D 192 em&D/ tcsed f cH=u&onf? tvkyo f rm;rsm;onf aexkid rf aumif;jcif;/
ykd 90 em&DEiS hf 100 em&D=um; vkyaf e&onf? wv0if aiG 45˜000 rS 50˜000 r=umc%jzpfwwfonfh 0rf;ysu0f rf;av#m
tvkyo f rm;wa,mufonf Oya'u cGihf usyf &&Sad om tvkyf orm;wa,mufonf jcif;wk@d jzpfv#if eD;pyf&m vrf;ab;aq;qkid f
jyKxm;onfh tvkyv f yk &f ufxuf 15 &uf tvkyw f &uf ysuyf gu 2˜000 usyrf S 3˜000 rsm;u pyfay;onfh aq;0,faomufum
ykvd yk af e&onfh oabmjzpfonf? usyt f xd jzwfawmufc&H onf? aexkid rf tvkyf qufvyk =f u&onf?
xkt d ajctaersm;wGif wvESpv f aumif;onfhtcg cGifhwkdif&rvG,fulonfh tvkyo f rm;OD;a& axmifausmf &Sd
}uKH awG@ae&jcif;rsKd ; r[kwb f J 10 pkEpS f wcke;D twGuf vqef;&uf tvkyfysuf&ufrsm; onfh puf±Hkrsm;onf av0ifavxGuf r
yg; jzwfoef;vm&onfh tvkyo f rm;rsm; vmonfh tvkyo f rm;rsm;onf use;f rma&; aumif;jcif;/ tyl&edS jf rifjh cif;/ tcsed yf cdk sed Ef iS hf
onf ESp&f n S v f rsm; tvkyzf pd ;D r_'%f/ tpm jyefaumif;vmaomfvnf; ‚tvkyo f @dk jyef ae@bufrsm;wGif tvif;a&mif rvHak vmuf
tm[m& csKd @wrhJ '_ %frsm;a=umifh yHrk eS x f uf roGm;awmhbJ tjcm;tvkyw f cko@dk ajymif; jcif;/ use;f rma&;xdcu dk af ponfh "mwkaA'

13
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
ypPn;f rsm; ukid w f , G af &mpyf&onfh vkyif ef; ±Hkom&Sdonf? pm;aomufaexkdifa&;wGif a=umifh tvky&f iS f tvkyo f rm; jy\em
rsm;/ zdeyfpuf±rkH sm;&Sd om;a&jym; yGww f u dk f taqmifaetvkyo f rm;rsm;avmuf rusyf rsm;onf ajyvnfEidk jf cif;r&Sb d J qufum
}uw d &f onfh vkyif ef;rsm;wGif tumtuG,f wnf;aomfvnf; +rdK@jyvlaer_p&dwft& qufum jzpfymG ;aejcif;jzpfonf?
jyK ypPn;f rsm;/ 0wf±rkH sm; ray;jcif;/ vlvcJ idk ;f tvky0f ifaiGonf wa,mufwnf; aeoljzpf tvkyo f rm;Oya' ppfaq;a&; OD;
apr_ rjyKjcif;/ owfrw S cf sut f & wku d af u|; v#if avmufijcif;r&Syd g? pD;Xmersm; (tvkyform;rsm;tac:t&
&onfh EGm;Ek@d tm[m& yHrk eS f r&jcif;/ vpOf xkdokd@aom tajctaersm;wGif avbm±Hk;rsm;) pufr_Zkef avhvmapmifh
aq;ppfray;jcif;/ Oya'ESit hf nD vkyif ef;cGif puf±ykH idk &f iS rf sm;u vkycf vpmrsm;ukd twk;d =unfah &; &J txl;owif;wyfz@JG rsm;onf
xdcu dk f '%f&m&r_rsm;ukd tjynft h 0 wm0ef tav#mh vkyw f wfjcif;/ tjcm;cHpm;cGiahf iGrsm; pufrZ_ ek rf sm;wGif t+r&J adS eaomfvnf; ‚
r,ljcif;ponfh use;f rma&;ESihf vlrz_ v l akH &; jzwfawmufjcif; tvkyfrsm;onfh=um;rS wk@d t"dutvkyo f nf tvkyo f rm;tpk
cHpm;cGirhf sm;ukd tvkyo f rm;u &&Spd pH m;&jcif; tvkyo f rm; tqkid ;f vku d af y;onfh vkyu f u G f ta0;rsm; ydrk kd us,v f mjcif;&Srd &Sd owif;
r&Syd g? rsm; wk;d jr‡ihf wGe;f ckid ;f jcif;/ yHrk eS af y;aeonfh ,ljcif;/ vkyif ef;&Sirf sm;. ay;pmurf;pmrsm;
tvk y f o rm;qEN j yr_ r sm; jzpf tvkyyf w d &f ufrsm; ray;bJ xm;jcif;ponf &,la&; tvkyo f m vky=f uonf?
yG m ;&jcif ; wk@d udk ta=umif;jyK+yD; tvkyo f rm;qENjyr_ tcsed yf cdk idk ;f apr_onf tvkyf vkd
tvky&f iS rf sm;u tvkyo f rm;rsm; rsm; jzpfymG ;onf? tyfcsut f & ta&;ay: vkt d yfvmonfh
ukd tenf;qH;k vkycf ay;/ tcsed w f ;dk cs@J Eidk f o tvkyform;xk taxGaxG &Hzef&cH gtvkyf r[kwb f /J yHrk eS v f t dk yfonfh
avmuf wk;d cdik ;f / tvkyyf w d &f uf cHpm;cGirhf sm; tajctae tvkyo f rm;OD;a&ukd av#mch sac:,lum &Sd
uef@owfrr_ sm;ay: tajccHI jzpfymG ;onf? pufr_Zkef tvkyform;rsm;onf +y;D om;tvkyo f rm;rsm;. vkyt f m;ukd n‡pf
vkyfcenf;r_ aus;vufa'oESihf &efuek +f rdK@&dS atmufajc xkwfckdif;apjcif;jzpfonf? tvkyform;
tvkyo f rm;rsm;. tvkyv f yk cf sed f vl@tv$mrsm;jzpf=uonf? tvkyftukdif 1˜500 vkt d yfonfh puf±w kH ckonf 1˜000
onf reuf 7;20 em&DrS n 9;00 em&Dtxd &Sm;yg;r_ jy\emrsm;a=umifh bG@J &tqifh vl omac: ,l+y;D 1˜500 vkyt f m;jynfh ckid ;f ap
vky&f wwfonf? tcsKd @puf±rkH sm;onf n i,frsm;vnf; puf±rkH sm;wGif 0ifa&muf vkyf Ekid &f ef &S+d y;D om;tvkyo f rm;rsm;ukd tcsed yf dk
11;00 em&Dtxd vaygi;f rsm;pGm ckid ;f wwf ukid af e=uonf? rdrw d @dk oif,w l wfajrmuf pepfjzifh twif;armif;ckid ;f apjcif;jzpfonf?
onf? &onhfvpmonf tjcm;qka=u;/ xm;onfh twwfynmrsm; toH;k csciG rhf & tvkyo f rm;ta&twGuu f dk xkd
tcsdefykda=u;rsm; aygif;pyfyg0ifrS wv =u? reufr;dk vif;rS rk;d csKyf ntdy&f m0ifcsed x f d ok@d av#mch sxm;jcif;jzifh tvkyo f rm;rsm;ukd
45˜000 usy/f 50˜000 usyo f nf tvkyf tvkyfvkyf=u&ojzifh xyfrHoif,lvkdonfh tkycf sKyf& ykrd v kd , G u f jl cif;/ tvkyo f rm;rsm;
orm;trsm;pk & onf h 0if a iG j zpf o nf ? twwfynmrsm;udkvnf; oif,lEkdifonfh twGuf rjzpfraeay;&rnfh ukeu f sp&dwf
60˜000 usyrf S 80˜000 usy&f onfh tvkyf tcGit hf a&; r&awmh? oufomapjcif;/ tcsed yf pdk epfEiS hf wk;d ckid ;f
orm;rsm;onf vkyo f uf&ifh tvkyo f rm; pufr_Zkeftvkyform;rsm;onf jcif;jzifh tjcm; ay;&onfh qka=u;rsm;/
rsm; jzpf+yD; puf±rkH sm;wGif tenf;pk jzpfae &Sd+yD;om;puf±Hk/ tvkyfrsm;ESifhrwlbJ puf tcGet f crsm; oufomapjcif;/ pDrt H yk cf sKyf
onf? r_Zek t f opfrsm;ESit hf wl ay:ayguv f maom a&; p&dwf usO;f oGm;jcif; ponfw@dk a=umifh
e,frS vma&mufvkyfukdifonfh tvkyo f rm; tv$mopfrsm; jzpfonf? tvkyf tvky&f iS rf sm;twGuf tusKd ;tjrwf ykrd dk &&Sd
tvkyo f rm;rsm;onf taqmif iSm;ae=u orm;tcGit hf a&;rsm;/ cHpm;cGirhf sm;ukd odem; cHpm;&onf?
&onf? taqmifaeconf wa,muf vnfjcif;r&S?d awmif;qd&k aumif;rSe;f rod? tpk;d &taejzifv h nf; vlxk tzG@J
5˜000 usyjf zpf+yD; 9 ay/ 10 ay tus,t f xdk rodem;rvnfrt _ ay: tvkyf tpnf;rsm; }u;D xGm;vmEkid rf u _ dk uef@owf
0ef;&Sd tcef;wcef;wGif 4 a,mufrS 5 &SiEf iS hf tkycf sKyfa&;wm0ef&o dS rl sm;u tjrwf wm;qD;xm;Ekid jf cif;/ tjcm;tusKd ;tjrwf
a,mufxd ae=u&onf? xrif;pm;&dwf xkwf jc,fvS,faejcif;jzpfonf? pufr_Zkef rsm; &aejcif; ponfw@dk a=umifh tvky&f iS f
15˜000 usyaf vmufEiS hf ac|wm pm;=u& tvkyo f rm; qENjyr_rsm;onf ‚wk@d tae rsm;bufu yl;aygi;f umuG,af ejcif; jzpf
onf? tjcm;taxGaxG toHk;pm;&dwf jzifh rcHEidk af wmhIom pkaygi;f qENjy awmif; onf? tcsed yf dk ckid ;f apr_ r&Syd g[k tpk;d &u
10˜000 usyjf zifh ac|wmaeEkid rf S vcxkwf qd=k ujcif;jzpfonf? ajAmifjiif;aeaomfvnf; pufr_Zkefrsm;&Sd
onfh tcg 20˜000 usyaf vmuf usew f wf puf±ykH idk &f iS rf sm;/ tkycf sKyf a&; wm0ef puf±t kH vky±f rkH sm;wGif n 9;00 em&D/ 10;00
onf? aexkid rf aumif;jcif;/ trsm;tm;jzifh &So
d rl sm;onf tvkyo f rm;xk. awmif;qkrd _ em&D tcsed x f d rD;vif;xdev f suf tvkyo f
0rf;ysuf0rf;av#mwkd@jzpfv#if ykdonfhpkaiG rsm;ukd rSeu f efpmG ajz&Si;f ay;jcif; r&S?d tpk;d & rm;rsm; tvkyv f yk af eonfrmS awG@jrifae
ukeo f mG ;wwfonf? rl0g'onfvnf; tvkyo f rm;rsm;ukd zdEydS xf m; us rxl;qef;onfjh rifuiG ;f jzpfonf?
&efuek +f rKd @cH tvkyo f rm;rsm;onf vko d nfh oabm&So d jzifh atmufajctkycf sKyf Ekid if wH um pD;yGm;a&; ydwq f @kd r_
tdraf xmifpw k ck. t±G,af &mufvm olrsm; a&;wm0ef&o dS rl sm;/ tvky&f iS rf sm;. tvkyf rsm;a=umifh tvky&f iS rf sm;u tvkyo f rm;
jzpfwwfojzifh ‚wk@d tvkyf vkyaf ejcif; orm;tcGit hf a&;qkid &f m Oya'rsm; csKd ;azmuf rsm;tay: vpmwk;d ray;Ekid yf g? vkyif ef;rsm;
onf rdom;pk0ifaiGudk taxmuftul jyKEidk f aer_udk rodusKd ;u|jH yKaejcif; jzpfonf? xk@d vnfywfEidk af tmif ±ke;f uef}uKd ;yrf;ae=u&
14
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f

onf[k tpk;d &owif;Xmersm;u ajymqkd csxm;jcif;jzifh pwif qufoG,fvmwwf xdcu dk v f matmif rzefw;D Ekid af o;ay?
a&; om;aeaomfvnf; xdt k vky&f iS rf sm;u =uonf? rdrw d @dk tqkid ;f ok@d rnfonft h qkid ;f u taxG a xG pD ; yG m ;a&;tusyf t
tvkyrf sm; wk;d cs@J vmjcif;/ tvkyrf sm; t+rJ yk@d reS ;f rodonfh pmwkad v;rsm;rsm; vmjcif;/ vkd wnf;rsm; &ifqidk af e&+y;D tpk;d &tay: rauseyf
rjywf wGe;f vkyaf ejcif;ukd =unfjh cif;jzifh Ekid if H vm;csu/f rauseyfcsurf sm; eD;pyfwn l v D mum csuf }uD;xGm;aeonfh vl@tv$m aygif;pHkt
wum pD;yGm;a&;ydwq f @kd xm;onfh jrefrm qENjyawmif;qkdr_ukd pwwfvmonf? tm wGuf xkdqENjyr_rsm;onf ,rf;yHkay:usvm
Ekid if wH iG f tpk;d & tkycf sKyaf &; wm0ef&o dS rl sm;/ %mykid rf sm;u =um;0ifnEd‡ id_ ;f OD;aqmifol &Sm rnfh rD;yGm;rsm; jzpfvmrnfukd tpkd;&onf
‚wdk@vufa0cH vkyfief;&SifolaX;rsm; wwfaomfvnf; acgi;f aqmif r&S=d u? wm0efcH pk;d &dryf kH &onf?
wae@wjcm; ºu,f0csr;f om+yD; tvkyo f xGuaf jz&Si;f olrsm; &Hzef&cH g &Sw d wfonf? qENjy 2011 ckEpS t f wGi;f ,ae@umv t
rm;/ v,form;ESihf tv$maygi;f pHk jynfow l @dk r_rsm; puf±w kH ckrS wcko@dk ul;oGm;wwfaomf xd jzpfymG ;onfh pufrZ_ ek t f vkyo f rm; qENjyr_
ykrd q dk if;&Jusyw f nf;vmjcif; jzpf[efwal y vnf; csw d qf uf vkyaf qmifjcif;rsKd ; r&Sad y? 10 r_jzpfymG ;&mok@d tvkyo f rm;Oya' ppfaq;
onf? tvkyform;wkd@onf rdrdwdk@ vlr_ a&;OD;pD;Xme (tvkyform;rsm; tac:t&
tvkyo f rm;wk@d qENjy awmif;qkd tajctaersm; wk;d wufaumif;rGev f matmif avbm±H;k ) wm0ef&o dS rl sm; vm+y;D zseaf jz n‡Ed id_ ;f
aer_rsm;onf rdrw d @kd &&S&d rnfh tcGit hf a&; ‚wkd@em;vnfovkd ±kef;uef}udK;pm;ae=u r_rsm; oGuo f u G vf ufvuf vkyv f m=uonf?
rsm;ukd us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ em;rvnfjcif;/ aomfvnf; tajctae t&yf&yfonf ydkrdk tjcm;wzufwiG v f nf; qENjyr_ wGif
OD;aqmiftzG@J tpnf;rsm;r&Sjd cif;/ tm%m aumif;rGejf cif; r&Syd g? ryg0ifonfh vlenf;pk (7 &mckid Ef e_ ;f ) rS vlwcsKd @udk
ykid rf sm;ESihf tvky&f iS rf sm; uwdrwnf rvku d f xkt d ajctaersKd ;wGif rdom;pk pD;yGm; vd#K@0u S af wG@q+kH yD; qENjyr_ rvky&f ef tjcm;ol
emjcif;wk@d a=umifh tcGit hf a&;rsm; tjynfh a&;b0 tqifrajyaom e,frS vma&muf rsm;ukd pnf;±H;k ay;&ef wku d w f eG ;f jcif;/ vpmwk;d
t0 r&jcif;/ &+yD;om; tcGifhta&;rsm; vkyu f idk o
f nfh tvkyo f rwcsKd @onf tvkyyf w d f ay;jcif;wk@d jzifh tvkyo f rm;xktwGi;f oyfv#Kd
=um&Snf rcHjcif;rsm; jzpf=u&onf? xko d @dk &ufrsm;wGif yGpJ m;rsm;rSwqifh jynfw h efqm vm=uonf?
aom tajctaersm;a=umifh rdrw d @dk &ifqidk f rsm;tjzpf tcsed yf idk ;f vkyv f m=uonf? tcsKd @ xkjd zpfpOfrsm;t& tvkyo f rm;xk.
ae&onfh vkyif ef;cGif jy\em t&yf&yf tvkyo f rrsm;onf jynfyEkid if rH sm;ok@d oGm; epfemcsurf sm;/ Oya'yg tcGit hf a&;rsm; &&Sd
onf wkd;wufaumif;rGefvmjcif; r&SdbJ a&muf tvkyv f yk &f ef enf;vrf;&Sm&if; &Spd rk phJ ak iG cHpm;Ekid &f ef tpk;d &wm0ef&dS tqifq h ifoh nf t
onfx h uf qk;d &GmvmEkid o f nfh tajctae tvdrfcH=u&onf? tvkyftukdif&SmazGa&; aumiftxnf azmfay;vko d nfh qEN r&Sb d Jt
ukd xde;f xm;Ekid ±f o kH m &So d nf? at*sipf rD sm;ESihf csw d q f ufI Ekid if jH cm;wkid ;f jynf vky&f iS rf sm;ESihf yl;aygi;f um tusKd ;tjrwf cGaJ 0
tvkyo f rm;qENjyr_ jzpfymG ;onfh rsm;&Sd puf±rkH sm;ok@d w&m;0if xGucf mG &if; vrf; vkjd cif;om awG@&onf?
E_e;f jrifv h monfEiS hf tvkyo f rm;wk@d buf wGiaf ysmufq;kH oGm;onfh tvkyo f rm;rsm;yif tvkyform;rsm;taejzifh b0wl
u vky[ f efyidk ;f awG;ac:r_yidk ;f onf ykrd dk wnf &Sv d monf? tvkyo f rm;xktwGi;f ykrd pkd pk nf;nD!w G uf m
+idrf pepfusvmjcif;onf xkv d y_ &f mS ;r_rsm; &efuek +f rKd @pufrZ_ ek f tvky&f iS f tvkyf tcsi;f csi;f us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ csw d q f uf/ tcGihf
u &&Sv d monfh tusKd ;tjrwf jzpfonf? orm; jy\emonf wjznf;jznf; }uD;xGm; ta&;wku d yf rJG sm; vufwJG azmfxw k jf cif; jzifoh m
vkyif ef;ta&;}u;D csed rf sKd ;wGif xkid f vmvsuf &Sad eonf? 2010 ckEpS w f iG f jzpfay: rdrw d @dk vlrb _ 0 wk;d wufa&;ukd a&S;±_azmfaqmif
oydwaf rSmuf awmif;qkjd cif;/ vkyif ef;cGif cJah om jrefrmEkid if w H 0ef; tvkyo f rm; qEN jyr_ Ekid af yvdrrhf nf? ?
r0ifbJ qENjyjcif;rsKd ; rvkyw f wfao;aomf 78 r_wiG f v_id o f m,mpufrZ_ ek u f 48 r_ &Sd
vnf; tvkyo f rm;xkonf rdrw d @dk rauseyf onf? vlO;D a& 6 oef;eD;yg; aexkid af om &ef
csu/f vkv d m;csurf sm;ukd pmwkad v;rsm; a&; ukef+rdK@&Sd pufr_ZkeftoD;oD;. tvkyform;
xGef;a0nGef@
I tjcm;tvkyq f idk ;f rsm;ok@d wdww f qdwf qENjyr_rsm;onf tpk;d &tkycf sKyfa&;,E©&m;ukd 2011 rwfv

15
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
aqmif ; yg;&S i f & J @ tmabmf
OD;Ek eJ@ Adv
k cf sKyf
trsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&; }udK;yrf;r_rsm;

+idrf;csrf;atmif(&rnf;oif; )

aqmif;yg;&SifwOD;csif;. tjrifonf pmzwfy&dowftwGuf wifjyoifhonf[k

ta&;awmfykH pmwnf;tzGJ@u xifjrif,lqygu aqmif;yg;&Sif.tmabmf
tjzpf ta&;awmfykH*sme,fwGif xnfhoGif; azmfjyoGm;rnf jzpfygonf?
pmwnf;tzG@J

OD;Ek eJ@ AdkvfcsKyftrsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&; }udK;yrf;r_rsm;

trsKd ;om; jyefvnf&if=um;apha&;/ trsKd ;om;jyefvnf 1960 a&G;aumufyrJG mS OD;Ek&@J oef@&iS ;f zqyvukd rJ
nD!w G af &; wnfaqmuf=ur,f? 'Dtqku d dk uef@uu G rf ,foh l &Sd tjywftowfay;+yD; vlx}k uD;u Ekid if aH wmftm%m tyfEiS ;f
r,f rxifygb;l ? 'gayrJh tvkyjf zpfatmifvyk zf @dk u cufcyJ gvrd rhf ,f? vku
d =f uygw,f? 0ef}u;D csKyfa[mif; OD;Ek vlxak xmufcrH _ twkid ;f
acgi;f aqmifEidk o f u l vnf; &SmrS &Sm;ygy?J twm[m 'Davmufqkd xif&mS ;avmufyg+yD?
trsKd ;om;nD!w G af &;ukd wnfaqmuf&mrSm tpk;d &acgi;f
aqmifrS atmifjrifr,fv@kd qko d al wGvnf; &Syd gw,f? jynfov l xl k aumif;vkdufwJhvrf;pOf
tifwu dk t
f m;wku d af xmufcrH _ &&Sod l acgi;f aqmif wnfaqmuf vlx}k u;D &J@ axmufcrH e_ @J tEkid &f oef@&iS ;f zqyv acgi;f
&if rkcsatmifjrifr,fv@dk ,H=k unf=uwmvnf; &Syd gw,f? uk, d wf idk f aqmif+y;D trsKd ;om;&if=um;apha&;/ trsKd ;om;nD!w G af &; wnf
yg0if jzwfoef;cJw h hJ tawG@t}uKH e@J avhvm&&So d r#udk trsm; xnfh aqmufa&; }uKd ;yrf;=uygw,f? 0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Ek&@J nD!w G af &; vrf;
oGi;f pOf;pm;Ekid af tmif wifjyvku d yf gw,f? pOf[m æ
-tmCmwrxm;a&;
AdkvfcsKyf&J@ 'kwd, -oifykef;acsa&;
u|ejf zpf+y;D 'DrmS buf orkid ;f wGi&f pfwhJ trsKd ;om;pnf;vH;k - trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&; +idrf;csrf;a&;
nD!w G af &; wnfaqmufEidk cf w hJ m[m Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef; w nD!w G af &; vrf;pOfjzpfygw,f?
a,mufwnf;yJ &Scd zhJ ;l ygw,f? jrefrmEkid if rH mS Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;
r&Swd ahJ emuf trsKd ;om; jyefvnf oifjh rwfa&;/ trsKd ;om;nD!w G f ae&mtm%mcG J a y;
a&; wnfaqmufr_ 'kw, d }uKd ;yrf;ol[m 0ef}u;D csKyaf [mif; OD;Ekjzpf 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek oef@&Sif;tpkd;&u ygvDreftwGif;rSm
ygw,f? twku d t f cHudk xku d xf udk w
f efwef vufawG@ ae&may;ygw,f?
twku d tf cH wnf+rJzqyveJ@ yrnwukd tpk;d &tm%m cGaJ 0
OD;EkvlxkaxmufcHr_ ay;ygw,f? pwdoabm 0g'jzef@cs±d rkH [kwyf gb;l ?
1958 zqyv oef@&iS ;f -wnf+rJ uG=J uawmh oef@&iS ;f
zqyv OuUÏ}uD;eJ@ Akv d cf sKyfuawmf a':cif=unfw@dk Ekid if w H iG ;f oHk;ygwDtkyfcsKyfa&;
pnf;±H;k a&;c&D;pOf a&mufav&mrSm ode;f csw D vhJ xl }k u;D pk±;kH a&muf&dS tkycf sKyfa&;vkyif ef; A[ku d +rKd @e,ftxd t}uaH y;aumf
}uKd qk=d uygw,f? OuUÏ}u;D OD;Ekudk Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmifru bk&m; rwD zG@J w,f? +rKd @e,frmS +rKd @yidk u f OuUÏ/ oef@&iS ;f -wnf+rJ zqyv
avmif;tjzpfe@J =unfnKd axmufc=H uwm awG@&ygw,f? ouf}u;D rsm;eJ@ yrnw uk, d pf m;vS,w f @dk u +rKd @e,ftyk cf sKyaf &;tzG@J 0ifrsm;/
&G,t f adk wGyg ajray:'l;axmuf &Scd ;dk ylaZmf=uwmuvm;? ol}uD;cef@wm/ aiGacs;wm/ trawmfa=u;ay;wmutp aumf

16
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
rwD qHk;jzwfcsufukd +rdK@ykdifOuUÏu taumiftxnf OD;pD;wnfaxmifwhJ jynfaxmifpyk gw(D yxp) [m OD;/ Akv d /f ociftyk pf u
k JG wku
d yf JG
azmf&wmyg? +rdK@e,f/ c±kid /f wkid ;f / A[kt
d m;vH;k 'Dtwkid ;f xde;f rEkid f odr;f r&/ tpdwpf w d f tjr¸mjr¸m uGu J ek w
f m awG@Eidk yf gw,f? 'Dawmh
jzpfw,f? ajr,maumfrwDvnf; 'Dtwkid ;f jzpfw,f? wrsKd ;om;vH;k eJ@qidk w
f hJ trsKd ;om;nD!w G af &;wnfaqmufr_ wm0ef}u;D OD;Ek b,f
vkd xrf;aqmifEidk yf grh vJ? 'g ±k;d ±k;d pif;pif; jrifEidk wf myg?
oabmxm;}uD;
zqyvemrnfudk oabmxm;}uD;+yD; 0ef}uD; OD;Ek&@J vlx}k uD;
csKyfO;D Eku pGe@f vw
$ vf u dk w
f ,f? oef@&iS ;f zqyvtzG@J udk aemufwcsuu f OD;Ekudk vlx}k u;D 0kid ;f &HaxmufcrH _ tiftm;&Sw
d hJ acgi;f
jynfaxmifpyk gwD (yxp) vk@d ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;w,f? oef@ aqmifv@dk jrifEidk yf gw,f? trsKd ;om;nD!w G af &; acgi;f aqmif wnfaxmifrw _ m0ef
&Si;f -wnf+rJ/ yrnw Ekid if aH &;tiftm;pk}uD; 3 &yf ygvD atmifjrifatmif xrf;aqmifEidk rf ,fv@kd ,H=k unfEidk yf gw,f? rSeyf gw,f? OD;Eku
ref'rD u dk a&pDudk ckcuH muG,f apmifah &Smufygrh ,fv@dk o w&m;a[m aumif;ol jzpfygw,f? vlpv k al 0;}u;D jzpfvmatmif qGaJ qmifEidk o f l
abmwl pmcsKyfvufrw S f a&;xk;d =uw,f? jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh OD;Ek&&dS m pka0;a&muf&v dS mwJh vlx}k u;D u wOD;eJ@wOD; vufw@dk
ac:,lvm=uwJh OD;Ekudk tm;uk;d =unfnKd vk@d pk±;kH a&muf&v dS mwJh vltyk rf sKd ;}uD;
wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;a&; jzpfaewmyg?
wkid ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;twGuf jynf
e,f awmif;aewJh rGeef @J &ckid u
f dk rGeef @J &ckid jf ynfe,fa&;&m wdrw f udk }f uD;vkd
0ef}uD;awG cef@+yD; jyifqifw,f? vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHk awmif}uD; vlta&twGuf tvGet f vGerf sm;wJh vltyk }f u;D yg? tJ'v D tl yk }f u;D ukd
nDvmcHu a&;qGw J ifjywJh jynfaxmifppk pfppfrl (zuf' tpkid t
f cJjzpfatmif OD;Ek rxlaxmifEidk cf yhJ gb;l ? OD;Ekudk xde;f odr;f vku d wf meJ@ tJ'D
&,fr)l ukd aqG;aEG;zk@d oabmwlxm;+yD;jzpfw,f? vltyk }f uD;vnf; wdrw f udk v
f dk aysmufu, G o
f mG ;wmygy?J tJ'v D dk vlxt k iftm;
axmufcrH r_ sKd ;eJ@ trsKd ;om;nD!w G af &; wnfaqmufrw _ m0efudk b,fvx kd rf;
bmompHk auseyfr_ aqmifEidk rf mS vJ? 'gvnf; ±k;d ±k;d pif;pif;ygy?J
Ak'b
< mom0ifrsm; t"du aexkid w f hJ jrefrmEkid if H
rSm Ak'b < mom0ifx}k uD; auseyfr&_ &Sad &;/ nD!w G af &;eJ@ Ekid if aH &;orm;jzpfz@dk
wjcm;tenf;pk bmom0ifrsm; rxdcu dk af p&ef Ak'b < mom Akv
d cf sKyfu Ekid if aH &;orm;vkyzf @dk rdru d , dk u f ,dk f jyKpkysKd ;axmifco hJ yl g? b0
ukd Ekid if aH wmfbmom jyÏmef;a&;twGuf pHpk rf;a&; aumf wav#mufv;kH Ekid if aH &;wku d yf 0JG ifr/_ pnf;±H;k zG@J pnf;r_uv dk nf; ausmif;om;or*~/
rwD zGJ@pnf; pHkprf;apygw,f? trsdK;om;nDvmcH ac: wk@d Armtpnf;t±H;k / Armhxu G &f yf*% dk ;f / uGejf rLepfygweD @J jynfo@l ta&;awmfykH
zk@d vnf; jyifqifaewmyg? ygww D @dk rmS uk, d w f idk f zdzpd ;D pD; xlaxmifvyk u f idk cf w hJ hJ tawG@t}uHKawGe@J &ifrh mcJh
&olyg? &Jabmfo;kH usyd rf mS qef@usib f uf*% dk ;f zufqpf0g' vufco H /l jrefrmjynfudk
rvG,b f ;l zufqpf*syefe@J aygi;f wnfaxmifvo kd l ocifApdev f uf,m*k% d ;f om;awGe@J nD
0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek[m trsdK;om;&if=um;apha&;/ !Gwaf &;wnfaqmuf+yD; wyfrawmf xlaxmif/ zufqpfawmfveS af &; qifE&J$
trsKd ;om;nD!w G rf w
_ nfaqmufa&;/ bufaygi;f pHk jyif wm[m vG,u f w l m r[kwyf gb;l ?
qif+yD; Ekid if aH wmftpk;d &u acgi;f aqmif±rkH u tm%mcGJ Akvd cf sKyfu *syefzufqpfawmfveS zf @dk ,k;d ',m;rSmuwnf;u qH;k jzwf+y;D
a0ay;wJt h xd }uKd ;yrf;cJw h myg? 'gayrJh ratmifjrifcyhJ gb;l ? &efuek of rd ;f wmeJ@ pcJw h mvk@d qkyd gw,f? ocifoed ;f azukd r[mrdwef @J qufo, G zf @dk
trsKd ;om;nD!w G af &; wnfaqmufrw _ m0ef tdENd, apv$wfcJhw,f? zufqpfawmfvSefa&;vkyfzdk@ t"dutiftm;jzpfwJh
[m tpk;d &tm%meJ@rS wnfaqmufv@dk &r,f? vlxk tif wyfrawmfudk bmoabmw&m;rS &Gwq f rkd aebJ zdzpd ;D pD; xlaxmifcw hJ myg? (xef;
wku d t f m;wku d f axmufcrH &_ &So d l acgi;f aqmif&if rkcs wyif ta&;tcif;/ bk&ifqma':refprpf Akv d cf sKyfe@J awG@pOfu Akv d cf sKyfajymwJh
atmifjrifr,f? 'Dtxif[m xifomxif tqifrh mS ygyJ pum;ukd bk&ifcH vef'ef tpD&ifcw H hJ a=u;eef;xJrmS awG@&ygw,f?) tJ'v D dk Akv
d cf sKyf
awG@c&hJ ygw,f? u rdr&d @J t"dutiftm;ukd a&G;cs,+f yD; jyifqifcw hJ myg?
OD;EkEkdifiHa&;orm;r[kwf
OD;Ek ratmifjrifwm[m tm%m todr;f cH& tiftm;&Sv d @dk
vk@d v@dk tjiif;xGuEf idk w f ,f? 'g tjrifoabm ajymqkrd y_ g? zufqpfawmfveS af &;vkyzf @dk zqyvtzG@J csKyf trsKd ;om;nD!wG af &;
atmifjrifjcif; ratmifjrifjcif;/ OD;Eke@J Akv d cf sKyf tEdi_ ;f t wyfaygi;f pk}u;D wnfaqmuf&wJt h cg Akv d cf sKyrf mS t"dutiftm; wyfrawmf}u;D
,SOf jyK&ygr,f? OD;EkrmS pnf;±H;k a&;/ zG@J pnf;a&; tawG@ xlaxmifxm;wm&Sv d @kd tvG,w
f ul atmifjrifpmG wnfaqmufEidk af =umif; awG@
t}uKH tm;enf;csuf awG@&ygw,f? OD;Eku Ekid if aH &;orm; Ekid yf gw,f?
vkyzf @dk &nf&, G cf suf r&So d yl g? pma&;q&mvky&f ef tm;
oefoyl g? Akv d cf sKyfusq;kH oGm;vk@d rar#mv f ifb h J ta&;ay: t"dutiftm;yxr
Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmif jzpfvm&wmyg? OD;EkrmS pnf;±H;k zG@J zufqpfawmfveS af &;t+y;D vGwvf yfa&;wkud yf rJG mS wrsKd ;om;vH;k pnf;
pnf;a&; tawG@t}uHK r&Syd gb;l ? Ekid if aH &;ygww D &yf jzpf vH;k nD!wG af &; wnfaqmufEidk rf ,fh t"dutiftm;jzpfwhJ zqyv tzG@J csKy}f u;D ukd
atmifz@JG pnf; wnfaxmifEidk o f l r[kwyf gb;l ? ol(OD;Ek) yxr ckid cf aHh tmif wnfaqmufwm awG@Eidk yf gw,f? zqyv tzG@J csKyf tvkyt f r_
17
ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f

aqmif CEC uk d =unh f y g? OD ; xrf ; yJ h x rf ; nD w J h yifrtiftm;t&if;jyK

us&mwm0efudk xrf;aqmifEidk w f hJ CEC awGyg? A[kd Akvd cf sKyfu tJ'v D kd tiftm;pk}uD; xlaxmif+yD;
tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J CEC u Akv d cf sKyfudk emcH&wm +ydKuGyJ s@H viG ahf ewJh wrsKd ;om;vH;k ukd pkpnf;+yD; nD!w G af &;
r[kwyf gb;l ? CEC qH;k jzwfcsuu
f dk Akv
d cf sKyu
f taumif wnfaqmufwmyg? 'g a=umifv h nf; trsKd ;om;nD!w G af &;
txnfazmf&wmyg? atmifjrifatmif wnfaxmifEidk w f mukd awG@Eidk yf gw,f?
tJ'v D dk ckid rf mwJh tiftm; xlaxmifEidk cf v hJ @dk &efbuftjzpf
wku
d cf udk af &;wyf wku d cf udk af e&wJh ukv d edk eD ,fcs@J tpk;d &u Akv d cf sKyfudk vGwf
jynfol@&JabmftzGJ@csKyf[m zqyvxJu vyfa&;ay;zk@d tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;zk@d t*Fvef zdwaf c:
t"du tiftm;}u;D w&yfyg? jynfo@l &aJ bmftzG@J csKy[ f m aphpyfaqG;aEG;&wJt h xd atmifjrifEidk cf w hJ m awG@Eidk yf gw,f?
zqyvtzG@J csKyf&@J vli,ftiftm;yg? jynfo@l &aJ bmf 'gawmif e,fcs@J orm;u jrefrmjynf tpdwt f ykid ;f wcsKd @udk
tzG@J csKyuf dk vGwv f yfa&;wku d yf rJG mS xda&mufwhJ tiftm; olw@dk xm0& =oZmv$r;f rd;k xm;Ekid zf @kd apmfbmG ;/ 'l;0g;rsm;eJ@
jzpfatmif Akv d cf sKyfu OuUÏ aoemywdtjzpfe@J ususe ajr&Si}f uD;wk@d udk ArmeJ@ vGwv f yfa&; cG, J zl @dk aoG;xk;d pDryH g
e avhusio hf if=um; ay;xm;ygw,f? pnf;urf;wus ao;w,f? apmfbmG ;/ 'l;0g;rsm;eJ@ ajr&Siaf wGuvnf; ±k;d om;
zG@J pnf;xm;wmyg? trsKd ;om;nD!w G af &; wnfaqmuf wJv h rl sKd ;pkawGudk olw@dk ,ciftwkid ;f Akv d u f sp;dk rd;k zd@k e,fcs@J
Ekid &f ef tJ'v D dk tajccHuswhJ t"du tiftm;ukd yxrOD; orm;aemufcHeJ@ jrefrmEkdifiHu cGJxGuf=uzkd@ yifvHkrSm
qH;k tckid t f rm xlaxmifxm;cJw h m awG@Eidk yf gw,f? wif;cHygao;w,f?
vlrsKd ;pkawG[m Akv d cf sKyfacgi;f aqmifwhJ “trsKd ;
wu,fv h xl k om;nD!Gwfa&;tiftm;pk”twGif; twl&Sdaewm&,f/
tJ'Dvkd xlaxmifxm;wJhtwGuf AkdvfcsKyf Akv
d cf sKyf&@J “10 ESpf twlae=un/fh raeEkid &f if cGx J u G ”f qkw d hJ
usi;f ywJh nDvmcH/ tpnf;ta0;/ Akv d cf sKyfpnf;±H;k a&; &J&ifjh ywfom;wJh tqH;k tjzwfay:rSm e,fcs@J orm;eJ@ apmf
c&D;pOfawGrmS ode;f oef; csw D hJ vlx}k uD; pka0;a&muf&dS bGm;/ 'l;0g;/ ajr&Si}f u;D rsm; olw@dk &@J t}ut H pnfudk pGe@f vw $ f
}udKqdak xmufcyH gw,f? tJ'v D x l }k uD;[m Zmwfq&m vku d &f wm awG@Eidk yf gw,f?
OD;zk;d pde&f @J a&$yv JG m y&dowfrsKd ; r[kwyf gb;l ? &yfuu G /f
aus;&Gm/ +rKd @e,ftvku d f zqyv jynfo@l &aJ bmf tzG@J csKyf oH;k vdu k æ oH;k Ekid &f ef
tzG@J caJG wG&@J =uyfrwfpnf;±H;k a&;/ pepfwus zG@J pnf;r_e@J 'Dwifjycsut f m; Akv d cf sKyfe@J 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;
ol@ acgi;f aqmife@J ol a&muf&v dS mwJh vlx}k uD;yg? 'D OD;Ekw@dk &@J trsKd ;om;nD!w G rf _ wnfaqmufa&; }udK;yrf;cJh
vlx}k uD;u Akv d cf sKyfuadk wG@z@dk Akv d cf sKyfa[mwJh w&m; wm awGudk uk, d w f idk yf g 0ifczhJ ;l or#e@J vufvrS ;f rDor# avh
em,lz@dk Akv d cf sKyf!e¸ =f um;csuf emcH+yD; vk&d myef;wkid f vm wifjyvku d jf cif;jzpfygw,f? trsKd ;om; &if=um;apha&;/
ta&mufcsw D ufz@kd pka0;a&muf&v dS mwmyg? 'ga=umifh trsKd ;om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&; b,fvydk aJ c:ac: trsKd ;
'Dvx l }k uD;u wdrw f udk v
f dk aysmufu, G of mG ;r,fh tif om;nD!w G af &; wnfaqmufEidk zf @dk q&dk if Akv d cf sKyf&@J t
tm;vnf; r[kwb f ;l ? tvG,w f ul acsre_ ;f vk@d &Ekid w f hJ awG;eJ@ Akv d cf sKyf&@J tjrif/ Akv d cf sKyf&@J tajccHr/l Akv d cf sKyf&@J
vlpv k al 0;}uD;rsKd ;vnf; r[kwb f ;l ? tJ'v D dk vlxt k if vky[ f efrsm;ukd tajccH+y;D acwfe@J avsmn f w
D hJ t&mrsm;ukd
tm;}uD;rsKd ;eJ@ trsKd ;om;nD!w G af &; atmifjrifatmif jznfph u
G t f aumiftxnfazmfro S m atmifjrifEidk v f rd rhf ,f
wnfaqmufEidk cf w hJ myg? xifa=umif;ygAsm; æ æ?

+idr;f csr;f atmif(&rnf;oif;)

18
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_

ta0;uay;pmwapmif

,mawmuomajAm

ud[k 'kd if;a&-

touf80ausmf tbGm;}uD;wa,muf a&$omG ; usuo f a&&Sv d w S hJ yk*&H @J ywf0ef;usi/f yk*&H @J avxke@J b,fvrkd S
w0if;0if;eJ@uvufwufwufvyk af ewmudk jrif&&if cifAsm; yeHrpm;wJh ar#mpf if}u;D awGwnfaqmufwm/ rd;k ysyH al zmif;}u;D
pdwx f rJ mS b,fvkd jzpfrvJ[if? azmfjy&cufvw S hJ cHpm;csurf sKd ; awG wifwmawGvkyfcJhw,f/ cifAsm;vnf;todom;yJ?
r[kwv f m;Asm/ etzppfAv kd af wGu ppfuikd ;f u aumif;r_awmf u|eaf wmfw@kd Armh,Ofaus;r_/ Ak', < Ofaus;r_rmS apwDb&k m;
apwD}u;D udk a&$ouFe;f uyfw,f =um;awmh u|eaf wmfvnf; awG&@J txufudk vlawGwufw,fqw kd m odyu f kd i&JitH}k u;D
tvm;wlyJ cHpm;&w,fAsm/ 0rf;enf;w,fAsmud[ k 'kd if;/ 0rf; wwfwmrd@k bk&m;wifwm/ jyKjyifwmudk tifrwdtifrwef
enf;w,f? ckeuajymwJt h r,ft}kd uD;rsuEf mS udk b,fvkd rwwfomawmhrS tJ'D apwDb&k m;udk uefawmh+yD; txuf
=unh&f rSe;f rodovdk a&$a&mifawG0if;aewJh aumif;r_awmf udk wuf=uwmyg? tckawmh Edik if jH cm;om;rsKd ;pHak &m ArmEdik if H
apwDawmf}uD;udv k nf; b,fv=kd unfnKd &rSe;f udk rpOf;pm; om;awGyg apwDyx k ;kd awGay:rSm *g0efw0J0/J xbD wv$m;
wwfb;l Asm? v$m;eJ@ v_y&f mS ;oGm;vmaewmawGukd jrif&awmh 0rf;enf;
ppfudkif;awmifay:uae vSrf;=unhfvkduf&&if cHjyif;vdu k yf rkH sm;Asm?
awG@&wJh aumif;r_awmfapwDawmf}uD;&J@ oy`m,fy/kH o'Ng etzppfAv kd cf sKyfawGu 'Dae@ u|eaf wmfw@kd Eikd if rH mS
p&maumif;vdu k yf rkH sm;Asm? Armjynfuckd spo f /l omoemudk vlawG owfvu kd /f bk&m;awGwnfvu kd ef @J olw@kd wawG pdwf
=unfnKd av;pm;olawGtzd@k woufrarhp&myg? wcg tke;f xifwikd ;f ukov kd f wyJz;dk / i&J wyd\m vkyaf ewma=umihf
awmbufuae um;eJ@wufvmwJt h cgrmS xH;k azG;azG;apwD wdik ;f jynfvnf;em/ trsKd ;om;tarGtESpaf wGvnf; qH;k ±H;_ /
awmf}u;D udk bGm;ceJ zl;awG@vu kd &f wJt h cgrmS ay:vmwJh cHpm; aESmif;vlawGyg 'D'%f awGc=H u&awmhr,f? =uufajy;rSmus
r_[mvnf; &efukefudk yifv,fbufuae jrpfa=umif; awmh a&$w*d ykH pkH H apwD}uD; wnf+yD; &cdik jf ynfe,frmS awmh
twdik ;f wufvmwJt h cg a&$w*d akH pwDawmf}uD;udk bGm;ceJ "mwfaiG@yu kd v f ikd ;f azmuf/ um;vrf; &xm;vrf;azmufz@kd q+kd y;D
zl;ar#mv f ukd &f wJch pH m;r_e@J Edi_ ;f ,SOEf ikd yf gw,f? a&S;a[mif;apwDyx k ;kd awGukd bl'Zdk meJ@ wdu k yf pfaew,f?
tckawmh Adv k of ef;a&$[m omoemzsuf vkyif ef; acwfysuo f al X;vdjk zpfaewJh etzppftyk pf &k @J &rf;
}u;D wck xyfvyk v f u kd jf yef+yaD ygAh sm/ t&ifuvnf; tr,ftkd um;csuaf wGxrJ mS tapmqH;k cHvu kd &f wJh a&S;a[mif;tarG
tbGm;tdak wGukd oeyfcg;vdr;f / yef;yef/ tarmufawG wif tESpw f ckuawmh rE aW v;eef;awmfygy?J bmrqdk ajymifvuf
ay;ovdk yk*u H apwDt/kd ykx;kd tdak wGukd r&Sad wmhwhJ txGwf aerS wefz;dk &Sw d ,fv@kd ,q l wJh ppfAv kd cf sKyfawG[m ol}uD;
awG wifay;cJ=h uw,f? 'gtjyif Ak't < &Sed /f omoemhtapmfe@J bk&m; &Gmom;aumif;r_ vky+f yD; rE aW v;eef;awmfukd jyef

19
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f

aqmufw,f&,fv@kd vkycf =hJ uygw,f? tdraf xmifrb _ &k m;wnf/ aq;

rif&nfpw k x f ;kd qdw k mvdk aemif ArmjynfrmS ppftm%m&Siaf wG r&Sad wmh
wJt h csed u f s&if 'Dtwkta,mif taqmufttH}k u;D awG[m jyefzsuyf pf&
vnf;tcuf qufxed ;f odr;f oGm;&ifvnf; vl&,fc&H eJ@ tawmf 0efxyk 0f ef
yd;k jzpfr,fh ypPn;f awGygAsm?
u|eaf wmfw@kd i,fi,fwek ;f u eef;awmfxu J akd &mufv@kd 'Deef;
awmf&m tkwfcHk}uD;/ tkwftaqmufttHkysufawGeJ@ +cKHEG,f ydwf
aygi;f awGukd awG@&wdik ;f vl}u;D olrawGu 'g[m t*Fvyd af wG AH;k }uJ zsuf
qD;ypfcw hJ hJ eef;awmf&mayg?h e,fcs@J orm;awG[m ArmtrsKd ;om;awG
rEWav; eef;awmf
&ifxu J ud, k x fh ;D ud, k ehf ef;eJ@aecJw h hJ ae@&ufawGukd jyefowd&ae=u+yD;
ol@u|eb f 0u vGwaf tmif±ek ;f xGucf si=f uwJph w d uf kd csKd ;ESrd w
f thJ aeeJ@ rlvtaqmufttHak wGukd av;pm;wJo h abm azmfjywmjzpf
wrifrvdt k yfbJ AH;k }uJypfcw hJ mvd@k ajymjy=uygw,f? tJ'v D akd jymwdik ;f ygw,f? Adv k o
f ef;a±$vyk o f vkd rif;wke;f rif;avmufawmh ig
olw@kd &@J rsuv f ;kH awGxrJ mS 0rf;enf;cHjyif;wJh t&dyt f a,mifawG xifxif vnf; vkyEf ikd w f myJ qdw k mrsKd ; olw@kd u rvkyyf gb;l ?
&Sm;&Sm; jrifawG@ae&ygw,f? tckawmh etzaumif;r_a=umifh aemifvm u|eaf wmfw@kd Eikd if rH mS jzpfaewmu etzppf Adv k af wG
aemufom;awG[m e,fcs@J pepfe@J ppfurkd ek ;f zd@k aeaeomom e,fcs@J awG [m a&S;uvlawG (olw@k &d @J tarGtESpaf wG) udv k nf; rav;pm;/
zsuaf y;vd@k om 'Dvakd wmufawmufajymifajymif eef;awmfaqmiftopf aESmif;vlawGuv kd nf; rpmem/ olw@kd vyk cf siw f m vkyaf e=u
udk jrifawG@&w,f? Ed@k r@kd &if acwfrrDwyhJ pPn;f awG/ vuf&m=urf;awGe@J awmhwmyJAsm? wnf&SdaewJhordkif;qdkwm oGm;avolawG
wnfaqmufcw hJ hJ rif;wke;f rif;&J@ eef;awmft,dt k ,Gi;f }u;D udk awG@ae&OD; zefw;D oGm;wm jzpfw,f? rsuaf rSmufval wGrmS jyifciG zhf sucf iG fh
r,fv@kd ajymaumif;ajymae=urSmyg? r&Sb d ;l qdw
k mudv k nf; olw@kd em;rvnfwmvm;/ vufrcHwm
pOf;pm;=unhyf gu[ kd 'kd if;&m? a&mru udv k pkd ,D rftaqmuf vm; rodb;l ? olw@kd jzpfcsio f vdk ordik ;f tcsut f vufawGukd
ttH }k u;D (colosseum)/ *&du tydv k ekd wfb&k m;ausmif;}u;D awGuo kd m “&SmazG awG@&cdS ikd ;f /” aumufcsucf scikd ;f ae=uawmhwmyJ? uGejf rL
tckvkd tysut f ,Gi;f twdik ;f rxm;bJ etzvdk “jyKjyifrrG ;f rH” vdu k rf ,f epfawGu ordkif;[m vlxkuzefwD;wmjzpfw,fvdk@ qdk=u
qd&k if b,fyakH yguo f mG ;rvJ? urBmvSnhf c&D;oGm;awGa&m oGm;=unh=f u w,f? 'gayrJh etzppfAv kd cf sKyfawGuawmh ordik ;f qdw k m olw@kd
ygrh vm;? w±kwjf ynfrmS qd&k ifvnf; 1860ckEpS w f ek ;f u t*Fvyd ef @J jyifopf uzefw;D w,fv@kd jzpfatmif vkyaf e=uav&J@Asm? aemif wcsed f
w@kd acgi;f aqmifwhJ e,fcs@J 8 Edik if u H vk,ufzsuq f ;D cJwh hJ yDuif;tem;u rSm olw@kd ta=umif;udk aESmif;vlawGu b,fvkd ordik ;f armfueG ;f
,Girf if;,Giq f w kd hJ aEG&moDeef;awmf}u;D udk w±kwt f pd;k &tqufquf[m xd;k r,fqw kd m awG;rd=u&J@vm;rodygb;l ?
jyefraqmufcyhJ gb;l ? ta=umif;wcsuu f e,fcs@J awG&@J vyk &f yfukd armfueG ;f
xdk;csifwm/ aemufwcsufu/ tJ'gu ydkawmif ta&;}uD;ovm;yJ/ b,mab; uGma0;=uygap?

,mawmuomajAm

yk*Hajru ylazmif;

20
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
rif;vwf&Jacgifta=umif; 0g'/ tawG;tac:/ tjrif
waphwapmif; awmhb;l ? ‘oabmw&m;a&; ynm&Si’f vkyaf ea=umif; ajymyg
w,f? ‘vDeif0g'’ukd wkd;csJ@+yD; ‘rif;vwf&Jacgif0g'’ukd a&;ae
a=umif; trsm;}uD; ajymygw,f? oabmw&m; ynm&Sifjzpfvkd@
rkwfqdwfarG; E_wfcrf;arG; yg;rkef;arG;awG wrifarG;xm;wm jzpf
a=umif; ajymygw,f?
waeukef ol &Si;f jywmawGukd csKyfvu dk &f if-
š olu armfpuk/d yDuif;rSm oabmw&m;a&; avhvm
cJo
h rl [kwv f @dk [ku d ±ku d o f iG ;f wJh oabmw&m;awG ol@rmS r&Sb d ;l ?
š olu vDeifvkdyJ ta&S@Oa&mywcGif vSnfhvnf+yD;
avhvmcJh&ol jzpfw,f? vDeifav#mufcJhwJhvrf;/ vDeif eif;cJhwJh
ausmufw;Hk awGudk eif;av#muf&if; vDeif0g'ukd wk;d cs@J whJ ‘rif;vwf
&Jacgi0f g'’ukd ol &&Scd w hJ m jzpfw,f?
š cifAsm;wk@d u awmxJawmifxrJ mS ae&awmh b,fvrdk S
oabmw&m;ukd }uHqcsed f r&Sb d ;l ? awmxJawmifxrJ mS rmhupf f
(&J a bmf b 0if ; ) 0g'-vDeif0g' wk;d cs@J z@dk tcGit hf vrf; r&Sb d ;l ?
š ol@&@J ‘rif;vwf&aJ cgi0f g'’usr;f pmtky}f uD; a&;+yD;&if
ygwAD [ko d @dk yk@d vudk rf ,f-qkw d mawGy?J
rif;vwf&Jacgifta=umif; tusOf;csKyf ol@a&m*g rao;bl;qkw d m od&+yD;aemufrmS ol@pmtkyf
}uD; a&mufvmw,f? awmfawmf xlw,f? pmrsuEf mS &mcsD &Sd
ole@J r&if;ES;D yg? ol@tEkynm pmawGvnf; rzwfz;l yg? w,f? ‘ol@0g'’ukd csKyfvu dk &f if wurBmvk;H &Sd vlrsK;d wkid ;f cGx
J u
G =f u?
'gayrJh 1969 uae olu, G v
f eG w
f (hJ 1976 vk@d xifw,f) txd ArmjynfrSmvnf; cGJxGuf=u? vlOD;a&tenf;trsm;/ e,fajr
umvykid ;f rSmawmh awmfawmfuav; ywfoufczhJ ;l w,f? tus,t f 0ef; bmrS uef@owfrxm;eJ@? wurBmvk;H rSm wkid ;f jynf
ole@J yDuif;rSm twlaecJzh ;l wJh &Sr;f &Jabmf vifr,m; aygif; axmifaomif;csD+yD; &Sdayap? tJovkdyJ ArmjynfrSmvnf;
qDu ol@ta=umif;ukd =um;xm;w,f? &Sr;f pum;ukd olw@dk oifay; wkid ;f jynfav;awG ay:vmayhap/ +y;D rS qENtavsmuf aygi;f pnf;=u
wm vykid ;f twGi;f u|r;f u|r;f usiu f sif wwfomG ;a=umif;/ &Sr;f pm zkd@ ‘rif;vwf&Jacgif0g'’eJ@ pnf;±kH;&r,f? pnf;±kH;vkd@ &olawGukd
vnf; wwfomG ;a=umif;/ olw@dk e@J twl &Sr;f pmukd vufwiftuQ pkaygif;+yD; “{&mvGif”({&m0wDšoHvGif) jynfaxmifpk’ wnf
&meJ@ jyKjyifz@dk vky=f ua=umif; pwmawG odxm;&w,f? axmifz@dk y?J
wjcm;&JabmfawGqDuvnf; ol Armjynf&J@ ajray: 'gudk olu usr;f wapmifvdk a&;xm;wmyg?
eif;rdwthJ cg yxrqk;H vkyw f m[m av;bufaxmuf+y;D ajr}u;D ukd ygwAD [ku d vSnzhf wfw,f? ac:+y;D aqG;aEG;zk@d pDpOfw,f?
t=um}uD; ukef;erf;wJhta=umif;/ rsuf&nfawGvnf; usae tJ'u D mvrSmyJ olu w±kwjf ynfrmS ‘vifajymifa0zefa&;/ uGejf zL;
a=umif; od&w,f? &Syf a0zefa&;’vkyo f vkd ‘Aode;f wif a0zefa&;’‘Auy a0zefa&;’
aemufawmh vlcsi;f c%wjzKwf }uKHw,f? olu ol@ ykpd wmawG a&;+yD; aps;xJrmS vku d u f yfw,f?
ukd,fol rdwfqufw,f? pmynm&Sifjzpfa=umif;/ ‘pmay’ 'ga=umifh A[ku d tjrefyJ ac:+y;D aqG;aEG;&w,f? ol ajym
r[kwfa=umif;/ ‘ay’qkdwmu a&S;acwfu pm jzpfvkd@ olu wm&J@ tcsKyfu -
pdwrf 0ifpm;a=umif;/ ‘pm’ukyd J pdw0f ifpm;a=umif;/ wqifjh r‡izhf @dk š ‘rif;vwf&aJ cgi0f g'’ukd ygwu D vufc&H if ‘Aode;f wif
}uKd;pm;wJt h a=umif;awG trsm;}u;D ajymygw,f? em;axmifwm 0g'’ qkd+yD; xkwfjyefzkd@ olvufcHEkdifw,f? ol@emrnfrygvnf;
yJ vkyvf u dk +f yD; bmrS rSwcf surf ay;vku d yf g? &w,f?
olu ucsipf um; aumif;aumif;wwfae+y;D ucsipf m š vufrcH&if olu ygwDxJu xGuf+yD; ol@0g'ukd
jr‡iw
hf ifa&;ukd vkyaf ea=umif; aemufawmh =um;&w,f? us,u f s,f jyef@jyef@ jzef@rmS yJ? ykpd wmawG uyfrmS yJ?
bmompum;wckudk oif,w l mrSmawmh tvGex f ;l c|ef BIA ukd tm;us+y;D SSIA, KIA vkyaf eolawGudk tm;
wm aocsmygw,f? ay;rSmyJ? (ArmeD/ ArmjzLwku d af ewJh ‘Armhtcuf’ukd ‘&Sr;f / ucsif
aemufyidk ;f rSm ole@J r}uKHawmhyg? wcgrmS awmh ol@udk tcsu’f qk+d yD; SSIA, KIA u vkyfae=ucsdef jzpfw,f? &Srf;eJ@
E_wfcrf;arG;/ rkwfqdwfarG;awGeJ@ cyfvSrf;vSrf;u awG@vkduf&vkd@ rwku d &f ayr,fh ucsief @J wku d af e&csed f jzpfw,f?)
rkwfqdwf&dwf *sKwfeJ@ "m;awG 0,foGm;+yD; wul;wu oGm;ay; ol@awmif;qkcd suu f dk (A[k)d u b,fvrdk S vufrcHEidk b f ;l ?
rdw,f? 'ga=umif h ol @ uk d “umvwck tem;,l + yD ; wurB m vk H ; u
tJ'u D sawmhrS olu ol[m tck ‘pmynm&Si’f rvkyf tajctaeukd avhvmyg? tmz&du/ vufwiftar&du/ tm&Su
tajctaeawG avhvmzkd@ pDpOfay;r,f”vkd@ A[kdu ajymawmh
21
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
olu yG=J urf;vmw,f?
ocifAode;f wifudk vufnK‡ ;d xk;d +y;D “cifAsm;u xm;0,fvrl u dk /f
usKyfu vrf;rawmfz;dk wkw&f @J wl/ &efuek v f rl udk ?f trku d +f yKdi=f ur,fq+dk y;D
tpnf;ta0;cef;xJuae aqmif}h uD;atmif}h uD; xGuo f mG ;w,f?
ykpd wmwku d yf u
JG aps;xJrmS yJ ruawmhbJ ae&mwumrSm vkyf
vmw,f? ole@J cifwhJ ucsi&f aJ bmfawGuawmif ol@udk a&Smif=uw,f?
KIA qDukd oGm;zkd@ b,fol@ukdrS jr‡LqG,fvkd@r& jzpfvmw,f?
aemufqkH;awmh ykdpwmwkdufyGJqifvnf; b,folrS Armpm
rwwfw/hJ ucsipf mrwwfwhJ ‘0’ajrmufudk yk@d xm;&w,f? tusO;f csKyf
vnf; r[kw/f tus,cf sKyfvnf; r[kwf vGwv f w G v
f yfvyf xm;wmyJ/
'gudk csuaf umif;,l+yD; olu tusO;f csxm;wJh ucsio f @Hk yef;
wa,mufukd pnf;±kH;+yD; axmifazmufajy;zkd@ pDpOfw,f? ajy;=uw,f?
'gayrJh olu 'Dwcgawmh ‘0’pum; oifrxm;rdvdk@/ 0e,fxJu vGwf
atmif rajy;EkdifbJ w0Jvnfvnf jzpfaevkd@ axmifapmifhawGu
vkud vf yH pfcwfzrf;qD;wma=umifh aooGm;wmyJ?
b,f&uf/ b,fv/ b,fEpS q f w dk mukd rSwrf xm;vk@d twd &meJ@ vJay;&if &v'faumif; xGuv f mrSm r[kwb f ;l xif
tus ra&;Ekid yf gb;l ? w,fv@dk ajymzl;w,f? olu ZGww f ;dk +y;D vkywf m rawG@&bl;?
olu ‘pmynm&Si’f uae ‘oabmw&m; ynm&Si’f tjzpf
ol@ta=umif;ukd bmha=umifh a&;&ovJ? ul;zk@d pdwu f ;l &So
d mG ;vk@d vnf; jzpfEidk yf g w,f?
olom tckxd touf&iS af eao;&if ta&S@ Oa&m
NLD u a&G;aumufyGJ oydwfarSmufawmh *sme,fwcku y/ tmz&dueJ@ tm&Stv,fyidk ;f rSm wkid ;f jynfopfawG ay:
&JabmfaX;wk@d wpk ppftpk;d &ukd tmcHv@dk Zmwford ;f raumif; a=umif;ukd vmwm/ vlrsK;d vku d f rsK;d jzKwf=uwmukd awG@&if/ ArmjynfrmS
qufwu dk af &;w,f? vGecf w hJ hJ ESp‘f 40’ausm/f ‘50’ausmu f "mwfyaHk wG cGx J u
G o f al wGudk ppftpk;d &u zJx h w k pf nf;±k;H oGm;wm awG@&if
azmazmoDoD ok;H w,f? ol@‘{&m-vGif pDru H ed ;f ’ukd wrsK;d jyKjyifz@dk pOf;pm;vdrrhf ,f xif
t"dym` ,fu &Si;f w,f? ppftm%mukd tmcH&if Zmwford ;f ygw,f?
raumif;bl;-qkw d m NLD ukd apmif;ajrmif; +cdrf;ajcmufwmyJ? 'gu ol@pOf;pm;enf;twkdif; ocifpkd; pOf;pm;zl;w,f?
a&G;aumufyrJG wkid rf u D +cdr;f ajcmufwhJ enf;? ygwDxJ jyefa&mufvmwJh vSrif;(&Srf;jynf) wkd@vkd tvHeD
tck a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;awmh &JabmfaX;wkd@ta=umif; ra&; a[mif;awGvnf; vufawG@vyk zf ;l wJt h a=umif;awmh ol@udk
awmhb;l ? ta&S@ajrmufu ta=umif;ukd vSnv hf mw,f? ‘xk@d a=umifh (ol tpnf;ta0;cef;u a'geJ@ armeJ@ xGufoGm;+yD;aemuf)
Tok@d ’tpkudk yGx J w k zf @dk jyifvmw,f? aqG;aEG;zl;w,f?
‘xkd@a=umifh Tokd@’tpku ta&S@ajrmufrSm usifvnfcJh ±Srf;trsKd;om;tzGJ@csKyf/ tif;trsKd;om;tzGJ@csKyf/
olawGyJ? t&if;vJvkd@ tzsm; xif;jzpf&olawGyJ? jzKwfxkwfowfukd yavmif vDa&SmS -pwJh trsK;d om; tzG@J csKyfawGudk vSrif; (±Sr;f
r}uKHz;l =ubl;? rif;vwf&aJ cgief @J vnf; rawG@vu dk =f u&bl;? jynf) wk@d u cGx J uG zf @dk zG@J z;l wmyJ? OD;AaqGe@J ocifomcifw@dk u
&JabmfaX;wk@d ta=umif; a&;wke;f u tJ'*D sme,fu rif;vwf tJ't D zG@J csKyfawGudk }udw+f yD; pnf;±k;H vku d af wmh ygomG ;=u+yD;
&Jacgif ‘jzKwfxw k o f wf’cH&ovkv d dk bmvkv d dk a0hvnfvnf a&;wm tm;vk;H vufeufcs=uwm eJ@ Zmwford ;f cJ=h uwmyJ-vk@d &Si;f
awG@&w,f? 'ga=umifh tjzpfreS u f bmqkw d mukd odapcsiv f @dk a&;wmyJ? jyw,f? ol bmrS jyefrajymbl;?
a&G;aumufyJG +y;D wJah emufrmS ‘Auy’&J@ &,f'u D ,f (jywfom; ol@oabmw&m;ukd vufawG@vyk f =unfo h ifw h ,f
wJh) vrf;pOf wpcef;xvmrSmukd a=umufvkd@/ NLDeJ@ 'Dru dk a&pD tif vk@d yJ ajymw,f? vufeufcsz@dk awmh ol@pOf;pm;r_xJ rygb;l -
tm;pkawG ‘&,f'u D ,fvrf;pOf’ukd rvku d rf ad pzk@d ab;qD;&efumoabm vkd@ ajymw,f?
vkyv f maevk@d a&;wmygy?J ol@udk tuJjzwf& cufygw,f?
uG,fvGefoGm;ol(bmrS jyef+yD; ajz&Sif;csufray;Ekdifol) ukd zd
axmif;wJt h vkyu f atmufwef;usw,f? &GpH &m aumif;w,f? 'Dvdk
tvkyrf sK;d b,fawmhrS vkyrf mS r[kwyf gb;l ?
rif;vwf&Jacgif[m a&S@wrsKd; uG,f&mwrsKd; vkyfwwfol
r[kww f mukad wmh txufrmS a&;cJw h m =unfjh cif;tm;jzifh &Si;f ygw,f?
‘pm ynm&Sif’vkyfaewkef;u oleJ@ tvGwfoabmawmh (&Jabmfb0if;)
aqG;aEG;zl;w,f? pmawGudk t&rf;uma&m jyifwm rvkyo f ifb h ;l ? Arm&J@-
(u) (c) vkyd J &Sr;f rSm u c awGe@J pm&S+d y;D om;yJ? tJ'gudk vufwiftuQ
22
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
0g'/ tawG;tac:/ tjrif

tajrmftjrif &Sd=uzkd@
xyfrH owday;&jyefyg+yD?

od e f ; oef ; 0if ;

(1) GDP eD;yg;? wcsK@d Eki

d if aH wGrmS GDP xuf ausmaf e+yD? taºu;
jrefrmjynftusK;d twGuf a&S@a&;ukd pOf;pm;&mwGif tajrmf awGudk jyefrqyfEidk ?f ‚Ekid if rH sm;xJrS ay:wl*/D tkid , f mvef/ *&d/
tjrif&=dS uzk@d t}udrf }f udrf wifjycJzh ;l +yD? pydew f @dk udk PIGS [kyif trnfay;ac:qkad e=uyg+yD/ 'Dvdk tajc
ArmjynfEidk if aH &;jy\emrsm;wGif Armjynf.taetxm;ukd taersK;d xJrmS t*Fvyd af &m/ jyifopfyg yg0ifonf? 'gayrJh t*Fvyd f
yx0DEidk if aH &;t& jyifyrS ±ku d cf wfrj_ zpfvmrSmawG wif}uKdawG;q+yD; ESihf jyifopfw@dk cHomaewmu taºu;&Siaf wGu olw@dk udk ,k=H unf
tav;teuf xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;zk@d vnf; wku
d w
f eG ;f zl;cJ+h y?D vlO;D a& trsm; qJ &Sad eao;onf?
qk;H wkid ;f jynf}u;D ESpcf t k =um;rSm Ekid if iH ,fuav;tjzpf wnf&adS eonfh Oa&my ,l±Zdk ek f pD;yGm;a&;ysuv f #if urBmph ;D yGm;a&; 'gh
Armjynftaejzifh twdwu f mvwke;f u ppfyEJG iS hf tE©&m,frsm;t=um; xuf ykq d ;dk rnf? urBmph ;D yGm;a&;tajctaeqk;d vmv#if urBmh
‘=um;nyf’cJzh ;l onfh tawG@t}uKHudk oifcef;pm ,l+y;D aemifvmrnfh Ekid if rH sm; qufqaH &;wGif uaomif;ueif;jzpfra_ wG/ ppfyaJG wG ay:
ppfyrJG sm;ESihf tE©&m,frsm;t=um; =um;rnyfatmif taewwfz@dk vmwwfonf? urBmt h ajctae rwnfr+ird f jzpfvmwwfonf?
vkad =umif;vnf; w}udrrf u ajymcJ=h uzl;+yD? 'Dvrdk jzpfatmif u,fwifra_ wG vkyv f m&onf? u,fwifay;ol
,ckvnf; urBmt h a&;tcif;u rsu0f g;xifxif oufaojy u Oa&myA[kb d %fe@J IMF wk@d jzpfonf? olw@dk omru w±kwf
aeojzifh uk, d w hf idk ;f jynfawmfveS af &;twGuf jyify tiftm;}uD;Ekid if H Ekid if u H yif wzufwvrf; 0ifu,fae&wm &So d nf? (w±kwEf idk if H
wk@d tay: rScD t dk m;uk;d vko d rl sm;tm; tE©&m,fudk }uKdwifjrifEidk zf @dk owd onf ,l±kdbGef;pmcsKyf(aiGwkdufpmcsKyfeJ@ tmrcHpmcsKyfawG)
ay;&ef vkt d yfvmygonf? qufvuf0,fay;aeonf? 'gu Oa&myA[kb d %fudk aiGacs;ay;+y;D
pD;yGm;ysuEf idk if aH wGudk u,fwifay;ae&onfo h abmjzpfonf?)
(2) *smreDu Oa&myA[kb d %f&@J +r&D iS Ef idk if ?H Oa&myA[kb d %fu pD;yGm;
tar&duefpD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;u 2008 pufwif ysuEf idk if aH wGudk ru,fv#if ol@taºu;awG vk;H 0qk;H oGm;rnf?
bmvrSm pcJo h nf? 'Dawmh oluvnf; u,fwifa&;ukd oabmwl&onf?
tJ'pD ;D yGm;a&;tusyt f wnf;u Oa&myok@d xyfqifh qku d f jy\emu u,fwifa&;tpDtpOfrsm;rS pvmonf?
a&mufvmwm 2010 rSm txift&Sm;awG@vm&onf? Oa&my u,fwifay;olrsm;u Oa&mypD;yGm;ysuEf idk if rH sm;tm; u,fwif
,l±Zdk ek (f 16) Ekid if &H @J pD;yGm;a&;u tar&dum;xufyif }uD;ojzifh ol. a&;tpDtpOfrsm;ESit hf wl awmif;qkcd suEf pS &f yfyg vkyv f monf?
pD;yGm;a&;tusyt f wnf; ±ku d cf wfru _ vnf; tawmfjyif;onf? (1) tok;H p&dwf jzwfawmuf&rnf?(bwf*suf tav#mh
tao;pdwaf zmfjyzk@d r&nf&, G af omfvnf; ay:vGiaf tmif ckid ;f wm jzpfonf?)
awmh tcsuw f csK@d ajym&rnf? (2) tcGew f ;dk aumuf&rnf?
,l±Zdk ek x f yJ gaom Oa&myEkid if rH sm;xJrS *&d/ tkid ,
f mvef/ 'Dtwkid ;f vkycf vhJ #if 'DEidk if aH wGrmS jynfwiG ;f vlxk qlyrl _
ay:wl*/D pyde/f tDwvDw@dk qv dk #if pD;yGm;a&;us+yD; taºu;awG xlvm awG ykrd +dk yD; jzpfvmrnfrmS ra&SmifvEJ$ idk af wmh? wcsK@d Eidk if aH wGrmS
onf? bwf*suv f adk iGawG jyvmonf? 'DEidk if aH wG. bwf*suv f dk tckyif pjzpfae+yD? wjcm;EkdifiHrqkdxm;eJ@/ jyifopfvkd EkdifiHrsKd;
aiGjyr_u ysr;f r# 50 &mckid Ef e_ ;f avmuftxd &Sad e onf? taºu;awGu rSmawmif jynfwiG ;f tvkyo f rm;eJ@ vlxk qENjy v_y&f mS ;r_awG

23
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
(7) }udraf vmuf ay:cJ+h yD;+yD?*&drmS (13) }udrf jzpfay:cJ+h yD; +Adwed /f (3) tm&yfurBmEkid if rH sm;wGif Oa&myEkid if H
tkid ,
f mvef/ pydew f @dk rmS vnf; tvm;wl jzpfay:cJo
h nf? rsm;. ‘xD;&dy’f wck xlaxmifvjdk cif;(ok@d r[kw)f =oZmtm%m
Oa&mywku d f wkid ;f jynf. tpk;d &awGu 'Dtajctae jzef@=uufxm;vkjd cif;?
awGudk tm±kv H zJ$ @dk vkt d yfvmonf? (4) a&eHrS pD;yGm;a&;tusK;d tjrwfudk &,l
vkjd cif;? (&Si;f ygO;D rnf? Oa&myEkid if rH sm;onf vpfAsm;rSa&eHudk
(3) ajrxJyifv,fatmuf =urf;jyifrmS a&eHyu dk v
f idk ;f oG,w f ef;um
acwfopfe,fcs@J pepf usio hf ;Hk aeonfh tiftm;vGeEf idk f tDwvDudk jzwf+yD; Oa&mywkid ;f jynfrsm;wGif cGaJ 0ok;H pGaJ e=u
iH}uD;wcsKd@u wkdif;jynfi,fav;rsm;. emrnftrsKd;rsKd;aom onf? vpfAsm;udprP mS 0ifa&mufpu G zf uf+yD; aemufwufvm
ta&mifawmfveS af &;rsm;ukd ay:ayguv f matmif zefw;D zk@d tm; rnfh tpk;d &uko d m tykid u f idk x
f m;Ekid v
f #if olw@dk twGuf vpf
ay;tm;ajr‡mufjyKvkyw f wfovk/d ol@bmomol ayguzf mG ;vm Asm;a&eH.tusK;d tjrwf rkcs &awmhrnf?)
aom wkdif;jynfi,fuav;rsm;. vlxktkHºur_rsm;ukdvnf; acwfopfe,fcs@J pepfu olrsm;Ekid if . H jynfwiG ;f a&;
ta&mif emrnf/ yef;emrnf wyfay;±krH u 0ifa&muftjrwf xkwf wGif 0ifa&mufpu G zf uf+yD; olw@dk tusK;d tjrwf &,laeaom
jcif;/ pGuzf ufjcif;/ tusK;d pD;yGm; &Smjcif; jyKvyk cf o hJ nfh om"uawGudk om"uawG onft h &ifuwnf;u txift&Sm; ay:cJ+h yD; +yD?
jrifawG@c&hJ zl;+y?D tD&wfudpPu ykdrkd xif&Sm;ay:vGifonf? tD&wftpkd;&u
,ckvnf; tm&yfurBm Ekid if rH sm;wGif jzpfay: aeaom tpkvu dk t
f +yKHvu dk f aoausapwJv h ufeuf xkwv f yk af eonf
vrf;ay:xGuv f x l tk ºHk ur_rsm;ukd 0ifpu G v f adk om ajcvSr;f rsm; az: qkad om rckid v f aHk omta=umif;jycsu(f ,ckrl vk;H 0rSm;,Gi;f aom
jyvmcJo h nfudk owdjyKrdonf? txift&Sm; azmfjyvmonf ta=umif;jycsufqkdwm 0efcHvm&+yD) jzifh tD&wfEkdifiHtm;
rSmum; vpfAsm;udpP jzpfonf? 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufco hJ nfrmS ,ckxd tawmrowfEidk af o;?
av,mOfryso H ef;&Zket f rnfwyf+y;D ajrjyif ypfrw S rf sm; tD&wfjynfolawG aoausvkduf&onfrSm tvGef@tvGef?
ukyd g wku d cf u
dk af eonf? t&yfom;rsm;ukd aoausra_ wG jzpfapcJh wkid ;f jynf.emusiq f ;Hk &_;H r_uvnf; tvGe@f tvGe?f ,ckvnf;
onf? vufeufawG ykrd w dk yfqifay;zk@d e@J vufeuf}u;D awGyg ay;zk@d xyfrjH rifawG@&OD;awmhrnfævpfAsm;Ekid if rH mS ?
jyifqifae=uonf? TonfrmS 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufr_ jyKjcif;yif
jzpfonf? Ekid if w H Ekid if .H tcsKyftjcmtm%mukd zsuq f ;D jcif;yif (4)
jzpfonf? (urBmay:u Ekid if iH ,fuav;rsm;. tcsKyt f jcmtm%m wkid ;f jynftusK;d ukd ar#m&f nf+y;D tpk;d &ukv d nf; owd
wnfwahH tmif xde;f odr;f a&;onf pdwrf csaom tajctae jzpf ay;cJzh ;l +yD? e,fcs@J Eidk if rH sm;ESihf tiftm;}uD;Ekid if rH sm;tm; rD;ESihf
vmae+y)D wqifx h ufwqifh wkid ;f jynf ykrd dk emusi&f awmhrnfrmS upm;ovkd rupm;bJ tajrmftjrif&zdS @dk / taewwfz@dk ?
aocsmaeonf? jynfwiG ;f a&;omruaom t±_yt f axG;awG ‘tiftm;}u;D Edik if rH sm;tm; t"du rScD t dk m;uk;d +y;D Arm
jzpfvmrnfrmS aocsmaeonf? tar&duef/ jyifopf/ t*Fvyd w f @dk jynfawmfveS af &; atmifjrifap&ef }uKd;yrf; taumiftxnf
ygonf? jyifopf/ t*Fvyd w f @dk u 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufz@dk ykrd dk wufºu azmfvo dk rl sm;’ukv d nf; wkid ;f jynftusK;d ukd ar#m&f nf+y;D owday;
aeonf? vkyd gonf?
olw@dk (Oa&myEkid if rH sm;) vpfAsm;udprP mS 0if a&mufpu G f wkdif;jynfwkdif;vkdvkdu ukd,fusKd;pD;yGm; OD;xdyfxm;
zufz@dk wufºuaejcif;wGif &nf&, G cf suaf wG &Sad eonf? onfrmS 'Dae@acwfwiG f ykrd dk xif&mS ;ay:vGiv f maeonf?
(1) txufrmS azmfjycJo h vkd Oa&mypD;yGm; a&; ukd,fhjynfwGif;a&;wGif jynfytiftm;}uD;EkdifiHrsm;
tusyt f wnf;rS xGuaf yguw f ckudk zefw;D &,lvjdk cif;? wku
d ±f u dk pf u
G zf ufrj_ zpfvmv#i/f wkid ;f jynf. tcsKyftjcm tm
(2) pD;yGm;a&;tusyt f wnf;rS ±ke;f xGuaf &; %m puULpkwv f dk jzpfomG ;v#if wkid ;f jynf ig;yg;arSmuf±rHk u
twGuf u,fwifa&;vkyif ef;pOfwiG ;f Oa&myEkid if rH sm;wGif ay: oHCmpifyg arSmufvrd rhf nf? ?
ayguv f maeaom jynfwiG ;f vlxq k yl rl r_ sm;/ tkºH ur_rsm;ukd tm±kH
ajymif; vrf;v$aJ y;vkjd cif;?
od e f ; oef ; 0if ;

24
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
EkdifiHa&;

wqifhwuf}udK;yrf; tm;xkwfoGm;=uygpkd@

ukdzkd;armif

Armjynf[m ppfzdeyfoHcGmatmuf us ynma&; taxmuftyH/h apwem aq;uk tckwavm jynfwGif;jynfy

a&mufcw hJ m ESpf 40 ausm/f 50 eD;yg; &Sv d m+y?D cef; pwmrsKd ;awGudk vufwaJG jz&Si;f vmwm 'Dru
dk a&pDtiftm;pkawGt=um; v_yv f y_ f
jynfov l x l }k u;D [m 'DpepfatmufrmS qif;&J awG@ae&ygw,f? &Sm;&Sm; wufwufºuºu aqmif&u G af e
wGi;f eufoxuf eufvmcJ&h w,f? vufw 'ghtjyif obm0ywf0ef;usif wJh udpw P ckuawmh 'DcsKyfu a&S@aqmif
qkypf m ppftyk pf x k yd o
f ;D rsm;uawmh wkid ;f xde;f odr;f a&;twGuf opfyifpu dk yf sKd ;wm tpcscD w hJ hJ tusO;f us Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm;
jynfudk ppftm%m&Sipf epfe@J qufvuf pk;d rd;k awGvnf; vky=f uw,f? obm0ab;'%f ukd ulnDa&; jzpfygw,f? ppftpkd;&u
jc,f v S , f o G m ;Ek d i f a &;twG u f twk t rsm;a=umifh aomufoHk;a& &Sm;yg;aewJh Armjynf r S m Ek d i f i H a &;tusOf ; om;
a,mif a&G;aumufyJG usi;f y+y;D / [efjyv$wf t&yfa'orsm;ukv d nf; oGm;a&muf ulnD wa,mufrS r&Syd gb;l vk@d jiif;qkad eayr,fh
awmfuae abmif;bDc|wf t&yfom; ±kyf ajz&Si;f ay;wmrsKd ;awGutp }uHKawG@ae 'Drkdua&pDa&;/ vl@tcGifhta&;twGuf
ao;tpk;d &w&yf pDrpH idk ;f jyif; zG@J pnf;vku d f &wJh tcuftcJ jy\emrSeo f r#udk jynfol v_yf&Sm;wkdufyGJ0ifr_rsm;a=umifh zrf;qD;
=uyg+yD? vlx[ k m rdrb d mom uk, d thf m;uk, d u f ;dk xm;ol 2200 ausmf &Sdaeygw,f? 'D
jynfov l xl }k u;D uawmh ppftyk pf k ajz&Si;f ae=uwmyg? tusO;f om;awGuv dk nf; pdw"f mwfa&;
&J@ [efjyv$waf wmfudk pdwrf 0ifpm;=uygb;l ? 'gayrJh 'gawGudk e0w-etz &mt& csdK;ESdrfwJhtaeeJ@ axmif0ifpm
t&yf om; ±kyaf o;tpk;d &ukd b,foal wGe@J yJ tpk;d &u vGwv f wG v
f yfvyf vkycf iG ahf y; rawG@Eidk af tmif a0;vHvw S hJ e,fpeG ef ,f
zGJ@zGJ@ olwkd@b0[m 'Hk&if;'kH&if;yJqkdwmukd wm r[kwyf gb;l ? twm;tqD; taESmifh zsm; tusO;f axmifawGo@dk yk@d xm;w,f?
jynfov l x l }k u;D u olw@dk b0ay; todt& t,Suf trsKd ;rsKd ; ay;aewmyg? qif;&J'u k Q tusO;f om;awGrmS uk, d w f idk f
od&edS m;vnf aeyg+yD? usa&mufaewJh jynfoal wGtwGuf ulnD u tcsdK@ tdrfaxmifOD;pD;awG/ tcsdK@
'Dvtdk aetxm;atmufrmS jynf olawGudk +crd ;f ajcmuf zrf;qD;axmifcscw hJ m rdrw d @dk &@J rdtbdk tkrd sm;ukd &SmazGau|;arG;
olawG[m tcsi;f csi;f uln±D idk ;f yif;a&;qdw k hJ tm;vH;k od+y;D jzpfygw,f? 'Dvt dk wm;tqD; aeolrsm; jzpf=uawmh use&f pfol rdom;pk
pdwf"mwfrsm;ukd wqifhwkd;jr‡ifhwifum taESmifht,SufawG =um;uyJ jynfol awGrmS pm;0wfaea&; tcuf}uHKae&o
jA[Rp&dk f ema&;ulnaD &;toif;vk[ d mrsKd ;u vlxk}uD;[m rdrdwkd@vkyfoifhwmawGukd vkd axmif0ifpmtwGuv f nf; rajyvnf
tpcsu D m ouf}u;D &G,t f akd pmifah &Smufa&;/ vkycf =hJ uygw,f? =uyg? 'Dvkd EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG

25
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f

tygt0if Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;tm;vH;k twGuf tcktcg axmif

0ifpmudpP ulnaD &;ukd 'DcsKyu f OD;aqmif+y;D wzufwvrf;u ajz&Si;f
ay;aeygw,f?
wjcm;wzufrSmvnf; 'Dvkyf&yf[m 'Drkdua&pDa&;/
vl@tcGit hf a&; wku d yf 0JG if&if; zrf;qD;axmifcscaH e&olrsm;ukd usef
&pfoal wGu &Jabmfw@dk &@J wku d yf aJG wG/ vky&f yfawGudk wefz;kd xm;
a=umif; av;pm;a=umif;udk azmfjyvku d w f mjzpfovkd &JabmfawGudk
axmufcaH =umif; azmfjyvku d w f mvnf; jzpfw,f? tjyeftvSef
tm;ay; tjyeftvSef wGe;f tm;jzpfwv hJ yk &f yfr@dk 'Dru
dk a&pDta&;
awmfykH twGuf tvGeaf umif;wJh vky&f yfjzpfygw,f?
axmifwiG ;f usa&mufaewJh &JabmfawG&@J arG;ae@rsm;ukd
txdrf;trSwfjyKjcif;/ owif;rD'D,mawGuwqifh arG;ae@vuf
aqmif aw;oDcsi;f rsm; ay;yk@d =uwmrsKd ;uvnf; 'Dru dk a&pDta&;
awmfyt kH wGuf tpOftvmaumif;w&yfjzpfv@kd qufvufvyk f
aqmif xde;f odr;f oGm;oifyh gw,f?
wcsed wf nf;rSmvnf; 'Dru dk a&pDa&; wku d yf 0JG if&if; vrf;
c&D;rSm usq;kH oGm;wJh tmZmenfrsm;&J@ ESpv f nftxdr;f trSwyf JG wGi;f }uHKawG@&ifqidk af e&wJh jy\emawGudk ckvpdk ak ygi;f ajz&Si;f
awGuvnf; usef&pfolrdom;pka&m wkdufyGJ0iftiftm;pkawG ae&ifvnf; jynfov l x l }k u;D [m ppftm%m&Sipf epfatmufrmS rk@d
twGuyf g wGe;f tm;jzpfv@kd o¿mefrsKd ;pHek @J qufvufusi;f yoifh vH;k csmvku d +f yD; 'kuo Q o H &m vnfaeOD;awmhrmS ygy?J
ygw,f? 'Dru dk a&pDa&;wku d yf 0JG if&if; usq;kH oGm;&wJh ol&aJ umif; tck ppftpk;d &u 2011-12 bwf*suq f wdk mukd xkwf
rsm;twGuf a=uuG0J rf;enf;r_rsm;ukd ppftm%m&Sipf epf quf jyefvu dk yf g+yD? umuG,af &;toH;k p&dwu f wrsKd ;om;vH;k toH;k
vufwu dk yf 0JG ifa&;twGuf tiftm;tjzpf ajymif;ypf=u&ygrh ,f? p&dw&f @J 19 &mckid Ef e_ ;f eD;yg; owfrw S v f u dk +f yD;/ ynma&;toH;k
,cktcg uGe&f uf csw d q f ufra_ wG wd;k rsm;vm+y;D vli,f p&dwu f dk 1 &mckid Ef e_ ;f avmufe@J use;f rma&;toH;k p&dwu f dk 4 &mckid f
awG[m ynma&;vkyfief;awG/ tcrJh aq;0g;ukoa&;vkyfief; E_e;f avmufyJ xm;ygw,f? ynma&;/ use;f rma&; jy\emawGudk
awGudk pdw0f ifwpm; pkaygi;f ajz&Si;f vmwm awG@ae&ygw,f? pmay/ jynfov l x l }k uD; cg;pnf;cH&+rJc&H OD;r,fqw dk m odomygw,f? 'g@
±ky&f iS /f aw;*DwavmupwJh tEkynm tokid ;f t0kid ;f uvnf; 'Dvdk tjyif umuG,af &;toH;k p&dwu f dk trsm;qH;k oH;k um ppfwyfw;dk
trsm;aumif;usKd ; vkyif ef;awGudk a&S@aqmifyg0ifvmaeygw,f? cs@J a&;eJ@ jynfwiG ;f ppf oufq;dk &Snaf &;awGudk qufvufvyk af qmif
wckv;kH taeeJ@ =unfv h u dk &f if Armjynf vl@tv$mtoD;oD;[m aerSmrk@d wkid ;f jynf[m jynfwiG ;f ppfoo H &mvnfaeOD;awmhrmS yg?
tcuftcJ jy\emawGudk uk, d t hf m;uk, d uf ;dk pkaygi;f ajz&Si;f r_awG (,cktcg etzppftyk pf [ k m jzwf 5 jzwf qkw d mawG vky+f y;D wkid ;f
wk;d wufus,jf yef@vmwm aumif;wJu h pd /P 0rf;omp&mudpjP zpfv@dk &if;om;a'oawGukd ppfqifr_awG pwifaeyg+yD?) 'ga=umifh
}udKqk&d r,fu h pd P jzpfygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk jynfoal wG[m 'kuq Q if;&JwiG ;f u vGwaf jrmuf
'gayrJh Armjynf&@J jy\em[m a&wkjd y\em/ ta&;ay: zkd@qdk&if 2008 zGJ@pnf;yHk wkdufzsufa&;/ ppftm%m&Sifpepf
jy\em r[kwyf gb;l ? emwm&Snf uyfa&m*gyg? ppftm%m&Sif qef@usiw f u dk yf 0JG ifa&;rSwyg; a&G;p&mvrf; r&Sad wmhygb;l ?
pepfa=umifh wkid ;f jynf[m tm&S emwm&Snv f rl rm}uD; jzpfvmcJh tcktcg Armjynf ppftm%m&Sipf epf qef@usiaf &;rSm
&wmyg? 'DpepfatmufrSm zGH@+zdK;r_tedrfhqHk;EkdifiHb0 usa&muf v$waf wmfwiG ;f / v$waf wmfy enf; 2 enf;wnf&adS ewmukv d nf;
oGm;cJ&h w,f? tck usq;kH Ekid if t H qifh a&muf&awmhr,fh tajc owdxm;rdygw,f? v$waf wmfwiG ;f a&mufaewJh jynfo@l u, dk pf m;
qkud v f maeyg+yD? Armjynf wkid ;f &if;om;aygi;f pHk jynfov l xl }k uD; vS,q f o dk rl sm; wifjyor#[m y,fzsuw f mcHae&+yD; ppftm%m
w&yfv;kH &J@ trsKd ;om; *k%f odumQ qkw d muvnf; &p&mr&Sad tmif &Sirf sm;u wifjyvmor#udk vufnKd‡ ;axmif acgi;f ndwaf e&wmrk@d
usqif;oGm;cJ&h yg+y?D v$waf wmf[m ykwo f ifnKd v$waf wmftjzpf *k%o f u d mQ usqif;
'Dvdk tajctaeatmufrmS e0w-etz ppftm%m&Sif +yD;&if; usqif;ae&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh Armjynf&@J ±kyb f 0jyÏmef;
pepf[m wkdif;jynfjy\emrsm;ukd 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;/ csut f & v$waf wmfwiG ;f Ekid if aH &;[m bmrS t&mra&mufEidk f
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pk Ekid if aH &;tiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ pm;yG0J idk ;f rSm pkaygi;f a=umif; xif&mS ;+yD;&if; xif&mS ;vmaeovkd v$waf wmfy Ekid if H
aqG;aEG; ajz&Si;f a&;ukd pdwrf 0ifpm;bJ/ rdrw d @dk tm%mwnf+rJ a&;ukd wufvrS ;f Ekid zf @dk wkid ;f jynf&@J ±kyb f 0u awmif;qkad eyg+yD?
a&;twGuf 2008 zGJ@pnf;yHktoufoGif;a&; v$wfawmfukd wkdufyGJo¿mefrsdK;pHkukd wkdufEkdifzkd@ tzufzufu jyifqifxm;
usi;f ycJw h m jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|eaf wmfw@dk jynfov l xl t k zd@k vnf; vkt d yfaeyg+yD?
ukdzkd;armif
15-3-2008
26
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
EkdifiHa&;
tpu ppftyk pf [ k m a&G;aumufy+JG yD;csed u f srS jynfwiG ;f ppfudk awGxrJ mS =oZmtm%mtusK;d pD;yGm;/ pD;yGm;a&;tusK;d pD;yGm;/
wausmjh yef xk;d ppf}uD;awG qifz@dk jyifxm;wJyh yHk g? e,fjcm;apmifw h yf Ekid if aH &; tusK;d pD;yGm;awGomru wjcm;tusK;d pD;yGm;awGvnf;
rvkyv f wdk hJ typf&yftzG@J awGudk cyfememav; qk;H rjyrS &r,fqw dk hJ trsm;tjym; &SOd ;D rSmyg? 'Dvt dk usK;d pD;yGm;awGomru jynfwiG ;f
oabmxm;uawmh e*ku d wnf;u &S+d y;D om; jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh v$wf ppf[m ol@twGuf “jyop&m tvky”f vnf; jzpfaeygw,f?
awmfveG f tpk;d &opf qkw d m&J@ vufxufusrS wcsK@d typf&yftzG@J awG ppftpk;d &&J@ ppfwyf[m wjcm;‘jynfo@l tusK;d aqmifvyk if ef;’
vnf; t&yfom;trnfcH tpk;d &opfvufatmufrmS e,fjcm;apmifw h yf awGudk r,fr,f&& jzpfjzpfajrmufajrmuf vkyv f nf; rvkyw f wf/
tjzpf vufcaH umif; vufcv H mEkid wf ,fv@dk vnf; wGux f m;ygvrd rhf ,f? vkyzf @dk &nfreS ;f csuf r&Sad vawmh jynfwiG ;f ppfom ol@twGuf
typf&yftzG@J awG&@J jy\emukd tpk;d &opftaeeJ@ ukid w f ,G &f if ykrd sm; t+rw J rf;tvkyf jzpfaeygw,f? b,fEidk if aH &;tiftm;pkurdk qkd
aumif;rvm;vk@d vnf; csichf sed yf &Hk w,f? v$waf wmfumvrSm jynfwiG ;f olw@dk u jynfwiG ;f ppfudk toufpeG @f +yD; wku d af e&wJo
h l qk+d yD;
ppfwu
dk af e&if v$waf wmf&@J wnf+ird rf u _ dk xdcu
dk rf mS vnf; pk;d &drpf &m &Sad e tay:pD;u t+rJwrf;&yfwnfqufqHygw,f? jynfolvlxk
ygw,f? 'ga=umifh tajrmufprf;wmav;awG/ ppftiftm;jywm tay:rSmawmif olw@dk u aomif;use;f oludk toufpeG @f wku d f
av;awGe@J rjzpfpavmuf ppfa&;v_y&f mS ;r_uav;awGom vkyaf ecJh cku d +f y;D tumtuG,af y;ae&ol aus;Zl;&Sif t&Sio f cif tae
wmyg?

ppftkyfpku jynfwGif;ppfukd
taomhESifvmae+yD/

nKdpdef0if;
txm;uae &yfwnfqufqyH gw,f? typf&yftzG@J awG ay:
'gayrJh tckawmh v$waf wmfr+yD;ao;cifrmS udyk J wcsK@d a'o vmwmuvnf; jynfwiG ;f ppfudk vk;H 0 jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;
awGrmS wku d yf aJG wG uokwu f &uf xwku d v f mw,f? jynfwiG ;f ppfudk jzpfatmif aqmif±u G rf u_ ay:xGuv f mwJh &v'fr[kwyf g?
ESiw f w H @dk +yD; taomhEiS zf @dk jyifvmw,f? bma=umifv h ?J jynfwiG ;f ppfuae Ekid if aH &;tusK;d tjrwf &zk@d prf;oyfwhJ jynf
vGwv f yfa&;&+y;D uwnf;u ppftyk pf [ k m ol@ppfwyfudk tcsed f wGi;f ppf upm;uGuf wckom jzpfygw,f? ppftyk pf rk mS jynfwiG ;f
umv trsm;pkrmS jynfwiG ;f ppfe@J xde;f vm&wmyg? ol@ppfwyf[mvnf; ppf vk;H 0&yfpaJ &;/ jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; &nfreS ;f csuf b,fwek ;f
jynfwiG ;f ppfe@J twl }u;D xGm;vmw,fv@dk qEdk idk yf gw,f? jynfwiG ;f ppf[m urS r&Scd zhJ ;l ygb;l ? vl=um;aumif;atmif tay:,H [efjy/ twk
ol@zmG ;bufawmfr[kwaf wmif vnfyif;zufupm;cJw h hJ i,faygi;f yg? ta,mifvyk cf w hJ myJ &Syd gw,f?
'Di,faygi;f uyJ ol@udk tusK;d aus;Zl; trsm;}uD; jyKay;cJyh gw,f? jynf aemuf+yD; ppftyk pf [ k m ol@acgi;f aqmifru _ dk uvef
wGif;ppfwkdufae&wJhtwGuf ol@=oZmtm%m ykdrkd}uD;rm;vm&+yD; uqef rjzpfapbJ tykd;usLd;aeatmif jynfwGif;ppfxJrSm
zqyvtpk;d &ukad wmif ‘'DjynfwiG ;f ppf}u;D ukd igw@dk u toufpeG @f wku d f ‘waoG;woH wrde@f ’qkw d hJ emcHa&;pepfudk tom;usaeatmif
ae&wm’qk+d yD; &ifaumhum rmefp, G x f w k jf yEkid cf whJ ,f? +cdr;f ajcmuf avhusio hf if=um;ay;vmcJw h myg? jynfwiG ;f ppf ppfausmif;}u;D xJ
zdtm;ay;wm vkyEf idk cf w hJ ,f? ppfwyfudk yk+d y;D wk;d cs@J vmEkid w f ,f? aemuf wyfom;awG wGe;f yk@d +y;D wyfom;awGudk trde@f emcHa&;ukd t±k;d pGJ
qk;H tvG,w f ul tm%modr;f wmtxd vkyef idk cf w hJ ,f? aeatmif ±ku d o f iG ;f ay;cJwh myg? rSm;rSm; rSerf eS f trde@f emcHa&;ukd
'gomru jynfwiG ;f ppfu ppfwyfudk pD;yGm;a&;tusK;d pD;yGm; jynfwiG ;f ppf ppfausmif;}uD;xJ avhusio hf if=um;wmu ykx d d
vnf; jyKay;cJyh gw,f? jynfwiG ;f ppfta=umif;jy+yD; ppfbwf*suaf wG a&mufw,fv@dk olw@dk em;vnfxm;ygw,f? +rKd@ay:rSm ae+yD;
wkd;jr‡ifhawmif;cHcJhwmeJ@twl ppfwyfxdyfoD;awG }uD;yGm;vmw,f? trde@f emcHa&;ukd avhusio hf if=um;ay;&if wyfwiG ;f w&m;r#w
tckid t f rm jynfwiG ;f ppf wku d af ewJh wyfrLS ;}u;D awGvnf; ppfajrjyifrmS yJ r_ r&Sjd cif;rsK;d pk/H uGm[r_rsK;d pkeH @J wyfwiG ;f AsL±ku d a&pD,E©&m;&J@
yGayguyf v G rf;awG &SmawG@=uw,f? ppfp&dw/f ppfwyfw;dk cs@J a&;p&dwf qkd;usKd;wkd@a=umifh trdef@emcHa&; avhusifhoif=um;r_ rxd
tygt0if jzpfygw,f? (bde;f bk&ifawGe@J csw d q f ufrad wmh ppfajrjyifrmS yJ a&mufwm olw@dk oyd gw,f? a&bl;ayguw f m rvkcd sibf ;l / a&yg
yGaJ wmftyk }f u;D eJ@ wnfw h nfw h ;dk wmayg?h ) jynfwiG ;f ppfwu dk af ewJh ppfwyf wmyJ vkcd siw f ,f-qkw d phJ um; [m ppfajrjyifaqmify'k t f jzpf
twGuq f w dk hJ ta=umif;jycsuef @J zqyvacwf bDt;D 'Dpv D yk if ef;u p+y;D avhusio hf if=um;cJ&h mu tck olw@dk ppfwyf&@J aqmify'k v f dk
+rKd@ay:rSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyv f udk w f m tckq&dk if ppftyk pf &k @J pD;yGm;a&;a& awmif jzpfaeyg+y?D
aomufjrpf b,favmufeuf±id_ ;f wJt h xd tjrpfw, G af eovJqw dk m ajymcsiw f muawmh jynfwiG ;f ppf[m olw@dk &@J &if;ES;D
cef@reS ;f zk@d awmif cufygvrd rhf ,f? wu,fawmh jynfwiG ;f ppfqw dk muku d wJh i,f aygi;f jzpf±rHk u rodpw d rf mS pGaJ ewJh ‘[D;±k;d ’(ol&aJ umif;)
ppftyk pf t k wGuf pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;}u;D wckyg? vnf; jzpf aeygw,f? olw@dk rmS ta&;ta=umif; wpkw H &m&S&d if
ppftyk pf t k wGuf jynfwiG ;f ppfuae &wJh tusK;d pD;yGm; jynfwiG ;f ppf wap>}u;D ukyd J oGm;a&muf ylaZmfyo&w,f? oGm;
27
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
+yD; tm;uk;d &w,f? tckvnf; bmta&;ta=umif;&Sv d @dk olw@dk oD;awG b,fou l b,fuv k m;xkid f xkid w f ,fqw dk m wyfrLS ;awG
&J@‘wap>}uD;’ukd ylaZmfyozk@d uwku d u f ±ku d f xvky&f wmvJ? xJomru wyfom;awGxt J xd *,uf±u dk yf gw,f? xdyo f ;D Akv d f
ta=umif;wckru &Sad eygw,f? csKyfawGxrJ mS rauseyfra_ wG&adS ewmukd zk;H zdxm;ayr,fh [kw d p
v$waf wmfu rD;ao+yD;om;/ +yD;awmhrmS -qkw d hJ tcsuf 'Dwp owif;awG ,kx d u G v f mwm &Sad eygw,f? atmufajcrSm
vnf; wpdwfwykdif;awmh yg ygvdrfhr,f? t"dutcsufawmh vnf; uk, d t hf pGeJ @J u, dk f rauseyfwmawG jzpfvmaeygw,f? xdyf
r[kwfyg? e,fjcm;apmifhrvkyfvkdwJh tiftm;}uD;typf&yftzGJ@ ykid ;f u rauseyfra_ wGuvnf; atmufajcukd ±ku d cf wfygw,f?
awGudk v$waf wmft+yD;eJ@ tcsed u f u dk f oabmxm;ajymif;vm 'DtxJrmS orRweJ@ 0ef}u;D awG&@J vpmeJ@ txl;tcGit hf a&;awG
atmif E_id ;f ,SOcf sut f & ykrd dk tiftm;enf;wJh wyfz@JG awGudk wku d jf yzk@d udpv P nf; yg ygw,f? (orRwvpmeJ@ txl;tcGihf ta&;qkw d m
uref;uwrf; xwku d v f u dk w f mvnf; jzpfEidk yf gw,f? 'Dtcsuu f uvnf; qif;&Jom;Ekid if eH @J ravsmn f aD tmif rwefwq jzpfae
vnf; wpdww f ykid ;f avmufyJ yg0ifrmS yg? w,fr[kwv f m;?) ppfwyfxu J tcGit hf a&;eJ@ orRw/ 0ef}uD;
v$waf wmfr+yD;cif xwku d v f u dk &f wJh ta=umif;tcsuf awG&@J tcGit hf a&;awG [k[ d m E_id ;f ,SOf 'D[mE_id ;f ,SOf jzpfvmyg
awGxrJ mS atmufygta=umif;tcsuaf wG yg0ifaer,fv@dk wGuq f w,f? txl;ojzifh ppfwyfAv dk cf sKyfawG/ Akv d cf sKyfwjzpfvJ 0ef}u;D
&ygw,f? awG orRawGe@J b0csi;f rk;d eJ@ajrvkd uGmjcm;aewJh atmufajcwyf
wcsuu f ol@&@J bwf*sux f u J umuG,af &;p&dwu f pd ?P om;rsm;u ykrd dk cHpm;csujf zpf+y;D ykrd dk rausreyfjzpf=urSm em;vnfv@dk
jynfy&efudk wku d pf &m rvkad o;wJt h csed rf mS awmif ol@umuG,f &ygw,f? (tck v$wfawmftqkH;owfusrS orRwvkyfolu
a&;p&dw[ f m jynfo@l ynma&;/ use;f rma&;p&dwx f uf vGev f eG f 'Dvc r,lao;ygb;l / etz OD;pD;awG&@J vpmE_e;f rsK;d yJ ,lygO;D r,f
uJuJ tq trsm;}uD; yk, d x l m;ygw,f? vlol uJ&h @J p&m jzpfaeyg vk@d uwku d u f ±ku d f xvkyv f m& wmukd =unfyh g?)
w,f? 'Dvdk uk, d u f r[kww f m vkyx f m;wmukd jynfwiG ;f jynfyu 'ga=umifh 'Dupd u P dk vrf;v$aJ y;zk@d vkv d mygw,f?
vufnK‡ ;d xk;d ajymvmrSmukd ol odaew,f? ajymvnf; ajymvm ppfwu dk w f hJ tvkyx f yJ J tm±kaH &muf+y;D 'Dupd aP wG awG;
ae=u+y?D umuG,af &;tok;H p&dwf trsm;}u;D ,lxm;&wm (wjcm; raerdatmif ppfajrjyifudk yk@d +y;D xde;f zk@d twGuf ppfyaJG wG aumuf
olw@dk o;Hk pGw
J mawG zk;H zd+yD;) a[m'g a=umifyh gq+dk yD; jyoEkid af tmif vkyv f u dk w f mvnf; ta=umif;tcsuw f ckyg? ae&meJ@ &mxl;udpP
tvkyjf ywJt h aeeJ@ jynfwiG ;f ppf xwku d rf S jzpfr,fq+dk y;D wku d jf ywm awG pOf;pm;raeeJ@/ ppfom;[m ppfwu dk zf @dk yq J +dk y;D ckid ;f vdu k w f myg?
u ta=umif;tcsuw f ck jzpfEidk yf gw,f? (avmavmvwfvwf 'gt h jyif wyfawGudk +rKd@awGay:rSmcsn;f pkraerdatmif jzef@cJG pDpOf
jynfyeJ@ wku d &f r,fph pfuvnf; r&Sb d u J ;dk ?) ok;H pGaJ iG tuket f us vku d w f mvnf; jzpfygw,f?
rsm;wmukd rde;f rpdeef m;uyfz;dk us zk;H zdxm;+yD; tarhaq;zk;d v$cJ swhJ olrsm; pm;wmukd vku d af jymraeeJ@/ rif;wk@d vnf; ppf
vkyef nf;rsK;d vkyjf yvku d w f myg? ajrjyifrSm ukd,fhenf;ukd,fh[efeJ@ pm;=u-qkd+yD; v$wfvkdufwJh
aemufwcsuu f oloil gig rausreyf a0zefae=uwJh oabmvnf; ygygvrd rhf ,f?
ppfrx _ rf;Oya'udp?P ppfrx _ rf;Oya'ukd olw@dk vyk &f wm a[m'g v$waf wmfusi;f yaepOftwGi;f 'Dvw $ af wmfusi;f yEkid f
a=umifyh g qk+d y;D jynfwiG ;f ppfudk ajy;zufjyvku d jf yefwmyJ? jynfwiG ;f atmif ppfwyfu ppfwu dk af y;ae&w,fq+dk y;D rD;usnyf pfazmuf
ppfxrJ mS ppfom;awG aoae=u&awmh wyfom;a&aomufjrpf tcsujf y vku d rf r_ sK;d vnf; jzpfygw,f?
tqufrjywf vkad ew,fv@dk ajymvku d w f myg? tJovkd &nf±, G cf sut f rsK;d rsK;d twGuf v$waf wmf r+y;D
'Dupd P (2) &yfv;Hk [m tpk;d &opfqw dk mtaeeJ@ zefw;D cifrmS yJ jynfwiG ;f ppfudk wausmjh yeftpysK;d zk@d wku d yf aJG wG xwku d f
vku d wf mr[kwb f J ppftyk pf t k aeeJ@ zefw;D vku d w f hJ jy\emawG vku d w f mvk@d ,lq&ygw,f?
jzpfv@dk ppftyk pf [ k m tpk;d &opftwnfwus jzpfcsed t f xd apmifh ppfreS w f hJ jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; wnfaqmufz@dk r}uKd;
raeawmhbJ wku d yf aJG wGudk tvsipf vkd pvku d w f myg? pm;bJ jynfwiG ;f ppfwu dk zf @dk yJ vk;H yef;vmwmrk@d bm&nf&, G cf suf
tjcm;wcsufuawmh v$wfawmfr+yD;cif ppfxwkduf awGy&J &dS dS raumif;wJh &nf±, G cf suaf wGv@dk taotcsm ajymEkid f
vku d &f wmu v$waf wmf&@J *,ufe@J vnf; oufqidk af eygw,f? ygw,f?
trSeu f 'Dvw $ af wmfqw dk m 'kid u f csn;f pm;aewJh wzuf xk;d ppfawG vkyv f mwm apmonfjzpfap/ aemufus
owf avmif;upm;yGrJ sK;d yg? ppfwyfr[kww f hJ Ekid if aH &;ygwaD wGu onf jzpfapæ xk;d ppfawG vkyv f mwm bm&nf±, G cf suaf wGyJ
v$waf wmftrwfawG[m uHpw G +f yD; wcsuw f avrsm; Ekid rf vm; &S&d æ dS
qk+d yD; trsK;d rsK;d prf;avmif;=unfah e=uyg&@J ? 'kid u f awmh wcsuf jymawG ylaeqJ/ ppfr;D ck;d awG vlaeqJ/ vk;H 0r+idr;f csr;f
wav/ wuGuw f av ‘yGq J , G ’f wJt h aeeJ@awmif tav#mrh ay;bJ ao;wJh Armjynf jynfwiG ;f ppf ppfajrjyifrmS ppftyk pf u k wausmh
(cktcsed t f xd) olucsn;f +red af &&Suaf & rsuEf mS ajymifwu dk f cGww k f jyef jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D ukd xyfar$;vku d jf yefyg+yD? jynfwiG ;f ppftwGi;f
aewJyh yJG g? jynfo@l twGuf aumif;usK;d r&Sv d @dk aumif;wJ*h ,uf Armjynf jynfoal wG/ wkid ;f &if;om;jynfoal wG twd'u k aQ &muf
vnf; r&Syd g? =u&OD;rSm taotcsmyg?
'gayrJh ( jynfoal wGu pdwrf 0ifpm;ayr,f)h ol@uv k m; jynfwiG ;f ppfqef@usiaf &;/ jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;twGuf
xkid f cGw
J rf;u ol@tiftm;xJrmS *,uf±u dk yf gw,f? ppfwyfxyd f Armjynforl sm; pnf;vk;H nD!w G pf mG wku d yf 0JG ifz@dk vkt d yfvmyg+y?D
28
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
EkdifiHa&;

ukdaxG;

t&Sdefjyefjrifhvmawmhr,fh
jynfwGif;ppfudk
b,fvdkwm;=urvJ

2011/ azazmf0g&v D (3) &ufae@xw k f ‘jynfo@l acwf’ *sme,f

rSm jynfwiG ;f ppfr&Sad wmhaom tem*wfArmjynfopfukd wrf;
wwJhaqmif;yg;wyk'f azmfjyxm;wm zwfvdkuf&ygw,f?
aqmif;yg;&Sifu ppfjzpfaewJh xdkif;-Arme,fpyfrS uav; 90 0ef;usirf mS ay:cJw h hJ 'Dru kd a&pD 'Dvi_d ;f eJ@twl Arm
i,fawGukd olw@kd &@J rb d rsm;u +rdK@ubke;f }uD;ausmif;rSm pm jynf&@J Edik if aH &;jy\emrsm;udk 'Dru kd a&pDenf;usus aqG;aEG;
oifay;zd@k vma&muftyfE=HS uwJjh rifuiG ;f udk cHpm;+y;D jynfwiG ;f ajz&Si;f Edik zf @kd twdu k t f cHEikd if aH &;tiftm;pk toD;oD;u ar#mf
ppf&@J q;kd 0g;yHuk kd a&;om;xm;wm jzpfygw,f? pdwx f cd ukd af =u vifch =hJ uw,f? vufeufuikd w f u kd af e=uwJh vlrsKd ;pkvufeuf
uGpJ &mygy?J aqmif;yg;&Siu f 'Dvt kd jzpftysurf sKd ; aemifrmS udik t f iftm;toD;oD;uvnf; ppftpd;k &eJ@ typftcwf&yfp+J y;D
r}uK=H u&apzd@k r=umcifay:vmawmhr,hf ‘tpd;k &opf’ udk jynf +idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm; jyKvkyEf ikd =f uzd@k jyifqifc=hJ uw,f?
wGi;f ppf vH;k 0&yfpo J mG ;atmif aqmif&u G af y;Edik zf @kd ar#mv f ifx h m; 'gayrJh t}uo H rm;ppftyk pf u k olw@kd u Edik if aH &;pum;rajymbl;/
wm awG@&ygw,f? Armjynf&@J r=umawmhaom tem*wfrmS aemifwufvmr,fh t&yfom;tpd;k &eJ@om ajym=uygq+kd y;D t
ay:ayguv f mp&m &Sad ewJt h a=umif;t&mudk tcsed rf D owday; csed qf u JG m pDymG ;a&;vkyyf ikd cf iG ahf wG xd;k ay;+yD; ac|;odycf yhJ gw,f?
xm;wJh aqmif;yg;aumif;wyk'v f @kd cHpm;rdygw,f? 2009 {+yDrmS awmh t}uHorm;ppftyk pf [ k m vlrsKd ;pkvufeuf
Armjynf&@J vGwv f yfa&;acwfordik ;f [m jynfwiG ;f udik t f zG@J rsm;udk ‘e,fjcm;apmifw h yf’ eJ@ ‘jynfo@l ppf’ zG@J pnf;a&;
ppfordik ;f vd@k ajym&avmufatmif Armjynfordik ;f rSm jynfwiG ;f udk wifvmygawmhw,f? 'g&@J t"dym` ,fu vlrsKd ;pkvufeuf
ppf[m &Sn=f umvGe;f vSyg+yD? jynfwiG ;f ppfoo H &m &Snv f sm; udik t f iftm;pktoD;oD;&J@ Edik if aH &;jy\emrsm;udk aqG;aEG;ajz
vGe;f vSwhJ Armjynfu jynfov l xl ak wG jynfwiG ;f ppfr&Sad om &Si;f p&m rvdak wmhb;l / 2008 zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyyf t kH & tm;vH;k vdu k f
acwfopfukd wrf;wwm[m odyo f bm0usygw,f? 'gayrJh em=u/ wyfz@JG toD;oD;udk tpd;k &&J@ vufatmufcw H yfz@JG yHpk H
'Dwrf;wr_ukd tvG,w f ula&mufz@kd rjzpfEikd w f mawmh Arm opfwcktjzpf toGiaf jymif;vdu k =f uygv@kd qdv k u kd wf m jzpfyg
jynf&@J vufawG@jzwfoef;r_rsm;u azmfjyaeygw,f? jynfwiG ;f w,f? 2008 zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfy[ kH m twdu k tf cHEikd if aH &;tiftm;
ppf&@J t&if;cHjy\em[m Edik if aH &;jy\em jzpfygw,f? 'DEikd if H pkrsm;u Armjynf&@J Eikd if aH &;jy\emrsm;udk yg0ifaqG;aEG;!‡Ed i_d ;f r_
a&;jy\emudk ajz&Si;f zd@k wef;wl&nfwl 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&; rygbJ ppftyk pf w k ckwnf;u pdww f ikd ;f us pDraH &;qGv J ukd w f m
jynfjh ynf0h 0eJ@ !‡Ed i_d ;f ajz&Si;f Edik =f u&if jynfwiG ;f ppfqD ra&mufyg a=umifh tm;vH;k u vufrcHa=umif; Edik if aH &;tiftm;pktoD;oD;
bl;? 'Dvkd rajz&Si;f vnf; tm%m&So d u l wzufowfusus/ u xkwaf zmfc=hJ u+y;D om;yg? 'D2008 zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyekH @J Armjynf
tiftm;oH;k ajz&Si;f vmcJ&h ifawmh usew f zufu iH@k rcHbJ ckcrH _ &J@Eikd if aH &;jy\emrsm;udk rajz&Si;f Edik w f ma=umifh Edik if aH &;tif
jyK=uwm[m obm0usygw,f? 1948 u pcJw h hJ jynfwiG ;f tm;pk toD;oD;u “2008 zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH jyefvnfo;kH oyf
ppf[m 'DvEkd ikd if aH &;jy\emajz&Si;f enf;trSm;u ay:xGuv f m a&;” vkyzf @kd t+rJajymqdak e=uwm jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh Adv k f
wm jzpfygw,f? 'Daemufyidk ;f qufay:vmwJh vlrsKd ;pkjy\em/ oef;a&$ppftyk pf u k em;r0ifygb;l ? ckxd *±krpdu k yf gb;l ? twdu k f
jynfaxmifpk jy\emrsm;[vnf; Ekid if aH &;jy\emrsm; jzpfyg tcHtm;vH;k udk ppftiftm;oH;k +yD; ajz&Si;f zd@k om ZGww f ;kd vkyf
w,f? 'DEikd if aH &;jy\emrsm;udk 'Dru kd a&pDenf;usus rajz&Si;f aeygw,f? 'ga=umifv h nf; 'DEpS x f rJ mS aoewfoaH wG jyef p=um;
vdu k &f bJ Adv k af e0if;u tcGiahf umif;,l tm%modr;f vdu k f vm&wm r[kwyf gvm;?
awmhydkqdk;oGm;ygawmhw,f? ppftkyfpktqufquf vuf etz eJ@ vlrsKd ;pkvufeufuikd t f zG@J tpnf;rsm;t=um;
atmuf a&mufc&hJ wJh Armjynf[m jynfwiG ;f ppfc&D;&Snu f ykd J e,fjcm;apmifw h yfz@JG pnf;a&;eJ@ jynfo@l ppfz@JG pnf;a&;udk !‡Ed i_d ;f
qufae&wm ckxyd g? ajz&Si;f vd@k r&wma=umifh wif;rmr_awG qufwu kd jf zpfvmcJw h m
'DEpS f ESppf ydik ;f uwnf;u jzpfygw,f? DKBA, KIA, SSA
29
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
wyfz@JG rsm;eJ@ wdu k yf aJG wG jyefpjzpfae+yD; UWSA eJ@ rdik ;f vm; rSm rJcq JG ;kH jzwf=uawmh ±H;_ edro hf mG ;cJyh gw,f? v$waf wmfwiG ;f aqG;aEG;wJh
wyfzGJ@rsm;eJ@awmh toGm;tvmtquftoG,fawG jzwf tqifah wmif ra&mufawmhygb;l ? t&yfom;ud, k pf m;vS,f (100)
awmufxm;+y;D wyfcsi;f qdik x f m;=uwJh tajctaejzpfaeyg+y?D ausmef @J ppfwyf ud, k pf m;vS,f (500) ausm&f w dS hJ v$waf wmfxrJ mS
'Drwfvv,frmS SSA wyfz@JG rsm;eJ@ wdu k yf rJG sm; tqufrjywf ppfwyf r}uKd ufwhJ b,ftqdu k rkd sm; tEdik &f atmif vkyEf ikd =f urSmvJ?
jzpf+y;D typftcwfr&yfpcJ ifu tajctaeudk jyefa&mufomG ;+yD tajzu &Si;f ygw,f? ppfwyf[m awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;vkyzf @kd rpOf;pm;
jzpfygw,f? a=umif; cyfjywfjywfazmfjyvdu k w f m jzpfygw,f?
'Dtajctaetwdik ;f a&S@qufomG ;&if jynfwiG ;f ppf aqmif;yg;&Siu f ol@&@J aqmif;yg;tqH;k owfrmS jynfwiG ;f ppf
rD;&Sdef jyefjrifhvmzdk@u aocsmae+yD jzpfygw,f? tdrfeD;em; jy\emudk ajz&Si;f zd@k q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f &J@ olremud, k rf em
csi;f Edik if rH sm;eJ@ urBmEh ikd if t H oD;oD;u rdrw d @kd wikd ;f jynfrsm;&J@ ajz&Si;f enf;[m aumif;r,fv@kd wifjyxm;ygw,f? wzufzufu
pD;yGm;a&;zG@H +zKd ;wd;k wufatmif }uKd ;yrf;vkyaf qmifae=ucsed rf mS tompD;,l+yD; aqG;aEG;vd@k rajyvnfEikd b f ;l vd@k wifjyxm;ygw,f?
Armjynfu jynfwiG ;f ppf jzpfaer,f qd&k if t±kyq f ;kd tusn;f ol@wifjyyH[ k m jy\emajz&Si;f wJeh nf;vrf;aumif;jzpfwm aocsmyg
wefveG ;f ygvrd rhf ,f? vuf&u dS mv tajctaet&yJ jynfov l l w,f? twdu k t f cHEikd if aH &;tiftm;pktoD;oD;u 'Dvo kd abmxm;
xkawG&@J b0[m qif;&JraJG wvGe;f vSyg+y?D jynfov l x l ak wGukd Edik =f uayr,fh ppftpd;k &u 'Dvo kd abmrxm;Edik af vmufwm tjzpf
jynfwiG ;f ppfxJ xyfrw H eG ;f ryd@k oifah wmhygb;l ? pD;yGm;a&; zG@H +zdK; tysurf sm;u azmfjyaeygw,f? +yD;cJw h hJ rwfv 27 &ufae@u NLD
wd;k wufatmif xlaxmifEikd rf ,fh vrf;a=umif;qDuykd J yd@k aqmif rSm usi;f ywJh (66) ESpaf jrmuf zufqpfawmfveS af &;ae@tcrf;tem;rSmyJ
ay;oifhygw,f? Armjynf&J@ ±kyfb0tajctaeeJ@ tcsuf NLD acgif;aqmifrsm;u ‘trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;’ udk
tvufrsm;t& Armjynfjynfoal wG[m wifw h ifw h ,fw,f taumiftxnfazmfz@kd xyfraH qmf=owm awG@cyhJ gw,f? 'Dawmif;
aeEdik w f hJ b0rsKd ;&Edik o f if=h uygw,f? avmavmq,frmS etz qdck su[ f m Armjynfom;tm;vH;k tusKd ;&Sad tmif aqmif&u G Ef ikd zf @kd
&J@ ppftyk pf ak umif;pm;a&;ay:vpDatmufrmS Adv k o f ef;a&$e@J vrf;pjzpfwm aocsmygw,f? Edik if aH &;jy\emrsm;udk aqG;aEG;ajz
taygi;f ygwpkom usu d swd ufcsr;f omae=u+y;D atmufajc0ef &Si;f +y;D trsKd ;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w G rf u _ kd cdik cf ikd rf mrmwnfaqmufEikd rf S
xrf;eJ@ jynfov l x l ak wG&@J b0[m qif;&Jerd u hf sveG ;f vSygw,f? wdik ;f jynfukd bufpzkH @HG +zdK;wd;k wufatmif wnfwnf+idr+f idref @J wnf
jynfwiG ;f ppfwu kd &f if; }uD;yGm;csr;f omvm=uwJh ppftyk pf x k yd f aqmufomG ;Edik rf mS jzpfygw,f? ppftyk pf u k om wdik ;f jynfe@J jynfol
oD;eJ@ taygi;f ygrsm;uawmh jynfwiG ;f ppf qufwu kd zf @kd yJ tm; vlxt k usKd ;udk wu,fvv kd m;cJ&h if awG@qakH qG;aEG;ajz&Si;f wJeh nf;om
oefae=uwmygy?J 25 - 3 - 2011 &ufae@u usi;f ywJh v$wf taumif;qH;k qdw k m awG@jrifrmS jzpfygw,f? ajz&Si;f zd@k aemufrus
awmfEpS &f yfaygi;f usi;f ywJh jynfaxmifpk v$waf wmfrmS jynfwiG ;f ao;yg? ppftyk pf t k usKd ;om OD;wnfr,fq&kd ifawmh jynfwiG ;f ppf&edS f
ppfwm;qD;Edik zf @kd ar#mv f ifyh &kH wJh “rGeaf 'ovH;k qdik &f m'Dru kd a&pD jyefjrifah wmhrmS aocsmygw,f? 'Dvrf;a=umif;udk wm;qD;Edik zf @kd jynf
ygw”D &J@u, dk pf m;vS,f v$waf wmftrwf OD; Anm;atmifr;dk u olvx l }k uD;w&yfv;kH eJ@ Edik if aH &;tiftm;pktoD;oD;/ ppfwyfwiG ;f u
‘tpk;d &opf’u wkid ;f &if;om; vufeufuidk f tzG@J tpnf;awGe@J jynfov l x l ek @J b0wl qif;&JraJG wae=uwJh atmufajcwyfrLS ; wyf
awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;vkyzf @dk ’ tqkw d ifcyhJ gw,f? 'Dtqku d dk ‘zvHk om;tm;vH;k vufwu JG m awG@qakH qG;aEG;ajz&Si;f &ef ppftpd;k &ukd
pa0: 'Dru dk &ufwpfygw’D u OD;apmausmEf ikd u f axmufcaH qG; awmif;qdw k u kd yf 0JG if=uwJh enf;vrf;wckom &Syd gw,f?
aEG;+y;D jynfaxmifpv k w $ af wmfxrJ mS xyfraH qG;aEG;zd@k wifjy&m 30 - 3 - 2011
ukdaxG;

urB m h + id r f ; csrf ; a&;

tm&S + id r f ; csrf ; a&;
jynf w G i f ; +id r f ; csrf ; a&;
+id r f ; csrf ; a&;tvH u k d
jrifhjrifhrm;rm; v$ifhxl=u?
30
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
pD ; yG m ;a&;

upm;uGi;f uusO;f upm;uGuu

f us,f

armifoef;jra&$

wwd,tiftm;pkv@kd ud, k u
hf ,
kd u
f ,
kd q
f o
kd al wGu ajym
topfpufpuf =uufajy;&mZXmeD rif;aejynfrmS ESpv f wmusi;f ycJw h hJ
avh&w dS /J h bmrSr&Sw
d mxuf &Sw d muydak umif;w,fv@kd qdw k hJ zG@J pnf;
etzppftpd;k &toGiaf jymif; zm;wydik ;f ig;wydik ;f acgi;f aygi;f v$waf wmf
yHek @J v$waf wmfrwdik rf /D wyfcsKyf}u;D u rm&S,af vmtm%meJ@ Oya'
jy;D qH;k oGm;yg+y?D tm%modr;f etzppfaumifpOD uUÏESihf wyfcsKyf}u;D Adv k f
awGtrsm;tjym;udk uref;uwrf;eJ@ cd;k a=umifc;kd 0Suf xkwcf w hJ ,f?
csKyfrLS ;}uD; oef;a&$&@J h etzzsuo f rd ;f a=umif; o0%fvm$ zwf=um;+yD;
'DtxJu ta&;}uD;wJOh ya' wcsKd @uawmh -
2008-2010 orRwopftjzpf Adv k cf sKy}f u;D a[mif;ESihf 0ef}u;D csKyaf [mif;
ppfrx
_ rf;Oya'eJ@ t&efwyfz@JG Oya'
OD;ode;f pdef OD;aqmifwhJ tpd;k &tzG@J o@kd tm%m(bmtm%mvJawmh
2011-2012 bwf*suOf ya'eJ@ aemufxyf bwf*suf
rodb;l ) v$aJ y;vdu k yf gw,f? 2010 rSm r[m;w&m; tEdik &f vdu k w
f hJ
Oya'
}uhzH @HG ygwD abmif;bDc|wv f w$ af wmftrwfrsm;eJ@ ppfAv kd w f rwfom;
txl;pD;yGm;a&;ZkefOya'eJ@ xm;0,fa&eufqdyfurf;
v$r;f rd;k xm;wJh acgi;f aygi;f v$waf wmfe@J a&;&maumfrw D rD sm;/ 4ifw@kd
txl;pD;yGm;a&;ZkeOf ya' wd@k jzpfw,f?
txufrmS tm%mydik t f jzpf }uD;pd;k xm;wJh (abmif;bD0wf abmif;bD
c|wf a&morar$xm;wJ)h trsKd ;om;umuG,af &;ESihf vH+k cHKa&;aumifpD
(2)
(tuv) udv k nf; qdik &f mqdik &f m tm%mcGaJ y;+y;D zG@J pnf;xlaxmifxm;
ppfrx _ rf;Oya'eJ@t&efwyfz@JG Oya'u avmavmq,f
vdu k yf gw,f?
rusio hf ;kH ao;bl;? vdt k yfwt hJ cg jynfwiG ;f ppfw;kd cs@J z@kd ppfu|ejf yKzd@k
'DvdkeJ@2008 zGJ@pnf;yHk touf0if+yD; pnf;urf;jynfh0aom
tm%m,E©&m;wd;k cs@J z@kd xkwo f ;kH vmrSmjzpfw,f? ,ckawmh tajc
'Dru kd a&pD qdw k m}uD; ay:ayguv f mcJyh g+yD/ vrf;jyajryHk 7 qifv h nf;
cdik af tmif taexm;w&yfukd ,laewke;f yJ &Sad o;w,f? upm;uGuf
(atmifjrifpmG )+yD;qH;k oGm;cJyh g+yD/ i,f&, G w f u hJ mcsKyf topfpufpufukd
xGifvdrfhOD;r,f? 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGxJu aysmhvmolawG
pdww f ikd ;f us cef@tyf+yD; Adv k cf sKyfrLS ;}uD;oef;a&$ xGuaf wmfrl eef;ucGm
ay:vmzd@k +idr;f awGxu J uGx J u G af wG cGxJ u G af wG ay:vmzd@k 88-
oGm;yg+yD/ +idr;f csr;f pGm(ppftyk pf w k iG ;f ) tm%mv$aJ jymif;r_ atmifjrifpmG
90ckESpf&yfwnfcsuf&SdolawG (olwdk@ tac:&,f'Du,fawG)udk
+yD;qH;k oGm;yg+yD vd@k qw kd ,f?
ESyd u f yG zf @kd wyfwiG ;f r+idrrf oufra_ wG udx k ed ;f zd@k ydwq f @kd r_ sanction
'gawGuawmh 23ESpf(1988-2011)umv e0w-etz
±kyo f rd ;f apzd@k twGuf *H;k ±kyu f kd c%odr;f xm;+y;D rif;om;rsuEf mS zH;k eJ@
ppftpdk;&&J@vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;tay: ed*Hk;csKyf Zmwf0ifcef;tjzpf
yGx J u G af ew,f?
atmifjrifvyS pGm crf;crf;em;em; ujytoH;k awmfco H mG ;wJh jyZmwfwyk'f
1999 uwnf;up+yD; 12 ESpfavmufrxkwfjyefwJh
yJ jzpfygw,f?
&oHk;rSef;ajcaiGpm&if;(bwf*suf)udk ,ck2011-2012twGuf
'gayrJh (0rf;enf;zd@k aumif;wmu) aejynfawmfZmwf tzG@J }u;D
rm&S,favmtm%meJ@ xkwfjyefw,f? v$wfawmfxJrSm aqG;
&J@ v$waf wmfjyZmwf}u;D udk pdw0f ifpm;ol enf;yg;±Hw k ifru aocsi;f qd;k
aEG;w,fr=um;&bl;? b,ftrwfurSvnf; ar;jref;wm r&Sb d ;l ?
awG bmawGrsm; r[kwrf [wfvyk zf @kd }uHjyefovJrodb;l vd@k vlxu k
jzpfoifw h mu bwf*sut f ygt0if 23ESpu f mv ppf
owde@J apmif=h unfah e=uwmyJ jzpfygw,f? bmjzpfv@kd vq J akd wmh 23ESpf
aumifpDu vkyfaqmifcJhwmawGudk wifjytpD&ifcH+yD; Oya'eJ@
umvrSm vlx}k uD;&J@b0[m b,facwfueJ@rrS wlatmif Edik if aH &; pD;
abmif0ifatmif vky&f r,f? rm&S,af vmeJ@xw k cf whJ hJ Oya'awG
yGm;a&; vlra_ &; tzufzufu qkw, f wk u f sqif; usyw f nf;qd;k 0g;
trde@f awGxu J jynfo@l tusKd ;pD;yGm;eJ@ rudu k w f mawGukd zsuo f rd ;f
oGm;vd@k yJ jzpfw,f?
&r,f? rm&S,af vmtm%meJ@ zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;wJh Edik if aH &;
yG+J yD;ayr,fh rD;u raoao;bl;? olw@kd ar$;cJw h rhJ ;D olw@kd xm;cJh
tusO;f om;rsm;udk (¹cif;f csurf &S)d v$w&f r,f? tckawmh 2008
wJhtykyfeH@ olwdk@aomufcJhwJhaoG; olwdk@ay;cJhwJh '%f&m'%fcsuf
yk'rf 443 qdw k meJ@ ppfaumifpu D aqmif&u G o f nfh vkyif ef;&yfrsm;udk
tJ'gawGu tpdr;f twdik ;f &Sad o;w,f? a&S@rmS vJ qd;k vmzd@k yJ &Sw d ,/f
Oya't& aqmif&u G o f nf[k rSw, f &l rnfv@kd vG,v f , G f qdv
k u kd f
aumif;vmzd@k r&Sb d ;l ? bmjzpfv@kd 'Dvakd jymEdik o f vJ qdak wmh Adv k o
f ef;a&$
+y;D ud, k v f w G ±f ek ;f xGuo f mG ;csiaf ew,f? yk'rf 445 qdw k meJ@ e0w-
ppftyk pf [ k m bmawGukd qufvufuikd pf zJG @kd (2008 Oya't&) touf
etz. rl0g'vrf;!¸erf r_ sm;/ Oya'rsm;/ enf;Oya'rsm;/ pnf;rsO;f rsm;/
oGi;f cJ+h y;D bmawGuakd zsmufzsuzf @kd }uKd ;pm; aeovJ bmawGukd rvkyyf J
xm;ovJ qdw k mudk =unf&h ifoEd ikd w f ,f?
31
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
trde@f jyefwrf;rsm;/ a=unmcsurf sm;udk vnf;aumif;/ aqmif&u G cf suf usL;vGeaf ewJh atmufajcuae txufqift h xd tqifq h ifh
rsm;/ wm0efrsm;ESihf &ydik cf iG rhf sm;udv k nf;aumif; qufco H nf? ,if;wd@k tm%mydik f AsL±du k a&pD tkycf sKyfa&;,E©&m;twGi;f wynfah rG;
tm;w&m;pGq J jkd cif;/ ta&;,ljcif; r&Sad p&vd@k ud, k uhf , kd u f , kd f vGw+f ird ;f q&marG; vlru kd *f % kd ;f awGvkd jzpfaew,f? wdw k akd jym&&if ppf
csr;f omcGiahf y;+y;D =unfap at;ap vkycf siaf ew,f?f 'gvm; 'Dru kd a&pD AsL±du k a&pD ,E© &m;udk rzsuo f rd ;f or# b,fvykd J ta&cGv H v J J
udk OD;wnfwhJ ajymif;vJr?_ ppftm%m&Sipf epf &Sad eOD;rSm jzpfw,f?
2011-2012 bwf*suu f usyo f ef;axmifaygi;f 6300 xm;0,fa&eufqyd u f rf; txl;pD;yGm;a&;ZkeOf ya' qdk
ausm/f 'DtxJrmS umuG,af &;toH;k p&dwu f 1318 ausmf (21µ) &S+d y;D wmu wdik ;f jynf&@J yx0Dtaetxm; tcsut f csmusru _ kd t&if;
ynma&;u 310 ausmf (4²92µ) use;f rm a&;u 90 ausm(f 1²42µ) tES;D vky+f yD; Edik if jH cm;&if;ES;D jr‡KyfErHS _ FDI awGukd zdwaf c:jcif; jzpf
jzpfw,f? 'gt h jyif (aºu;+rDtay:) twd;k ay;qyf&rnfah iG (omref w,f? jynfwiG ;f rSmvuf0g;}u;D tkyrf _ tajccHtm;jzifh +y;D ajrmuf
toH;k p&dwef @J aiGv;kH aiG&if;toH;k p&dw)f 374 ausm(f 5²93µ) yg0if cJ+h yjD zpf+y;D jzpfv@kd jynfyrSm vufa0cHvyk u f m ppfAsK±u kd &uf t&if;
w,f? t"dym` ,fu bwf*su&f @J 5²93µudk ESppf Of aºu;qyfae&w,f? tESD;udk wdk;csJ@zdk@}uHwmjzpfw,f? yifv,fa&eufqdyfurf;
ppfaumifpu D razmfjybJ xm;wmawG wyH}k u;D &Sad o;w,f? t&yf&yf um;vrf; &xm;vrf; ta0;ajy;vrf; v#ypf pf"mwftm;vdik ;f a&eH
aºu;+rDaygi;f b,favmuf&adS eovJ? bwf*suv f akd iG b,favmuf "mwfaiG@yu kd v f ikd ;f axmufy@kd odak vSmif±kH qufo, G af &; [dw k ,f
&So
d vJ? pufe@J vn S +hf yD; ESppf Of±u kd x f wk x f m;wJh jynfwiG ;f vSnv hf nf c&D;oGm; tqifjh rifeh nf;ynm odye` @J enf;ynm okawoeeJ@ zG@H +zKd ;
oHk;pGJaewJh aiGpuULyrm% b,favmuf&Sd+yDvJ? EdkifiHjcm;aiGrm a&; pufrp_ u kd yf sKd ;a&; arG;jrLa&;eJ@ a&vkyif ef; owˆK opfawm
t&efaiG b,favmuf udik x f m;Edik o f vJ? "mwfaiG@ v#ypf pf opfe@J 0efaqmifr_ wqifch u H ek o f , G af &; vlae&yfuu G f tyef;ajzpcef;
wGi;f xGuf pwJh o,HZmwawG obm0ywf0ef;usif ysupf ;D avmuf pwJph wJh vkyif ef;toD;oD; Zkecf t JG oD;oD;yg0ifwhJ txl;Zke}f uD;
atmif vufuek Ef u d_ xf w k af &mif;cJw h hJ aiGv;kH aiG&if;0ifaiGawG bmvkyf ([kwaf omf&dS r[kwaf omf&)dS xlaxmifz@kd jzpfw,f? 'DtwGuf
ypfovJ? Edik if yH ikd pf uf±t kH vky±f kH ajr taqmufttHk vkycf if;eJ@ y&dabm ukr% ` D ukr% ` t D yk pf }k u;D ukr% ` v D ufcrJG sm;udk Edik if jH cm;ESizhf ufpyf
*awG vufoyd x f ;kd a&mif;cscw hJ hJ aiGyifaiG&if;awG b,fa&mufuek +f yv D J jzpfap oD;jcm;jzpfap vkyzf @kd jzpfw,f?
pojzif?h ArmjynfrmS u o,HZmw ajr}u;D eJ@ vlyJ &Sw d myg? ppf
2008-2009 bwf*suf usyo f ef;axmifaygi;f 5557 &S+d yD; tpd;k &vufatmufrmS vlom;t&if;tjrpf qdw k mu jzpfcsif
vdak iG 700ausm(f 12²59µ)&Sad =umif; 0ef}uD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ode;f pdef wdik ;f jzpfaewmyg? tus,rf ajymawmhygb;l ? twwfynm
ajymcJw h ,f (2008 'DZifbm 0ef}u;D tzG@J tpnf; ta0;)? 2008-2009 enf;ynm pufre_ @J t&if;tES;D ajymyavmufatmifr&Syd gb;l ?
jynfwiG ;f xkwv f yk rf _ wefz;kd GDP usyo f ef;axmifaygi;f 17115 (10²4µ tajccHtaqmufttHk infrastructureawG aumif;aumif;
wk;d wufrE_ e_ ;f )jzpfa=umif; od&w,f(arG;jrLa&;ESiahf &vkyif ef;0ef}uD; r&Syd gb;l ? a&rD;awmif rSew f mr[kwb f ;l ? yGiv hf if;jrifomwJh
Arc armifarmiford ;f ajym)? jynfyaºu;jrDu a':vmoef; 7000 taqmufttHk tzG@J tpnf;awGvnf; r&S/d pDrcH ef@crJG u _ vnf;
avmuf&adS e=umif; cef@reS ;f =uw,f? GDP &J@ 40µavmuf t=urf;zsi;f nHzh si;f / vuf0g;}uD;tkyrf u _ vnf;&Sd qdak wmh? tqd;k jrifouf
&Sdw,f? ,ckqkd 'gxuf rsm;vdrfhr,f? wdkif;jynfudk aºu;0ef oufe@J tjypf&mS ajymaewm r[kwyf gb;l ? ud, k w hf ikd ;f jynf tajc
xkyaf wGatmufrmS xm;cJ+h yD; ppftyk pf x k yd o f ;D awG rawmfrw&m;& tae ajymae&wm &Suaf wmif&u S rf yd gw,f?
,lxm;wJh ºu,f0r_awGukd w&m;0ifa=umif; twnfjyKEdik zf @kd aejynf jynfy&if;ESDjr‡KyfESHr_qdkwmu a':vmxkyf}uD;ydkuf+yD;
awmfZmwf tzG@J u acgi;f aygi;f v$waf wmfjyZmwf}u;D udk wcrf;wem; a&mh tifh qd+k y;D 0ifvmwm r[kwb f ;l ? pufypPn;f twwfynm
ujyoGm;wmyJ jzpfw,f? wefz;kd jznfph ufru _ ek =f urf; rlyikd cf iG ehf @J aps;uGuf qdw k mawGuikd +f yD;
(3) a':vmeJ@weffzdk;oifh+yD; 0ifvmrSmjzpfw,f? tjrwftpGef;udk
ppfAsL±du k &ufrsm;eJ@ vufa0cHrsm;[m jynfwiG ;f rSm vuf a':vmtwdik ;f ,lomG ;rSmjzpfw,f? a':vmxm;cJh usyaf iG,o l mG ;
0g;}u;D tkyrf _ tajccHtm;jzifh +y;D ajrmufcf +hJ yjD zpfw,f? yk*v ~ u d b%fawG vd@k oGm;ajymvd@k u tqJrcH&&if uHaumif;yJ? Edik if w H umrSm
ukr% ` tD yk pf }k uD;awG pD;yGm;a&;z,f'a&;&Si;f }uD;awG xlaxmif+yD;jzpf 'Dtwdkif;yJ? twwfynm aps;uGuf trsdK;om;t&if;tESD;
w,f? ta&;}uD;wJh Edik if yH ikd pf uf±t kH vky±f akH wG pD;yGm;a&;vkycf if;awG pkaqmif;rdz@kd wcsed rf mS ud, k ahf jcud, k v hf uf jzpfvmzd@k jynfol w&yf
ajr/ taqmuftODe@J 0efaqmifvyk if ef;rSeo f r# (yk*v ~ u d ydik jf yK) vuf vH;k udk vrf;zGiahf y;&w,f? tm;ay;&w,f? taESmiftzG@J awGudk
0g;}u;D tky+f y;D jzpfw,f? v,form;rsm;xHrv S nf; v,fajrawG t"rR ajzay;&w,f? Oya'eJ@ ,E©&m;eJ@ axmufual y;&w,f? pDrH
odr;f ,lw,f? 'DtxJrmS ppfwyfO;D ydik jf zpfwhJ jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H ude;f &S&d w,f? taqmufttHk jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif; structural
pD;yGm;a&;OD;ydik u f rk % ` v D rD w D uf UMEH eJ@ umuG,af &;0ef}u;D Xmeydik f reform vky& f w,f? 'Dvrkd rS vky&f if Armjynf[m aps;taygq;kH
jrefrmhp;D yGma&;aumfyakd &;&Si;f MEC wd@k &@J tifyikd , f mu t}u;D qH;k tvky=f urf;orm;Edik if b H 0u wufrmS r[kwb f ;l ?
jzpfw,f? usyaf iGu jynfwiG ;f rSmazmif;yG inflation aeaomf
'Dvv kd yk af qmifwhJ jzpfpOftwGi;f rSm rormr_ ravsm=f oZm vnf; a':vm(aiGrm) eJ@,OS &f if rmuspf deflation aew,f?
oH;k r_ tvGo J ;kH pm;r_ w&m;Oya'udrk suu f , G jf yKr_ od@k r[kwf azmufzsuf t"dym` ,fu ukeaf ps;E_e;f awG jynfwiG ;f rSm w&dy&f yd f wufae+yD;
r_ vl@tcGit hf a&;csKd ;azmufrf _ t"rRtEdik u f sirhf _ rStp &mZ0wfr_ jynfyrSm yd@k uek af wG aps;r& usqif;aew,f? usyaf iGqw kd mu
crime rsm;udkvnf;usL;vGefcJhw,f? 'Dvdkrawmfrw&m;r_rsm;udk jynfwiG ;f rSmyJ oH;k vd@k &+yD; jynfyrSmoH;k vd@k &wmr[kwb f ;l ? a':
32 vmqdw k mu wurBmvH;k u(,cktcsed t f xd) ,H=k unfpw d cf spmG
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
vufco H ;kH pGaJ ewJh aiGa=u;jzpfw,f? ukeo f , G af &;rSm a':vmukd =um; Edik if aH &;jy\emudk ajyvnfatmifajz&Si;f zd@k taumif;qH;k enf;[m
cHxm;+yD; zvS,af e=uwmjzpfw,f? pD;yGm;ysuu f yfausmu f mvrSm awG@qakH qG;aEG;jcif;yJ jzpfw,f qdw
k mudk xyfajymvdyk gw,f?
tar&duefu a':vmawG atmwdu k ±f ukd xf w k +f yD; a':vmwefz;kd
csxm;wmjzpfw,f? wefzdk;csxm;wJha':vmeJ@,SOf+yD; usyfaiGu (5)
vdu k rf usbJ wufaewm[m Armjynfp;D yGm;a&; b,favmuf xd taomtvGr;f Zmwfaygi;f cef;awG pHv k ifpmG jzifh wifquf
cdu k rf ,f qdw k m oabmayguEf ikd yf gw,f? ppftpd;k & bmrS rwwf oGm;wJh acgi;f aygi;f v$waf wmfjyZmwf}u;D +y;D qH;k oGm;ayr,fh Zmwf&edS f
Edik b f ;l ? usyaf iGawG ±du k +f yD;&if;±du k af evd@k uawmh ukeaf ps;E_e;f awG u rukeaf o;bl;? tcef;ul;zd@k rif;om;opfu avajyxd;k aumif;wke;f
vnf; twuf&yfrmS r[kwb f ;l ? t"dym` ,fr&Sw d hJ wa':vm 6 usyf rif;om;}u;D rif;om;vwf eJ@ ,dr;f rif;om;awGu cg;yHpk jyifaumif;wke;f
ausmq f w kd hJ w&m;0ifaiGvEJ e_ ;f udk zsu+f yD;(wu,fu ppftpd;k &u vl&i$ af wmfawGu pm;+rHK@jyefaumif;wke;f &Syd gao;w,f? 2011 [m
0ifvmwJha':vmudkom 6 usyfE_ef;eJ@wGuf+yD; pm&if;jyaewm/ urBmw0ef; v_ycf wfra_ wG rsm;w,f? tar&du Oa&my tm&S tmz&d
xGuaf iGuu kd sawmh 6 usyEf e_ ;f eJ@trf;ay;wm r[kwb f ;l / ayguaf ps; u tm&yfurBm Edik if w H ikd ;f [m Edik if aH &; pD;yGm;a&; oHwrefa&; pdef
twdik ;f yJ wGuw f mjzpfw,f) usyaf iGwefz;kd udk wnf+ird w f hJ aiGvEJ e_ ;f ac:r_awG ud, k pf &D =dS u+yD; tjyeftvSef *,uf±u kd rf v
_ nf; }uD;w,f?
w&yfe@J xde;f rxm;Edik &f if Armjynfp;D yGm;a&;[m rwnf+idrEf ikd b f ;l ? xde;f n‡rd r_ vky&f if ayguu f rJG a_ wG }uHK&r,f?
bmpDrHudef;rSvnf; atmifjrifrSmr[kwfbl;? bwf*sufuvnf; ArmjynfppfAsL±du k &ufawGu 2008 Zmwfne$ ;f eJ@ acgi;f
vdak iGjywm&yfrmS r[kwb f ;l ? wdik ;f jynfaºu;0efxyk v f nf; avsmyh g; aygi;f v$waf wmf jyZmwfu+y;D xde;f n‡zd @kd }uKd ;pm;w,f? Zmwfq&m}u;D
oGm;zG,f r&Sb d ;l ? vlxvk nf; qif;&JwiG ;f u wufrmS r[kwb f ;l ? u xGufawmfrl eef;ucGmoGm;ayr,fh ydwfjzLpif=u,f0wf+yD; pdyf
usyaf iGwnf+idrzf @kd qw kd m tm;aumif;wJh trsKd ;om;pD;yGm; ykw;D eJ@&yd }f u;D cdo
k mG ;wm r[kwb f ;l ? =uufajy; eef;wGi;f wae&m uae
a&; ausmaxmufaemufc&H rdS S jzpfEikd w f ,f? ppftpd;k & 'gukd rvkyf ayoD;acgu&f if; apmif=h unfah erSmjzpfw,f?
Edik b f ;l ? t&ifuvnf; rvkyEf ikd b f ?l tckvnf; rvkyEf ikd b f ;l ? aemif rif;om;opfe@J Zmwfy@kd rsm;u a&S@*|r;f aemuf*|r;f rsm;eJ@
vnf; vkyEf ikd rf mS r[kwb f ;l ? 'gukd ,wdjywf ajymEdik w f ,f? bmjzpf tpGr;f jy+yD; upm;uGuaf wGxiG zf @kd jyifaew,f? 'gayrJh upm;uGuf
vd@k v?J Edik if aH &;jy\em &Sad evd@k jzpfw,f? Armjynfuv kd m+y;D ppftpd;k uus,+f y;D upm;uGi;f u usO;f vSw,f? b,fawmh pifay:u aZmuf
&udk t}uaH y;oGm;wJh pD;yGm;a&;Edb k ,fvq f &k iS f pwpf*vpfvkd yk*Kd~ vf xd;k jyKwfusrvJv@kd vlxu k arwWmyd@k aew,f?
uvnf; pD;yGm;a&;eJ@Eikd if aH &;[m wqufwpyfwnf;yJv@kd ajymcJh
w,f? jynfwiG ;f jynfy pD;yGma&;ynm&Sif awmfawmfrsm;rsm;uvnf;
ajymcJw h ,f? ppftpd;k &&J@ Edik if aH &; t,l0g'jzpfwhJ ppfwyfO;D aqmifwhJ armifoef;jra&$
Edik if aH &; (wenf;tm;jzifh ppfAsL±du k &uf Edik if aH &;) udk rpGe@f vw $ o f r# 5-4-2011
wdik ;f jynf[m trsKd ;om;pD;yGm;a&; zG@H jzdK;wd;k wufvmrSmr[kwb f ;l ?

v$waf wmfveG uf mv
ppftm%m&Sipf epfudk wku
d zf su=f u?
jynfol t
h iftm;ukd pkpnf;=u?

33
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
v,f o rm;a&;&m
“jrefrmhpkdufysKd;a&; v,f,mxGufukef
wifykd@Ekdifr_ tajctaeESifh
v,f,majr odrf;ykdufcHae&r_
jy\emrsm;”

armifpdefaomf

awmifolv,form;ae@ukd rwfv2&ufae@rSm rowfrSwf onf? qefpyg; xkwv f yk rf E_ iS hf ywfouf+y;D jrefrmu pyg;xGuEf e_ ;f ESihf
oifah =umif;ESihf q&mpH txdr;f trSwjf yKk ae@wae@uo dk m owfrw S f Ekid if jH cm; wify@dk Eidk rf b _ ufrmS xkid ;f Ekid if EH iS hf AD,uferfw@dk udk vku d rf rD
oifah =umif; aqG;aEG;wifjy=uaom owif;wck zwfvu dk &f onf? ±ko H mru qefpyg; t&nftaoG;bufrmS vnf; odyu f mG aeonfh
trSeyf J Akv d af e0if; ppftiftm;ok;H wkid ;f jynftm%m odr;f ,lonfh oabm awG@&onf? 2010 pufwifbmvtwGi;f pm&if;Z,m;
ae@tm; awmifov l ,form;ae@ owfrw S x f m;r_udk qef@usiu f ef@ t& xkid ;f qefu wwefudk tar&duef a':vm 465 / AD,uferf
uGuo f ifo h nfh jy\emw&yf[k jrifonf? qefu wwefudk tar&duef a':vm 425 txd&&S=d uonf? jref
Akv
d af e0if; jynfwnfco hJ nfh ppftm%m&Sipf epfatmufrmS rmqefu wwefudk tar&duef a':vm 350 0ef;usit f xdyJ jynfy
awmifov l ,form;awG ausmaumhatmif zdEydS cf sKyfcs,cf =H u&+yD; aps;uGuw f iG f ayguaf ps;&Sad ea=umif; awG@&onf/ wwefudk a':
vGwv f wG v f yfvyf pku d yf sK;d vkyf ukid cf iG hf r&=uay? jrefrmhv,f,m vmw&mavmuf uGmaewm awG@&onf?
pku d yf sK;d a&; vkyif ef;rsm;onfvnf; tjcm;aomvkyif ef;rsm;enf;wl jrefrmhEidk if w H iG f (1988) rSm pyg;wif;oef; 600 ausmf
zG@H +zKd;wk;d wufrr_ &Sd tdref ;D em;csi;f Ekid if rH sm;ESihf r,SOEf idk af vmufatmif xGu&f cdS &hJ mrS (2010) jynfw h iG f pyg;wif;oef; 1500 ausmf xGu¶f dS
xkwv f yk rf _ aemufusvsuf &So d nf? Ekid if jH cm; qefpyg; wify@dk aer_EiS hf a=umif;ESihf qnfwmwrHaygi;f 233 ck/ v,fajr{u 2 '\r 8
ywfouf+yD; jynfwiG ;f xkwf WEEKLY ELEVEN rSm azmfjy oef;ausmw f ;dk cs@J xm+y;D qnfwrHprD u H ed ;f aygi;f 30 ukv d nf; wnf
xm;onfh rmefo&l edS f aqmif;yg;t& =unfv h #if xkid ;f Ekid if u H 2010 aqmufqjJ zpfa=umif; Akv d o f ef;a&$ acgi;f aqmifonfh ppftyk pf u k
rSm pyg;{u 27 oef;aausmf pku d yf sK;d +y;D / jynfyukd wefcsed f 9 oef;ausm/f umvESpcf k E_id ;f ,SOI f ‚wk@d acwfrmS wk;d wufaea=umif; xkwf
wify@dk a&mif;csEidk cf o hJ nf? 2011 rSmqkv d #if 9 '\r 5 oef;xd azmfonf?
wify@dk z@dk vsmxm;onf[k ajymonf? “u|eaf wmfw@dk jrefrmEkid if u H (88- 89) umv jrefrmhvOl ;D a&u 38 oef;ausmyf J &Sd
pyg;{uoef; 20 eD;yg;pkdufw,f/ jynfyukdwefcsdef 'DESpfqkd 4 onf/ 2010 rSmvlO;D a&u 57 oef;/ vlO;D a& oef;20 eD;yg; uGm
odef;avmufyJ ykd@Ekdifw,f/ trsm;}uD;uGmw,f/ pkdufysKd;{u jcm;ae+yD? (88-89) umvu qefwjynf ayguaf ps;u usyf 20
ESpq f ruGmayr,fh usew f @J tykid ;f rSm uGmvk@d ayg/h pm;ok;H r_tykid ;f rSm ausm/f a&$wusyo f m; 11˜100 usy&f o dS nf? v,fw{u xkwf
qk&d if jrefrmu wESpu f dk wefcsed f 12 oef;ausmf pm;ok;Hk w,f/ xkid ;f u vkyaf &; ukeu f sp&dwu f 2˜450 usy&f adS =umif; [kad cwf ppf tpk;d &
wefcsed f 10 oef; 0ef;usiyf J jynfwiG ;f rSm pm;ok;H w,f” vk@d qx dk m; tmabmf vkyo f m;owif;pmyg armif&rJ eG . f aqmif;yg;yg tcsuf
onf? u|eaf wmf rSwo f m;rdoavmuf cef@reS ;f xkid ;f Ekid if H vlO;D a&u tvufrsm;t& rSwo f m;&zl;onf?
65 oef;avmuf¶+dS yD; jrefrmu vlO;D a& 57 oef;xm;vku d f (jrefrmh xko d @dk umvESpcf k E_id ;f ,SOaf zmfjyxm;onfh olw@dk . wk;d
vlO;D a&pm&if;ukd tpk;d &xkwjf yefcsurf mS raocsmvSyg) jrefrmxuf wufrq _ odk nfrmS tppftrSef wk;d wufaejcif;r[kw/f jynfwiG ;f rSm
xkid ;f u vlO;D a& ykrd sm;aeonf? bma=umifh jynfwiG ;f pm;ok;H r_ t¶l;uwrl;om 0g'jzef@aejcif;om? wu,fwrf; zG@H +zKd; wk;d wufr_
jrefrmu ykrd sm;ae&ovJ/ pOf;pm;p&m jzpfonf/ “arSmifcdk ck;d xkwf E_id ;f ,SOw f u G cf suv f vdk sif tdref ;D em;csi;f Ekid if rH sm;/ tmqD,aH 'owGi;f
aewmawGyg jynfwiG ;f pm;ok;H r_rmS xnfw h u G o f vm; rajymwwfb;l / Ekid if rH sm;ESihf E_id ;f ,SOjf yjcif;jzifv h nf;aumif;f / Ekid if w H um pHcsed pf H
pyg;txGuEf e_ ;f qk&d ifvnf; jrefrmxuf xkid ;f u ykrd sm;w,f/ 'ga=umifh !¸e;f twkid ;f xkwv f yk rf r_ t S p zG@H +zKd;wk;d wufrr_ sm;ukd wGucf sujf y
xkid ;f eJ@jrefrm qefwify@dk Ekid w f hJ tykid ;f uGmwmyg”[k qefvyk if ef;&Sif jcif;jzifah omfvnf;aumif; tpk;d &taejzifh Ekid ;f ,SOjf y oif=h uonf?
wpfO;D u wifjyonf? pyg;txGuEf e_ ;f uGm[r_EiS hf xkid ;f tpk;d &u xko d @dk om wGujf yv#if ppftm%m&Sipf epfusio hf ;Hk aeI wkid ;f jynf
awmifov l ,form;awGudk b,fvu dk n l o D vJ/ qkw d mrsK;d avhvm b,favmufrGJoGm;+yDvJqkdwm uGJuGJjym;jym; odvmvdrfhrnf?
oifh xnfo h iG ;f aqG;aEG;oifah =umif;vnf; wifjyxm;wm awG@& uGmjcm;r_udk awG@jrif+y;D ppftm%m&Siaf wG &Suw f wf&if t&Su&f
34
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
vJaozk@d aumif;aernf? ,cifumv jynfov l x l b k 0 qif;&Jusyf aeonf? ppftpk;d & t"duxm; vkyaf qmifaeonfh ppftiftm;wk;d
wnf;onf? ,ckumv jynfov l x l k aexkid rf b _ 0onfvnf; ykI d cs@J aer_twGuf ppfwyfyidk af jrtjzpf odr;f ,ljcif;/ ppftm%mykid rf sm;.
qif;&Jusyw f nf;onf? tcsed u f mv uGmjcm;aomfvnf; ppftm taygi;f yg vuf0g;}uD;tkyf ukr% ` rD sm;u odr;f yku d jf cif;/ Ekid if jH cm;om;
%m&Sipf epfu r+yKdysuEf idk /f tcsed =f umav jynfov l x l b k 0 epfreG ;f rsm;. pDru H ed ;f oD;ESrH sm;twGuf odr;f yku d jf cif;/ a&eufqyd u f rf;vkd pDrH
av jzpfaeonf? ude;f rsm;twGuf v,f,majrrsm;odr;f ,ljcif; ponfjzifh ta=umif;
{&m0wDwidk ;f 26 +rKd@e,fwiG ;f &Sd awmiforl sm; rwfyJ trsK;d rsK;d ESihf jrefrmawmifov l ,form;rsm;. v,f,majrrsm; todr;f
txGuEf e_ ;f odoo d mom usqif;aeI qk;H ¶_;H r_rsm;ESihf &ifqidk f yku
d cf aH e=u&onf?
ae=u&a=umif; 2011 azazmf0g&D 28 {&m0wD owif;pmrsuEf mS yg tcsKd@ukr`%DawGu ajr,m wefa=u;ra&mufonfhwkdif
azmfjycsuu f dk awG&h onf/ wqufxnf; azmfjyxm;csuu f rwfyJ txku d t f avsmuf avsmaf =u;ay;=uaomfvnf;/ xkad vsmaf =u;aiGrsm;
omru tjcm;oD;ESrH sm;yg wESpx f ufwESpf txGuEf e_ ;f usqif; ukyd if tm%mykid rf sm;u jzwf,=l uao;onf[k ausmufjzL a&euf
&jcif;onf "mwkajrqDrsm;ESihf yk;d owfaq;rsK;d pkw H @dk ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm qdyu f rf;pDru H ed ;f teD; u|e;f ay:&Sd &Gmom;rsm;u ajyma=umif; od&
ok;H pGcJ jhJ cif;a=umifh ,majrrsm; tcsOaf yguu f m ysupf ;D &jcif;jzpf onf? ppfwyfyidk t f jzpf todr;f cH&onfh v,f,majrrsm;twGuf bm
a=umif; pku d yf sK;d a&;okawoDrsm;u ok;H oyf=uonf [k qko d nf? avsmaf =u;rS ray;ay;yg? ajrtodr;f cH&onfh v,form;rsm; tvkyf
&efuek +f rK@d &dS pku d yf sK;d a&;ynm&Siw f OD;u “yk;d owfaq;rsm; vufrhJ jzpf=u&efom&So d nf?
ok;H pGjJ cif;[m tyif&@J 0wfre_ u f ;l jcif;twGuf vkt d yfwhJ tif;quf ajr,modr;f yku d cf &H jcif;/ vGwv f yfpmG pku d yf sK;d xkwv f yk cf iG hf
awG/ t%kZ0D yk;d awGudk qk;H ¶_;H apw,f/ tyif&@J 0wfre_ u f ;l jcif; xdcu dk f r&Sjd cif;/ ponfh rw&m; zdEydS cf sKyfcs,rf r_ sm; ppftm%m&Sif tquf
vmwmESit hf r# toD;jzpfxeG ;f r_[mvnf;/ rvGrJ aoG usqif;vm qufvufatmuf awmifov l ,form;rsm; cg;pnf;cHc=hJ u&onf?
rSmjzpfw,f”[k qkyd gonf? rwfyt J ygt0if tjcm;aomoD;ESrH sm;/ orkid ;f tpOftvm}u;D cJo h nfh Armjynf awmifov l ,form; jynfol
txGuEf e_ ;f jrifw h ufvm&ef/ ajrjyKjyifr/_ yJrsK;d aumif;rsK;d oef@ a&G; rsm;taejzifh ppftm%m&Sirf sm; jyKor# Ekae=uolrsm;r[kw/f rdrw d @dk
cs,pf u dk yf sK;d Ekid rf E_ iS hf obm0ajr=oZmawG jyefvnfjznfw h if;Ekid zf @dk b0&yfwnfa&;twGuf twWm[dtwWaememaxm rdrt d m; rdru d ;dk I
vkt d yfae+yv D @dk vnf; axmufjyonf? enf;o¿mef rsK;d pkjH zifh &ifqidk w f udk yf 0JG ifvsu&f =dS uonf?
yJvyk if ef;&Sirf sm;toif; wm0ef¶o dS l wOD; tajymY +y;D cJh 2011 rwfv 2&ufae@rmS jrefrmjynf tES@H tjym;rS awmif
onfh Zefe0g&D 7 &uf/ pm&if;rsm;t& “jynfyukd rwfyw J efcsed f olv,form; 200 ausmaf vmufu &efuek w f idk ;f c&rf;+rKd@e,frmS
360˜000 ausmo f m wify@dk Eidk cf w hJ ,f/ rESpu f umvwlrmS wefcsed f awG@q+Hk yD; tpk;d &ajr&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f a&;ESihf aemuftpk;d &opfu
480˜000 ausmf wify@dk Eidk cf w hJ t hJ wGu/f wify@dk Eidk rf _ wefcsed f 120˜000 vkyfaqmifay;&rnfh tcsuf (6) csufukdawmif;qkdvkduf=uonf?
ausm/f usqif;oGm;w,f” [k qko d nf? uae'g/ =opa=w;vsr/S v,fvkyfolv,fykdifcGifhjzpfonfh v,form;awG vkyfukdifaeonfh
rsK;d oef@yrJ sm;om tdE, dN yJaps;uGuYf us,jf yef@pmG ae&m,lae v,fajrrsm;ukd ukd,fykdifa&mif;csaygifEHScGifh&&Sda&;/ todrf;cH&wJh
a=umif;/ jrefrmjynfrS rwfyt J ygt0if yJrsK;d pko H nf/ tdE, dN aps;uGuf v,fajrrsm;twGuf epfema=u;&&Sad &;/ tm%mykid af wGEiS hf v,f,m
ok@d yk@d aeaomfvnf;/ ar#mv f ifx h m;ouJo h @dk aps;uGuaf 0pk/ r&&Sd ok;H ypPn;f xkwv f yk o f nfuh rk % ` aD wG aygi;f +y;D v,form;awGudk tusyf
ao; a=umif; yJvyk if ef;&Sirf sm;u ajymqkad e=uonf? ukid f a&mif;csaer_ wm;jrpfay;a&;/ "mwfajr=oZm/ yk;d owfaq;ESihf rsK;d
pkdufysKd;a&;aºu;a=umfoHawGuawmh wjym;om;rS aumif;rsK;d oef@&¶Sad &;/ ypPn;f twkty rvkyEf idk af tmif Oya' w&yf
rav#m?h 'gayrJh jynfyaps;uGurf mS pyg;eJ@yJ tckxd rsuEf mS om r& jyÏmef;ay;a&;/ acwfrpD u dk yf sK;d a&; enf;ynmawGudk tpk;d &u zefw;D
ao;wm awG@ae&onf? ay;a&; ponft h csurf sm; aqmif&u G Ef idk &f ef v,form;uGe&f ufawG
jy\emrSm tjcm;Ekid if H tpk;d &awGu awmifov l ,fo us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ zG@J pn;fz@dk vadk =umif; awG@qyHk u JG dk pDpOfov l nf;jzpf
rm;rsm;ukd tav;xm; tultnDay;=uonf? jrefrmppftm%m awmifolv,form;ta&; aqmif&Gufolvnf;jzpfaom a&S@ae
&Siaf wGu awmifov l ,form;rsm;ukd xifovkd zdEydS t f yk cf sKyaf eol wOD;u ajyma=umif; owif;=um;&onf?
rsm; jzpfonf? 0g'jzef@aumif;¶kH qnfajrmif;wmwrH azmufjyae 'g[m ppftm%m&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f a&;twGuf 'Dru dk a&pD
jcif; jzpfonf? wu,fwrf; pku d yf sK;d &rnft h csed f a&zGirhf ay;onfh &&Sad &; wku d yf rJG sm;ESihf aygi;f pyfvmonfh v,form;ta&; v_y&f mS ;
jy\emrsm; =um;ae&onf? r_wckygy?J 'Dvedk @J v,form;xktygt0if vl@tv$maygi;f pHu k ppftm
rk&H mG / a&$bdk e,fpyfw0ku d f aemufazmufonfh qnf %m&Sifpepf qef@usifa&; wkdufyGJrsm;ESifh 'Drkdua&pDa&;wkdufyGJrsm;
ajrmif;wpfcrk mS z&Jcif; a&ay;aevk@d pyg;rpku d &f bl;qkw d hJ t&yf wpnf;wvk;H wnf; aygi;f pnf;+y;D jynfo@l tiftm;/ jynfo@l wu dk yf rJG sm;
owif; wpckawmif =um;vku d &f ao;onf? aus;vuftm%m tm;}uD;vmrSom ppftm%m&Sipf epfudk zkw=f unf;o+*õK[fypfa&;
ykid w f @dk / }uzhH @HG w@dk qkw d mawGuvnf; ppftyk pf Ek iS ahf ygi;f +y;D awmifol atmifjrifEidk v f rd rhf nf[k ,lqrdygonf?
v,form;rsm;ukd trsK;d rsK;d 'kuaQ y;Ekid w f ahJ cwf jzpfonf?
awmifol v,form;rsm;tm; vGwv f yfpmG pku d yf sK;d xkwf
vkyfcGifh jrefrmppftpkd;&u ulnDtm;ay;zkd@ aeaeomom/
armifpdefaomf
tckqv dk #if jrefrmjynf tES@H tjym;rSm ajr,modr;f yku d rf a_ wG jzpfay: 14- 3 - 2011

35
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
Oya'a&;&m

ppfAsL±kdu&uf
t&m&SdtkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh
t&m&Sd w&m;pD&ifa&;

armifat;Ekdif

jynfaxmifpt k pk;d &tzG@J Oya' (etz Oya' trSwf 15§2010) yk'rf jynfaxmifpk w&m;pD&ifa&; Oya' (etz Oya' trSwf
6(u)wGif “jynfaxmifpk tpk;d &tzG@J ”ukd atmufyg yk*Kd~ vfrsm;jzifh 20§2010) yk'rf 8 wGif “jynfaxmifpk w&m;v$waf wmfcsKyfonf
zG@J pnf;&rnf - ppfbufqidk &f m w&m;±H;k rsm;ESihf Ekid if aH wmf zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccH Oya'
(1) Ekid if aH wmforRw qkid &f m cH±k ;kH . pD&ifyidk cf iG t hf m%mrsm;ukd rxdcu dk af pbJ Ekid if H awmf.
(2) 'kw, d orRwrsm; tjrifq h ;kH w&m;±H;k jzpfonf”? yk'rf 30 (C) wGif jynfaxmifpk w&m;
(3) jynfaxmifpk 0ef}u;D rsm; ol}uD;csKyfEiS hf jynfaxmifpk w&m;v$waf wmfcsKyf w&m;ol}uD;rsm;
(4) jynfaxmifpk a&S@aecsKyf æ [k azmfjyxm;onf? onf atmufygt&nftcsi;f rsm;ESihf jynfp&kH rnf?
yk'rf (9) wGif Ekid if aH wmforRwonf zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccH Oya' (1) wkid ;f a'o}u;D ok@d r[kwf jynfe,fw&m;v$waf wmf
t&aomfvnf;aumif;/ zG@J pnf;yHOk ya'ESit hf nD oD;jcm;jyÏmef;xm;onfh w&m;ol}u;D tjzpf tenf;qH;k ig;ESpaf qmif&u G cf o
hJ l
Oya'rsm;t&aomfvnf;aumif; atmufygw@dk udk zG@J pnf;&rnf? (od@k r[kw)f
u? trsKd ;om;umuG,af &;ESihf vH+k cHKa&;aumifpD (2) wkdif;a'o}uD; okd@r[kwf jynfe,ftqifhxuf
c? b¾ma&;aumfr&Sif redrafh om w&m;a&; t&m&Sd ok@d r[kwf Oya' t&m
*? jynfaxmifpk w&m;v$waf wmfcsKyf &Sd &mxl;wGif tenf;qH;k 10 ESpf wm0ef xrf;aqmifchJ
C? Ekid if aH wmfz@JG pnf;yHk tajccHOya'qkid &f m cH±k ;kH ol (ok@d r[kw)f
i? jynfaxmifpk a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sif (3) w&m;v$waf wmfa&S@aetjzpf tenf;qH;k 20 ESpf
p? jynfaxmifpk &mxl;0eftzG@J æ [k azmfjyonf? tr_vu dk yf g aqmif&u G cf o
hJ l (od@k r[kw)f
xk@d jyif uk, d yf idk tf yk cf sKyfciG &hf wkid ;f ok@d r[kwf uk, d yf idk tf yk cf sKyf (4) xifay:ausm=f um;onfh *k%o f wif;&Sad om Oya'
cGi&hf a'o OD;pD;tzG@J Oya' (etz Oya' trSwf 17§ 2010) yk'rf (5) ynm&Sit f jzpf Ekid if aH wmforRwu ,lqol æ[k
wGif oufqidk &f m uk, d yf idk tf yk cf sKyfciG &hf wkid ;f ok@d r[kwf uk,
d yf idk f tkycf sKyf azmfjyyg&dS ygonf?
cGifh&a'o taxGaxG tkyfcsKyfa&; OD;pD;Xme t}uD;trSL;onf xk@d txl yk'rf 48 (C) wGiv f nf; wkid ;f a'o}u;D ok@d r[kwf
&mxl;tavsmuf OD;pD;tzGJ@. twGif;a&;rSL;ESifh tvkyftr_ jynfe,f w&m;v$waf wmf w&m;ol}uD;rsm;. t&nf
aqmif aumfrwD. twGi;f a&;rSL;jzpfonf? ,if;onf qENrJay; tcsi;f rsm; azmfjyyg&ydS gonf?
ykid cf iG hf r&Sad p&? Tjynfaxmifpk w&m;pD&ifa&; Oya' yk'rf 64 wGif
yk'rf 9 (c) wGif Ekid if aH wmforRw onf yk'rf cGJ (u) t& “jynfaxmifpk w&m;v$waf wmfcsKyo f nf uk, d yf idk t
f yk cf sKycf iG hf &wkid ;f
wifoiG ;f vmonfh trnfpm&if;yg yk*Kd~ vftm; oufqidk &f m OD;pD;tzG@J w&m;±H;k rsm;/ uk, d yf idk t f yk cf sKyfciG &hf a'o w&m;±H;k rsm;/ c±kid w f &m;
OuUÏtjzpf cef@tyfwm0ef ay;&rnf? yk'fr 11 wGif wyfrawmf ±H;k rsm;/ +rKd @e,fw&m;±H;k rsm;ESihf Oya't& wnfaxmifaom tjcm;
umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfonf OD;pD;tzGJ@wGif OD;pD;tzGJ@0if pkpkaygif;. w&m;±Hk;rsm;wGif w&m;ol}uD;tjzpf aqmif&Guf&ef w&m;a&;
av;yHkwyHkjzpfonfh OD;pD;tzGJ@0if OD;a&ukd wyfrawmfom;rsm;jzifh t&m&Sdrsm;tm; pD&ifykdifcGifhtm%m t&yf&yfukd tyfESif;
vkt d yfovkd jznfph u G wf m0efay;Ekid o f nf æ[k azmfjyxm;onf? jcif;/ wm0ef0wW&m;rsm; owfrSwfay;jcif; jyKvkyf&rnf æ
Tazmfjycsufrsm;udk =unfhjcif;tm;jzifh tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif [k azmfjyyg&ydS gonf?
xdyw f ef;acgi;f aqmif. tm%m/ vkyyf idk cf iG /hf trde@f / wm0efcef@tyfr_ txufrS tjrifq h ;Hk tm%mykid . f tm%m/ vkyyf idk cf iG /hf
wk@d jzifh tajcjyKwnfaqmufxm;aom/ vnfywfvy_ &f mS ;aom ppf trde@f w@dk jzifh w&m;a&;t&m&Sw d @dk tm; cef@tyfwm0efay;+y;D w&m;
AsL±ku d &uft&m&Sd tkycf sKyfa&;pepfjzpfa=umif; txift&Sm; awG@ a&; t&m&Srd sm;vufo@dk w&m;pD&ifa&; tm%mukd xyfqift h yfEiS ;f
jrifEidk yf gonf?
36
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
xm;onfudk txift&Sm; awG@&&dS aoma=umifh t&m&Sd w&m; w&m;r#wonfh w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfjzifh apmifx h ed ;f =u&ef vkyd g
pD&ifa&;[k rkcs owfrw S &f ygrnf? onf?
txufyg jynfaxmifpk tpk;d & Oya'ESihf jynfaxmifpk 'kid t f mcDtyk cf sKyfa&;umvtwGi;f rSmyif “1935 ckEpS f
w&m;pD&ifa&; Oya'wdk@ukd ±_jrifawG@&Sd&onfhtwkdif; ppfAsL±kd jrefrmEkid if H tkycf sKyfa&;Oya'”jzifh ajymif;vJtyk cf sKyfco hJ nf? ,if;
ua&pD t&m&Sd tkycf sKyaf &;ESihf t&m&Sd w&m;pD&ifa&;[kom wwf Oya't& tpk;d & tkycf sKyfa&;Xmeaygi;f 91 Xmer#udk wkid ;f &if;
tyfaocsm ajymprSwjf yK=u&ygrnf? tb,fa=umifeh nf;? om;rsm;tm; cGaJ 0tkycf sKyfciG hf jyKonf[q k udk m Oya'jyKv$wf
jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;wGif t&m&SdtkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh t&m&Sd awmfEiS hf txufvw $ af wmf[I l v$waf wmfEpS &f yf pwif xm;&Scd hJ
w&m;pD&ifa&;pepf &Scd ahJ oma=umifh jzpfygonf? b,facwfb,f onf? Oya'jyKv$wfawmfwGif 132 OD; xm;&Sd+yD;/ txuf
tcsed f umvuygv?J +Adwo d # ukv d edk t
D yk cf sKyfa&;ESihf *syef zuf v$waf wmf wGif 36 OD;xm;&Scd o hJ nf? ‚ 36 OD;teuf bk&ifcu H
qpftkyfcsKyfa&;atmufu jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;ukd vSef=unfh&ef rdro d abmtwkid ;f 18 OD;ukd a&G;cs,cf ef@tyfI usef w0uf 18
vkv d mygonf? OD;ukd Oya'jyKv$waf wmftm; a&G;aumufwifajrm‡ ufciG hf ay;xm;
jrefrmEkid if u H dk ukvd edk t D yk cf sKyfa&;oufwrf;. ESpaf ygi;f onf? xkd 91 Xme tkycf sKyaf &;onf 1937 ckEpS rf S 1942 ckEpS t f xd
121 ESpf 10 vESihf 8 &uftwGi;f wGif 1825 ckEpS rf S 1897 ckEpS f t 5 ESpcf ef@r# =umcJo h nf?
xd 71 ESpo f nf tajccHtm;jzifh ppftyk cf sKyaf &;umvykid ;f jzpfonf? ,cif “bk&ifc. H oabmtwkid ;f ”qdo k nfah e&mwGif
1897 ckEpS rf S 1923 ckEpS t f xdumvonf tajccHtm;jzifh t&m “umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKy(f Akv d cf sKyrf LS ;}u;D ). oabmtwkid ;f ”[k ,ck
&St d yk cf sKyfa&; umvykid ;f rsm;jzpfonf? 1897 ckEpS w f iG f jrefrm e0w/ etz ppftyk pf u k vkycf svu dk jf yefonf? 'kid t f mcDtyk cf sKyaf &;
Ekid if t
H m; 'kw, d bk&ifct H yk cf sKyfjcif;jyK&aom jynfe,f}u;D we,f umvtwGi;f twkid yf ifcOH ya'jyKtzG@J udk zsuo f rd ;f I twkid yf ifcH
tjzpf xlaxmifvu dk af omtcg jrefrmEkid if t H m; “jynfrESihf awmif Oya'jyK v$waf wmfudk xlaxmifco hJ nf? v$waf wmfwiG f yg0if&
wef;a'orsm;”[lI tkycf sKyfa&;a'oESpcf u k dk +Adwo d # ukv d edk 0D g' rnfh trwf 173 OD;wGif wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;ukd 79 OD;r#om a&G;
orm;rsm;u ‚wk@d oabmtwkid ;f cGjJ cm;ypfvu dk =f uonf? aoG;cGJ cs,cf iG hf ay;xm;onf? Tae&mwGif 25 &mckid Ef e_ ;f v$waf wmf
tkycf sKyfxm;jcif;tm;jzifh jrefrmEkid if H wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;. pnf;vH;k uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm;ukd ppfAv dk rf sm;twGuf ae&may;xm;aom
nD!w G rf u _ dk [ef@wm;xm;+yD; ‚. u|ejf yKr_udk ouf qk;d &Snaf p 2008 ckEpS f zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'ESihf bmrsm; uGmjcm;
cJ&h ef }u&H , G cf o hJ nf? +Aw d o d # t&m&Srd sm;ESihf jrefrm wdidk ;f &if;om;rsm; ygoenf;? tem*wfEidk if aH &;wGif wyfrawmf. OD;aqmifrt _ cef;
yl;wGJtkyfcsKyfjcif; jyKonfqkdaom 'kid t f mcD tkyf csKyfa&;pepf ukd jznfph u G cf siv f @dk qv dk #if etz ppftyk pf k tm%mykid rf sm;onf
ukd 1923 ckEpS w f iG f pwifprf;oyfco hJ nf? 1923 rS 1937 ckEpS t f xd ukv d edk aD cwftyk cf sKyfa&;ESihf wlnaD eonfjzpfap/ zufqpf tkycf sKyf
14 ESpw f mr# oufq;dk &Sncf o hJ nf? a&;ESihf wlaeonfjzpfap *±kpu dk af evdrrhf nf r[kwaf y? vkt d yf
ukvd edk aD cwfwav#mufv;kH wGif jrefrmEkid if u H dk tkycf sKyf v#if ykw H ul ;l cswmawmif vkyv f rd rhf nf xif&onf?
a&;Oya'rsm;jzifh v$rf;rkd;tkyfcsKyfxm;onf? ‚tkyfcsKyfa&; 'kw, d urBmppf}u;D twGi;f jzpfaom 1942 ckEpS rf S 1945
atmufwiG o f m w&m;pD&ifa&;onf wav#mufv;kH &Sad ecJo h nf? ckEpS t f xd zufqpf*syefrsm;u jrefrmEkid if t H m; odr;f yku d tf yk cf sKyf
tkycf sKyfa&;tm%matmufu w&m;pD&ifa&;rsm; vGwv f yfr_ cJo h nf? 1943 ckEpS f =o*kwv f 1 &ufae@wiG f “jrefrmEkid if aH wmf
r&Scd yhJ ukH dk t"duaxmufjy&efvadk yonf? vufawG@oufaojyEkid f tkycf sKyaf &;pnf;rsO;f Oya'/ trSwf 1 ”ukd xkwjf yefa=unmI tkyf
onfrmS 1912 ckEpS u f pI ppfuidk ;f wGif aecJzh ;l +y;D 1929-30 ckEpS w f iG f csKyfco hJ nf? xkt d yk cf sKyfa&;rSm ppfAsL±ku d &uf t&m&St d yk cf sKyfa&;
&efuek 'f pd }wdww f &m;ol}uD; vkyo f mG ;cJzh ;l aom rpPwmarm&pf pepfEiS hf zufqpftyk cf sKyaf &;pepfom jzpfonf? *syefw@dk onf vGwf
aumvpf. “jrefrmjynfwGif ppfaq;cJhaom tr_tcif;rsm;” vyfa&;twkuo dk m ay;cJo h nf r[kwaf o;? *syefppf 0g'w D @dk . xH;k pH
(Trails in Burma) (vlxak ':trm jrefrmbmomjyef) wGif twkid ;f zufqpfpepfudk usio hf ;kH tkycf sKyfco hJ nf? xk@d a=umifh 1945
ukdvkdeDtkyfcsKyfa&;atmufu w&m;pD&ifpepf. rESpf+rdK@zG,f ckEpS f rwfv 27 &ufae@wiG f zufqpfawmfveS af &; ay:ayguf
jzpf&yfrsm;ukd txift&Sm; awG@&&dS ygonf? cJ&h onf?
“w&m;ol}u;D awG[m rSeu f efwhJ pD&ifcsuu f dk csrwS &f rSm ppftm%m&Sipf epfonfvnf; wav#mufv;Hk ppf AsL±kd
jzpfayr,fvkd@ tr_aqmiftzGJ@u rauseyfzl;qkd&if rcsrSwf& u&uf t&m&St d yk cf sKyfa&;pepfudk zufw, G u f sio hf ;Hk vmcJo h nf?
wJhtjyif tjypfay;wmukd cH&OD;r,faygh”? “jrefrmjynf&Sdor# ,ck usi;f yaeaom 15 rdepf rm&oGef v$waf wmfrsm;rS tvdrf
w&m;ol}u;D tm;vH;k [m uk, d v
hf yd jf ymukd riJb h /J tr_aqmiftzG@J &@J tnm ajz=um;csurf sm;ukd =unfjh cif;tm;jzifh jynfwiG ;f zufqpf
rsufESmukd=unfh+yD; pD&ifcsufcs&r,fvkd@ wkdufwGef;&ma&mufyg pepf ppfAsL±ku d &uf t&m&St d yk cf sKyfa&;ESihf t&m&Sd w&m;pD&ifa&;
w,f”[k (jrefrmjynfwiG f ppfaq;cJah om tr_tcif;rsm;/ vlxak ': pepfudk usio hf ;kH oGm;rnf[k a=unmaeav+y?D xk@d a=umifh rwfv
trm jrefrmbmomjyef/ pmrsuEf mS -239) wGif azmfjyxm;onfudk 27 &uf zufqpfawmfveS af &;rsKd ; rvGrJ aoG ay:ayguv f mrnfrmS
ynmowd &Spd mG ±_jrifo;kH oyf&ygrnf? t&m&St d yk cf sKyfa&; atmuf rkcsw&m; jzpfygonf?
wGi&f adS om t&m&Sw d &m;pD&ifa&;pepf. vGwv f yfr_ r&Scd yhJ u kH dk armifat;Ekid f
oifcef;pm,loifyh gonf? trsKd ;oDv ESpXf meukd vGwv f yfaom 25-3-2011?

37
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
awmfvSefa&; ±kyfykHv$m
(wuoacgif;aqmif &ckdifukdausmfv_dif}uD;okd@ trSwfw&)
(1)

u|eaf wmfb h 0rSm b,fawmhrS rarhaysmufEidk w f hJ u|ef jzpfayr,fh ukad usmv f id_ &f @J trd v f @dk awmh ac:Ekid v f rd rhf ,f r[kwyf g?
awmf&h @J uk, d yf idk b f 0‘±kyyf v Hk m$ ’aygi;f rsm;pGm &Sad eovkd u|eaf wmfh ol@taz &ckid Of ;D nKdxeG ;f aexkid &f m OD;nKdxeG ;f &J@trd yf J jzpfygw,f?
&ifxJ eufeuf±_dif;±_dif; pl;0ifaewJh/ u|efawmfr[kwfwJh wjcm; OD;nKdxGef;[m ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&; &cgp umvu yxrqkH;
aom ±kyyf Hk v$mawGvnf; u|eaf wmfEh v S ;Hk om; jyifay:rSm pGx J if aom zqyvacwfu jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD;vnf; jzpfcw hJ t hJ wGuf
wnf±adS ewm awmfawmfrsm;rsm; &Scd yhJ gw,f? tJ'x D rJ mS &ckid u f dk 0ef}uD;a[mif;vnf; jzpfovk/d Akv d af e0if; tm%modr;f +yD; wuf
ausmv f id_ }f u;D &J@ ±kyyf v Hk m$ [mvnf; wcktygt0ifv@dk qkv d udk cf sif vm+y;D aemufyidk ;f rSm ucsi}f u;D qrm;'l;0g; qif0g;aemifudk w±kwf
ygw,f? oHtrwf}uD;tjzpf qufvufae&m ay;cJhwm &Sdovkd &ckdif}uD;
u|eaf wmft h ay: oHa,mZOf}u;D cJ=h uolawGxrJ mS tpf jzpfwhJ OD;nKdxeG ;f ukv d nf; oHtrwf}uD;tjzpf cef@tyfcw hJ m &Sw d hJ
ukd }u;D ukad usmv f id_ vf nf; ygygw,f? q&m=uL;(rif;vSneG @f =uL;)/ twGuf OD;nKdxeG ;f [m oHtrwf}uD;a[mif;vnf; jzpfygw,f?
q&m OD;wifa&$(rk±H mG OD;wifa&$)/ q&m&Sr;f (armifvif;,ke-f &Sr;f OD;nKdxeG ;f [m &ckid t f rsK;d om;awG twGi;f rSmawmh xif
jynf) wk@d e@J pwifrw d q f ufay;cJo h [l m ukad usmv f id_ }f uD;yJ jzpf+yD; &Sm;wJh &ckid af cgi;f aqmifwOD; jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
OD;jroef; (q&m jroef;wif)h / OD;pde0f if;(q&mvlxpk ed 0f if;) eJ@ rprf; zufqpfawmfvSefa&;umvrSm ArmjynfrSm zufqpf
prf;wif(vufo;D yke;f ocifAwif&@J orD;-tck tm&ftufzaf t awGudk pwifwu dk yf qJG ifcw hJ hJ tOD;qk;H aomwkid ;f [m &ckid w f idk ;f jzpf
rprf;prf;wif)wk@d tdraf wGtxd a&muf&cdS &hJ zl;/ odc&hJ zl;wm[m cJ+h yD; tJ'D &ckid w f idk ;f &J@ wm0efcaH wmfveS af &;acgi;f aqmifuawmh
vnf; ukad usmv f id_ }f uD;a=umifyh J jzpfygw,f? &ckid f Akv d nf KdxeG ;f (ac:) OD;nKdxeG ;f ygy?J zufqpfawmfveS af &;}uD;
q&m &m*seu f u|eaf wmfu h dk [k[ d 'dk 'D D ac:oGm; avh&o dS qifE=J$ uzk@d vufa&G;pif&aJ bmfawGwcsK@d udk tdE, dN ok@d v#K@d 0u S af p
vkd ukad usmv f id_ }f u;D uvnf; u|eaf wmfu h dk ae&m awmfawmfrsm; v$w&f mrSm atmvftif', d a&'D,u dk ae pum;0Sut f jzpf “nKd
rsm;qD ac:oGm;+yD; rdwq f ufay;wwfavh&o dS l jzpfcyhJ gw,f? xGe;f rd*'g0ek f a&muf+y/D nKx d eG ;f rd*'g0ek f a&muf+y”D vk@d a=unmay;
olu olaexkid &f m ol@trd u f v dk nf; ra&mufa&muf jcif;cH&wJh emrnf&iS [ f m 'D OD;nKdxeG ;f ygy?J
atmif twif;ac:oGm;zl;wJt h wGuf olw@dk trd u f v dk nf; u|ef zufqpfwkdufzsufa&;twGuf ‘zwyv’tzGJ@}uD;ukd
awmf ESpfacgufwdwd a&mufzl;ygw,f? wuUokdvf&dyfomvrf; v#K@d 0u S f zG@J pnf;cJ=h u+yD; wu,fv h ufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;}uD;ukd
vrf;r}uD;ay: (tJ'w D ek ;f u tpPa&;oH±;Hk vm; bmvm; rrSwrf d taumiftxnfazmf qifE=J$ uawmhvnf; ‘wkid ;f }u;D (10) wkid ;f ’
awmh) oH±;Hk wckteD;/ ab;vrf;csK;d wckuae jzwf0if&wJh 0ef}u;D tjzpf owfrw S zf @JG pnf;&mrSm &ckid w f idk ;f &J@ ppfa&;acgi;f aqmifa&m-
a[mif; t&m&Sad [mif;awG aexkid &f m oD;oef@ vlux Hk H &yfuu G f Ekid if aH &; acgi;f aqmif tjzpfyg owfrw S w f m0efay;jcif; cHc&hJ ol[m
wck twGif;u +cH0if;us,fus,f wkduftdrf}uD;wcktwGif;rSm OD;nKdxGef;yJ jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh OD;nKdxGef;[m zufqpfawmf
tpfu}dk uD; ukad usmv f id_ f aeygw,f? vSeaf &;}uD;twGi;f a&S@wef;u yg0ifcw hJ hJ &cdik af cgi;f aqmifwOD;
tJ'Dtdrf[m ukdausmfv_dif}uD;wkd@tdrf-vkd@ ajym&rSm tjzpf xif&mS ;cJo h vkd Armjynf vGwv f yfa&;}uKd;yrf;r_orkid ;f rSm

tpfukd}uD; ukdausmfv_dif

0if;wifhxGef;

38
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
wufwufºuºu yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJ=h uzl;wJh &ckid t f rsK;d om; Ekid if aH &;orm; okH;av;}udrfru wufa&mufukocHcJh&zl;ovkd pdwfa&m*g
awmfveS af &;orm; rSeo f r# trsm;tm;jzifh OD;nKdxeG ;f eJ@ xdawG@qufqcH hJ twGuf t }urd }f urd ‘f a&Sm±h u dk ’f ukocHc&hJ zl;olvnf; jzpfczhJ ;l w,f
=uzl;olawGcsn;f vkv d dk jzpfcyhJ gw,f? &ckid f Ekid if aH &;orm;awGtwGi;f rSm r[kwv f m;?
tpOftvm}uD;olwOD; jzpfcyhJ gw,f? 'ga=umifh ol@udk ‘t±l;}u;D ’vk@d awmif &if&h ifh oD;oD; ±kid ;f
OD;nKdxeG ;f rSm om;orD;awG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; &S&d mrSm om; ±kid ;f pkid ;f pkid ;f ac:cJ=h uolawG wcsK@d awmif &Scd zhJ ;l ygw,f? pmtkyw f ef;
a,musmf ;awGxrJ mS awmh ukad usmv f id_ }f uD;[m t}uD;qk;H jzpf+yD; ol@t xJu vlwa,mufuawmh “ukdausmfv_dif}uD;u t±l;awmh
xufrmS u tpfr}u;D awGyJ &S&d mrSm tpfrwa,mufu &ckid f OD;omausmf t±l;yJ? 'gayrJh olu awmfveS w f thJ ±l;As”vk@d aemufppeJ@ owfrw S f
eJ@ tdraf xmifusygw,f? OD;omausm[ f m rqvacwfrmS Ekid if aH wmf ajymqkcd zhJ ;l ygw,f? ukad usmv f i_d }f uD; tckvdk jzpfc&hJ wmuawmh
aumifp0D iftxd jzpfcyhJ gw,f? tpfrwa,mufuawmh &ckid f OD;pHom awmxJrmS iSuzf sm; t}uD;tus,rf cd +hJ yD; iSuzf sm;yk;d u OD;aESmuf
ausmef @J vm; ta=umif;ygw,f xifygw,f? tpfrawGu ol@trd af xmif txd a&mufomG ;cJ&h wmrk@d ygy?J ol[m wcsed u f &efuek f wuUov dk f
eJ@ol aexkid =f uwm jzpfwt hJ wGuf u|eaf wmf ukad usmv f id_ }f u;D wk@d tdru f dk u wufºuwJh ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifwOD; jzpfcyhJ gw,f? 1959-
a&mufwt hJ csed rf mS touf}u;D }u;D &ckid t f zGm;}u;D wa,mufe@J ukad usmf 60 ckEpS f &efuek w f uUov dk f wuo tr_aqmiftzG@J xrJ mS ukad usmf
v_dif}uD;&J@ nDwa,muf&J@ ZeD;jzpfol *syeftrsKd;orD;i,fwOD;ukdyJ ol v_id }f uD; ygcyhJ gw,f?
wk@d trd rf mS awG@&ygw,f? tJ'w D ek ;f u &efuek w f uUov dk &f @J wuoOuUÏu OD;vS
ukad usmv f id_ }f uD;u u|eaf wmfu h dk {nfch ef;xJrmS xm;cJ+h yD; rD;zkd wif jzpfcJh+yD;/ 'k OuUÏu ukdpdef0if;/ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;u
aqmifbuf 0ifomG ;um uk, d w f idk f aumfzw D cGuf azsm, f v l mygw,f? ukdnKd0if;/ aiGxdef;u ukdAaqGav;wkd@ jzpfcJh=u&if; ukdausmfv_dif
*g0ef&n S &f n S f 0wfxm;wJh tom;0g0g rsuEf mS csKcd sKed @J &nf&nfreG rf eG f }u;D u wuo tr_aqmif-Ekid if jH cm;qufo, G af &; wm0efcH tjzpf
*syeftrsK;d orD;i,fu aemufxyfaumfzw D cGuu f dk ,lvmum ukad usmf wufwufºuºu a&S@wef;tcef;uae yg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJhol jzpfyg
v_id }f uD;a&S@ tomt,mcsay;+yD; acgi;f uav;wcsuf nGw&f if; tem; w,f?
uae jyefxGufoGm;ygw,f? ukdausmfv_dif}uD;u-“ightay: apwem or*~udk oHa,mZOf}uD;vku d yf /Hk Ekid if aH &;ukd oHa,mZOf
txm;qk;H taumif;qk;H uawmh 'D igch ,fr *syefryJu-G ”vk@d +yKH;+yKH;}uD; }u;D vku d yf u Hk vnf;- ausmif;om;or*~Eidk if aH &;wm0efawGudk xrf;
ajymygw,f? “tdru f igu h dk xrif;au|;w,f? aep&m tcef; ay;w,f? aqmifcsifvGef;vSwma=umifh pmar;yGJawG rajzbJ pmar;yGJawG
wcgwavrS okH;zkd@pGJzkd@av; enf;enf;yg;yg;avmuf ay;wwfwmuG/ 'D wrif tuscu H m wuUov dk af usmif;om;}u;D tjzpf (8) ESpaf usmf
igch ,fruawmh ae@widk ;f vkv d dk iguh dk ok;H av;ig;usyf ay;w,f? 'ga=umifrh @dk avmuf aexkdifv_yf&Sm;cJholwa,muf jzpfygw,f? Akdvfae0if;
ae@widk ;f vkv d dk pmtkyw f ef;ukd xGuEf idk w f maygu h mG ? r[kw&f if wcgwav tpk;d & wufvm+y;D aemufyidk ;f or*~}u;D vnf; t+zKdcv H udk &f -+ird ;f
vrf;p&dwaf wmif r&Sv d @kd xGuEf idk rf mS r[kwb f ;l uG-”vk@d pdwv f v dk uf& csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGq J w
dk mawGvnf; ysujf ym;oGm;cJ&h +y;D aemufyidk ;f
&Si;f jyae&if; xk;H pHtwkid ;f ol@yv k if;av;xJu aq;o=um;vkd tcsKd aq; awGrSmawmh wuUokdvfukd cifwG,fvGef;vSwJh ukdausmfv_dif}uD;
jym;cJav;ukd xkwf+yD; ol@aumfzDyef;uefxJ xnfhygw,f? olu qD;csKd [m wjcm;aom wkd;wufwJh/ wufºuwJh ausmif;om;acgif;
aoG;csKd a&m*gvnf; &Sad ewma=umifh vufzuf&nfqidk f xkid =f u&if “vuf aqmifrsm;enf;wl awmckdausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwa,muf/
zuf&nfwcGuu f Ek@d e@J ESy&f nfyJ xnfah emf/ o=um;a&m Ek@d qyD g bmrSudk vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;orm;wa,muftjzpf awmxJudk ul;
rxnfheJ@”vkd@ rSmwwfavh&Sd+yD; ol@twGuf olrSmxm;ovkd vufzuf ajymif;a&muf&o dS mG ;cJ&h ygawmhw,f? tv,f±;dk ra&m taemuf
&nfcu G f a&mufvm+yq D &dk if -ol t+rv J v dk dk oGm;av&m ygwwfavh&w dS hJ ±kd;rtwGif;rSmyg usifvnfv_yf&Sm;cJhzl;+yD; OuUÏ ocifoef;xGef;
aq;ykvif;av;ukd xkw, f u l m aq;o=um;cJ aq;jym;av;ukd xnf+h y;D rS tem;rSmvnf; aexkdifv_yf&Sm;cJhzl;ol jzpfygw,f? awmxJrSm
ar$aESmufaomufavh&w dS m vufzuf&nfqidk f xkid zf ufjzpfwhJ u|eaf wmf ‘±k;d riSu’f oifch &hJ +y;D aemuf iSuzf sm;yk;d u OD;aESmufxt J xdawmif
u aumif;aumif;}uD; od&adS e+yD; jzpfygw,f? tcsKed @J vnf; rwnfyh gbJ a&mufc&hJ wJt h csed rf mS awmxJrmS yJ aq;0g;qufvuf ukoay;vk@d
vufzuf&nfqkdifxkdifwkdif; vufzuf&nfukdyJ aomufcsifwwfwJh ol@ aysmufuif;Ekid rf mS r[kww f t hJ wGuf OuUÏocif oef;xGe;f uk, d f
tusiu hf v dk nf; u|eaf wmfuawmh u±k%moufrd pdwrf aumif;jzpfr&d wkid &f @J trde@f e@J awmxJuae +rKd@ay: jyefy@dk jcif; cH&ol[m ukad usmf
ygw,f? “rif;u rodb;l ? tdrrf mS u aumfzyD J &Sw d ,f? aumfzyD J aomuf v_id }f u;D ygy?J 'Dvt dk jzpfrsK;d [mvnf; ukad usmv f id_ }f u;D wOD;wnf;yJ
=uw,f? tjyifa&mufrS vufzuf&nf aomuf&wmuG/ igu owd&ydS g &Sdvdrfhr,f xifygw,f? ukdausmfv_dif}uD;wa,muf +rKd@ay: jyef
w,fuG-o=um; vkH;0 rxnfhbl;? Ekd@qDvnf; txnfh rckdif;bl;? Ekd@eJ@ a&mufvmcJyh eHk @J ywfouf+yD;awmhvnf;-
ESyf&nfyJ ygwJh vufzuf&nfav;ukd qD;csKdtwGuf jy\em r&SdEkdifwJh “ukad usmv f id_ }f u;D ukd OuUÏ&J@ cGijhf yKcsut f rde@f t& ouf
aq;o=um;cJav;eJ@yJ xnfhaomufwmyguGm-”vkd@vnf; ajymwwf qkid &f muae +rKd@em;txd ac:vm/ ppfawGu yk@d &r,fah e&m txd
av &h ydS gw,f? vufzuf&nfaomuf+y;D wmeJ@ aq;awGvnf; tenf;qk;H ykd@vkduf=uawmh- ol@OD;av;awmfolwa,mufuae ol@taz
ESprf sK;d ok;H rsK;d aomufae&avh&w dS m t+rJvv dk dk awG@ae&avh &Syd gw,f? OD;nKdxeG ;f ukd ta=umif;=um;w,fqydk ?J &ckid w f idk ;f rSmu wkid ;f rSL;u
tJ'v D dk ykrH eS af omufae&wJh aq;ESprf sK;d ok;H rsK;d xJrmS wrsK;d uawmh - pdwf vnf; AkdvfapmjzL/ AkdvfapmjzLqkdwmuvnf; OD;nKdxGef;eJ@
a&m*ge@J ywfoufwahJ q;/ pdw+f ird af q;vkd tdyaf q;vkd aq;jym;awGvnf; ruif;&m ruif;a=umif;awG r[kwv f m;? Akv d af e0if;ukad wmh b,f
ygygw,f? tpfukd}uD; ukdausmfv_dif[m wcsdefu oGufoGufvnf vkd wifjyao;ovJqkdwm rodbl;? Akdvfae0if;uvnf; ±l;ae+yD
atmifudk ±l;oGm;cJzh ;l olvnf; jzpfwma=umifh pdwaf &m*guk aq;±kaH wGrmS jzpfwm odwt hJ wGuf aemufq;Hk rSm cifAsm;om;- cifAsm;bmom
39
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
ukayawmhqkd+yD; OD;nKdxGef;vufxJ xnfhay;vkdufw,fvkd@ =um;zl; tm;yg;w&}uD; atmfar;vkdufwma=umifh vlykHtv,frSm bm
w,f? aocsmwmuawmh ukad usmv f id_ }f uD;[m awmxJuae iSuf ajym&rSe;f rodatmif jzpfomG ;&+yD; eD;&mrSww f idk rf mS um;xk;d qku d f
zsm;yk;d OD;aESmufxt J xd a&mufv@dk +rKd@ay: jyefa&mufvmcJ&h ol jzpfay qku d cf si;f qif;ajy;cJ&h w,f qkyd gw,f?
r,fh vufeufcs r[kwb f ;l uG” vk@d &Jabmfa[mif;}uD; wa,muf&@J “oluawmh vkdifpif&}uD;vkd jzpfaewmAs/ u|efawmfhrSm
ajymjycsuu f dk u|eaf wmf =um;od&zl;ygw,f? bmjyef ajym&rSe;f rodatmif jzpfomG ;&+yD;-wcgwnf;ukd eD;&mrSwf
tJ'D &Jabmf}uD;uvnf; olox d m;ovkd ajymjywm jzpf+yD; wkid rf mS qif;ajy;cJ&h awmhwmygyAJ sm-”vk@d wjcm;olawGudk jyefajymjy
u|eaf wmfu, dk wf idk u f awmh ukad usmv f id_ }f uD;&J@ &ckid ±f ;dk r awmwGi;f u wJhtwGuf 'DvkdZmwfvrf;rsKd;awGukd odxm;/ }uKH}uKdufxm;&zl;
ae +rKd@ay:ukd b,fykHb,fenf;eJ@ jyefa&mufvmcJhovJqkdwm&J@ olawGuawmh ukdausmfv_dif}uD; pdwfvGwfaecsdefrsKd;eJ@ vlykHtv,f
tao;pdwf Zmwfvrf;pku H dk wcgrS ar;jref;r=unfch zhJ ;l yg? ta[mif;awG yufyif;}uKH&rSmrsK;d awGudk enf;enf;awmh vef@=uavh&ydS gw,f?
topfjzpf+y;D pdwx f cd u kd o f mG ;rSm pk;d wJt h wGuf rar;&ufv@dk rar;cJw h m wcgw&H tJ'v D dk ‘vGw’f oGm;wwfavh&w dS mrsK;d u vG&J if-
ygy?J usew f mawGuawmh tm;vk;H taumif;/ b,fawmhrS rrSm;/ olu
ukad usmv f id_ }f uD;eJ@ u|eaf wmf awmfawmfudk &if;&if;ES;D ES;D od awmif u|eaf wmfw@dk udk vkyw f mukid w f mawG owdxm;zk@d jyefowd
u|r;f cJ=h ucsed rf mS awmh ukad usmv f id_ }f u;D [m pdw+f ird af q;awG/ pdwaf &m*g ay;aevku d af o;w,f?
eJ@ywfoufwahJ q;awGudk ykrH eS rf ysuf pm;ok;H aeqJ jzpfayr,fh Ekid if aH &;
&yfwnfcsuef @J ywfouf&ifawmh b,fawmhrS c|w, f iG ;f ,kid ef @J cw
hJ m (2)
r&Sdyg? wcgwcg pdwfa&m*g jyefjyefxvmwwfr_awG &Sdayr,fh EkdifiH bmyJajymajym u|eaf wmfuawmh ukad usmv f id_ }f u;D ukd cif
a&;&yf wnfre_ @J ywfouf+y;D awmh b,fawmhrS rSm;,Gi;f cJzh ;l wm r&Syd g? ygw,f? ukad usmv f id_ }f uD;eJ@twl wuo/ AuorSm yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJh
iSuzf sm;yk;d a=umifh OD;aESmufysucf &hJ ol jzpfcahJ yr,fh &yfwnfcsuaf wmh =uzl;ol;awG/ &Jabmfa[mif;}u;D awGuvnf; ukad usmv f id_ }f u;D tay:
b,fawmhrS ysucf o hJ l wa,muf r[kw-f vk@d yJ qk&d ygvrd rhf ,f? wcg cif=urif=u/ wefzkd;xm;=uwmawG&Sdovkd ukdausmfv_dif}uD; t
wcg a&m*gu jyefjyefxvmwwfavh&w dS hJ tcsed rf sK;d awGrmS awmh ol@ a=umif;ukd olw@dk jrif&m axmifah wGuae qGwq f w G uf siu f sif ajym
rsuv f ;Hk awG[m &Da0qkid ;f wG@J aewwf+y;D E_wcf rf;pGe;f awGrmS vnf; oGm; =uqk=d u/ todtrSwjf yK=uwmawGuv dk nf; }urd zf efrsm;pGm =um;em
&nfpawG pD;ayaewwfum tJ'D oGm;&nfp;D a=umif; ajcmufajcmuf odjrifaecJh &ygw,f?
jzLjzLawG[m uGr;f tvGet f u|H pm;avh&o dS w l a,muf yg;pyfzsm;rSm q&m=uL;(q&m rif;vSneG @f =uL;) u qk&d if-“ukad usmv f id_ f
xkH;pawG aya&aeovkdrsKd; &Sdaewwfygw,f? ae@wkdif;vkdvkd +rKd@xJ }uD;u or*~udk odyo f aH ,mZOf}uD;wm/ or*~uay;wJh wm0efawG
ukv d m&if u|eaf wmfe@J q&m&m*set f vmukd ol xkid +f yD; apmifah e udk xrf;csiv f eG ;f vk@d or*~acgi;f aqmifawGqu D dk pdwx f m;ESrfd Ehf rdS chf scs
avh&&dS mae&mu pmtkyw f ef;u OD;oef;aqG}u;D &J@ vrf;ab;pmtkyq f idk f eJ@ukd a&muf-a&mufvm+yD; u|efawmfhukdvnf; ay;csifwJhwm0ef
av;ab;rSm jzpfwJhtwGuf rsufpd raumif;&SmwJh OD;oef;aqG}uD;u ay;=uyg-vk@d ajym&SmwmAs? tJ'w D ek ;f u wk;d wufwhJ vuf0o J rm;
rsu&f nfawG wawGawG rsuEf mS eJ@/ ukd ausmv f id_ }f uD;u oGm;&nfawG wa,mufvnf; odyu f dk jzpfcsiv f eG ;f +y;D u|eaf wmfw@dk tpkem;ukd teH@
wayay rsuEf mS eJ@/ ESpOf ;D om; ili}l u;D awG &Sad ewwfygw,f? ole@J cifrif cH+yD; &pfo&D pfoeD @J vm&Smw,fAs? wu,fu ol@nD ausmo f mxGe;f
&if;ES;D olawGudk vSr;f awG@vu dk &f ifawmh ukad usmv f id_ }f uD;[m tm;yg; u u|eaf wmfw@dk =um; t&ifa&mufaewm? olu ol@nx D uf enf;
w& vSr;f ac:wwf/ pum;pjrnf ajymwwfavh&+dS y;D ol@rsuEf mS }u;D [m enf; aemufusw,f? ol@n&D @J aemufrmS rS u|eaf wmfw@dk =um; a&muf
+yKH;±$iaf ewwfygw,f? vmwm? 'gayrJh olu yk+d yD; pdwx f m;ESrd chf sw,f? or*~rmS w&m;0if
ukad usmv f id_ }f uD;[m Ekid if aH &;&yfwnfcsut f &awmh b,f tr_aqmif jzpf=uawmhvnf; ol@n&D @J aemufrmS rS ol@crsm jzpfvm
awmhrS rSm;rSm;,Gi;f ,Gi;f r&Scd ahJ yr,fh ol pdwv f w G af ecsed rf sK;d rSm/ vlyHk wmAs”vk@d ta=umif;qkv H @dk ajymjywm rSwo f m;&zl;ygw,f?
tv,f ae&mrsKd;rSm oleJ@ yufyif;oGm;wkd;rdrSmrsKd;ukd vef@=uolawG q&m=uL;&J@ ZeD;jzpfol a':&D&aD X;uvnf;“ukad usmv f id_ f
awmh &Syd gw,f? }u;D u ody±f ;dk om;wm”vk@d ajymzl;ovkd ausmif;om;or*~orkid ;f rSm
tjzpfu 'Dvydk g-? wcgawmh &Jabmfwa,muf[m bwfpf a&S@wef;acgi;f aqmifwOD;jzpfcw hJ hJ q&maumif;}uD;(OD;baumif;) &J@
um;eJ@ pD;vmwke;f um;ay:rSm ukad usmv f id_ }f u;D pdwv f w G af ecsed ef @J yuf E_wfzsm;uaevnf; ukdausmfv_dif}uD;&J@ ±kd;om;ykHawGukd ta=umif;
yif; oGm;wk;d w,fqydk gw,f? um;wpD;xJ oGm;+y;D qk&H ayr,fh ukad usmf tm;avsmpf mG =um;em&zl;w,f? wcgawmh q&m=uL;(rif;vS nGe@f
v_id }f u;D u um;a&S@bufjcrf;u/ tJ'&D aJ bmfu aemufjcrf;u jzpfae+y;D =uL;) uyJ ukad usmv f id_ }f uD;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; cyf+yKH;+yKH;eJ@ b,fvdk ajym
um;ay:rSm &efukefbwfpfum;awG&J@ xkH;pHtwkdif; c&D;onfawGu jyzl;ao;ovJ-qkdawmh “b,folawGu b,fvkdawGajymajym-
vnf; jynfhodyf usyfnyfaew,fqkdygw,f? t&yf&Snf&Snf axmif ukdausmfv_dif}uD;ta=umif;ukd ol@c,fr *syefrav;u Armpum;
axmif armif;armif;}uD;jzpfwJh ukdausmfv_dif}uD;u tJ'D&Jabmfukd rwwfwwwfe@J ajymwmavmuf ray:vGib f ;l ? *syefrav;u ‘±l;
t&ifvrS ;f jrifomG ;+y;D um;a&S@jcrf;uae um;aemufjcrf;qDtxdvnf; w,f’‘t±l;’qkw d hJ a0g[m&u odyu f dk &ifo
h ;D vGe;f w,fqw dk m ukd
wk;d oGm;vk@d r& awmh ta0;uae atmfEw _ q f ufw,fqydk gw,f? vnf; odykH&+yD; tJ'Dtpm; u|efawmfwkd@ Arm vl}uD;olrawGwcsKd@
tJ'&D aJ bmfuvnf; tvku d o f ifh tvsm;oifh acgi;f ndw+f yKH; ajym avh&w dS ‘hJ pdwrf ES@H jzpfaew,f’‘pdwrf aumif; jzpfae&Smw,f’
jy jyefEw _ q
f ufvu dk w f ek ;f rSmyJ ukad usmv f id_ }f u;D u “rif; rae@nu jynf qkdwJh pum;rsKd;ukdyJ a±G;okH;+yD;rS tJ'D*syefrav;u ol@tjrif ol@
ol@ toHu wku d yf o JG wif;awG em;axmifvu dk rf ad o;ovm;uG-”vk@d oabmxm;ukd b,fvkdrsm; xkwfazmfajymqkdvkdufw,frSwfovJ
40
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
As/ ‘tpfu}dk u;D aemf- pdwrf aumif;bl;-'gayrJh odypf w d af umif;w,f? wjcm; ykid vf udk o f vJ? wkw d &dk iS ;f &Si;f eJ@udk &nf;pm;pum; ajym+yD;om;
olawGaemf-pdwfaumif;w,f-'gayrJh pdwfraumif;=ubl;’wJhAs? 'g vnf;jzpf/ wzufukd rmhufpf&J@ *sifeDtjzpfeJ@ wifpm;azmf
*syefrav;u ajymwmaemf? *syefrav;u olajymwwfovkd Armpum;eJ@ jy+y;D om;vnf; jzpfomG ; apovkd ol@u, dk o f v l nf; wcgwnf;
ukad usmv f id_ }f uD;ta=umif; wjcm;olawGudk ajymjyoGm;wm As-”wJ?h rmhupf u f dk jzpfomG ;a&muGm” wJ?h olu oabmusveG ;f pGm
wuoacgif;aqmifwa,muf jzpfcJhzl;wJh tpfukd}uD; bkduav; w[m;[m; &,f&if; ajymjyawmh u|eaf wmfw@dk rmS vnf; r+yKH;
ukv d aS &$uawmh-“ukad usmv f id_ }f u;D u wuUov dk f a&mufwmvnf; 'k@d xuf bJ raeEkdifatmifukd jzpfcJh&zl;ygw,f? wu,f [kwfr[kwf
pDe, D musovkd or*~rmS vnf; 'k@d xuf pDe, D muswmaygu h mG ? 'gayrJh 'k@d u qkw d mawmh u|eaf wmfw@dk awGvnf; wdwu d sus rajymwwf
ol@ukd p=u aemuf=u/ o±kyfzsuf [movkyf=u&ifvnf; oluawmh odyf ayr,fh ukad usmv f id_ }f u;D &J@ ‘arwWmpm’ qkw d muawmh ajymp
onf;cHwwfw,fu?G ol@rmS &nf;pm;oem r&S/d vlysK}d uD;jzpfaewmeJ@ ywf rSwjf yK usecf &hJ ygw,f?
ouf+y;D udak usmv f id_ }f u;D rSm b,f &nf;pm;&Srd vJ-olu ol}uKduw f hJ ausmif; aemufxyf ajymprSwfjyK=u&wmuawmh - ppf
olwa,mufudk yef;oGm;ay;wmrSm- rdwq f n Hk pmpm;yG}J u;D rSm yef; oGm;ay; axmufvrS ;f a&;awGu ol@udk ac:ppfwt hJ cg ol@&@J &yfwnf
wmrSm- olrsm;vkd ae&ma&G;vnf; ray;wwf/ olrsm;awG odrSmvnf; pkd; ajymqkrd e_ @J ywfoufwhJ ta=umif;ygy?J 1976 ckEpS x f rJ mS Akv d f
awmh xrif;pm;yGaJ tmufuae vufv#K+d yD;/ wzufu trsK;d orD;ukd vuf csKyfausmaf Zmwk@d om;tzawG awmcko d mG ;=uwJh udpeP @J ywf
ukw+f y;D yef;pnf;ukd twif;xk;d ay;owJ?h tJ'aD wmh [ku d vnf; tJ'rD mS wif ouf+yD; ukad tmifausmaf Zm/ ukad usmaf ZmOD;wk@d e@J vnf; &if;
vef@zsy+f y;D vefomG ;wmayg?h tJ'u D wnf;u rpGaH wmhwmvk@d o±kyzf suf ajym &if;ES;D ES;D tquftqH&w dS thJ wGuf udak usmv f id_ }f u;D ukd axmuf
=u aemuf=u p=uw,f? wa,mufuawmh -ukdausmfv_dif}uD;u trsKd; vSr;f a&;u ac:ppfowJ?h axmufvrS ;f a&;u “cifAsm;-Akv d rf LS ;
orD;wa,mufudk ‘cifAsm;-u|eaf wmfh }uKduaf ewm u|eaf wmf odygw,f? csKyf ausmaf Zmukd odovm;”vk@d p+y;D ar;awmh ukad usmv f id_ u f
cifAsm; "mwfyv Hk nf; u|eaf wmfu h dk ay;/ u|eaf wmfh "mwfyv Hk nf; ,lxm; - “odom;yJ”vk@d ajzowJ?h “tck awmcko d mG ;wmaum odo
a&mh-’qkd+yD; ay;&mrSm tJ'D "mwfykH =unfh+yD; trsKd;orD;ukd wcgwnf;ukd vm;”vk@d ar;jyefawmh “odwmayg”h vk@d ajzowJ?h “b,fvdk
vefomG ; qkyd ?J bmvk@d vq J adk wmh ukad usmv f id_ }f u;D ay;vku d rf wd yhJ u
Hk oli,f awmckdoGm;ovJqkdwmukdaum odovm;”vkd@ xyfar;jyef
i,fu a&$yef;aiguaf wmufe@J yku H rdk S rSm;+y;D ay;vku d rf vd @dk qydk -J qk+d y;D [mo awmhvnf; “odwmayg”h vk@d yJ xyfajzowJ?h “'gjzif-h b,fvdk
vkyfajym=u o±kyfzsuf ajym=u&ifvnf; ukdausmfv_dif}uD;uawmh a[h awmcko d mG ;ovJqw dk m ajymprf;”vk@d xyfar;jyefawmh-“od
aumifawG rif;wkd@ r[kwfwmawG rajym=ueJ@uGm-qkd+yD; odyfukd onf;cH om;yJ-bmvk@d ajym&rwk;H ”vk@d ajzvku d w f ,fqydk ?J
wwf&mS w,fu”G vk@d ajymjyzl;ovk/d ukv d aS &$&@J ZeD;-tpfr}uD; rcifrmat; tJ'v D ydk J “ausmaf ZmOD;/ atmifausmaf ZmeJ@ odo
uvnf; “ukd ausmfv_dif}uD;u i,fwkef;u ±kyfuvnf; rqkd;bl;? 0ef}uD; vm;/ &if;ES;D ovm;”vk@d ar;awmhvnf; “odwmayg”h vk@d ajz
uvnf; 0ef}uD;om;-qkad wmh ausmif;ukd vmwmawmif uwWyD gzed yfp;D +yD; cJh+yD; “olwkd@ b,fvkd awmckdoGm;ovJ-odor#ajymprf;”vkd@
uk, d yf idk uf m;eJ@ vmwwfwm? ol@udk oabmus=uwJh ausmif;olawGvnf; xyfrHar;jref;wJhtcgrSmawmh-“odwmaygh-odvnf; bmvkd@
&Sw d mayg?h 'D=um;xJuae or*~xu J dk wk;d wufwhJ ausmif;om;wa,muf ajym&rwk;H ”vk@d yJ tajzay; wk@H jyefcw hJ ,f qkyd gw,f? OD;nKdxeG ;f
tjzpfeJ@ ol@ukd,fol cH,lajymif;vJ+yD; tyifyef;tqif;&JcH+yD;ukd yg0ifv_yf &J@ om;uvnf; jzpfjyef/ pdwaf &m*gtwGuf r=umc% qko d vkd
&Sm;vmcJhwm/ awmfawmfwefwef ykdif;jzwfcsufeJ@ b,f[kwfrvJ-”vkd@ a&Sm±h u dk +f yD; ukoae&ol tppftrSev f nf; jzpfaejyefqadk wmh
wefz;dk xm; ajymqkw d mukv d nf; u|eaf wmf =um;em od&adS ecJ&h zl;ygw,f? axmufvrS ;f a&;awGrmS aqG@aqG@om ckeo f mG ;&+yD;/ aemufq;Hk
ukad usmv f id_ }f u;D wa,muf vufeufuidk f awmcdck &hJ mu OD;aESmuf rSm onftwkid ;f yJ jyefvw $ af y;vku d &f w,fqydk ?J ukad usmv f id_ f
xJ iSuzf sm;yk;d 0ifc&hJ +yD; t±l;wykid ;f b0eJ@ +rKd@ay: jyefa&mufvm&+yD; aemuf }uD;qkdwm tJ'Dvkd ajymprSwfjyK&wJh ajymprSwfjyKp&mawG
ykid ;f awGrmS awmh vlysK}d uD;b0eJ@yJ jzwfoef;vmcJ&h w,fqadk yr,fh ol@Ev S ;Hk tajrmuftjrm;eJ@ yk*K~ v d }f uD;ygy?J
om;ukd v_ycf wfv;l vGe@f apcJw h mawGawmh- &Scd ahJ o;[ef wlygw,f? touf olu u|eaf wmf wuUov dk f rwufawmhb;l vk@d qk;H
uvnf; av;q,fausmf ig;q,fwiG ;f avmuf a&mufaecsed rf mS /‘ukad usmf jzwfvkdufwmeJ@ ywfouf+yD;awmhvnf;-“at;yguGm-'D
v_id }f u;D &J@ arwWmpm’ta=umif; u|eaf wmfw@dk avmutwGi;f csppf Ek;d eJ@ ajym ukdvkdeDwykdif; ya'o&mZfwykdif; ynma&;ukd odyftxif}uD;
=u qk=d u aemufajymif=uwmawG ay:cJzh ;l ygw,f? tJ'w D ek ;f u w&ufrmS raewm iguawmh axmufcw H ,f? igvnf;uGm wuUov dk f
- u|e;f jyef&aJ bmfa[mif;}u;D wa,mufu u|eaf wmfu h dk -“a[haumif rif; rSm &SpfESpfausmfom aevmcJhwm ESpfwef;yJ &w,fuG-”vkd@
u uAsmq&mom qkw d ,f? uAsmawG pmawGom a&;aew,f? arwWm ajym&if; w[J[eJ @J &,farmcJzh ;l ygw,f?
pm ta&;rSmawmh w,fav#mw f ahJ umify?J arwWmpmta&;-&nf;pm;pm ol pdwaf xGaxG aewkid ;f r=umc%qko d vkd ajymavh
ta&;rSmawmh pHjyKxm;&rSmu 'k@d ukad usmv f id_ }f uD;uG-”wJ?h &Sw d m wckuawmh ol@Ev S ;Hk tdrx f /J ol@rodpw d x f o J @dk widk f pGaJ e
“uJ-vkyfprf;ygOD;Asm? ukdausmfv_dif}uD;u b,fol@ukd b,fvkd cJhwJh ocifoef;xGef;ta=umif; waphwapmif; tjzpftysuf
arwWmpm a&;vku d v f @dk v”J vk@d jyefar;rdawmh olu [JueJ wcsuf &,fvu dk f uav;awGygy?J “a[haumif-igu igt h awG@t}uKHudk ajymwm
ao;w,f? +yD;rS “b,folqkdwmawmh rar;eJ@uGm/ &nf;pm;pmuawmh uG? OuUÏrSm rSm;wmawG rSew f mawG &Srd mS yJu?G 'gayrJh ao
wu,fu h dk tyspH m;uG? ol oabmusaewJh tJ't D rsK;d orD;ukd b,fvdk pm csmwmuawmh OuUÏu ZGJ vkH@vt&mrSmawmh pHyJuGm-
a&;vkdufovJqkdawmh-“nDrav;-nDrav;ukd ukd,fu rmhufpf&J@ *sifeD wu,fu h dk igt
h wGuu f awmh pHy?J awmxJrmS OuUÏeJ@ ae&
tjzpf jrifcsiw f ,f? atmufu -ausmv f id_ ”f wJu h ?G awmuf-b,f avmuf zl;pOfwav#mufv;Hk - oluyJ 'k@d udk reufwidk ;f vkv d dk a&aEG;=urf;
41
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
wnfwkdufaeawmh w&uf&ufawmh ol@t&ifOD;atmif rsufESmukd tuJcwfovkd ai;pkduf=unfhae&if;u acgif;}uD;[m wjznf;
apmapmpD;pD; x+y;D a&aEG;=urf;uav; bmav; jyefwnfwu dk f jznf; atmufukd pkdufusoGm;ygw,f? ar#mfvifhcsuf a&mifjcnfav;wp
OD;rSyv J @dk pdwu f ;l rd+y;D uk, d [ hf muk, d f }uw d +f y;D apmapmxw,f xyf+y;D aysmufq;Hk oGm;&wJh vlwa,mufvdk rsuEf mS }u;D [m n‡K;d a&mf azsmh
uG-odvm;? uk, d u f awmh owdxm;+yD;ukd apmapmxvku d f rSed f oGm;cJ+h yD; +yKdrvkd r_id ;f vsqidk ;f wG@J oGm;&Smygawmhw,f?
wm- uk, d vf nf; xvma&m-OuUÏu“&Jabmf Ek;d vm+yv D m;?
'DrmS u|eaf wmf a&aEG;=urf; wnfxm;+y;D +y?D vm vm aomuf (3)
vSnfh”wJhqkd+yD; ukd,fht&ifukd Ekd;ae+yD;om; jzpfjzpfaeawmh ukad usmv f id_ }f u;D eJ@ ywfouf+y;D rarhEidk pf &mawG trsm;}u;D =um;
wmygyJuGm? wcgrS ol@ukd apmapmpD;pD; a&aEG;=urf; wnf xJrSm- wcskd@vlawGtzkd@ +yKH;rdcsifp&m tjzpftysufrsKd;awGvnf; u|ef
rwku d cf &hJ ygb;l uGm-”qk+d y;D vGr;f vGr;f aqG;aqG; ajymwwfavh awmfrh mS &Scd zhJ ;l ovkd pdwrf aumif; p&mawGvnf; awmfawmf &Scd yhJ gw,f?
&Syd gw,f? u|eaf wmfu “cifAsm;uvnf; qGr;f OD;ykn&Sif Zmwf +yKH;rdcsipf &m tjzpf tysuu f awmh 'Dvydk g? ukEd idk 0f if;(pma&;q&m Ekid 0f if;
vrf;usaewmyJ? OD;OD;zsm;zsm; qGr;f OD;wifr,fq+dk yD; apmapm aqG) [m 1978 atmufwb dk mvxJrmS awmcko d mG ;cJyh gw,f? ukEd idk 0f if;
pD;pD;x+y;D qGr;f csuf qGr;f uyfz@dk vkyv f u dk &f if-uk, d t hf &if wOD; awmcko d mG ;+y;D umvodyrf =umrDavmuf twGi;f rSmyJ ukEd idk 0f if;&J@ tpfudk
OD;u t&ifq;Hk qGr;f OD;uyfxm;+yD;om; jzpfaewmcsn;f awG@ t}u;D qk;H jzpfwhJ ukw d ifarmif}u;D [m oGuo f u G v f nfatmif ±l;ygavawmh
&w,fqkdwJh ykHjyifqefqef Zmwfvrf;usaewmyJ-”vkd@ cyf w,f? vlysK}d uD;vnf; jzpf-aus;vufu v,form;}uD;vnf; jzpfwhJ ukd
axhaxh aemufpp ajymvkdufrd&if oGm;&nfawG pD;usaewJh wifarmif}uD;[m ol@nD ukdEkdif0if;ukd awmfawmfukd oHa,mZOf}uD;wm
&Da0a0rsuEf mS }uD;ay:u xlxv J eG ;f vSwhJ rsucf ;Hk arG;}uD; wpkH jzpf+yD;/ ukdEkdif0if; awmckdoGm;+yD;wJhaemuf ol@nDtay: wG,fwmwJhpdwf/
ukd cyfav;av;}uD; yifhwifvkduf&if;u-“a[haumif- ig owd&vGr;f qGww f phJ wd af wGe@J udk ae@rtdyf nrtdyaf wG jzpfvmcJ+h y;D aemuf
wu,fajymwmuG/ wu,fukd ajymwm? ighvufawG@t& ykid ;f pdwaf &m*g jzpfvm&muae oGuo f u G v f nfatmifukd ±l;oGm;&wJh tajc
ajymwmygumG ?”vk@d jyefajym&if; pdwx f cd u dk f a=uuGo J mG ;wJh taeukd a&mufvm&wm jzpfygw,f? yG=J urf;ae+yjD zpfwhJ ukw d ifarmif}u;D ukd
twGuf aemufyidk ;f rSm ol@udk u|eaf wmf aemufovkd povkd olw@dk &mG w&Gmvk;H u aqGrsK;d om;csi;f awGu twif;0ifv;Hk zrf;qD;+y;D vuf
rajym&ufawmhbJ ol@rsuEf mS uko d m ai;=unfah erdc&hJ ygawmh jyef}uK;d awG txyfxyf wkyu f m twif;ywif; csKyu f idk f xde;f odr;f +y;D wHwm;
w,f? av; pdwZW aq;±ku H dk yk@d z@dk &xm;eJ@ &efuek u f dk ac:vmcJ=h uygw,f?
1980 jynfEh pS f arvxJrmS rqvppftpk;d &&J@ 2§80 olw@dk crsm wHwm;av; pdwZW aq;±ku H v dk nf; b,fvdk wif&rSe;f
a=unmcsuf xGuaf y:+yD;p &ufw&ufrmS awmh ukad usmv f id_ f rod? &efuek rf mS vnf; b,forl S =um=umraeEkid ef @J u|eaf wmfu h ydk J vm&Sm
}u;D [m pmtkyw f ef;xJuae u|eaf wmfu h dk vufuw k af c:xkwf =u+y;D =unf±h v _ yk af qmifay;zk@d ajymqkv d m=uawmh aemufq;Hk rSm u|eaf wmf
oGm;+yD;aemuf-“rif;uGm-ighukd 'Dwcgawmh 'Dwckukdawmh yJ vlem&Sit f jzpfe@J vkyaf qmifay;&wJu h ed ;f qku d yf gavawmhw,f? tJ'rD mS
rjzpfjzpfatmif vkyaf y;ygumG -”vk@d pum;yv†iaf wG bmawG u|efawmfhtwGuf tm;ukd;zG,f&m u|rf;usifoltjzpf ajy;ac:&wmu
awmif cHae&if;u “ig =um;xm;wm wck &Sw d ,fu/G tJ'g awmh tpfu}dk u;D ukad usmv f id_ u f ydk gy?J ukad usmv f id_ }f u;D u u|eaf wmfe@J twl
tckid t f rmyJ? tJ'u D pd u P dk rif;odw,fv@dk vnf; ‘æ æ’u oGuo f u G v
f ufvuf vku d v f m±krH u wufwufºuºueJ@udk aqmif±u G af y;
ajymw,fuG? tck ukdausmfjr &efukefukd v#Kd@0Sufa&mufae &Smygw,f? wHwm;av;pdwWZaq;±kHukd olukd,fwkdif t}udrf}udrf a&muf
w,fv@dk od&w,f? tJ'g ig ole@J awG@csiw f ,fumG ? &ckid t f zl;aeolqadk wmh q&m0efq&mrawG u|r;f 0if&if;ES;D ae+y;D [kt d cef;0ifvu dk f
csi;f csi;f rk@d awG@csiw f mrsK;d avmuf r[kwyf gb;l uGm? ig ol@udk 'Dtcef;0ifvkdufeJ@ vkdufvHajymqkday;&mrSm tqifajyajy jzpfoGm;cJh&yg
&Si;f jyp&mawG trsm;}u;D &Sw d ,f? igu aemufq;Hk awmxJu w,f?
xGuv f mcJ&h wm[mvnf; olw@dk qu D ae xGuv f mcJ&h wmyg? aq;±kHu vlemtjzpf vufcHvkduf+yD;wJhtcsdefrSmawmh ukdwif
tJ'u D pd aP wG tygt0if wjcm;ajymp&mawGvnf; trsm;}u;D armif}u;D ukd zrf;qD;csKyfaESmif+y;D &efuek t f a&muf ac:aqmifvm=u&mrSm
&Sad ew,f? ig ygwu D dk jyefcsiw f ,fumG ? [kad umifawG ausmf yg0ifow l a,mufjzpfw/hJ udEk idk 0f if;aqG&@J nDtpfudk 0rf;uGaJ wmfol v,fo
aZmOD;eJ@atmifausmfaZmwkd@ oGm;wkef;uvnf; ighukd ac: rm;}u;D wa,mufu u|eaf wmfeh m; uyf+y;D “vlem&J@ tajctaet&- a&m
roGm;bl;? ypfxm;oGm;cJ=h uw,fumG ? 'Dwcg bmyJjzpfjzpf ig *gu aysmufEidk f raysmufEidk f q&m0efudk ar;ay;ygO;D Asm-”vk@d tm; uk;d w}u;D
ukad usmjf reJ@awG@csiw f ,f? awG@&atmif vkyaf y;ygumG -”vk@d ajymqkv d mwma=umifh olw@dk a&S@rmS yJ ukad usmv f id_ }f uD;eJ@twl wm0efus
qkv d mygw,f? u|eaf wmfrh mS th=H ow}uD; jzpfomG ;&ygw,f? q&m0efudk ar;=unfrh yd gw,f?
ol@rsuEf mS ukd =unfv h u dk af wmh olu u|eaf wmft h ajzukd ar#mf q&m0ef&@J emrnfu a'guw f m cifarmifa'G;-vm; xifygw,f?
vifjh cif;}uD;pGmeJ@ apmifv h ifah e[ef[m twkid ;f om; ay:vGif olu“tif;-Armpum;wck &Sw d ,fr[kwv f m;? t±l; wJ?h tESr;f -wJh qkd
aew,f? ‘æ æ’qkw d ahJ umif tpfu}dk uD; ukad usmv f id_ u f dk wmav? tck 'Dvdk a&m*grs;dk uawmh-t±l;aysmuf&if -tESr;f avmufawmh
bmawGrsm; r[kwfu[kwfu av#mufajymxm;avovJ userf mS yJAs”wJ?h ukad usmv f id_ }f uD;rsuEf mS ukd vSr;f =unfv h u dk rf ad wmh olu
rod? u|eaf wmfrh mS oufjyif;uko d m csvu dk rf &d if; “tpfu}dk u;D - rsuv f ;Hk av; ayuvyf ayuvyfe@J vkyaf ewm awG@vu dk &f +y;D pdwrf aumif;
tJ'g r[kwb f ;l ? tbk;d }u;D &ckid Of ;D ausmjf r r[kwb f ;l ? emrnf jzpfro d mG ;ygw,f?
wl wjcm; ukad usmjf r-qkw d myg? olu ol@upd eP @J ol vmwmyg” tJ'v D dk ukw d ifarmif}uD;(ukEd idk 0f if;aqG&@J tpfu}dk uD;) ukd pdwW
vk@d &Si;f jyajymqkad yr,fh r,kw H 0uf ,kw H 0uf[efe@J u|eaf wmfh Zaq;±kH wifay;&wJhudpPrSm u|efawmfu ukdausmfv_dif}uD; tultnDeJ@
42
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
aqmif±u G cf &hJ wmukd odomG ;=uwJh &if;ES;D ol &JabmfwcsK@d u “t±l;ukd aemufawmh tif;pdefuae azmhueftxd qufvm
aq;±kw H ifz@dk t±l;ukrd S acgi;f aqmifcidk ;f &w,fv@dk Asm”qk+d y;D aemuf=u cJ&h +y;D azmhuefaps;xJrmS olu 0ufom;ig;q,fom;eJ@ c&rf;csOo f ;D /
ajymif=u p=uwmukv d nf; u|eaf wmfrh mS &,f&tcuf +yKH;&tcuf i±kwo f ;D awGtygt0if-csujf yKwfpm;aomufp&m [if;oD; [if;
rarhp&m tjzpf }uKH}uKducf pH m;cJ&h zl;ygw,f? ±Gufav;awGukd pdwful;aygufovkd 0,fygw,f? +yD;awmhrS 0uf
aemufxyf rarhEidk pf &mawG trsm;}uD;xJrmS awmh 1982 om; ig;q,fom; tygt0if tJ'[ D if;oD;[if;±Gut f wd f uav;
ckEpS uf u|eaf wmf axmifxJ a&mufaepOftwGi;f / axmifb;l 0 txl; qG+J y;D - atmifqef;u uked [ D ed ;f }u;D tdru f dk csw D ufvmcJ&h ygw,f?
w&m;±k;H - qkw d mxJrmS yJ ±k;H xkww f &m;±k;H wifaepOftwGi;f -w&ufrmS u|e;f jyefwa,mufjzpfwhJ uked [ D ed ;f }uD;tdru f dk a&mufawmh uked D
ukad usmv f id_ }f u;D u u|eaf wmft h wGuf axmif0ifpmxkyf wxkyf rjzpf [def;&J@ ZeD;onfvufxJukd 0,fvmcJhwJh [if;xkyfav;ukd tyf
jzpfatmif yk@d vu dk w f m[mvnf; trSw&f p&mygy?J vku d +f yD; “igw@dk 'DrmS xrif;pm;r,f? uAsmq&mukd axmifxu G f
ol@taztdrrf mS olawmif aep&meJ@ pm;p&myJ &+yD; vrf; trSww f & xrif;yGt J jzpf 'DrmS pm;r,f”vk@d ajym vku d yf gavw,f?
p&dwaf wmif c,frjzpfol *syefrav;u ay;ay;aevk@d +rKd@xJ pmtkyf trSeu f uked [ D ed ;f &J@ 'Dtrd [ f m t&ifu u|eaf wmfvnf;
wef;ukd ae@pOfvkdvkd xGufEkdifoGm;EkdifaewJh ukdausmfv_dif}uD;w }uKHovkd t}udrf}udrf xrif;pm;cJhzl;&mtdrf? reDu +yKH;+yD;“uJ-
a,mufu u|eaf wmhf twGuf vl}uKHe@J axmif0ifpm ygq,fxyk u f dk tJovkq d adk wmhvnf; trSww f & wrsK;d ayg”h vk@d qk&d if; u|eaf wmf
ykd@vkdufw,fqkdawmh ukdausmfv_dif}uD;&J@ta=umif;ukd odae=uwJh wk@d twGuf csujf yKwfau|;arG;ygavawmhw,f?
&JabmfwcsK@d u awmfawmfudk tH=h obeef; jzpf=u&if;“ukad usmv f id_ f tJovkd xrif;au|;wmukd trSww f & vky+f y;D wJah emuf
}uD;&J@axmif0ifpm ygq,fxyk u f bmawG ygowk;H ”vk@d ar;=ujref; vnf; yif;oGm;cJ&h wJh u|eaf wmf&h @J em;wzuftwGuf ‘rsupf /d em;/
=uygw,f? [kwfvnf; [kwfyg&J@- olay;vkdufwJh axmif0ifpm ESmacgi;f / vnfacsmif; aq;±k’H ukd twif;ac:+y;D orm;awmf}u;D w
ygq,fxyk rf mS u tdru f csujf yKwaf y;wJh tpma&pm rygyg? aq;vdyf a,mufe@J aq;ppfjyowm jzpfatmif vkyaf y;cJjh yefygw,f? u|ef
ESppf ;D eJ@ ig;yda=umfu ESpx f yk yf g? ig;yda=umfav; ESpx f yk u f vnf; ‘ysm; awmfu h dk rsupf /d em;/ ESmacgi;f / vnfacsmif;aq;±ku H orm;awmf
a*[m’vk@d wq H yd u
f yfxm;wJh ‘ysm;a*[m’uae qkid af wGay: wif }uD;wOD;jzpfwhJ a'guw f mrif;ode;f tdru f dk ac:oGm;cJyh gw,f? tck
a&mif;wJh toifph m; ig;yda=umfxyk af v; ESpx f yk f jzpfae+yD; wxkyu f tm&ftufzaf tu rprf;prf;wif&@J tpfuadk wmfpyfov l nf; jzpfwhJ
i±kwo f ;D eJ@ tpyfa=umf-wxkyu f i±kwo f ;D rygwhJ tcsKad =umfxyk af v; a'guw f mrif;ode;f [m wu,fu rsupf d py,f&, S v f pf-rsupf u d k
ygy?J orm;awmf}uD;yg? u|efawmfjzpfwmu em;a&m*gqkdawmh ukd
ol@&@J axmif0ifpm ig;yda=umfxyk af v;vnf; vm+y;D r=um ausmv f id_ }f uD; b,fvrfdk sm; pOf;pm;pDpOfvu dk jf yefovJv@dk tawG;
cifrmS yJ axmufvrS ;f a&;rsurf eS w f ifO;D }uD;wk@d woku d v f ;Hk axmifxJ yGm;rd&ygw,f?
a&mufvm=uum ysm;a*[mqkw d mvnf; =uufa*[m b0 a&muf “a=omf-rif;ES,fuGm- ukdrif;odef;u igeJ@ &if;ygw,f
oGm;=u+yD qkw d o hJ wif;awG =um;=u&awmh wcef;xJae &JabmfawG uG? &ckid v f nf; &ckid cf si;f jzpfwt hJ jyif- olvnf; or*~u vmwm
u “[kd urBmausmf ±ky&f iS u f m;}uD;xJu ‘'D aq;vdy[ f m urBmay: ygu?G olw@dk orm;awmfawGcsi;f qkw d m - tcsi;f csi;f awGqadk wmh/
rSm aemufq;Hk aq;vdyAf s’vk@d ajymovk/d cifAsm;ukad usmv f id_ }f uD; yk@d rsufpdudpP-em;udpPawGrSm- ol@tultnD-ukd,fhtultnD-
vku d w f hJ 'Dig;yda=umf ESpx f yk u f vnf; urBmay:rSm ysm;a*[m&J@ aemuf tjyeftvSeaf y;=uw,fu/G tjyeftvSef vufpm;vku d af y;=u
qk;H ig;yda=umfxyk Af s-vk@d awmif ajym&rSmyJAsK@d ”qk+d y;D aemufppeJ@ rSwf ovkad ygu h mG ? tck ukrd if;ode;f u rsupf d yg&*layr,fh ol@rsuEf mS
csujf yK=u/ ajymp&m qkpd &m jzpfc&hJ +yD; trSw&f p&m jzpfc&hJ ygw,f? eJ@ em;yg&*lu tav;xm;+y;D =unf±h p_ pfaq;ay;wmaygu h mG ”vk@d
ukad usmv f id_ }f u;D u u|eaf wmft h wGuf tJ'v D dk axmif0ifpm &Si;f jy&if; a'guw f mrif;ode;f ukd oluae tultnDawmif;vku d f
ygq,fxkyfuav;ukd ra&mufa&mufatmif ykd@±kHru u|efawmfh awmh a'gufwmrif;odef;uvnf; ta&;w,l aqmif±Gufay;
twGuf a&S@aetjzpf vku d af y;zk@d a&S@ae}u;D OD;wifa&$(rk±H mG OD;wifa&$/ wma=umifh u|eaf wmfeh m;ukd em;yg&*lu aoaocsmcsm =unf±h _
aemif-e0w&J@ tusO;f axmifxrJ mS yJ usq;Hk oGm;cJ&h wJh tJet f ,fv'f D ppfaq;ay;+yD; vkt d yfwhJ aq;0g;awGuydk g n¸ejf ya&;om;ay;wm
A[kd OD;pD;tzG@J 0if) xHuv dk nf; olu, dk w
f idk f oGm;ajymao;a=umif; od& cH,cl &hJ ygw,f?
ygw,f? tJ'guawmh u|eaf wmft h r_twGuf a&S@aetjzpf vku d af y;cJh olw@dk ay;vku d w f hJ em;aq;awGa&m/ '%fa=uaq;awG
wJh OD;wifa&$e@J u|eaf wmf w&m;±k;H rSm qk&H wJt h cg q&mOD;wifa&$ ukyd g o,f+y;D &efuek rf mS &ufyidk ;f avmufyJ ae+y;D u|eaf wmf tnm
uk, d w f idk uf jyefvnfajymjywJt h cgusrS odvu dk &f wm jzpfygw,f? ukd jyefomG ;cJyh gw,f? toufe@J u, dk f tk;d pm;ruGb J J axmifuae
u|eaf wmf axmifu jyefvnf vGwaf jrmufvmwJt h cgus u|eaf wmf jyefvnf vGwaf jrmufvmcJ+h yq D w dk mukd ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm
awmhvnf; ukad usmv f id_ }f uD;u u|eaf wmfu h dk axmifu vGwv f mr_ uGu J mG aecJ&h wJh tazeJ@ nDtpfudk armifErS awGxH oGm;a&muf
txdr;f trSwt f jzpf xrif;oD;oef@ ac:au|;jyefygw,f? qkid rf mS vnf; uk, d x f ifjywJh oabmeJ@ jyefomG ;cJw h mygy?J
r[kw/f olw@dk trd rf mS vnf; r[kwb f J olu u|eaf wmft h wGuf xrif;
yGJ ukd b,fvrdk sm; pDpOfzefw;D {nfch aH u|;arG;cJah vovJ qkad wmh “rif; (4)
ukd ig xrif;au|;r,fu-G ”qk+d y;D u|eaf wmfu h dk pmtkyw f ef;rSm csed ;f xm; u|eaf wmf &efuek u
f dk jyefa&mufawmh ukad usmv
f id_ }f uD;
ae&muae-ole@J twl u|eaf wmfu h dk trSw(f 8) bwfpu f m;eJ@ tif;pdef wa,muf wHwm;av; pdwZW aq;±ku H dk wifxm;&jyefw,fqw dk hJ
ukd ac:vmcJyh gw,f? owif;ukd pdwfraumif;pGm =um;&ygw,f? b,fES}udrfajrmuf
43
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
tvnfa&mufjcif;tjzpf pdwWZaq;±kHukd jyefa&muf&w,fqkd u|efawmfwkd@ESpfa,mufukd jrifawmh ol@rsufvkH;awG[m
wmukdawmh u|efawmf wdwdusus rod&yg? pmtkyfwef;uae ta&mifvufvmovkd jzpfvmpOfrmS yJ u|eaf wmfu “tpfu}dk uD; u|ef
=um;=um;csi;f u|eaf wmf wHwm;av; pdwZW aq;±ku H dk ajy;oGm; awmfhukd rSwfrdvm;”vkd@ ar;=unfhrdawmh olu acgif;ukd cyfjznf;jznf;
cJ+h yD; ukad usmv f id_ }f uD;ukd oGm;awG@cyhJ gw,f? ndwv f u dk +f yD; “0if;wifx h eG ;f ”vk@d csucf si;f jyefajzvmovkd q&mpGr;f u
'Dowif;ukv d nf; ajymoifah jymxku d w f hJ or*~ ausmif; vnf; “u|efawmfuaum b,folvJ”vkd@ ar;jyefawmh “odygw,f?
om;acgif;aqmifa[mif;}uD;awGeJ@ &JabmfawGqDukdvnf; q&mpGr;f -”vk@d wef;ajzvku d w f mukd u|eaf wmfe@J q&mpGr;f omru q&m
u|eaf wmf oGm;a&mufvn S v
hf nf ajymjycJw h t hJ wGuf aemufw rav;uyg 0rf;yef;wom jzpfomG ;ygw,f?
acguf u|eaf wmfomG ;awG@&mrSm ukad usmv f id_ }f uD;tay: cspcf if +yD;awmh b,favmufrsm; wkdufwkdufqkdifqkdif xl;qef;vkduf
oHa,mZOf}uD;=uwJh tpfukd}uD; bkduav;ukdvSa&$/ u|ef;jyef&J ovJqadk wmh olu u|eaf wmfu h dk vSr;f =unf&h if;u “rif;rSm oHy&moD;yg
abmfawGjzpf=uwJh tefu,f}uD; ukdwifatmif/ ukdjrpdef/ ukd ovm;”vkd@ ar;vmygw,f? u|efawmfuvnf; wkdufwkdufqkdifqkdif
atmif0if;/ ukdvSwifatmifeJ@ Akdvf"rR}uD;wkd@wawGyg vkdufyg 'Duae@rS vrf;ab;uae 0,fvmrdwhJ oHy&moD;ESpv f ;Hk ukd jAKef;ceJ owd
vmcJ=h uygw,f? olu tm;vk;H ukd rarhravsmh rSwrf ad eao;ay &rd&if; “[m-ygw,f/ ygw,f”vk@d ajzvku d rf ud m vG,t f w d af v;xJu
r,fh pum;ajymwmuawmh awmfawmfudk enf;oGm;ovkd cHpm; ae xkw, f v l u dk rf yd gw,f? olu “ig pm;csiw f ,fumG ”vk@d qkv d mvk@d
vku d &f ygw,f? tem;&Sd q&mrav;ukd “au|;vk@d &o vm;”vk@d cGijhf yKcsuf awmif;cH
ol@qu D dk aemufxyf ESpaf cguaf vmuf xyfa&muf+y;D wJh vku d f &ygw,f?
aemuf u|eaf wmfvnf; we,fwaus;ukd c&D;xGuo f mG ;&jyefyg q&mrav;uvnf;“tk-d &wmayg/h &wmayg”h vk@d 0rf;yef;w
w,f? om qk&d if; u|eaf wmfv h ufxu J oHy&moD;av;ESpv f ;Hk ukd vufc, H vl u
dk f
'Dwcg u|efawmf &efukefukd jyefa&mufvmawmh ukd um wvk;H ukd olu, dk wf idk yf J bD±idk ,fav;ay:u "m;av;eJ@ tpdwif ,f
ausmv f id_ }f u;D wa,muf wHwm;av;pdwZW aq;±krH mS r&Sad wmhyg? av;awG jzpfatmif cGyJ gw,f?
'gayr,fh &efuek af q;±k}H uD;ay: ta&;ay: jyefwifxm;vku d &f wJh oHy&moD;pdwaf o;ao;av;ukd ol@yg;pyfxJ cG@H au|;vku d af wmh
ta=umif; pdwrf aumif;pGm =um;&jyefygw,f? olu w+rK@H +rK@H e@J ausauseyfeyf}u;D pkyaf eygawmhw,f? q&mpGr;f uvnf;
=um;=um;csi;f yJ u|eaf wmfvnf; ol@udk oGm;awG@z@dk jyif “uk&d if b,fwek ;f ursm; 0,fvmcJw h mwke;f ? oluvnf; oHy&moD; yg
ygw,f? tJ'aD e@u +rKd@xu J dk xGucf &hJ if; 38 vrf;ab;u vrf;ab; vmwmukd odaeovk}d uD; qkad wmh wku d w f udk q f idk qf idk uf mG -”vk@d ajym
wae&mrSm ysu H s aps;onfrav;wOD; [if;oD;[if;&Guaf v; t &if; thhH=oaeovkd q&mrav;uvnf; “wu,fukd tHh=op&myJ?
enf;i,fe@J oHy&moD;av;awG csa&mif;aewmeJ@ }uKHr&d if; oHy u|erf apmifah ewm ESp&f uf&+dS yD? bmrS au|;vk@d vnf; rpm;bl;? reufw
&moD;av; ESpfvkH;ukd 0,fjzpfcJhygw,f? u|efawmf vG,faeus acguf naewacguf ol@nDeJ@ ol@rdom;pk0ifawG wa,mufr[kwf w
vG,ftdwfav;xJrSm oHy&moD;av;awGukd pmtkyfawG=um; a,muf t+rv J v dk dk vm=unf=h uw,f? pum;pjrnf ajym=unfh ar;=unfh
xnfx h m;vku d +f y;D tcsed &f adS o;wmeJ@ pmtkyw f u dk w f umukd vSnhf w,f? b,fol@ukdrS pum;wcGef;rSukd jyefrajymbl; tckrS 'g yxrqkH;
vnfomG ;vmaerdygw,f? pum;pajymwmyJ? &Sifwkd@eJ@usrS tckvkd yxrqkH; pum; pajymwmqkd
q&mpGr;f (armifprG ;f &nf) uvnf; ukad usmv f id_ }f uD;ukd awmh &Siw f @dk tay:awmh awmfawmfudk cify&Hk w,faemf? tJ'aD wmh-t
oGm;=unfh&mrSm u|efawmfeJ@twl vkduf=unfhr,fvkd@ qkdwJht ckvdk r=umr=um vmvm=unfah y;apcsiw f ,f”vk@d ajym&if; 0rf;ajrmuf
wGuf csed ;f xm;wJt h csed rf mS q&mpGr;f ukd u|ef awmfu 0ifac:yg 0rf;om jzpfomG ;yk[ H m twkid ;f om; ay:vGiaf eygw,f?
w,f? tcsed f awmfawmf=um=umav; ae+yD;wJah emuf u|eaf wmfw@dk
q&mpGr;f eJ@ u|eaf wmf[m ESpaf ,mufom; &efuek af q; jyefz@dk E_wq f ufvu dk =f ucsed rf mS awmh ukad usmv f id_ }f u;D u u|eaf wmfrh suEf mS
±kH}uD;ay:u ukdausmfv_dif}uD;ukd wifxm;&m aq;±kHckwifa&S@ukd ukd pku d =f unf&h if;“rif;-igu h dk vm vm =unfyh gO;D uGm”wJ?h u|eaf wmfrh mS
a&muf=uawmh- oD;oef@cef;xJu aq;±kcH w k ifav;wvk;H ay: rSm awmfawmfukd pdwfraumif;jcif; }uD;pGm cHpm;vkduf&ygw,f? acgif;ukd
ukdausmfv_dif}uD;[m rsufvkH;tpkHukd rSdwfxm;&if; tdyfaeo jznf;av;pGm ndwjf ycJrh yd gw,f? vrf;a&mufawmhvnf; q&mpGr;f u“r
a,mif +idro f ufaewm awG@&ygw,f? vnfyif;rSmvnf; pdwyf k =umr=umawmh oGm;=unfv h u dk yf gO;D ”vk@d cHpm;csut f jynfah voHe@J u|ef
wD;}u;D wuk;H ukd qGaJ y;xm;wm awG@&ygw,f? ol@tazuyJvm;/ awmfu h dk xyf+yD; owday;ovkd ajymygw,f?
ol@ro d m;pk0if wOD;OD;uyJvm;-qGaJ y;xm;[ef wlyg&@J ? ol@ab; “[kwu f hJ [kwu f ”hJ vk@d om olw@dk awGudk acgi;f ukd ndwjf ycJ&h ay
rSm ol@twGuf oD;oef@imS ;ay;xm;yk&H wJh olemjyKq&mrav;u r,fh ukdausmfv_dif}uD;xH aemufwacgufav;awmif u|efawmf xyf+yD;
xkid cf w Hk vk;H eJ@ xkid af e&mu vlemvm=unfw h hJ u|eaf wmfw@dk ESpOf ;D ra&mufEidk af wmhyg? ta=umif;uawmh-aemufw&ufrmS yJ u|eaf wmf
ukd awG@&awmh tomt,m xvm+y;D ‘tckcsed t f xd bm tpm; vnf; xyf+y;D ‘0&rf;ajy;’ jzpfc&hJ jyef+y;D &efuek u f ae cGmcJ&h um &Sr;f jynf
taomufrv S nf; rpm;/ ol@udk vmawG@whJ rdom;pk0if b,foel @J rS awmif}uD;bufqDtxd ajy;cJh&vkd@ygyJ? tJ'Dwacguf[m ukdausmf
vnf; pum;jyefajymwm rawG@&ao;a=umif;/ tckvydk J rsupf }d u;D v_id }f u;D eJ@ u|eaf wmf aemufq;Hk awG@qcHk hJ &wmvk@d yJ ajym&awmhrmS jzpfyg
ukd pkrH w dS +f y;D vSaJ ewmyJ jzpfa=umif;’qkw d mawGudk avoHw;dk wk;d eJ@ w,f? tJ'aD emufyidk ;f - ol@udk u|eaf wmf wcgrS awG@ciG q hf cHk iG hf r}uKH&
u|efawmfeJ@ q&mpGrf;ukd &Sif;jyaewkef;rSmyJ ukdausmfv_dif}uD;&J@ awmhyg?
rsupf t d pk[ H m wjznf;jznf;csi;f zGi=hf unfv h mygw,f?
44
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
(5) rajym0Hb h J cifAsm;ukd cifAsm; use;f rma&;twGuf ygwcD ±kid f aq;
u|efawmf jynfy e,fpyfbufjcrf;qD a&muf+yD;aemuf ±ku
H dk yk@d ay;rvk@d yg vk@d yJ vdraf jym=u&w,fw?hJ tJ'aD wmh ukw d if
umv awmfawmf=umrS tpfu}dk u;D ukad usmv f id_ vf nf; qk;H yg;uG,f OD;u tJ'Dvkdqkd&if tukefrwfwyf&yf-vkd@ qkd+yD; olukd,fwkdif
vGeo f mG ;cJah v +yqD wdk mukd ta0;uaeyJ =um;vku d &f ygawmhw,f? vnf; avSay:rSm qwfceJ rwfwwf &yfvu dk af wmh vkud yf @dk =u&
'gawmif- ol qk;H +y;D umv awmfawmf}u;D ukd =umrS owif;pum; wJh wm0efcH=u& wm0ef,l=u&olawG tm;vkH;vnf; avS
tjzpf =um;odvkduf&wmyg? r&Sdawmh+yD- qkH;yg;uG,fvGefoGm;& rarSmufatmif [efcsun f aD tmif owdxm;+yD; tvku d o f ifh
&Sm+yD-qkw d muko d m wdwu d s us odvu dk &f ayr,fh b,fEcS Ek pS u f / tm;vk;H avSay:rSm rwfwwf&yfay;=u&w,f-wJ?h tJ'rD mS ol
b,fv/ b,fEpS &f ufae@u b,fvdk qk;H yg;uG,v f eG o
f mG ;&avo u “ypPnf;rJhtvHawmfukd tav;jyK”qkd+yD; wkdifay;&if; ol
vJqw dk mawmif tckcsed t f xd u|eaf wmf wdwu d sus rod&ao;yg? uk, d wf idk f tav;jyKvku d af wmh usew f o hJ al wGtm;vk;H yg tvku d f
“rif;-iguh dk vm=unfyh gO;D uGm-”qkw d hJ ol@toH av;wG@J oifhjzpfatmif tukefx+yD; tav;jyKcJh=u&w,fqkdyJ? u|ef
wG@J }u;D uko
d m &Hzef&cH g jyef jyef =um;a,mifaerd&if; aemufq;Hk awG@&dS rwk@d pcef;rSm ajymprSwjf yKukd usecf ahJ wmhwmygy-J
cJ&h wJh aq; ±kcH wk ifay:u &Da0qkid ;f nKd@aewJh rsucf ;Hk arG;xlxl rsuf ukw d ifO;D }uD;u iSuzf sm;yk;d OD;aESmufxt J xd a&muf
ESm}uD;uko d m r=umr=um jyefvnfatmufarhaerd&if; ole@J ywf oGm;vk@d - tJ'v D dk pdwf ua,mufu,ufom jzpfomG ;&ayr,fh
ouf+yD; u|efawmf&J@ wm0efrausyGefEkdifcJh&r_awGtay: pdwf - aemufq;Hk jyefy@dk &csed t f xd tJ'v D dk tJ'v D dk vkyo
f mG ;wm-wJ?h
raumif;}uD;pGm eufeuf±id_ ;f ±_id ;f cHpm;&ygw,f? &,fvnf; &,fp&m-pdwrf aumif;vnf; pdwrf aumif;p&mygy”J
wavmuawmh -&ckid Of ;D ausmjf r}u;D &J@ ZeD; a':=umOD;jzL vk@d a':=um OD;jzLu vGr;f vGr;f ajr@ajr@ ajymjywmukd =um;vku d &f
eJ@ pum;pyfrd=u&if; ukdausmfv_dif}uD; ta=umif;qD pum;pawG ygao;w,f?
a&mufomG ;rdygw,f? u|eaf wmfuawmh ukad usmv f id_ }f u;D ta=umif;awGudk
“ukdausmfv_dif}uD;u u|efrwkd@pcef;rSm aemufqkH;ae ta=umif;tm;avsmpf mG owdw& jzpf&avwkid ;f ukad usmv f id_ f
oGm;wm? u|erf wk@d awmxJrmS awmh ol@udk ‘ukw d ifO;D ’vk@d yJ ac: }u;D ukd qGwq f w G uf siu f sif owd&rd&if; “a=omfæOD;aESmufysuf
w,f? cJh&ayr,fh-&yfwnfcsufawmh b,fawmhrS rysufcJhavol”
awmxJrmS b,fvrdk S aq;ukovk@d rjzpfEidk af wmh vk@d om tjzpf &ifxrJ mS av;av;eufeuf rSww f rf;wifxm;rdcyhJ gw,f?
ol@ukd jyef ykd@vkduf=u&wm? pcef;uae avSeJ@wif+yD; wm0efus
olawGu ac:oGm;=uawmh olu ol@ukd b,fykd@=urvkd@wkH;-vkd@ (0if;wifx
h eG ;f )
vrf;rSm jAKef;ceJ ar;ao;qkyd ?J tJ'aD wmh +rKd@ay:ukd jyefy@dk vu dk &f rSmukd 23-3-2011

pmrl & S i f r sm;ok d @

- 2008 tajccHOya' wkdufzsufa&;/ jynfol@tiftm;pkpnf;a&; &nfrSef;csufjzifh
‘ta&;awmf y k H *sme,f ’ twG u f pmrl r sm; zd w f a c:tyf y gw,f ?
- ‘ta&;awmfykH *sme,f’ukd awmfvSefa&;umvwav#muf a&&Snfxkwfa0oGm;rSm
jzpfygw,f?
- aqmif ; yg;rsm;/ tEk y nmzef w D ; r_ t rsKd ; rsKd ; /eJ @ &opmay/ umwG e f ; rsm; ay;yk d @
Ek d i f y gw,f ?
- aqmif ; yg;yg tcsuf t vuf r sm;uawmh ck d i f r mwd u szk d @ vk d y gw,f ?
&nfn¸ef;(Ref;) zkd@ vkd&if twdtus azmfjyzkd@vnf; vkdygw,f?
- pmrlay;ykd@&if swptbn@yahoo.com qkdwJh vdyfpmeJ@ ay;ykd@Ekdifygw,f?

av;pm;pGmjzifæ
h
pmwnf;tzG@J

45
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
Ek d i f i H w umh a &;&m

w±kw-f *syefqufqaH &;eJ@ tm&S&@J tvm;tvm

&Jabmf±_,Of

2010 ckEpS t f wGuf urBmph ;D yGm;a&; pm&if;Z,m;awG xGuv f m wJt h wGuf pGr;f tifo;kH pGrJ /_ umbGex f w k v f yk rf a_ wGrmS enf;yg; ygw,f?
+y;D aemuf w±kwjf ynf[m *syefukd ausm+f y;D urBm'h w k ,d t}u;D qH;k tqifeh rd x hf w k u f ek af wGuo dk m xkwv f yk &f vk@d pGr;f tifo;kH pGrJ /_ um
pD;yGm;a&;tiftm; jzpfvmygw,f? 'Dae&mukd *syefu ESpaf ygi;f 40 bGex f wk v f yk rf _ tvGet f u|jH zpfae&wJh w±kwjf ynf&@J zG@H +zKd ;r_yh pkH eH @J E_id ;f
eD;yg; ,lvmcJw h myg? 'g[m jynfwiG ;f tpkpk xGuu f ek f GDP E_id ;f ,SOf ,SO=f unf&h if *syef&@J omvGerf u _ dk awG@&EdS idk yf gw,f?
csut f &om jzpf+y;D w±kwjf ynf&@J wjcm;pD;yGm;a&; pHEe_ ;f awGudk =unfh 5? 'gt h jyif w±kwjf ynfrmS t&if;tjrpf rvHak vmufr/_ qif;
&ifawmh t&nftcsi;f t&a&m/ bufpw kH ;dk wufr_ tajc taet& &JwGif;eufaeao;wJh renf;vSwJh aus;vufvlxk}uD;/ tusdK;t
yg *syefxuf trsm;}uD; aemufususeaf eygao;w,f? a=umif; qDavsmfjcif;r&Sdao;wJh pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHkawGu
b,fvdk jcm;em;csuaf wG &So d vJ? =unf&h atmifyg? vnf; w±kwjf ynf&@J qufvufz@HG +zdK;wk;d wufa&;twGuf }uD;rm;wJh
1? w±kwjf ynf&@J wOD;csi;f 0ifaiG[m *syef&@J 10 yHk 1 yHo k m t[ef@twm;awG jzpfaeygao;w,f?
&Syd gao;w,f? 'gt h jyif *syef&@J GDP wGucf su&f mrSm jynfy&Sd &if; 6? *syefrmS awmh b¾ma&;taqmufttHpk epfawG tyg
ES;D jr‡KyfErHS a_ wGudk xnfrh xm;bl;? 'gawGyg ygrS Ekid if w H Ekid if &H @J ºu,f t0if 0efaqmifvyk if ef;awG tm;vH;k tawmhu f dk ckid rf maeyg+y?D 'gt h jyif
0r_awGudk odEidk w f myg? tawmfjynf0h &ifu h suw f hJ vlrz_ v l akH &;pepf (Oyrm-vlwidk ;f tcrJh
2? *syef&@J pD;yGm;a&;yHpk [ H m tapmykid ;f u (w±kwv f ydk )J aq;ukocGi)hf awGvnf; &Sx d m;+yD;yg+yD?
ukeo f , G af &;ukd tav;ay;wJph epf jzpfayr,fh 'D&mpk tapmykid ;f u 'gha=umifh w±kwftaeeJ@ ta&twGufykdif;u =unfhwJh
pvd@k ol@&@J ypkH u H dk &if;ES;D jr‡KyfErHS u
_ dk tav;ay;wJh pepftjzpf ajymif; pD;yGm;a&;rSm *syefxufomae+yv D @dk xif&ayr,fh t&nftcsi;f ykid ;f u
vJvm&mrSm tawmfatmifjrifaeyg+yD? &if;ES;D jr‡KyfErHS a_ wGudk wkid ;f =unf&h ifawmh tawmfu h dk aemufusaeygao;w,f?
wyg;ukd wify@dk ae+yD; tJ'u D ae &&Sv d mwJh tusKd ;tjrwfawGudk 'ga=umifyh J w±kwaf wGu rdrw d @kd taeeJ@ bmrS b0ifjrifh p&m
uvnf; wjznf;jznf; }u;D xGm;vmaeygw,f? *syefe@J pm&if w±kwf r&Sb d J *syefqu D avhvmp&mawG/ oif,pl &mawG &Syd gao;w,f?
&J@ &if;ES;D jr‡KyfErHS a_ wG[m Ekid if &H yfjcm;a'orsm;rSm tpysKd ;±Ho k m &Syd g w±kwef @J *syef yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G pf &mawG vkyaf qmif+yD; 2 Ekid if v H ;kH
ao;w,f? tusKd ;tjrwfvnf; bmrS jzpfjzpfajrmufajrmuf r& twGuf tusKd ;rsm;atmif tjyeftvSeaf qG;aEG; n‡Ed id_ ;f +yD; tcGihf
ao;ygb;l ? aumif;awGudk qkyu f idk =f u&atmifygv@kd (rcHr&yfEidk jf zpfaewJ)h *syef
3? *syef&@J pD;yGm;a&;yHpk rH mS jynfwiG ;f oH;k pGrJ u _ 60 &mckid f awGudk avajyxk;d ae&wmjzpfygw,f?
E_e;f &Syd gw,f? w±kw&f @J ypkH u H awmh jynfwiG ;f &if;ES;D jr‡KyfErHS e_ @J xGuf wu,fvnf; tjyeftvSef tusKd ;&Sad pr,fh w±kw-f *syef
ukeaf y:rSm tav;xm;wJt h wGuf a&&Sncf zH @dk cufygw,f? *syefrmS aoe*FAsL[m qufqaH &;[m tcsuf 3 csuaf y:rSm rlwnf+yD; jzpf
tv,ftvwf vlwef;pm; 70 &mckid Ef e_ ;f ausm&f v dS @dk jynfwiG ;f oH;k pGrJ _ Ekid af jc &Syd gw,f?
ukd a&&Snx f ed ;f xm;Ekid ±f rkH u qif;&Jcsr;f om uGmjcm;r_u enf;wJh yxrtcsufu +idrf;csrf;a&;yg? w±kwfa&m *syefyg
twGuf vlra_ &; wnf+ird rf v _ nf; &SEd idk yf gw,f? w±kwrf mS awmh qif; olw@dk &@J zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufry_ pkH u H dk +idr;f csr;f pGm zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufry_ pkH v H @kd em
&Jcsr;f om uGmjcm;r_ tawmf}u;D rm;vmwma=umifh vlra_ &; rwnf rnfay;xm;wmyg? 'DypkH u H ydk J 2 Ekid if v H ;kH ukid pf +JG yD; wEkid if eH @J wEkid if H
r+ird jf zpfrmS pk;d &dr&f ygw,f? tjyeftvSef axmufco H ifyh gw,f?
4? *syef&@J xGuu f ek rf sm;rSm 60 &mckid Ef e_ ;f [m tqifjh rifh - w±kwu f olw@dk [m +ird ;f csr;f pGm zG@H +zKd ;wk;d wufa&;vrf;ukyd J
xGuu f ek rf sm;jzpf+y;D *syef&@J zG@H +zKd ;wk;d wufa&;yHpk u H vnf; ywf0ef;usif vku d rf ,f? 2 zufpvH;k tusKd ;&Sw d hJ wHcg;zGiahf y:vpD qufusio hf ;kH r,f?
npfnrf;r_udk xde;f odr;f wJh (Green Model) tpdr;f a&mif yHpk jH zpf tdref ;D csi;f Ekid if rH sm;eJ@ aumif;rGepf mG qufqrH ,f? qufqaH &;rSmvnf;

46
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
rdrEd idk if u
H muG,af &;twGuyf J vkyaf qmifrmS jzpf+yD; b,fawmhrS cJw
h u hJ pd rP sm;a=umifh tcktcHjzpfaewJh vlrsKd ; 2 rsKd ;t=um; cHpm;
Akv
d u f svr$ ;f rk;d a&;rvkyb f ;l ? b,fo@l urdk v S nf; rusL;ausmf rapmf r_awGudk vuf&u dS rBmEh idk if aH &;tajctae jynfwiG ;f pD;yGm;a&;
um;ygb;l vd@k Ekid if w H umukd uwday;xm;ygw,f? tajctaersm;ay: rlwnf+y;D avsmeh nf;oGm;atmif od@k r[kwf
- *syefbufu =unf&h ifvnf; 'kw, d urBmppf+yD;u yaysmufomG ;atmif 2 Ekid if H acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ ynm&Sirf sm;u
wnf;u +ird ;f csr;f pGm zG@H +zKd ;wk;d wufa&; vrf;pOfuv dk u dk cf +hJ y;D tvGef vkyaf qmifoifyh gw,f? 2 Ekid if H tjyeftvSef tvnftywf
}uD;rm;wJh atmifjrifra_ wG&cJ+h yD; *syefjynfoal wGtwGuf tvGef oGm;r_rsm;/ ,Ofaus;r_zvS,rf r_ sm;/ pmaya[majymyGrJ sm; pwm
tusKd ;rsm;cJyh gw,f? awGudk trsm;tjym;jyKvky+f yD; vlrsKd ; 2 rsKd ;t=um;/ &S&d if;pGJ
tm&S&@J tiftm;}uD; 'D 2 Ekid if H (*syef-w±kw)f tjyef csp=f unfa&; jyefay:ayguv f matmif jyKvkyo f ifyh gw,f? tjyef
tvSef ,H=k unfpw d cf s+yD; wOD;&J@ zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufru _ dk wOD;u t&Sd tvSeaf qG;aEG;r_rsm;uae txiftjrifvrJ$ mS ;r_awGudk ajz&Si;f
twkdif; =unfh/ xGufay:vmwJh tcGifhaumif;awG,l+yD; yl;wGJ Ekid yf gvrd rhf ,f?
vkyaf qmif=ur,fq&dk if a'oqkid &f m +ird ;f csr;f a&;eJ@ zG@H +zKd ;wk;d wuf w±kwef @J *syef[m tajccHtm;jzifh ,Ofaus;r_jcif;
a&;twGuf tjyKoabmaqmif±Hkomru wurBmvHk;qdkif&m wefz;kd xm;jcif; tawmfww l hJ vlrsKd ;awGjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh
+idr;f csr;f a&;eJ@ zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufa&;ukyd g tusKd ;&Sad pygvrd rhf ,f? 2 zufpvH;k apwemoef@oef@e@J tjyeftvSeaf qG;aEG;n‡Ed id_ ;f
'ga=umifyh J 2 Ekid if v H ;kH u Ekid if aH &;eJ@ vH+k cKH a&;qkid &f m aqG; zvS,Ef idk &f ifjzifh 2 Ekid if q H ufqaH &;[mvnf; tawmfajyjypf
aEG;yGaJ wG/ n‡Ed id_ ;f yGaJ wG rjywfvyk af e=uwmyg? 'Duae+yD; wOD; eJ@ vmEkid yf gw,f?
wOD;,H=k unfr_ wnfaqmufEidk +f y;D jy\emtrsKd ;rsKd ; (Oyrm-tjiif; wu,fv@kd rsm; tm&S&@J tiftm;}uD; 2 Ekid if jH zpfwhJ
yGm;aewJh u|e;f pkrsm;udp)P ukd ajz&Si;f Ekid yf gvrd rhf ,f? *syefe@J w±kww f @dk [m Ekid if aH &;t&a&m/ pD;yGm;a&;t&yg tjyef
'k w d , tcsuf u yl ; aygif ; aqmif & G u f a &;yg? tvSe, f =kH unfr_ wnfaqmufEidk +f y;D aoe*FAsL[muswhJ quf
w±kw-f *syef 2 Ekid if H pD;yGm;a&;t& yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G Ef idk rf ,fh e,f qHa&;rsKd ; &Sv d m+yDq&dk ifawmh tm&Swu dk w
f wku d v
f ;kH twGuf
y,fawG rsm;ygw,f? txl;ojzifh tckvdk pD;yGm;a&;tusyt f wnf; tvGeaf umif;rGew f hJ tvm;tvmawG jzpfay:apygvrd rhf ,f?
vGef umvrSm pGr;f tifu¾/ ywf0ef;usif xde;f odr;f a&;twGuf orkid ;f a=umif;u usecf w hJ u hJ pd rP sm;/ acwfopfusrS ay:vmwJh
vkt d yfwhJ tpdr;f a&mif(umbGet f xGuef nf;wJ)h enf;ynm/ tqifh udprP sm; (Oyrm-ajrmufu&dk ;D ,m; tEkjrLudp)P pwmawGudk
jrifeh nf;ynmrsm; pwmawGrmS jzpfygw,f? 'De,fy,fawGrmS 2 Ekid f vnf; ajyvnfatmif ajz&Si;f Ekid yf gvrd rhf ,f? 'gah =umifh w±kwu f
iH yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G jf cif;jzifh 2 Ekid if v H ;kH tusKd ;rsm;Ekid yf gw,f? vnf; *syefudk aysmah ysmif;pGm csO;f uyfaewmyg?
'gth jyif w±kw-f *syef yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf [_ m tm&Sa'o wckv;kH urBmrSm wOD;wnf;usecf w hJ hJ tiftm}u;D Ekid if H tar&d
yl;aygi;f vma&;twGuv f nf; taxmuftul jyKEkid yf gvrd rhf ,f? uef&@J =oZmusqif;vmr_uvnf; tar&duef&@J =oZmcH*syef
tm&Sa'owckv;kH pD;yGm;a&; t&Sed t f [kejf rifw h ufvmwmeJ@tr# EkdifiHukd vufawG@EkdifiHa&;t&=unfhwJh EkdifiHwEkdifiHtjzpf
'D t&Sed u f useaf 'orsm;(tar&duefe@J Oa&my) u pD;yGm;a&;awG ajymif;vJaprSm jzpf+yD; w±kwef @J aygi;f um tm&Sudk ykrd adk umif;
ukv d nf; ulnrD ˜wifay;Ekid yf gvrd rhf ,f? rGeaf tmif vkyaf qmif&mrSm yg0ifvmaprSm jzpfygw,f? 'Dvrkd S
orkid ;f a=umif;udprP sm;? wu,fawmh w±kwef @J *syef r[kw&f if olaemufus+yD; txD;usecf rhJ mS yg? tm&S&@J tvm;
vlrsKd ; 2 rsKd ;t=um; qufqaH &;[m ESpaf ygi;f 2˜000 ausm&f cdS +hJ yD; tvm[m tvGef xGe;f awmufaeygw,f?
tvGecf idk rf mwJh csp=f unfa&;w&yfyg? w±kwv f rl sKd ;a&m/ *syefvrl sKd ;
awGyg 'Dcsp=f unfa&;ukd rsKd ;quf wquf+yD;wquf vufqifh &Jabmf±_,Of
urf;o,faqmifcsi=f uygw,f? vGecf w hJ hJ &mpkEpS tf wGi;f ay:ayguf 2011/ azazmf0g&D 12?

47
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
Ek d i f i H w umh a &;&m

'Dvadk wmh rvkyv

f u
dk yf ge@J

bkdauaomif;

2111 Zefe0g&D 1 &ufae@u ,l±kdaiGa=u;ZkeftwGif; 0ifvmwJh tufpwkd;eD;,m;EkdifiH[m 17 EkdifiHajrmuf

EkdifiHjzpfw,f? tD;,lOuUÏuawmh 'g[m ,l±kdaiGa=u;rSm n‡dK@EkdifpGrf;tm;awG &Sdao;a=umif; azmfjycsufvdk@
qdkw,f? tufpwdk;eD;,m; jynfolawGuawmh “tufpwkd;eD;,m;/ wdkufwef;epfoabmfay: wufcJhav/ }udK
qd k y gw,f ” vk d @ a&;om; oa&mf = uw,f ? 'g[m ,l ± k d a iG a =u;&J @ vuf i if ; tajctaeygyJ ? ,l ± k d a iG a =u;Zk e f
twG i f ; u Ek d i f i H a wmf a wmf r sm;rsm;[m taºu;uyf x J u k d usa&muf u k e f w mrk d @ ,l ± k d a iG a =u;[m “pepf
oabmaqmifwJh pdefac:r_”twGif; usa&mufoGm;&+yD? ,l±dkaiGa=u;ukd b,fvkdu,fwif=urvJ? ,l±kdaiG
+yd K ysuf o G m ;wJ h ajymqk d o H a wG [ m rD ' D , mawG r S m ysH @ ES H @ ae+yD ? urB m ay:rS m pk a qmif ; r_ 'k w d , trsm;qH k ;
aiG a =u;w&yf t aeeJ @ ,l ± k d a iG a =u; +yd K ysuf o G m ;r_ [ m Oa&my&J @ tem*wf tqH k ; owf o G m ;+yD q k d w J h
oabmaqmifaew,f? Ekid if aH wmf aºu;+rD (sovereign debt) tusyftwnf; &ifqidk af e&wJh Oa&mytm; EU
eJ @ IMF wk d @ u aiG a =u; wnf + id r f a &; twG u f aqmif & G u f a er_ a wG u k d w±k w f u axmuf c H w ,f ? 'gayrJ h
um,uH a jrmuf u l n D a qmif & G u f a ewJ h EU Ek d i f i H wcsd K @[mvnf ; Ek d i f i H a wm aºu;+rD t usyf t wnf ; uk d
ajz&S i f ; ae=u&ol a wG j zpf a ew,f ?

2010 Ek0d ifbm 28 u tku d ,f mvef aiGacs;vufrw S f aps;uGuf awG[m vkyfcjr‡ifhwifa&;eJ@ ukefaps;E_ef;,SOf+ydKifa&;awGbufu
twGuf &&Sv d u fdk w
f hJ u,fwifun l aD &;&efyakH iG ,l±adk ':vm 85 ajym&&if vkt d yfygw,f? *smreD a&S@aqmifwhJ (Oa&mywku d )f tjrK
bDvsH (tar&duef a':vm 113 bDvs)H [m wu,fawmh rajymy awa'ou Ekid if w H csK@d [m wjcm; Ekid if aH wG&@J wm0efrrhJ t _ ay: pdwf
avmufygb;l ? tckawmh tku d ,f mvefomru ay:wl*/D pyde/f ukeaf e=uw,f? olw@dk [m +r&D iS f Oa&myA[kb d %fu aiGa=u; azmif;
tDwvDeJ@ b,fvf*sD,efwdk@rSmvnf; EkdifiHawmf taºu;awG yGra_ =umifh tJ'zD @HG +zKd ;wk;d wufr_ aemufuswhJ Ekid if aH wG&@J taºu;awGudk
jrifwh ufvmaeygw,f? ,l±adk iGa=u; wefz;dk uvnf; us+yD;&if; av#myf pfvu dk &f if +r&D iS Ef idk if aH wG t}u;D tus,f qH;k ±_;H epfemrSmukv d nf;
usvmaew,f? tD;,lacgi;f aqmifawGuawmh aiGa=u;pepfw&yf pd;k &dr=f uygw,f? ykrd dk euf±id_ ;f wJh tpDtpOfawG tay:rSmvnf; pdwyf suf
+ydKusomG ;rSmrsKd ;[m rawG;tyfw/hJ rjzpfEidk w f mrsKd ;vk@d awmh qk=d u tm;i,f oHo, pdwaf wG 0ifvm=uw,f?
yg&@J ? 'gayrJh uacsmu f c|wEf idk v
f w S hJ u,fq,fa&;pDru H ed ;f awG b¾maiGa=u;orkdif;rSm ‘rawG;tyf’bl;qkdwJh ta&;
wck+yD;wck ay:vmwmeJ@tr# em;0ifatmif b,fvrdk S &Si;f jyEkid f udpaP wG[m ‘rv$aJ &SmifEidk w f ’hJ ta&;udpaP wGtjzpf tH=h op&m
pGr;f r&Sad wmhyh gb;l ? 'Dawmh ,l±adk iGa=u;[m ar#mv f ifch suf &Syd gO;D aumif;avmifatmif ajymif;oGm;wwfw,f? Oyrm- 1931 rSm t*F
awmhrvm;vk@d vlxak wGu oHo,awG 0ifvmaew,f? vef [m a&$udk pHcsed t f jzpfxm;wJph epfudk pGe@f vw $ v
f u
dk w f ,f? 2002
,l±adk iGudk qef@usiv f mwmuawmh Oa&myjynfoal wG Zefe0g&rD mS tm*siw f ;D em;[m ol@&@J aiGa=u;ukd tar&duef a':vmeJ@
[m 'DaiGa=u;&J@ wif;usyw f hJ tcsKyftcs,af tmufrmS b,fvdk rS yHak oowfrw S xf m;wJh aiGvEJ e_ ;f ukd pGe@f vw $ cf w hJ ,f? 'gayrJh ,l±adk iG
touf&iS &f yfwnfEidk pf rG ;f r&Sad wmhv@dk ygy?J Oa&my tjyifyidk ;f Ekid if H +yKd usra_ =umifh aqmif=uOf;vmwJh enf;ynm/ pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ Ekid if aH &;t&
wcsKd @uawmh ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm/ qif;&JwiG ;f eufapwJ/h wif;usyw f hJ epfemqH;k ±_;H r_awG[m t&ifb,fwek ;f ueJ@rS wlrmS r[kwyf gb;l ?
ay:vpDawGuae uif;vGwzf @dk ar#mv f ifah e=uayr,fh 'Day:vpD +ydKusrr_ mS jzpfEidk w f yhJ pkH H 2 rsKd ; &SEd idk w
f ,f? Ekid if w H Ekid if H 'grS
r[kwf 'Dxufyrdk sm;wJh E_id ;f ,SOjf cif;tm;jzifh csnehf @J whJ tzG@J 0if Ekid if aH wG
48
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
(Oyrm-*&d/ tku d , f mvef/ ay:wl*D 'grrS [kwf pyde)f wk@d [m olw@dk rckid rf mwJh Ekid if w H Ekid if [ H m ,l±adk iGa=u;Zket f wGi;f u xGuf
&J@ aiGa=u;topfudk wefz;dk usqif;apwJt h wGuf ,l±dk aiGa=u;Zkef oGm;&if Oa&myb%fawGe@J ,l±adk iGa=u;[m tE©&m,fe@J &ifqidk &f
u xGuw f mjzpfaumif; jzpfEidk w f ,f? aemufwrsKd ;u *smreDudk ygvrd rhf ,f? 'g[m uk, d t hf rd +f c0H if;u tr_u d uf dk olrsm;tdr+f c0H if;xJudk
pdwu f ek af ewJh a[mfvefe@J =op}w;D ,m;wd@k u ,l±adk iGa=u;ukd pGe@f oGecf svu dk w f hJ vky&f yfrsKd ;jzpfv@dk 0kid ;f y,fjcif;cH&ygvrd Ohf ;D r,f? t&if;
v$ww f m jzpfaumif;jzpfEidk +f y;D / *smrefrwfaiGudk jyef oH;k vmEkid w f mrd@k tES;D xde;f csKyaf &; pDraH qmif&u G cf surf sm; ay:xGuv f mwmeJ@ w+yKd if
*smrefrwfaiGvnf; wefz;dk wufvmvdrrhf ,f? euf Oa&myaiGa=u;aps;uGu[ f m tpdwpf w d t f jr¸mjr¸m +ydKuGo J mG ;
b,fvt dk ajctaerSmyJjzpfjzpf qH;k ±H;_ r_[m}u;D ygvrd rhf ,f? ygvrd rhf ,f? Oa&my t0ef;t0kid ;f twGi;f e,fausmu f ek o
f ,G af &;
OD;pGmtm;jzifh Ekid if aH wmfaiGa=u;wrsKd ;ukd jyefvnf oH;k pG&J if enf; xde;f odr;f a&;pepfvnf; tcuf}uKH &ygvrd rhf ,f? Oa&mypkpnf;a&;
ynmvuQ%maqmifwhJ tcuftcJrsKd ;awG (Oyrm - uGeyf sLwm eJ@ywfouf&if +ydKifbufuif;wJh tcef;u¾ukd xkwaf zmfcw hJ m
pepfawGe@J tvkt d avsmuf aps;a&mif;wJh uGeyf sLwmtpDtpOfawG a=umifh wckwnf;aom aps;uGu+f ydKusomG ;ygu tD;,luydk g +cdr;f
jyefvnfwyfqifa&;/ aiG'*Fg;oGi;f vkyaf &;eJ@ aiGpuULopfyEkH ydS af &;) ajcmufra_ wG jzpfvmygvrd rhf ,f?
}uKH awG@&Ekid w f ,f? (,l±adk iGudk vGecf w hJ hJ 3 ESpuf pwifo;kH pGcJ w hJ mrk@d b,fvydk jJ zpfjzpf tcktcg ,l±adk iGa=u;Zket f wGi;f 0ifcrhJ v d @dk
'grsKd ;tm;vH;k ukd pDpOf+y;D cJ+h y)D ? zG@H +zKd ;wk;d wufre_ nf;wJh Ekid if w H Ekid [ f m EdkifiHb,favmufrsm;rsm; aemifw&&SdcJh=u+yDvJ? aemufqkwf
,l±adk iGa=u;Zkeu f xGuaf wmhr,f qdw k hJ t&dyv f uQ%mwckck ay: r_awG&cdS ahJ yr,fh ^m%ftajrmftjrif&v dS @dk vky=f uwmawmh r[kwyf g
vm&if pkaqmif;aiGawGudk tvkt,ufw;dk a0S@ vJv, S rf a_ wG jzpf bl;? 'gayrJh ,l±adk iGa=u;[m uHtm;avsmpf mG qufvufwnf
ay:vmygvrd rhf ,f? tJ'u D wqifh e*ku d wnf;u jy\emawG &Sad ew,f? 'g wu,fjh zpf&yfygy?J wu,fv@dk om Oa&my acgi;f
jzpfymG ;aewJh b%fawGudk wqifw h uf tiftm;csnehf @J omG ;apyg aqmifawG wqifw h uf/ ykv d sijf refwhJ aqmif&u G rf a_ wG rvkyaf qmif
vdrhf OD;r,f? 'Dvedk @J t&if;xde;f csKyrf a_ wG 'grrS [kwf aiGxw k rf a_ wGrmS Ekdif&if ,l±dkaiGa=u;[m zrf;qkyfvkd@r&atmif wefzkd;usoGm;yg
uef@owfcsuaf wG jzpfapygvrd rhf ,f? 'gt h jyif ukeof , G af &; xde;f vdrrhf ,f?
csKyfra_ wGvnf; jzpfvmygvrd rhf ,f? ,l±adk iGa=u;Zkeu f xGuw f hJ aps;uGu&f @J zdtm;ukd &ifqidk af e&awmh Oa&myacgi;f
Ekid if qH &dk ifawmh Ekid if jH cm;u t&if;tES;D axmufyrhH a_ wGtm;vH;k aqmifawG[m zifah v;r_e@J pk;d &G@H ru _ dk wav#mufv;kH &Scd w hJ myg? *&de@J
ESp&f n S jf zwfawmufwm cH&aumif; cH&Ekid yf gw,f? tJ'v D edk @J 'D tkduf,mvef ulnDu,fwifa&;ukd pdwfryghwygeJ@ oabmwl
Ekid if aH wG[m qd;k 0g;jyif;xefwhJ t&if;tES;D csKd @wrhJ e_ @J &ifqidk o f mG ; aqmif&u G af e=uw,f? olw@dk [m odyaf emufusrS &dypf m;rdc=hJ u
&ygvrd rhf ,f? wmyg? wcsKd @Eidk if aH wG[m tcsed w f t dk wGi;f b%fu aiGacs;ay;wm
,l±kdaiGa=u;Zkef[m *smreD&J@ xdef;csKyfr_atmufu awG vkt d yfaeygw,f? tJovdk aiGacs;ay;&ifawmifrS olw@dk &@J
xGuv f udk &f if tajctae tenf;tusO;f aumif;vmEkid rf ,fv@kd tusyt f wnf; tcuftcJawGudk cJ&mcJqpf ausmef if;oGm;=u&
cef@reS ;f wGuq f =uygw,f? xked nf;wl aiGpak qmif;olawG[m ckid f rSmyg? taºu;awGuv dk nf; b,fenf;eJ@rS jyefqyfEidk rf mS r [kwf
rmr_r&Sw d EhJ idk if aH wGuae xGuv f u dk wf meJ@tr# Oa&my&J@ b%fawG awmhygb;l ? wcsKd @beG ;f vufrw S yf idk &f iS af wGuawmh wpdww f ydik ;f
rSm aiGvrJ a_ wG tvkt,uf jzpfymG ;vmygvrd rhf ,f? 'Dvedk @J t&if; tqH;k t±_;H rcHv@dk rjzpfurdk jzpfygb;l ? tqH;k ±H;_ cH=u&awmhrmS yg?
tES;D xde;f csKyfra_ wG wzef jyefay:vmygvrd Ohf ;D r,f? *smreDb%f tckawmh 2013 rSm Ekid if aH wmftpk;d & aºu;+rDjy\em
awGrmS aiGtyfErHS a_ wG &&Sad pumrl ‚wk@d ukid x f m;&wJh tvGerf sm; awGrmS pkaygi;f aiGacs;r_awG yg0if&r,fv@dk ,l±adk iGa=u; Zket f wGi;f &Sd
jym;vSwhJ ,l±adk iGa=u;Zke&f @J t&if;tES;D rsm;vnf; wefz;dk usqif; Ekid if t H oD;oD;[m tvG,w f uloabmwlxm;cJ=h uyg+y?D tJ't D pD
aeygvrd rhf ,f? owdxm;&rSmu *smreD[m 'DaiGa=u;pepf twGi;f tpOfudk vufrcHwhJ &if;ES;D jr‡KyfEo HS al wGudk ul;oef; a&mif;0,fa&;
u t}u;D qH;k +r&D iS jf zpfw,fqw kd mygy?J aemufq;kH rSm ykrd dk wnf+ird w f hJ wm;jrpfxm;&efjzpfygw,f? tku d , f mvefom; awGuawmh olw@kd
aiGa=u;pepfwrsKd ;wnf;&J@ tusKd ;tjrwfudk aumif;aumif;}uD; b%f&@J wqifch b H eG ;f vufrw S f ukid x f m;olawG “t&if;aiG wefz;dk
cHpm;ae&wJh *smrefy@dk uek w f ify@dk oal wG[m *smrefrwfaiG w[kex f ;dk av#mch sypfa&;” (wefz;dk ckErdS af y;a&;) ukd aqmif&u G =f uygw,f?
wufvmr_tay: jypfwifnnf;wGm;=uygvrd Ohf ;D r,f? 'gayrJh OD;pm;ay;bGe;f vufrw S rf sm; ukid af qmifxm;olawGuadk wmh
,l±adk iGa=u;+ydKusr&_ @J tusKd ;qufudk pD;yGm;a&;±_a'gihf xked nf;wl pDraH qmif&u G cf surf r_ sKd ;ukd wm;jrpfxm;=uw,f? 'Dvdk
u=unf&h if ra&r&m&Sv d aS yr,fh Ekid if aH &;t& pdeaf c:r_awG wpD ajymqkcd suaf wG[m aps;uGux f rJ mS }udKqkjd cif;cH&rSmr[kwyf gb;l ?
wwef;}u;D qufwu dk jf zpfay:Ekid w f ,f? wckwnf;aom aps;uGuef @J 'gayrJh &if;ES;D jrK‡ yfoal wG[m rwlwhJ Ekid if aH wmftpk;d & aºu;+rD xkwf
tD;,lukd,fwkdifukdyg +cdrf;ajcmufr_awG cH&ygvdrfhr,f? tD;,leJ@ ay;olawGudk cGjJ cm;odjrif =ur,fq&dk if qH;k ±_;H epfemr_awGtwGuf
,l±adk iGa=u;[m ppf+yD;aemuf *smreD&@J pdw"f mwfr¾dKif jzpfvm avsmu f efoifjh rwfygvrd rfh ,f?
cJw
h ,f? ol[m {&mrwefz;dk awGudk ay;qyf+y;D ,l±adk iGudk pGe@f v$wf 'Dwcst D usyt f wnf;[m yifyef;EGr;f vs csnehf @J aewJh
vku d &f if/ ,l±adk iGa=u;Zket f wGi;f rS wjcm;Ekid if aH wG&@J trScD u dk if;pGm bwf*suv f adk iGjy Ekid if aH wGudk eufeufeeJ J od&edS m;vnfomG ;ap
uk, d ahf jcaxmufay:ud, k &f yfaer_udk vufvw G pf y,f jyK&m a&muf oifw h muawmh ukeaf ps;E_e;f jrifw h ufrt _ wGuf olw@dk ay;qyfr[ _ m
+y;D tD;,ltay: rdrd wm0ef,x l m;wJh cH0efcsuaf wG[m t}u;D t vkyt f m;/ ukepf nfaps;uGuef @J wuG vlro _ ufom acsmifcsad &;pepf
us,f oHo,jzpfjcif; cH&ygvrd rhf ,f? jyKjyifajymif;vJru _ dk raqmif&u G Ef idk af o;wmeJ@ tavsmuf olw@dk
49
ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f

qHk;±H_;epfemoGm;wJh ,SOf+ydKifr_pGrf;tm;eJ@ wkdfuf±kduf tcsdK;

usaevdrrhf ,fqw dk myJ? qkv d w dk mu olw@dk ,l±adk iGa=u;Zkeu f
xGuo f mG ;vnf; zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufr_ jyefvnf &Sio f efvma&; pDrH
ude;f awGudk usio hf ;kH oGm;ap&r,f? ,l±adk iGa=u;Zket f wGi;f jyKjyif
ajymif;vJa&;om r[kwaf o;/ +yKd usaewJh pD;yGm;a&;ukd jyefvnf
toufoiG ;f Ekid af &;tjyif tem*wfrmS wckwnf;aom aiGa=u;p
epfudk xde;f odr;f a&;twGuf tcGit hf vrf;awG wk;d yGm;vma&;
zefw;D oGm;&r,f? ukeo f , G af &; tjrwftpGe;f &aewJEh ikd if H (Oy
rm-*smreD) [m rdrEd idk if H vkt d yfcsut f & E_;d qGa&; aqmif&u G f
csuaf wGudk cyfrsm;rsm; usio hf ;kH oGm;&ef vkt d yfw,f? 'Dvedk @J jyKjyif
ajymif;vJa&;ukd ykrd v kd ,
G u f v l mygvrd rfh ,f?
aemufq;kH uHta=umif;tm;avsmpf mG ,l±adk iGa=u;
qufvufwnf&o dS mG ;cJ&h if +r&D iS Ef idk if aH wGu +rpD m;Ekid if aH wGudk ykrd kd
rsm;jym;wJh ulnaD xmufyrhH a_ wGudk yHyh ;dk oGm;&ef vkt d yfygvrd rhf ,f?
olw@dk [m Oa&my A[kb d %frS b%frsm;ok@d vSnv hf nfaiGrsm;
oGi;f ay;jcif; 'grrS [kwf tpk;d &rsm;ok@d bGe;f vufrw S rf sm; a&mif;
csay;jcif;ESihf bGe;f vufrw S rf sm; wefz;dk xk;d usroGm;a&;ukd }uKd wif
vkyaf qmifay;jcif;rsKd ;awGudk wku d ±f u dk v f yk af qmifay;Ekid yf gw,f?
Oa&my A[kb d %fu tckwcsaD qmif&u G +f y;D &if aemufxyf wrsKd ;
aqmif&u G af y;Ekid w f ,fv@dk azmfjyxm;cJ+h yD;jzpfygw,f? *smreDu
+rDpm;Ekid if aH wG ulnyD yhH ;dk ay;&r_ rsm;vmwmukd owdjyKrd+yD; puf
qkyf &GrH ek ;f vmw,f? 'ga=umifh ulnaD xmufyahH &; pDru H ed ;f rsm;ukd
vufcaH &;eJ@ bGe;f vufrw S f ukid af qmifxm;oltm;vH;k ukd wjznf;
jznf; '%f±u dk o f mG ;a&;ukd qH;k jzwfvu dk w
f ,f? olu vH;k yg;yg;ae+y;D
aiGa=u;ukd bH;k abmvatm oH;k pGaJ ewJh Ekid if aH wGudk ulnaD xmuf
yHzh @dk qENr&Sad wmhygb;l ? 'gudk em;vnfEidk af yr,fh 'Dvrdk vkyjf yef&if
vnf; tusKd ;qufu yk+d yD; 'kuaQ wG@uek yf gvrd rhf ,f?
,l±adk iGa=u; +ydKusomG ;r_[m rawG;tyfwt hJ &mawmh
r[kwyf gb;l ? 'gayrJh ukeaf ps;E_e;f awGuawmh xk;d wufuek w f ,f?
Oa&myacgi;f aqmifawG[m 'DtajctaersKd ; ay:xGuv f mEdik w f m
ukd jiif;y,faewma=umifh ay:xGuv f mr,fh jy\em umuG,af &;
}udKwifaqmif&u G &f r,fh pDrcH surf sm;ukd raqmif&u G Ef idk cf =hJ ubl;?
tckawmh ,l±adk iGa=u;u Ekid if w H csKd @udk tvGe}f u;D av;vS
wJh wefz;dk awG ay;qyfcidk ;f aeyg+y?D 'DaiGa=u;+yKd usvmr_u tem*wf
twGuf ykrd adk =umufp&maumif;wJh qd;k usKd ;awGudk aqmif=uOf;
vmygvrd Ohf ;D r,f?

bkad uaomif;

50
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
,aehurBm. Ek d i f i H w umh a &;&m
oHk;yGif@qdkif yJhudkifaumfr&Sif
(Trilateral Commission)

armifa&GStdk;

wurBmvH;k qufpyfoikd ;f jcKHr_ (Globalization) ay:ayguf csuw

f ckrmS qd&k ,S v
f pfEikd if rH sm;tygt0if wurBmvk;H rSm ukv
vmwJh tpDtrHe@J ywfoufjy;D b,fenf;b,fyHk onfpcef; qdu k f or*~&@J =oZm wnfwahH &;}uD;xGm;a&;twGuf tar&duefjynf
vmw,fqw kd mav; azmufonfcsvykd gw,f? tcsed u f mv axmifpt k aeeJ@ }udK;yrf;tm; xkwo f mG ;&efv@kd a&;cJ@ygw,f?
tm;jzifh 35 ESpf tenf;qk;H &Scd +hJ yjD zpfayr,fh vlrsm;pkrodwu hJ pd yP g?
onfo;kH yGi@f qikd af umfr&Siv f @kd ac:wJh pdww f o l abm e,l;a,muf+rdK@u ukvtaqmuftOD;}uD;udk a&m@
wl vlwpkukd aphaqmfweG ;f yd@k cw hJ muawmh 1/ avmb 2/ tm uzJvm;rdom;pkuyJ vSLcJ@wmyg? tar&duefta&S@yikd ;f u xdyf
%mwyfrufre_ @J 3/ ynm&Sirf sm;tzd@k uawmh twWt&Sed t f apmf xdy}f uJawG yg0ifz@JG pnf;xm;wJ@ equ vl}uD;awG ESpu f mv
&mxl; XmeE©&om jzpfygw,f? olw@kd wawGcsw D ufvmwmrSm tawmf=um }uKd ;yrf;=uayr,fh c&D;rwGijf zpfae&wJ@ ta=umif;
ppfa=umif; 3 a=umif;&S+d y;D 1/ aumfyakd &;&Si;f 2/ ynm&Sio f ak woD uawm@ 1/ vlrsm;+yD; yGrJ pnfjzpfvmwmu wa=umif;/ 2/
3/ Edik if aH &; avmursm;rS jzpfygw,f? tjcm;Edik if rH sm; rygwmuwa=umif;a=umif@yg? equ ta&;
a,bk,stm;jzifah wmh &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wdik rf sm;udk ygt&ma&mufqJ qdw k m olw@kd txJuyJ &Sm+y;D tar&dueftpd;k &
aumfyakd &;&Si;f u csrw S yf gw,f? okawoDrsm;&J@tvkyu f ppf xdyyf ikd ;f &mxl;awGrmS cef@qq
J w
kd m&,f/ tpd;k &ay:vpDa&; qJ&G m
wrf;pmwrf;rsm;jyKpk+yD; EdkifiHa&;orm;awGwm0efuawmh rSmvnf; olw@kd tmabmf ‘Edik if jH cm;a&;&m’ *sme,f (Foreign
vlxu k w kd ifjy Oya'jyKwJt h vkyyf J jzpfygw,f? Affairs) uae+yD; rif;wdik yf iftcgay; vkyaf e=uqJ qdw k m
olw@kd ut kd axmuftuljyKolawGuawmh owif;rD'D =unf&h if jrifomygw,f? vltiftm;taeeJ@ A[dck suu f swhJ tzJ@G
,myg/ a=u;rHjk yifvkd xif[yfay;zd@k u ol@u¾ayg?h owif; rD tpnf;awmhvnf; r[kwyf g?
'D,mrSmvnf; “aumfoEk ikd ”f 0dik ;f xJuvlawGyJ xdyyf ikd ;f rSm }u;D
pd;k aewmyg/ ok;H yGi@f qdik af umfr&Sif (Trilateral Commission)
olawmfcsi;d csi;f owif;avG@avG@qw kd @J twdik ;f pdwf CFR &J@tm;enf;csufudk oabmaygufwJh a';Apf
wloabmwl&nfreS ;f csuw f o l rl sm; jzpf=uwmrd@k / toif;tyif; a&m@uzJvm; (aumfyakd &;&Si;f ) [m 1973 rSm b&,fZif;puD;
awGz@GJ =u/ yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G =f u/ tjyeftvSef }uKd ;yrf;ulnrD a_ wG (ynm&Si)f eJ@ oH;k yGiq hf ikd af umfr&Siu
f kd arG;xkwv f u kd w
f thJ cgrmS awmh
tpOfrjywfvyk af eolrsm; jzpf=uygw,f? 1973 ckEpS u f sawm@ ajrmuftar&du/ Oa&myeJ@*syefEikd if rH sm;rS tzG@J 0ifO;D a& 300 cef@e@J
ol w d k @ xJ u b%f o l a X; a';Apf a &m@uzJ v m; (David pEdik cf @J w,fqw kd mrd@k olw@kd =oZm b,favmufwm oGm;w,f
Rockefeller) eJ@ okcrdef Zbpfnb hJ &,fZif;puD; (Zbigniew qdwk m cef@reS ;f rd=urSmyg? c&pf,mefoyd r`H w S w f rf; (Christian
Brzezinski) wd@k &@J vk;H yef;csuaf =umifh ok;H yGiq hf ikd af umfr&Sif Science Monitor) *sme,fu *s,& f rdik ,
f mEdAk uf (Jeremiah
taumiftxnf ay:ayguv f mcJjh cif;yJjzpfygw,f? Novak) u azazmf0g&D 7/ 1977 ae@xw k rf mS b,fvakd &;xm;
Edik if wH umpD;yGm;a&;pHepfopfukd a&S;±_wnfaxmifz@kd vJqakd wm@/“,ae@acwfopf abm*aA'ynm&Siw f pk[m b,f
tm;pdu k cf eG pf u kd }f uHqaqmif=uOf;cJ=h uolawGyg? onfpeH pfopf ol b,f0gqw kd m ray:vGiaf omfvnf;yJ ppf}uD;twGi;f wke;f u
&J @ toG i f [ m aemif a wm@ wurB m vk H ; quf p yf o d k i f ; +cKH r _ tvm;wlynm&Sif}uD;awGvdkyJ tpdk;&xdyfydkif;u tckorRw
(globalization) vd@k emronm yDjyifvmcJ@ygw,f? onft h &if *sirf u D mwmwd@k vkd yk*K~d vfrsm;eJ@y;l aygi;f +yD; ok;H yGi@f qikd af umfr&Sif
tar&duefjynfaxmifprk mS ta&;ygwhJ tzG@J tpnf;uawmh vd@k ac:wJ@ tzG@J tpnf;xJrmS Edik if w H um pD;yGm;a&;pHepfopf wck
“EdkifiHjcm;qufqHa&;aumifpD” (Council on Foreign ay:ayguaf &;twGuf vk;H yef;ae=uw,f? tar&duefe@J tjcm;Edik if H
Relations/CFR) yg? “equ” &J@ 1959 ckEpS u f a=unm rsm;rSm vkyfief;udkifief;awG/ ukefaps;E_ef;awG/ vlwOD;csif;eJ@
51
ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f

aumfyakd &;&Si;f rsm;/ Edik if rH sm;taeeJ@ vGwv f w G f vyfvyf wurBm 1999 rSm aumfr&Sit f zG@J om;xJu bDvu f vifwef
vHk;rSm wu,fvufawG@yg0ifv_yf&Sm;Edkifa&;udk tusdKK;jyK xd (Bill Clinton) orRwvufxufusawmh wurBmvH;k qufpyf
a&mufr,fh pHepfopfjzpfv@kd umwmtpd;k &opfukd av@vmolrsm; odik ;f +cKHr_ t&Sed tf [kef wufvmaeyg+y?D
u wacwfqef;r,fh ok;H yGi@f qikd t f pd;k &vd@k orkwf =uygw,f?” 2000 ckEpS f a*sm'h bvsLbk&fS (George W Bush)
*sirf uD mwm (Jimmy Carter) a&G;aumufyt JG Edik &f zd@k acwfrmS vnf; olu, kd w
f ikd t
f zG@J om;wOD;r[kwaf yr,fh 'korRw
rJ&atmifaqmif=uOf;ay;bd@k tvkyo f rm;or*~acgi;f aqmif 3 'pfacseD (Dick Cheney) u [kwaf eygw,f?
OD;udv k nf; aumfr&Six f u J kd odr;f oGi;f cJ@w,f? orRwjzpfvmawm@ orRwtdb k m;rm; (Obama) &J@ Edik if jH cm;a&;ay:vpD
aemufxyf 3 OD; wd;k vmygw,f? ,lEu kd wf ufatmfwkd (armf awmf t}uHay;wJ@ rif;wdik yf if[m wjcm;vlr[kwf Z,fZif;puD; yg?
um;vkyif ef;) or*~acgi;f aqmif vif;ewf 0wfaum@uf (Leonard tdb k m;rm;uawm@ aumfr&Sit f zG@J 0ifxu J tm&Sypdzw d af &;&m
Woodcock) [m w±kwjf ynfe@J pD;yGm;a&;/ Edik if aH &; vrf;yGi@f 'k0ef}uD; um@wu f ifb,f (Kurt Campbell) tygt0if 11
atmifvyk w f @J txl;oH tjzpf vk;H yef;&mrSmyg0ifc@J oyl g? OD;awmif ol@tpd;k &xJrmS cef@vu kd yf gw,f/ ta&;ygw@J ae&mawG
0g&Sifwefydk@pf (Washington Post) owif;pmrSm csn;f - b¾ma&;/ pD;yGm;a&; jyefvnfxal xmifa&;/ vk+H cKHa&;/
b,fvakd &;cJ@ovJqakd wm@/ “ok;H yGi@f qikd t f zG@J om;rsm;[m ok;H yef axmufvSrf;a&;/ EdkifiHjcm;a&;/ ukv/ txl;oH - wrdk;vkH;
vSawm@ r[kwfyg/ tar&duef/ taemufOa&myeJ@ *syefwdk@ azsmufqyd f qd&k ravmufyg?
t=um;rSm qufqaH &;wd;k wufz@kd ruG,rf 0Suf xlaxmifxm;wJ@ pm&if;t&,ae@aumfr&Sit f zG@J 0if tar&duef 87 OD;/
b%foal X; a&m@uzJvm; ud, k yf ikd f tzG@J tpnf;wck jzpfygw,f? tjcm;Edik if H 337 OD;jzpfygw,f? urBm@b%fOuUÏ 8 OD;&dcS @J &mrSm
od@k ayrJh b0ifrusp&mudpu P u|eaf wmfw@kd tpd;k &&J@orRwopf/ 'k vuf&dS OuUÏ a&mbwfZ;kd vpf(Robert B Zoellick) yg 6OD;?
orRwopf/ Edik if jH cm;a&; umuG,af &; b¾ma&; 0ef=u;D opfrsm;/ b%fvyk if ef;&Si=f uD;rsm;/ e,l;pf0cd f (Newsweek)/ a0gpx&d
vH+k cKHa&;t}uaH y;t&m&St d m;vH;k onftzG@J xu J csn;f jzpfaewJ@ *sme,f (The Wall Street Journal)/ ,ltufpef ,l;pftif0g;vf
udpyP g?” wJ?h &Dy@dk (US News & World Report) owif;pmwd@k rS wdu k yf ikd f
rlvaumfr&Sirf mS ygw@J tar&duef 54 OD;xJu wOD; +zpf olaX;eJ@t,f'w D mcsKyfrsm;tygt0if wufnv D ufneD @J urBm
ol *sirf u D mwm 1976 rSm orRw+zpfvmwmeJ@ aumfr&Sif tzG@J 0if }uD;udk olw@kd ajc olw@kd vuf rjzpfjzpfatmif rem;rae usm;
1* OD;awmif ol@tpd;k &tzG@J e@J at*sipf rD sm;rSm &mxl;ay; cef@xm; ukwu f sm;cJ vk;H yef;ae=uolawGyg?
cJ@w,f? wdu k qf ikd rf v
_ @kd ajym&tcufom;vm;? onfvv kd pl m; 'gwiG rf u ole@J tifrwefo[Zmwjzpfw@J 1954 ckEpS f
awGtzd@k u pD;yGm;a&; eJ@Eikd if aH &;avmuqdw k m tdrOf ;D eJ@=urf;jyifukd up+yD; ESpfpOf pka0;cJ@wJ@ bDvf'gbmh*f tkyfpk (Bilderberg
rSev f nfwcH g;=u;D eJ@ 0ifxu G u f ;l vl;aeolawGyg? tar&dueftjyif Group) qdkwmvnf; &Sdygao;w,f? onfvlodkufawGygyJ?
oH;k ykwH pfyuHk Oa&myeJ@/ aemufwpfyHk *syefu yg0ifxm;wJ@ tzG@J a[mfvefEikd if u H onfemrnfe@J [w kd ,f}u;D rSm tpjyKc@J wmrd@k 'Dvkd
tpnf;yg? Oa&myeJ@ *syefu tzG@J 0ifawGvnf; tvm;wl todik ;f emronmwGicf @J wmyg?
t0dik ;f xJu vlawGcsn;f yg? tar&duefjynfaxmifpke@J tpOfxm0& yl;aygif;
ok;H yGi@f qikd af umfr&Sif tpnf;ta0; wESpw f cg ac:,l aqmif&Gufa&;udk pdkufvdkufrwfwwfvkH;yef;zdk@ Oa&myrSm
usi;f y&mrSm owif;pmq&mrsm;udk t0ifrcHbJ wHcg;ydwf pnf; xlaxmifcJ@wm jzpfw,f? onfvrf;pOfvdkufolrsm;udkawm@
a0;ygw,f? tar&duefu ok;H ykw H pfyyHk yJ gwmrd@k tar&duefe@J urBmh twWvefww d 0f g'D (Atlanticist) awGv@kd ac:=uygw,f? Oa&my
a&S@a&;pOf;pm;qk;H jzwfw@J ae&mrSm b,fou l rS a&G;aumuf wif wcGiv f ;Hk u taoG;ta&mifpkH Edik if aH &;ygww D umrSm olw@kd csn;f
ajr‡mufxm;wmr[kww f @J vw l pfpu k tvm;wl toGiw f l Edik if H ygy?J
jcm;om;wpfpek @J cyfajymifajymifyJ pGuzf uf}uKd ;yrf;=uwJt h yk pf k jzpf vuf a wG @ usus=unf h r ,f q d k & if rd r d w d k @ omv#if
ygw,f? olw@kd &@J ay:vpDrsm;udk “oH;k bufE;SD aESm” (Trialogue) wurBmvkH;qufpyfodkif;+cKH+yD; urBm@tpdk;&}uD;w&yftaeESifh
qdwk *hJ sme,frmS awmh azmfjywwfygw,f? xdyq f ;Hk uae&m,l vkyyf ikd cf iG &hf w Sd ,fv@kd ,H=k unf,q l ol wdik yf if
urBm}u;D wckv;Hk onfaumfr&Sief @J tar&dueftpd;k &&J@ azmfwikd yf ifzuf vlwpk jzpfygw,f?
ya,m*pufuiG ;f u ,ae@xad tmif ±ke;f xGuv f @kd r&Edik af o;wJ@b0
jzpfygw,f? orRwa&mfe,fa&*if (Ronald Reagan) [m
aumfr&Sit f zG@J 0ifwa,muf r[kwaf omfvnf; 'korRwa*smb h &k fS tifwmeuf0ufbq
f u
kd rf sm;udk rDjS irf;ygw,f?
(George Bush Sr.) u [kwyf gw,f?
1988 rSm a*smb h &k fS orRwjzpfvmawm@ aumfr&Si&f @J
=oZm ydv k @kd }uD;xGm;vmygw,f? armifa&GStdk;

52
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f

Ek d i f i H w umh a &;&m

pdrf;jrjr0kdif;

w±kwf-tar&duefqufqHa&;ukd avhvm=unfhjcif;

rsuaf rSmuf Edik if w H umpepf jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wuf ajymif;vJaer_ awG@vm&awmh 2 Ekid if H twku d t f cHjzpfomG ;rvm;? qufvuf
tajctaeawG[m wae@wjcm; xifomjrifomjzpfvmw,f? yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G o
f mG ;rvm; qkw d mukd tar&duefawG csw D Hk
Ekid if w
H umtajctaetwGi;f tyluu G f ta=umif;t&mawG cswjkH zpfaew,f? 'g a=umifh orRw [l&@J 'Dt}udrcf &D;pOf[m
[m tqufrjywf ay:xGuaf ew,f? wpwp ajymif;vJae csed uf u dk cf &D;pOfwckv@dk qkEd idk w f ,f? aemif E_id ;f ,SOjf cif;tm;jzifh
w,f? 'g a=umifh w±kw-f tar&duef Ekid if }H u;D 2 Ekid if t H =um;u tawmftwef &Sn=f umwJh umvwckxd 2 Ekid if t H =um; uGv J JG
qufqaH &;ukd avhvm=unfo h ifyh gw,f? csuf trsm;tjym; b,fvydk &J adS eae 2 Ekid if v H ;kH [m +ydKifbuf
'ge@J ywfoufv@dk w±kwjf ynfo@l wuUov dk /f Ekid if w H um awGtjzpf oGm;vkd@ rjzpfEkdifbl;qkdwmukd 'Dc&D;pOftwGif;
qufqHa&;aumvdyf/ 'kausmif;tkyf usif;qef±kef (Jin Can ESpOf ;D ESpzf uf vufawG@azmfjycJ=h uw,f?
Rong) &J@tjrifudk xkwE fw
k f wifjyvku d yf gw,f? w±kw-f tar&duef qufqaH &;[m orRw[l&@J c&D;
2011 ESpq f ef; orRw [lusiaf xmif tar&duefo@kd pOf+y;D aemuf vrf;a=umif;rSeaf y: a&mufvmcJw h ,f qkEd idk af yr,fh
w&m;0if tvnftywfc&D;oGm;cJw h ,f? 'Dc&D;pOftwGi;f rSm 2 Ekid if t H =um; taqmufttHo k abmaqmifwhJ yËdyuQawG
w±kw-f tar&duef qufqaH &;twGuf ESpOf ;D ESpzf uf tusKd ;&Sw d hJ uawmh &SdaeOD;rSmyJ? uGJvG,f&SvG,fwJh jy\emawGtjzpf
yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G w f hJ rdwzf ufqufqaH &; tqifah e&mcsrw S rf _ xkid 0f rfudk vufeufypPn;f rsm; a&mif;csjcif;/ uk&d ;D ,m;u|e;f qG,f
ukd taumiftxnf azmfEidk cf w hJ ,f? 'ge@J ywfoufwhJ *,uf tajctae/ w±kwpf pftiftm; wk;d wufvmr_e@J 2 Ekid if u H ek of , G f
awG/ aqG;aEG;&ef ta=umif;jcif;&mawG[m Ekid if w H um vl@tzG@J a&; yGww f udk rf _ pwJh jy\emawGay:rSm yGww f u dk rf t
_ opfawG
tpnf;twGi;f qHck suw f ckvdk jzpfvmcJjh yefw,f? Ekid if w H um xyfay:vmEkid af o;w,f? 'Duaewqifh aemif 5-10 ESpf tcsed f
vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f rSm 'D2 Ekid if H qufqaH &;[m 2 Ekid if q H idk &f m twGi;f w±kw-f tar&duefqufqrH r_ mS atmufazmfjyyg t"d
qufqaH &; t0ef;t0kid ;f twGi;f om r[kwaf wmhb;l ? 'gxuf ujy\em}uD; 3 &yf wnf&EdS idk af o;w,fv@dk vnf; oH;k oyf
rsm;pGm ausmv f eG vf m+yD; urBmvH;k qkid &f m t"dym` ,foabm w,f?
jzpfvmw,f? Ekid if w H umpepf jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufvma&;tay: 1? ESpfOD;ESpfzufpvHk;[m “pdwf"mwf0ef;usif”
=oZmoufa&mufwhJ ta&;}u;D wJt h a=umif;jcif;&mawG jzpfvm opfe@J vku d af vsmnDaxG&zdS @dk vkt d yfw,f? w±kwpf wJh xGe;f
w,fv@dk tus,t f jye@f ,lqae=uw,f? opfp Ekid if }H u;D rsm; tvsit f jref zG@H +zKd ;wk;d wufvmr_e@J rdrd uk, d f
orRw [l&@J 'Dw}urd cf &D;pOf[m jrifjh rifrh m;rm; vufcH wkid f (tar&duef) &J@ tqifah e&m[m E_id ;f ,SOjf cif;t& csnehf @J
}udKqkdwmcH&w,f? tusdK;&v'ftm;jzifh buf 2 bufrSm vmaer_udk awG@ae&awmh tar&duefawG[m uk, d u fh ,dk uf , dk f
a&mifjyef[yf azmfjyEkid w f ,f? (1) w±kw-f tar&duef qufqH ,H=k unfra_ wG avsm+h y;D &if; avsmv h maew,f? pdw"f mwf tajc
a&; tqifah e&mopf csrw S /f taumiftxnf azmfEidk w f ,f? taeuvnf; xdv, G cf u
dk v f , G /f csLcsmcsnehf @J vmw,f? 'gayrJh
(2) 2 Ekid if H tem*wf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;twGuf aqG;aEG;&ef w±kwaf wGuawmh rdru d , dk rf rd d ,H=k unfveG ;f aew,f? ESpOf ;D ESpf
ta=umif;tcsuaf wG&@J OD;wnfcsuu f dk &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; !¸ejf y zuf pdw"f mwfa&;&mt& ajymif;vJra_ wGu rdrw d @kd &@J pdw"f mwf
ay;Ekid w f ,f? ywf0ef;usifukd tjyeftvSef topfwzef xdef;n‡doGm;&ef
rsuaf rSmuf 2 Ekid if H qufqaH &;[m vrf;qHv k rf;cG vkt d yfw,f?
a&mufaew,f? w±kwjf ynf tvsit f jref }uD;xGm;vmaer_ 2? aoe*FAsL[m oabmwlnDcsuf r&Sdbl;? ppf
tay: tar&duefu tvGeu f dk pdwrf oufrom jzpfaew,f? at;umvaemufyidk ;f rSm w±kw-f tar&dueft=um; wlnw D hJ
2 EkdifiHtiftm;tcsdK;tpm; ajymif;vJr_tajctaeawGukd aoe*FAsL[m +ydKifbufawG jzpfaewma=umifh wpHkw&m

53
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f

oabmwlncD suaf wG &Sw d ,f? ppfat;umv tqH;k owfomG ; ynmawmfoifrsm; apv$waf &;pwJh enf;emrsm;t& ‘rif;xJrmS
awmhvnf; ESpOf ;D ESpzf uf aoe*FAsL[m oabmwlncD suf wpHw k ig&o dS vkd igx h rJ mS rif;&Sad ew,f’qdw k hJ tajctaersKd ; taumif
&m &Scd jhJ yefw,f? 'gayrJh tajctaeawG[m tqufrjywf ajymif; txnf azmfomG ;&ef (2) pD;yGm;a&;/ vH+k cKH a&;/ aoe*FAsL[m/ pGr;f
vJaew,f? aemifrmS tar&duef[m w±kwu f dk vuf&dS Ekid if w H tif&if;j rpftopfrsm;/ ywf0ef;usix f ed ;f odr;f a&; pwJh buftoD;
umpepftay: pdeaf c:oltjzpf jrifvmrvm;? w±kwu f tar&d oD;eJ@ aqG;aEG;&ef ta=umif;t&mopfawGay:rSm wk;d cs@J y;l aygi;f
uef[m w±kw&f @J zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufrt _ ajctae}uD;ukd awG@vm&+yD; aqmif&u G o f mG ;&ef (3) tqift h oD;oD;/ e,fy,ftoD;oD;rSm
,H=k unf+rJ ,H=k unf&ygO;D rvm;? taotcsm ajymvk@d r&ao; tjyeftvSeaf qG;aEG;ajymqkad &; ,E©&m;ukd xlaxmifomG ;&ef/
bl;? buftoD;oD;u ay:vpD xde;f n‡ad &;eJ@ aoe*FAsL[m aqG;aEG;
3? w±kwf-tar&duef qufqHr_rSm }uHKawG@vm ajymqdrk r_ sm;ukd tusKd ;oufa&mufr&_ &dS dS tm;jznfo h mG ;&ef vkt d yf
&r,fh jy\emopfrsm;? (1) 2 Ekid if pH vH;k u ta&S@tm&SrmS OD; w,fv@dk olu oH;k oyfazmfjyxm;w,f?
aqmifciG u hf dk vk,ufae&jcif; (2) tem*wf w±kwpf pfa&; acwfrD wcsdefwnf;rSmvnf; tar&duef[m “urBmhae&m
wk;d wufvmjcif;a=umifh tar&duefu vH+k cHKa&;twGuf pk;d &drf toD;oD;rSm tar&duef&@J acgi;f aqmiftqifah e&m jyefvnf &Sif
a=umif=h ur_ jzpfvmjcif; (3) pufrv _ yk if ef; tqift h wef; wk;d wuf oefvma&;eJ@ tm;jznfo h mG ;a&;”jzpfw,fqw dk hJ ol@&@J avmb
vmjcif;eJ@ w±kwaf iGa=u; (RMB) Ekid if w H umaiGa=u; jzpfvmjcif; &rRuu f dk twdtvif; a=unmcJw h ,f? tar&duef&@J acgi;f
u w±kw-f tar&duef +ydKifqidk rf _ wk;d yGm;vmapjcif; (4) taxG aqmifr_ tqifah e&mtwGuf }uHKaw@aG e&wJh wu,fah &&Snf
axGtiftm; odoo d mom jrifw h ufvmjcif;/ w±kwyf pkH [ H m wae@ +cdr;f ajcmufr[ _ m tD&wf/ tmz*efe@J ygupPwefw@dk r[kwb f ;l ?
xufwae@ todtrSwjf yKr_ us,jf yef@vmjcif;a=umifh tar&duef wjcm;tzG@J tpnf; r[kwo f vkd tD&efvnf; r[kwb f ;l ? w&kwf
yHpk H wefz;dk oabmw&m;rsm; +crd ;f ajcmufcv H m&jcif;? jzpfw,fvkd@ tdkbm;rm;u t}udrf}udrftav;xm; ajymqkdcJh
csKyfvu dk &f if 2 Ekid if q
H ufqaH &;&J@ tem*wf jzpfxeG ;f w,f”? “tar&duef[m w±kwef @J ol@trd ef ;D em;csi;f Ekid if rH sm;
wk;d wufvmr_ tajctae[m “tusKd ;jzpfxeG ;f wJh yl;aygi;f aqmif t=um; jzpfEidk w f hJ yËdyuQtrsKd ;rsKd ;ukd tvGet f av;xm;ygw,f?
&Guaf &; rdwzf uf”wrsKd ;jzpfw,f? tjyeftvSet f m;uk;d wnf&dS e,fpyf t"du±ke;f tygt0if w±kwjf ynf pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDrsm;ukd
aewJ/h tjyeftvSef yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G w f hJ qufqrH w _ rsKd ; jzpfr,f? tjypfwif ajymqkad vh&ydS gw,f? &nf&, G cf suu f awmh w±kwjf ynf
'Dvt dk ajctaersKd ;[m Ekid if w H umywf0ef;usif +ird ;f csr;f a&;/ wnf txD;usef jzpfapzk@d ygy”J ? tar&duef&@J 'D&nfreS ;f csuu f v
dk nf;
+ird af &;twGuf tusKd ;&Syd gw,f? wcsed w f nf;rSm wnf+ird w f hJ 2 Ekid f rjywfEv S ;kH oGi;f Ekid rf S 2 Ekid if q
H ufqaH &;ukd rSerf eS u f efuef xde;f
iHqufqHa&;ukd w±kwfjynftaeeJ@ aoe*FAsL[m tcGifhtcg n‡o d mG ;Ekid vf rd rhf ,f xifygw,f?
aumif; uGif;qufumvtjzpf trdt&qkyfukdifEkdifr,fqkd&if u|eaf wmfw@kd tzk@d uawmh urBmwck/ pepf ESpcf k (t&if;
acwfraD &;eJ@ trsKd ;om;jyefvnfz@HG +zdK;wd;k wufa&; taumift &Sipf epfe@J qk&d , S v f pfpepf) qkw d hJ tajctae}uD;atmufrmS rdrd
xnf azmfa&;rSm tusKd ;&Syd gw,f? Ekid if /H rdrt d rsKd ;om;tusKd ;twGuf rSerf eS u f efuef toH;k csomG ;
'D 2 Ekid if H qufqaH &;[m tar&duef-qkAd , D uf quf Ekid af &;twGuf urBmt h ajctaersm;ukd rsuaf jcrjywf apmif=h unfh
qHrw _ ek ;f uvkd t+yKd iftqkid b f 0rsKd ;ukd a&SmifvEJ$ idk zf @kd q&kd if ESpzf uf tuJcwfomG ;zk@d ygy?J ?
pvH;k u }udK;yrf;tm;xkwo f mG ;&ef vkyd gw,f? txl;ojzifh buf
3 bufrmS yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G o f mG ;&ef vkyd gw,f? (1) tjyeftvSef pdr;f jrjr0kid ;f
trSo D [JjyK wnf&adS &;ukd tm;jznfo h mG ;&ef/ twlwuG tusKd ; 2011 rwfv 27 &uf?
tjrwfw;dk rsm;vma&;rSwqifh pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;/

54
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
EkdifiHwumuGefjrLepfv_yf&Sm;r_

cif a t;=unf j r
pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;/
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;wkdufyGJeJ@
e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;wyfOD;&J@
enf ; y&d , m,f

(uG e f j rLepf y gwD r sm;eJ @ tvk y f o rm;ygwD r sm;&J @

12 }ud r f a jrmuf Ek d i f i H w um nD v mcH u k d oH k ; oyf = unf h j cif ; )

uGejf rLepfygwrD sm;eJ@ tvkyo f rm;ygwrD sm;&J@ 12 }urd af jrmuf Ekid if H “rsuaf rSmuftusyt f wnf;[m qENyidk ;f t& rSm;
wum nDvmcHudk awmiftmz&duEkid if H &S0gem (TSHWANA) ,Gif;r_eJ@ b%fawG 'grSr[kwf tacsmifvkduf tjrwf&Smvkd
rSm 2010 'DZifbm 3 rS 5 &ufae@txd usi;f ycJw h ,f? nDvmcHo@dk olawG&@J avmb&rRuaf =umifh jzpfvmcJ&h wmjzpfovk/d t&if;
Ekid if H 43 Ekid if rH S uGejf rLepfygweD @J tvkyo f rm;ygwD 51 ygwrD S uk, d f &Sipf epfyifu, dk &f @J tusyt f wnf;ay:rSmvnf; jrpfzsm;cHw,f”?
pm;vS,f 102 a,muf wufa&mufygw,f? nDvmcHrmS “t 'ga=umifh “'DwcsD tusyt f wnf;[m pepfoabmaqmifwhJ
qufrjywf euf±id_ ;f vmaewJh t&if;&Sipf epf pD;yGm;a&; tusyf tusyt f wnf;jzpfw,f” vd@k wufa&mufvmwJh uk, d pf m;
twnf;eJ@ uGejf rL epfygwrD sm;&J@ wm0ef”qdw k hJ acgi;f pD;atmufrmS vS,af wGu tav;xm; axmufjycJh wmukd ‘&S0gem a=unm
Ekid if t
H csKyt f jcm tm%mukd xde;f odr;f a&;/ vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f pmwrf;’rSm azmfjycJw h ,f?
r[mrdwrf sm; euf±id_ ;f pGm jzpfxeG ;f vma&;/ +ird ;f csr;f a&;/ wk;d wufr&_ t&if;&Sit f pd;k &rsm;&J@ jynfoq l ef@usiaf &; ay:vpD
&Sad &;eJ@ qk&d , S v f pfpepf&@J e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &; enf;y&d,m,fudk rsm;[m tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;eJ@ jynfov l xl &k @J wae@wjcm;
tm;jznfhvkyfaqmifoGm;a&;”ukd wufwufºuºuaqG;aEG; jyif; xefvmaewJh ckcq H ef@usirf a_ wGudk a&Smifvv J$ @dk r&Ekid b f ;l ?
cJ=h uw,f? nDvmcH u‘&Sm0gema=unmpmwrf;’(TSHWANA “rESpu f tvkyo f rm;tcGit hf a&;/ vlrt _ mrcHtcGit hf a&;eJ@
DECLARATION) ukd xkwjf yefcw hJ ,f? nDvmcH&@J aqG;aEG;&&Sd vkycf twGuf usio hf ;kH wJh jynfoq l ef@usiaf &;xk;d ppfrsm;u vlxk
csurf sm;ukd atmufygtwkid ;f tykid ;f 4 ykid ;f cGJ wifjyoGm;ygr,f? wku d yf rJG sm; jrifw h ufvmapygw,f? txl;ojzifh Oa&myrSm
1? t&if;&Sifpepf pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;[m jzpfw,f”vk@d ‘&S0gema=unm pmwrf;’ u !¸ejf yvku d w f ,f?
qufvuf euf±_dif;vmae+yD; jynfolvlxk&J@ ckcHqef@usifr_ Oyrm-*&drmS tvkyo f rm;oydwf 13 }udrf jzpfymG ;cJ+h yD; tpk;d &
uvnf ; quf v uf j yif ; xef v maejcif ; ('D t yk d i f ; eJ @ ywf taqmufttHk rsm;ukd t}udraf ygi;f rsm;pGm odr;f yku d cf w hJ ,f?
oufwJh oHk;oyfcsuf tenf;tusOf;ukd a&G;xkwfwifjyyg jyifopfrmS vnf; tvkyo f rm;oydwf 7 }udrf jzpfymG ;cJw h ,f?
r,f?) wjcm;Ekid if aH wGrmS vnf; taxGaxG tvkyo f rm;oydwef @J vlxk
2008 t&if;&Sipf epf pD;yGm;a&;tusyt f wnf; pwif wku d yf rJG sm; jzpf ay:cJw h ,f? Oyrm - +Aw d ed /f tku d ,f mvef/ pyde/f
vku d u f wnf;u uGejf rLepfygweD @J tvkyo f rm;ygwaD wG&@J Ekid if H ay:wl*pD wJh Ekid if rH sm;? uk, d pf m;vS,af wGu “Oa&my tvkyf
wumnDvmcHrmS 'Djy\emukd tav;xm;&r,ft h csuf tjzpf orm; v_y&f mS ;r_awG tHºk uvmjcif;[m tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;
pwif aqG;aEG;cJ=h uw,f? 2008 aqmfyv dk dk nDvmcH (b&mZD;) eJ@ &J@ tpOftvm wku d yf pJG wd "f mwfudk azmfxw k v f mjcif;jzpfa=umif;
2009 e,l;a'vD nDvmcH (tdE, Nd ) wk@d rmS aqG;aEG;cJo h vkd ,ck azmfjy vkdufwm jzpfw,f? *&deJ@ ay:wl*Du tvkyform;
t}udrf nDvmcHrmS vnf; tav;xm; aqG;aEG;cJw h ,f?

55
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f

tkdif,mvef vlxkwkdufyGJ

vlwef;pm; wku d yf aJG wG[m 'Dtcsuu f dk xkwaf zmfjyvku d wf m” vk@d tar&duefpwJh zG@H +zdK;+yD;Ekid if aH wGu w±kwjf ynfudk jrm;OD;
,lq=uygowJ?h vSnahf e&wJh wu,f&h n &f , G cf su[ f m 'Dtm&SEidk if }H uD; rdrb
d mom
'ga=umifh ‘&Sm0gema=unmpmwrf;’rSm EkdifiHtoD;oD; tiftm; tqufrjywf }u;D xGm;vmaejcif;a=umifo h mrubJ tm&S/
uGejf rLepfygweD @J tvkyo f rm;ygwaD wG[m “'Dwu dk yf JG jzpfpOfrsm;udk tmz&dueJ@ vufwiftar&duEkid if H trsm;tjym;rSm trsKd ;om;pD;yGm;
wGe;f aqmf”ay;&r,f? “'Dae@vufawG@tajctaet& u|eaf wmfw@dk a&; trDcS u dk if;r_ tqufrjywf tm;aumif;vmaejcif;&J@ t"du
uGejf rLepfygweD @J tvkyo f rm;ygwaD wG[m avmavmq,fq,f r¾dKifrmS w&kwjf zpfvmaejcif;a=umifh jzpfw,f” vk@d =opa=w;vs
vkyaf qmif&r,fh vkyif ef;rsm;tjzpf 'Dt}udrf jynfoal wG&@J ckcrH _ uGejf rLepf ygwu D , dk pf m;vS,u f ,lqygowJ?h
wku d yf rJG sm;twGi;f yg0if tm;jznfo h mG ;&r,f? 'Dcck u H muG,af &; wufa&mufvmwJh uk, d pf m;vS,af wGu pD;yGm;a&; tusyf
wku d yf rJG sm;ukd xk;d ppfqifwhJ wku d yf rJG sm;tjzpf ajymif;vJypf+yD; ydrk dk twnf;[m qufvuf euf±id_ ;f vmaewmeJ@tr# Ekid if w H um tif
us,fjyef@wJh tvkyform;eJ@ jynfolvlxk tusdK;ukd &&Sdapum tm;tcsKd ;tpm;[m ajymif;vJae+yD; yËdyuQ[m jyif;xefvmw,f?
aemufq;kH rSm t&if;&Sipf epf ukd zsuo f rd ;f ypf&r,f”vk@d awmif;qkd a'oppfyt JG E©&m,f[m wk;d yGm;vmaew,fv@dk jynforl sm;ukd owd
xm;ygw,f? ay;E_;d aqmfvu dk yf gw,f? 'ge@J ywfoufv@dk *&dueG jf rLepfygwD uk, d f
2? tar&duefpwJh zGH@+zdK;+yD;EkdifiHawG&J@ EkdifiHawmf pm;vS,u f “e,fcs@J Eidk if rH sm;t=um; ,SO+f yKd ifr_ tqufrjywf jyif;xef
tif t m; qk w f , k w f y suf j ym;vmjcif ; / w±k w f p wJ h xG e f ; vmjcif;eJ@ t&if;&Sifpepf[m tusyftwnf;ajz&Sif;a&; aqmif
opfpEkdifiHawG&J@ EkdifiHawmftiftm; w[kefxkd; zGH@+zdK;vm &Gurf r_ sm; tcuf}uHKae&jcif;u e,fcs@J pepf&@J usL;ausmrf u _ dk wqifh
jcif ; ? ('D o H k ; oyf c suf u k d v nf ; tenf ; tusOf ; xk w f E k w f wuf jyif;xefvmapw,f? tm&S/ tmz&du/ ta&S@tv,f ykid ;f a'o/
wifjyvkdygw,f?) ukd;&D;,m;u|ef;qG,f/ aumhau;&Sa'o/ abmfvuefu|ef;qG,feJ@
2008 aEG&moDrmS ay:xGucf w hJ hJ pD;yGm;a&;tusyt f wnf; urBmw h jcm;a'orsm;rSm a'ooabmaqmifwhJ t"du±ke;f tE©&m,f
u rsuaf rSmufurBmph epfudk euf±id_ ;f pGm &ku d cf wfcyhJ gw,f? 'ga=umifh opfawG wqifw h uf jzpfymG ;vmEkid rf ”_ ukd axmufjyxm;w,f?
Ekid if w
H um tiftm;pkrsm;twGi;f tcsKd ;tpm;eJ@ qufpyfra_ wGrmS wufa&mufvmwJh uk, d pf m;vS,af wGu a'oppfy&JG @J tE©
ajymif;vJr_opfawG jzpfay:apcJhw,f? 'g[m 'DwcsD nDvmcH&J@ &m,fawG wk;d yGm;vmaewmeJ@tr# tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;eJ@ vkyo f m;
tav;xm;csuf aemufwck jzpfw,f? jynforl sm;[m ppfqef@usiaf &;/ +ird ;f csr;f a&;&&Sad &;wk@d twGuf wnf
a=unmpmwrf;rSm tusyftwnf; qufvufjzpf =unfav;eufwhJ vkyif ef;wm0efe@J }uKH awG@ae&r_udk !¸ejf yxm;ygw,f?
yGm;vmwmeJ@tr# EkdifiHwum tiftm;csdefcGifv#m[m t}uD; 3? Ek d i f i H a wmf tcsKyf t jcmtm%m xd e f ; od r f ; a&;/ vl t zG J @
tus,f ajymif;vJomG ;cJw h ,f? txl;ojzifh tar&duef&@J urBmvH;k tpnf ; r[mrd w f r sm; tif t m;awmif h w if ; vma&;? ('D
qkid &f m pD;yGm;a&; Akv d u
f svr$ ;f rk;d r_tm%m[m E_ifd ;f ,SOjf cif; tm;jzifh tykdif;ukd enf;enf; tao;pdwfwifjyoGm;vkdw,f?)
ajym&&if qufvuf qkw, f wk yf sujf ym;aew,f? zG@H +zKd ;+y;D t&if;&Sif 'D 12 }urd af jrmufnv D mcH&@J xl;jcm;csuuf awmh Ekid if H awmf
Ekid if H tajrmuftjrm;rSm ukex f w k v f yk af &; bufpkH &yfwef@aewJh tcsKyftjcmtm%mjy\em jzpfw,f? nDvmcHu Ekid if aH wmf tcsKyf
tjcif;t&mawG ay:xGuv f m+yD; urBmvH;k qkid &f m pD;yGm;a&;Ekid if H tjcmtm%mjy\emukd r¾dKifjy\emw&yftjzpf a=unmpm
}uD;awG ay:xGuv f mw,f? txl;ojzifh w±kwjf ynfjzpfw,f” vk@d wrf;rSmvnf; oD;jcm;tcef;cGw J cef;tjzpf azmfjyxm;cJw h ,f?
wufa&mufvmwJh uGejf rLepfygweD @J tvkyo f rm;ygwrD sm;u azmf nDvmcHrmS Ekid if aH wmf tcsKyftjcm tm%mjy\emukd
jy=uw,f? b,fwek ;f urS tav;xm; oH;k oyfcw hJ mr&S?d tckawmh awmiftm
56
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
z&durSm usi;f ycJw h mrk@d jzpfw,f? tmz&durSm 'Dae@txd ukv d edk D wae&mjzpfwhJ ay:wl*ED idk if &H @J tcsKyftjcm tm%mjy\emukd
a'o tenf;tusO;f &Sad eao;w,f? (Oyrm-qm[m& taemuf ay:wl*u D eG jf rLepfygwu D ,dk pf m;vS,u f vnf; tckid t f rm aqG;
ykid ;f )? 'gth jyif wcsKd @ ukv d edk D tkypf ;dk r_rS vGwaf jrmufvmcJah yr,fh pD;yGm; aEG; wifjyoGm;ygw,f?
a&;/ Ekid if aH &;t& trScD u kd if;r_ vH;k 0+yD;jynfph rkH _ r&Sad o;bl;? Edik if H 'Duae awG@Eidk w f muawmh Ekid if aH wmf tcsKyftjcm
awmftcsKyftjcmtm%m t&,la&;/ xde;f odr;f a&;wm0efrsm;eJ@ tm%mxde;f odr;f a&;[m zG@H +zKd ;qJ Ekid if aH wGe@J wcsKd @z@HG +zKd ;+y;D Ekid if H
}uHKawG@ae&qJ jzpfw,f? a=unmpmwrf;rSm “Ekid if aH wmf tcsKyf awG twlwuG }uHKawG@ae&wJh ta&;w}uD;jy\em jzpfvm
tjcmtm%mumuG,af &;/ ckid rf ma&;eJ@ a&S@wufvrS ;f Ekid af &;[m aew,f? 'ga=umifh ‘a=unmpmwrf;’rSm “trsKd ;om;Ekid if aH wG&@J
tmz&dueJ@ wjcm; ESpq f ,ftcsKd @omru &mpkEpS f 3˜4 ck ukv d edk D tcsKyftjcmtm%m umuG,fxdef;odrf;a&;/ ckdifrma&;eJ@
ok@d r[kwf ukv d edk wD ykid ;f tjzpf tzdEydS cf cH &hJ wJh trsKd ;om;awGtzk@d zG@H +zKd ;wk;d wufa&;”ukd uGejf rLepfygweD @J tvkyo f rm; ygwrD sm;&J@
ajym&&if txl; ta&;}u;D vSygw,f? ukv d edk b D 0u vGwaf jrmuf rsufarSmuftqifh ta&;}uD;wJh wkdufyGJwm0efw&yftjzpf
vmwm ESpf 50 =umapumrl e,fcs@J pepfu urBmah e&mtES@H 0if xnfo h iG ;f vku d yf gw,f? “'Dwcsw D u dk yf t
JG wGi;f ta&;}u;D wmu
a&mufpGufzufr_ tqufrjywf wkd;yGm;vmw,f? vuf0g;}uD; awmh uGejf rLepfawGu Ekid if aH wmf tcsKyftjcmtm%m um
tkyt f &if;&J@ csKyfuidk rf _ tqifah e&m[m Edik if t H oD;oD;&Sd jynfwiG ;f uG,f xde;f odr;f a&;wku d yf u JG dk vl@tzG@J tpnf; vGwaf jrmufr&_ &Sd
t&if;tES;D &J@ ulyahH y;r_atmufrmS wqifw h uf ckid rf mvm w,f”vk@d a&;eJ@ vl wef;pm; vGwaf jrmufr&_ &Sad &; wku d yf w
JG @dk e@J aygi;f pyf
axmufjyxm;w,f? oGm;a&; jzpfw,f ”vk@d tav;xm; azmfjyxm;ygw,f?
nDvmcHrmS Ekid if aH wmf tcsKyftjcmtm%mukd tav; Ekid if aH wmf tcsKyftjcmtm%m umuG,x f ed ;f odr;f
xm; *±kjyKrdwhJ wjcm;ta=umif;&if;wcku pD;yGm;a&;tusyt f a&;/ +ird ;f csr;f a&;/ wk;d wufr&_ &Sad &;/ ZD00ef;usif qufvuf zG@H +zKd ;
wnf; qufvufeuf±id_ ;f vmwJh tajctaeatmufrmS wcsKd @ zG@H +zKd ; Ekid af &;eJ@ qk&d , S v f pf0g' wku d yf u
JG dk wGe;f aqmfay;&eftwGuf
+y;D Oa&myEkid if aH wGrmS tcsKyftjcmtm%m tusyt f wnf; qku d f wufa&mufvmwJh uGejf rLepfygweD @J tvkyo f rm;ygww D @dk u vl@
vmaer_awGa=umifyh gy?J Oa&my or*~/ Oa&myA[kb d %fe@J Ekid if H tzG@J tpnf; r[mrdwaf y:vpD/ us,jf yef@whJ e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;
wum aiGa=u;&efyakH iGtzG@J w@dk u Ekid if aH wmf tcsKyt f jcm tm%mukd wyfO;D ckid rf ma&;eJ@ zG@H +zKd ;wk;d wufa&;ukd tm;jznfah qmif&u G o f mG ;
vky}f uv H , k v l maew,f? 'gudk a=unmpmwrf;rSm “e,fcs@J t&if; &ef awmif;qkv d u dk w f ,f? ‘a=unmpmwrf;’rSm rsuaf rSmufum
tES;D awGu tylwjyif; xk;d ppfqifvmwJh tajctaeatmufrmS v e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;wyfO;D xlaxmifa&;twGuf tusKd ;&Sw d hJ
e,fcs@J pepfu tcsKyftjcmtm%m usL;ausmv f mr_udk qef@usif ta=umif;tcsuaf wGudk cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm+yD; “e,fcs@J pepf tusyf
a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ Ekid if aH &;t& trScD rdk uif;r_udk qef@usiaf &;/ Ekid if H twnf;eJ@ wefjyefx;dk ppf[m yuwdbm0t& jynfcsp&f yfwnf
awmf tcsKyftjcmtm%m xde;f odr;f a&;wku d yf JG awG wae@wjcm; csufeJ@ e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; &yfwnfcsufukd qkyfukdifxm;wJh
ay:vGiv f mw,f” vk@d !¸ejf yxm;w,f? jynfo@l tiftm;pkawGudk trsKd ;rsKd ;tzHzk kH us,jf yef@vmapw,f”
pD;yGm;a&;tusyt f wnf;&J@ tE©&m,f jyif;xefwhJ tku d fvk@d axmufjyxm;w,f? 'gt h jyif “wae@wjcm; ykrd edk uf±id_ ;f
,mvef uGejf rLepfygwu D , dk pf m;vS,u f Edik if aH wmftm%m vk,uf vmaewJh t&if;&Sipf epf pD;yGm;a&;tusyt f wnf;eJ@ t&if;&Sif
cH&r_e@J ywfoufwhJ ezl;awG@';l awG@ cHpm;&csuu f dk “tpk;d &&J@ olawmf pepf&J@ vlom;,Ofaus;r_ukd uajymif;ujyefjzpfapwJh wpD
aumif;a,mifaqmifre_ @J pGr;f &nfr&Srd a_ wG tqufrjywf yGiu hf svm wwef;}u;D aom azmufjyefwhJ pDraH qmif&u G cf suaf wG[m us,f
wmeJ@tr# tpk;d &[m +ydKusawmhr,fh tajctae a&mufvm+yD; jyef@whJ e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;/ vuf0g;}u;D tkyq f ef@usiaf &; vl@tzG@J
Oa&myor*~/ Oa&myA[kb d %fe@J Ekid if w H um aiGa=u;&efyakH iGtzG@J tpnf; r[mrdwf xlaxmifz@dk ta=umif;tcsurf sm;ukd zefw;D
wk@d u uef@vef@umaemufu, G rf S vufrnf;}u;D ukd rv$o J mra&Smif ay;aew,f” vk@d vnf; !¸ejf yxm;w,f?
om uef@vef@uma&S@ xkw+f y;D tku d ,
f mvef&@J trsKd ;om;pD;yGm;a&; 'ga=umifh ‘a=unmcsupf mwrf;’rSm “urBmah e&m
ukd twdtvif; csKyfuidk v f u dk =f uawmhw,f? 'DtaqmufttHak wG toD;oD;rS uGejf rLepfygw0D ifawG[m rwlwhJ Ekid if t H ajctaersm;
[m u|eaf wmfw@dk Ekid if &H @J pD;yGm;a&; tao;t}uD; rcGjJ cm;awmhbJ t& e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &; Ekid if aH &;wyfO;D eJ@ vlra_ &;wyfO;D us,f
pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_awG aqmif&Gufvmaew,f? u|efawmfwkd@EkdifiH&J@ jyef@a&;/ tiftm;awmifah &;eJ@wuG +ird ;f csr;f a&;&&Sad &;/ ywf0ef;
pD;yGm;a&; pDraH qmif&u G cf surf sm;ukd wv+y;D wv ppfaq;aew,f? usif qufvuf zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufa&;eJ@ wk;d wufr&_ &Sad &; wku d yf JG
'gawG[m tku d , f mvef Ekid if o H m;awGtaeeJ@ajym&&if {&mr xk;d wk@d udk qk&d , S v f pfpepf taumiftxnfazmfaqmifa&;eJ@ csD
ESuf wku d cf u dk cf &H r_ygy?J u|eaf wmfw@dk cufcufccJ J &,lc&hJ wJh Ekid if H wufa&; wku d yf t JG wGi;f rSeu f efpmG aygi;f pyfomG ;a&; wm0ef &Sd
awmfvw G v f yfa&;eJ@ trScD u dk if;pGm qH;k jzwfciG hf tcGit hf a&;awG[m w,f”vk@d v_@H aqmfxm;ygw,f?
±kww f &uf tvk t,uf cHvu dk &f wmyJ”vk@d axmuf jyvku d w f ,f? ‘a=unmcsupf mwrf;’rSm e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;wyfO;D
'gt h jyif olu “tD;,ltwGi;f ykid ;f eJ@ t&if;&Sipf epf&@J A[kcd surf Ekid if H ckid rf ma&;eJ@ zG@H +zKd ;wk;d wufa&;&J@ ta&;}u;D wJh Ekid if aH &;t"dym` ,fudk
awG[m ukdvkdeD0g'opf yHkpHwrsdK;jzifh jyifyEkdifiHawGtay: pkd;rkd; tav;xm;+yD;/ 'Dvkd wyfOD;(okd@r[kwf r[mrdwf)rsm;u
jc,fv, S rf e_ @J aoG;pkyrf a_ wG vkyv f maew,f”vk@d vnf; axmufjyyg “Ekid if aH wmf tcsKyftjcmtm%m t&,lEidk af &;/ vl@tzG@J tpnf;
ao;w,f? twGif; euf±_dif;pGmjzpfay:aewJh/ wkd;wufwJh/ t&if;cHuswJh
pD;yGm;a&;tusyt f wnf;udk qk;d 0g;pGm cHae&wJh aemuf awmfveS w f hJ tajymif;tvJawGudk wGe;f aqmfay;&r,f”vk@d
5 7 !¸ejf yxm;ygao;w,f?
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f

*&dvlxkwkdufyGJrsm;

'DrmS axmufjyoifw h mu e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;eJ@ vuf 2? +idr;f csr;f a&;&&Sad &;/ e,fcs@J usL;ausmrf _ qef@usiaf &;eJ@
0g;}uD;tkyq f ef@usiaf &; jynfcsp'f rD u dk &ufwpfwyfO;D xlaxmif e,fcs@J ppfyq JG ef@usiaf &;/ aewk;d u a&;qGcJ srw S w f hJ ykrd t dk E© &m,f&w dS hJ
a&;[m t&if;&SifEkdifiH&Sd uGefjrLepfygwDtoD;oD;&J@ oabm aoe*FAsL[mopf qef@usiaf &;/ jynfyrSm ppfpcef;rsm; aqmufvyk f
w&m;eJ@ vufawG@twGi;f rSm apmpGmuwnf;u &Scd hJ +y;D jzpfw,f? jcif;ukd qef@usiaf &;/ EsLuvD;,m; vufeufzsuo f rd ;f a&; awmif;
'gayrJh Ekid if tH oD;oD;rS uGejf rLepfygweD @J tvkyo f rm;ygwD toD; qkrd e_ @J e,fcs@J qef@usiw f hJ Ekid if tH m;vH;k u jynfoal wGe@J v_y&f mS ;r_awG
oD;&J@ bHw k u dk yf eJG nf;y&d,m,ftjzpf wifjyvku d jf cif;[m t&if odyo f yd o f nf;onf; nDn! D w G ! f w G f &Svd ma&;ukd tm;jznfah qmif
u uGejf rLepfygweD @J tvkyo f rm;ygww D @dk &@J Ekid if w
H umnDvmcH &Guo f mG ;&ef?
11 }urd f usi;f ycJ+h y;D jzpfayr,fh 'grsKd ; r&Scd zhJ ;l ao;ygb;l ? 'ga=umifh 3? uGejf rLepf0g' qef@usiw f hJ w&m;Oya'awG/ pDrH aqmif
'Dnv D mcH[m t}u;D tus,f xl;jcm;+y;D ta&;}u;D wJh t"dym` ,f &Gurf a_ wGe@J zsuq f ;D a&;vkyaf qmifcsuaf wGudk jywfjywfom;om;
aqmifygw,f? wku d yf q JG ifomG ;&ef? Oya'ya&mufaewJh uGejf rLepfygwaD wG&@J Oya'
4? +idr;f csrf;a&;&&Sad &;/ wk;d wufa&;eJ@ qk&d , S vf pf wGi;f tcGit hf a&;rsm; jyefvnf&iS o f efvma&;ukd awmif;qdo k mG ;&ef?
0g'&J@ e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;wyfOD;twGif;u tcef; u¾ukd Ekid if w H um uGejf rLepfvy_ &f mS ;r_&@J orkid ;f eJ@ qk&d , S v f pf0g'&J@ vlom;
uG e f j rLepf r sm;u tm;jznf h a qmif & G u f a &;?('D t yk d i f ; uk d ,Ofaus;r_twGuf acszsufr&EkdifwJh tusdK;jyKcsufrsm;ukd jywf
vnf; wpHkw&m tao;pdwf wifjyvkdygw,f?) jywfom;om; umuG,x f ed ;f odr;f oGm;&ef?
uGejf rLepfygw[ D m e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;wyfO;D ckid rf ma&; 4? qk&d , S v f pfpepf wnfaqmufa&;ukd aqmif&u G jf cif;eJ@
eJ@ jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufa&;&J@ uGi;f quf? nDvmcHrmS e,fcs@J qef@usif qk&d , S v f pfpepftwGuf vH;k yef;wku d cf udk af ewJh Ekid if eH @J jynfol awGudk
a&;wyfO;D twGi;f uGejf rLepfygw&D @J tcef;u¾ukd aqG;aEG;cJ =h u tm;ay;axmufcHoGm;&ef? usL;bm;qkd&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;ukd
w,f? ‘a=unmpmwrf;’rSm uGejf rLepfygweD @J tvkyo f rm;yg axmufcaH =umif; tav;teuf azmfjyvku d +f y;D / usL;bm;tm; quf
wDtoD;oD;rS uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm;&J@ tjrifrsm;ukd pkpnf;azmfjy vufyw d qf @dk xm;r_udk jywfjywfom;om; qef@usio f mG ;&ef?
cJw
h ,f? 5? e,fcs@J qef@usiw f hJ Ekid if w
H um vlxt k zG@J tpnf;rsm;jzpf
‘a=unmpmwrf;’rSm aemufq;kH taeeJ@ uGejf rLepf wJh urBmhtvkyform;tzGJcsKyf/ urBm+idrf;csrf;a&;aumifpD/ urBmh
ygweD @J tvkyo f rm;ygwt D oD;oD;tm; buf 5 bufrmS twl 'Dru dk &ufwpfvil ,fr[mrdwef @J Ekid if w H umh 'Dru dk &ufwpf trsKd ;
wuG v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u G +f y;D Ekid if t
H oD;oD;&J@ e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &; orD;or*~w@dk tiftm;awmifw h if;vma&;ukd tm;xkwf vk;kH yef;oGm;
wyfO;D ckid rf ma&;eJ@ zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufa&;ukd awmif;qkx d m;ygw,f? &ef?
1? tvkyo f rm;eJ@ vkyo f m;jynfoal wG&@J vkyo f m; csKy=f unfv h u dk &f if t&if;&Sipf epf&@J pD;yGm;a&;tusyt f wnf;
tcGit hf a&;eJ@ vl@tcGit hf a&; &&Sad &;wku d yf rJG sm; wGe;f aqmfomG ; jzpfxeG ;f vmr_tajctaeopfudk cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm+yD; wku d yf o
JG pf&@J wm
&ef? tvkyf orm;or*~ v_y&f mS ;r_e@J ‚&J@ vlwef;pm;OD;wnf 0efrsm;eJ@ bHw k udk yf eJG nf;y&d,m,fw@dk udk csrw S Ef idk cf jhJ cif;[m uGejf rL
!¸ejf yr_udk tiftm;awmifw h if;vma&;? v,form;eJ@ wjcm; epfygweD @J tvkyo f rm;ygww D @dk &@J 12 }urd af jrmuf Ekid if w H um nDvm
vlrt _ v$m toD;oD;&J@ r[mrdwrf sm; tiftm;awmifh wif;vm cH&@J t"du atmifjrifcsujf zpfw,f?
a&;? trsKd ;orD;xk&@J jy\emeJ@ vli,fx&k @J jy\emukd txl;*±k
pkud af &;ukd wGe;f aqmfomG ;&ef?

uk;d um;? ? rsuaf rSmufurBmeJ@ qk&d ,

S v
f pf0g' *sme,f (2011 - trSwf 1)

cif a t;=unf j r
58
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
pmtk y f / pmayES i f h rS w f c suf
bHkb0ar#mfwdkif;a0;/ ppfu|efb0 oGm;wdkif;eD;
‘Auy A[dak umfrwD’ wcgu jzpfcahJ =umif;/ aemufawmh
(1) ocifwifjru ‘bHb
k 0 ar#mw
f ikd ;f a0;’ a&;aejyef+yD? *sme,f bmta=umif;rSrjybJ jzKwfypfa=umif;/ Auy [m *d% k ;f
wckrmS tcef;qufa&;w,f? r+yD;ao;bl;? vH;k csi;f pmtkyf *% pdw}f uD;a=umif;/ 'ga=umifh jynfwiG ;f ppfjzpfwm jzpf
xkwrf ,fv@kd qdw k ,f? [dw k ek ;f uvdyk J ‘bHb k 0rSmjzif’h pmtkyf a=umif; ajymavh&w dS ,f? Adv k af e0if;wd@k w+yKH}uD;udk A[dk
vdk vlawGpw d 0f ifpm;r,fv@kd xifae[ef&w dS ,f? aumfrwDcef@wm ocifwifjr twGi;f ody?J ‘A[dak umfrwD’
[dwk ek ;f u ‘Auy’ ta=umif; a&;&wmyJ? Auy cef@wma&m/ jzKwfwma&m ocifp;kd vkycf w hJ m jzpfw,f?
u awmxJa&mufaewm =um+y?D v#Kd @v#Kd @0u S 0f uS f v_y&f mS ;ae tJ'v D v kd yk zf @kd ocifwifjru ocifp;kd udk bmawG oHawmfO;D
&wmyJ? 'ga=umifh vlawGu ol@owif; odcsif=uw,f? wifco hJ vJqw kd mudk a&;zd@k aumif;w,f?
twGi;f a&;owif;awG rSew f ma&m/ rSm;wmyg aumvm[v A[dak umfrwDcef@wmrSm Adv k af e0if;wa,muf
tjzpfawmh =um;ae&w,f? wnf; r[kwb f ;l ? trsm;}u;D yJ? aemifrmS ‘qd&k , S v f pfygw’D
vufeufcs bufajymif;vmwJh ocifwifjru axmifc=hJ uolawG[m olw@kd csn;f yJ? tJ'u D pd P tjzpfreS u f kd
twGi;f a&;awGukd a&;vmawmh jynfwiG ;f ua&m/ jynfyuyg ocifwifjr bma=umifrh a&;ovJ? a&;&if pdw0f ifpm;ol
pdw0f ifpm;olawGu zwf=uwm rqef;bl;? wcsKd @uqd&k if ‘ud;k awG rsm;Edik w f ,f?
um;’p&mtjzpf oabmxm;+yD; ud;k um;=uw,f? (bmwD; ocifp;kd urS raocifrmS Adv k af e0if;udak &m/ udk
vifeh mvdv k ul ‘yefqef;’ udk c%wjzKwfa&muf+yD; a&;wm ausm+f idr;f / Adv k af tmif}uD;wd@k uykd g awmfawmfuav; ol@
udak wmif wcsKd @u usr;f }u;D usr;f cdik v f kd oabmxm;=uw,f trSm; 0efco H mG ;cJah o;w,f? ocifp;kd udk uyf+yD; wGe;f cJw h hJ
r[kwv f m;?) ocifwifjru bma=umifh ra&;ovJ? a&;oifw h ,f?
ocifwifjru twGi;f vly?J olu ‘eHygw0f rf;’udk ‘'kw, d uGe*f &uf’ udk Adv k af tmifqef; rwuf
tuyft&yf u|r;f usiw f ,f? tvHeD vkyw f ek ;f u ocifp;kd &J@ Edik af tmif vkyw f mrSmvnf; b,foal wGvq J w kd mudk a&;
vl,/kH Auy (c%wjzKwf) vkyaf wmh ocifoef;xGe;f &J@ vl,Hk oifw h ,f?
jzpfatmif vkycf w hJ myJ? rqv vkyaf wmhvnf; Adv k af e0if;udk ocifp;kd &J@ ‘v,fwu J eG *f &uf’ udk b,foal wG
uyfjyefw,f? NLD (c%wjzKwf wrGe;f wnf)h vkyaf wmhvnf; wufw,fqw kd mudk a&;wmzwf&w,f? tJ'u D eG *f &ufukd
DASSK udk uyfcw hJ ,f r[kwv f m;? bma=umifh uref;uwef;x+yD; vkyo f vJ/ uGe*f &ufrmS
(2) ‘bHb k 0 ar#mw f ikd ;f a0;’udk zwf=unfah wmh bmwckrS topf bmawGbmawG ajymcJ=h uovJ/ A[dak umfrwD b,fES
tqef;rawG@&bl;? vlawG od+yD;om;udpcP sn;f jzpfaew,f? a,muf a&G;ovJ/ 'gukd a&;oifw h ,f?
Adv
k af rmifarmif ta=umif;/ Adv k af tmif}uD;ta=umif; pwm (4) ‘rqv’ &J@ ‘bHkb0’ uawmh vlwdkif;od+yD;om;yg?
awGu vlwum (pdw0f ifpm;olwikd ;f ) od+y;D om;csn;f yJ? topf ‘rqv’ u awmwGi;f ygwD r[kwb f ;l ? +rdK@ay:rSm tm
tqef;r[kwyf gb;l ? %m &ygwD vkyaf ewmyJ? xGuv f u kd w f hJ pmapmifpmwrf;
topftqef;vd@k ajymcsiaf jymEdik w f mu Adv k af e0if; awG vnf; renf;bl;?
u ocifwifjrudk ‘ppftm%m&Sipf epf’ tajccs&mrSm b,f ocifwifjra&;apcsiw f mu
vdt k cef;u toH;k csco hJ vJ qdw k mudk od&wmjzpfw,f? § rqv ygw[ D m ‘qd&k , S v f pfygw’D vm;? ‘ppf
§ ‘yrnw’ (a[mif;) awG/ jynfo@l &aJ bmf tkypf k ygw’D vm;?
(a[mif;) awGeJ@ wjcm;EdkifiHa&;orm; § wcsKd @ jynfo@l &aJ bmf(a[mif;) awG ajymovdk
(a[mif;) awG&J@ tajctaeudk ocif ‘awmfveS af &;aumifp’D ‘rqv ygwD [m "e&Siaf yguf
wifjrudkv$wf+yD; ‘penf;emcJhyHk’udk od pawG&@J ‘vuf0q J &kd , S v
f pfawmfveS af &;orm;’ awGvm;?
&w,f? pHpk rf;axmufvrS ;f cJyh kH od&w,f? ppfAsL±du k &ufawG&@J ppftm%m&Siaf wGvm;?
§ b,foluawmh ‘rqv’vl jzpfEdkif § (7)&ufZv l ikd f tjzpfreS u f bmvJ? b,fol
w,f? b,fou l awmh ‘=um;ae’/ b,f eHygww f pfw&m;cHv?J
oluawmh ‘rqv udk qef@usiw f ,f’ (5) pmtkyw f tkypf m&atmif a&;aerSe;f odygw,f? ocifwif
qdkwmudk od&atmif ocifwifjrudk jrvdyk J pmtkyw f tkyjf zpfatmif a&;aeolwOD;vnf; &Sd
‘owif;ay; vkycf ikd ;f cJyh ’kH od&w,f? w,f? b,forl S pdw0f ifpm;=ur,f rxifygb;l ? bma=umifh
§ csKyf+yD;ajym&if Adv k af e0if;u ocifwifjr vJqakd wmh ‘Auy’ ta=umif;/ ocifoef;xGe;f ta=umif;
udk ‘ppftyk pf u k |ebf 0’ oGwo f iG ;f cJyh u
kH kd u zefw&mawae+yyD ?J
od&w,f? a&;&ifvnf; tyfa=umif;xyfaerSmyg? ta&S@
(3) Advk af e0if;u ‘Auy [m *d% k ;f *%}uD;w,f’ vd@k ajymwm ajrmuf Auy ta=umif;usawmhvnf; a&;cJo h l ‘xd@k
[m topftqef;r[kwyf gb;l ? ‘w±kwu f eG jf rLepfukd trsuf a=umifT h od@k ’ tpk &Sad e+yD? olw@kd uvnf; a&;p&m r&Sd
awmhb;l ? olw@kd oo d r# uke+f yD?
ajzpum;’ ajymwJt h cgwikd ;f 'Dpum; ajymcJw h myJ? ol[m 59 aumif ; ZH
ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f

twGJ (1) trSw(f 4)

rmwdum
}uHh§zGH@ tpkd;& &Sif;&r,fh udpP}uD; (2) ck (1)
pmwnf ; tzG J @ trS m (2)
yd e f r om vd e f r om rd e f @ cG e f ; (acgif ; }uD ; yk d i f ; )(3)
zuf q pf a wmf v S e f a &;(66) ES p f j ynf h ( 4)
æ æ rd r d w k d @ bmvk y f r vJ ( 5)
{&m0wD u k d u,f w if y g(6)
“etz bwf * suf ” &J @ t"d y ` m ,f ( 8)
ppf t m%m&S i f p epf tajccspOf u (9)
awG ; rd a vwk d i f ; &if e m&ygonf ( 10)
&ef u k e f p uf r _ Z k e f tvk y f o rm;rsm;b0(12)
OD ; Ek e J @ Ak d v f c sKyf trsKd ; om;nD n G w f a &; }uKd ; yrf ; r_ r sm;(16)
ta0;u ay;pmwapmif ( 19)
rif ; vwf & J a cgif t a=umif ; (21)
tajrmf t jrif & S d = uzk d @ (23)
wqif h w uf }uKd ; yrf ; tm;xk w f o G m ;=uygpk d @ (25)
jynf w G i f ; ppf u k d taomh E S i f v mae+yD ( 27)
t&S d e f jyef j r‡ i f h v mawmh r ,f h jynf w G i f ; ppf ( 29)
upm;uG i f ; u usOf ; upm;uG u f u us,f ( 31)
jref r mh p k d u f y sKd ; a&;v,f , mxG u f u k e f ( 34)
æ t&m&S d w&m;pD & if a &;(36)
tpf u k d } uD ; uk d a usmf v _ d i f ( awmf v S e f a &; ±k y f y k H J v $ m )(38)
w±k w f - *syef quf q H a &;eJ @ tm&S & J @ a&S @ tvm;tvm(46)
'D v k d a wmh rvk y f v k d u f y geJ @ (48)
æ ok H ; yG i f h q d k i f yJ @ uk d i f a umf r &S i f ( 51)
w±k w f - tar&d u ef quf q H a &;(53)
pD ; yG m ;a&; tusyf t wnf ; (55)
æppf u |ef b 0 oG m ;wk d i f ; eD ; (59)

60