Pattern Analysis of “The Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna”

Vivekananda Lanka Subrahmanya

Final Master Degree Thesis 30 ECTS, Thesis No.: 4/2009

MSc. Electrical Engineering – Communication & Signal Processing

 

Title: Pattern Analysis of “The Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna”

Vivekananda Lanka Subrahmanya

E-post: viveklsvivek@gmail.com

Final Master’s Degree Thesis

Subject category: Electrical Engineering
Series Number. : 4/2009

University College of Boras

School of Engineering
SE-501 90 Boras
Telephone: +46 33 435 46 40

Examiner: Dr. Samir Al-Mulla

Supervisor: Dr. Samir Al-Mulla
E-Post: Samir.al-mulla@hb.se
Client: Högskolan I Borås
Date: 19th January, 2009

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Abstract  
  In the recent years the development in communication systems requires the development
of low cost, minimal weight, low profile antennas that are capable of maintaining high
performance over a wide spectrum of frequencies. This technological trend has focused much
effort into the design of a Microstrip patch antenna. In this work, the patter of two designs of a
Microstrip patch antenna have been analyzed and studied.

Design1 (LxWxH: 23mm x 30mm x 1.5mm) with a dielectric constant of 9.8(alumina) at

2.1GHz and Design2 (LxWxH: 47mm x 31mm x 1.59mm) with a dielectric constant 2.32 at
2.1GHz.

These two designs have been compared with other two from the literature by using SonnetLite
software and IE3D from Zeland.

After the design when we compared the results of the Design1 and Design2, Design2 has the
highest Antenna Efficiency (the configuration can be seen above) of 80%. With this we suggest
the best configuration that can be used in practice would be Design 2.

A rigorous analysis of the problem begins with the application of the equivalence principle that
introduces the unknown electric and magnetic surface current densities on the dielectric surface.
The formulation of the radiation problems is based on the combined field integral equations
coupled to the Method of Moments (MoM) as a numerical solution of the integral equations.

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Dedicated to

The hardworking Students all over.

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Acknowledgements 

On the first hand I express my highest gratitude and thanks to my supervisor,  Samir Al‐Mulla who had 

helped us at each and every point of the thesis work with his dedication, with his comments, suggestions 
and  guidance  which  put  us  on  the  right  path  to  fulfill  the  requirement  without  which  this  situation 
wouldn’t have aroused of presenting this thesis work. 

I would like to thank my thesis partner Mr. Gangadhar Swamy Bibballi who made some impossible things 
possible  with  his  extensive  research  work  in  finding  the  software  copy;  he  helped  me  which  lead  to 
complete the thesis in a perfect manner. 

I also would like to thank my friends for their support and constant help in lending me their laptop with 
higher configuration in order to run the simulations for this work. 

Support  from  The  school  of  engineering  is  much  appreciated  in  providing  us  the  facility  which 
encouraged us to work more and more. 

And last but not the least I express my hearty thanks to GOD and all those who supported us directly or 
indirectly to complete this task. 

Vivekananda S Lanka

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List of Tables 
TABLE 1: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNAS ...........................................................................................13  
TABLE 2: [2] GIVES THE COMPARISON OF THE DIFFERENT FEED TECHNIQUES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS ..........................................22 
TABLE 3: DESIGN PARAMETER SPECIFICATIONS OF THE RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA ..............................................53 
TABLE 4: PARAMETERS USED IN THE SOFTWARE FOR THE RESPONSES AND SIMULATIONS.................................................................56 
TABLE 5: FINAL OPTIMIZED MEASUREMENTS ANS REPORT BY THE SONNETLITE .............................................................................62 
TABLE 6: THE RESULT AFTER THE SIMULATION BY THE ZELAND, IE3D. .........................................................................................67  
TABLE 7: COMPARISON BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT DESIGNS WITH THEIR RESPONSES AND RESULTS .....................................................72 

Table of Figures 
FIGURE 1: A. AN EDGE‐FED PATCH ANTENNA,...........................................................................................................................1  
FIGURE 2: RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA (GENERAL VIEW) [2] ...............................................................................5  
FIGURE 3: COMMON SHAPES OF THE MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNAS WHICH ARE COMMONLY IN USE. [2]............................................8 
FIGURE 4: STRUCTURE OF MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA............................................................................................................9  
FIGURE 5: CONFIGURATION OF A MICROSTRIP AND PRINTED DIPOLES, PROXIMITY‐COUPLED STRIP DIPOLE [2] ....................................11 
FIGURE 6: SYMMETRICAL FOLDED PRINTED DIPOLES.................................................................................................................12  
FIGURE 7: (A) RECTANGULAR SLOT WITH MICROSTRIP FEED (B) ANNULAR SLOT WITH MICROSTRIP FEED (C) TAPERED SLOT ..................12 
FIGURE 8: : A TYPE OF MICROSTRIP FEED AND THE CORRESPONDING EQUIVALENT CKTS, MICROSTRIP FEED AT A RADIATING EDGE, .........15 
FIGURE 9: : GAP COUPLED MICROSTRIP FEED ........................................................................................................................16  
FIGURE 10: : REPRESENTATION OF H1AN AT THE INTERFACE BETWEEN THE PATCH ANTENNA AND THE FEED MICROSTRIP LINE BY AN 
EQUIVALENT CURRENT DENSITY JZ – DOTTED LINES SIGNIFY H LINES, SOLID LINES ARE CURRENT LINES. ......................................16 
FIGURE 11: PROBE FED RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA .......................................................................................17  
FIGURE 12: APERTURE‐COUPLE FEED TECHNIQUE GENERAL VIEW ...............................................................................................19  
FIGURE 13: PROXIMITY COUPLED FEED TECHNIQUE ................................................................................................................20  
FIGURE 14: PROXIMITY COUPLED MICROSTRIP FEED ...............................................................................................................21  
FIGURE 15: : (A) AN ARBITRARY CURRENT SHEET M OR J, FIG (B) RECTANGULAR MAGNETIC SHEET, FIG(C) CIRCULAR ELECTRIC CURRENT 
SHEET. ...................................................................................................................................................................24 
FIGURE 16:  THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE PATCH ANTENNA .....................................................................................................28  
FIGURE 17: SIDE VIEW OF MICROSTRIP RECTANGULAR PATCH ANTENNA ....................................................................................29 
FIGURE 18: MICROSTRIP LINE .............................................................................................................................................32 
FIGURE 19: ELECTRIC FIELD LINES ........................................................................................................................................33 
FIGURE 20: MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA ............................................................................................................................34  
FIGURE 21: THE TOP AND THE SIDE VIEWS OF THE ANTENNA .....................................................................................................35  
FIGURE 22: CHARGE DISTRIBUTION AND THE CURRENT DENSITY CREATION ON THE MICROSTRIP PATCH [23] ......................................37 
FIGURE 23: S11 (RETURN LOSS) FOR 20GHZ RECTANGULAR PATCH ANTENNA [36] [27] ...............................................................41 
FIGURE 24: SIDE VIEW OF THE RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP ELEMENT AND ASSOCIATED RADIATION. ..................................................42 
FIGURE 25: RADIATION PATTERN OF A GENERIC DIMENSIONAL ANTENNA [22] .............................................................................42 
FIGURE 26: A GENERAL RADIATION PATTERN FOR A MICROSTRIP ANTENNA ..................................................................................43 
FIGURE 27: DIRECTIVITY OF AN ANTENNA [28].......................................................................................................................44  
FIGURE 28: A LINEARLY POLARIZED WAVE [29] ......................................................................................................................44  
FIGURE 29: THE COMMONLY USED POLARIZED SCHEMES [22]...................................................................................................45  
FIGURE 30: FLEXIBLE MICROSTRIP APPLICATOR FOR HYPERTHERMIA MEDICINAL APPLICATIONS [2][31] ............................................50 
FIGURE 31: TOP VIEW OF THE MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA....................................................................................................52  
FIGURE 32: INTERFACE FROM THE MATLAB PROGRAM COMPILATION..........................................................................................57  

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FIGURE 33: SONNETLITE INTERFACE WHILE THE SIMULATION IS ON............................................................................................58  
FIGURE 34: PATCH ANTENNA. ............................................................................................................................................59 
FIGURE 35: 3D VIEW OF THE PATCH ANTENNA FROM SONNETLITE .............................................................................................59  
FIGURE 36: THE INPUT IMPEDANCE (REZIN) VS FREQUENCY......................................................................................................60  
FIGURE 37: THE VSWR (VSWR VS FREQUENCY) ..................................................................................................................61  
FIGURE 38: THE RETURN LOSS (Ґ VS FREQUENCY) ..................................................................................................................61  
FIGURE 39: VSWR BAND VS FREQUENCY .............................................................................................................................62  
FIGURE 40: A RECTANGLE DRAWN WITH L & W.....................................................................................................................63  
FIGURE 41: PORT NUMBER HAS BEEN ASSIGNED IN ORDER TO GIVE AN EXCITATION........................................................................64 
FIGURE 42: A MESHED RECTANGULAR PATCH ANTENNA ..........................................................................................................65  
FIGURE 43: 3D STRUCTURE OF THE MESHED RECTANGULAR PATCH ANTENNA WITH SIMPLE MICROSTRIP FEED LINE ...........................65 
FIGURE 44: RETURN LOSS FOR THE FEED LOCATED...................................................................................................................66  
FIGURE 45: VSWR VS FREQUENCY .....................................................................................................................................67 
FIGURE 46(A) (B): 3D VIEW IF THE CURRENT DISTRIBUTION ALONG THE RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA ........................68 
FIGURE 47: A SCREEN SHOT OF THE REQUIRED FIELDS FOR THE GENERATION OF THE RADIATION PATTERN ON IE3D. ............................69 
FIGURE 48(A) (B): 3D VIEW OF THE RADIATION PATTERN OF THE 2.1GHZ RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA .....................70 
FIGURE 49: ELEVATION PATTERN FOR Φ = 0 AND Φ = 90 DEGREES ............................................................................................71  
FIGURE 50: RETURN LOSS FOR THE DESIGN1, AT ‐3.1DB .........................................................................................................73  
FIGURE 51: RETURN LOSS FOR THE DESIGN2 AT ‐16.2DB ........................................................................................................73  
FIGURE 52: RETURN LOSS FOR THE DESIGN3 AT ‐31.35DB ......................................................................................................74  
FIGURE 53: RETURN LOSS FOR THE DESIGN4 AT ‐10.2DB.........................................................................................................74  
FIGURE 54: THE 3D RADIATION PATTERNS OF THE DESIGNS 1,2,3,4 RESPECTIVELY. ......................................................................75 
FIGURE 55(A)(B)(C)(D): COMPARISION OF THE RADIATION PATTERNS(2D) OF THE 4 DESIGNS USED IN THIS PROJECT. ..........................79 
FIGURE 56: THE CURRENT DISTRIBUTION OF THE DESIGNS 1, 2, AND 4. ....................................................................................101  
 

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Contents 
 

Abstract........................................................................................................................................................ iii 

List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ vi 

Table of Figures............................................................................................................................................ vi 

List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................... xi 

List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................... xi 

1 .Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 2 

1.1 Merits and De‐merits of the Microstrip antennas .............................................................................. 3 

1.1 (a) Merits:............................................................................................................................................ 3 

1.1 (b) De Merits ....................................................................................................................................... 4 

Chapter 2....................................................................................................................................................... 7 

Theory of Microstrip Patch Antennas ........................................................................................................... 7 

2.1 Types of Microstrip Antennas ............................................................................................................. 8 

2.1.1 Microstrip Patch antennas............................................................................................................... 9 

2.1.2 Microstrip or Printed Dipole Antennas.......................................................................................... 10 

2.1.3 Printed Slot Antennas .................................................................................................................... 12 

2.1.4 Microstrip Travelling Wave Antennas............................................................................................ 13 

2.2 Feed Techniques and Modeling of Microstrip Antennas.................................................................. 14 

2.2.1 Microstrip Line feed. ...................................................................................................................... 15 

2.2. 2 Co Axial Feed Technique ............................................................................................................... 17 

2.2.3 Aperture Couple Feed Technique .................................................................................................. 19 

2.2.4 Proximity Coupled Microstrip Feed ............................................................................................... 20 

2.3 Radiation Fields and Microstrip Antenna Characteristics calculations............................................. 23 

2.3.1 Radiation Fields.............................................................................................................................. 23 

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2.3.2 Microstrip Antenna Calculations.................................................................................................... 25 

2.4 Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna............................................................................................. 28 

2.4.1 Patch Antenna Materials ............................................................................................................... 29 

2.5 Model Analysis of Microstrip Antenna ............................................................................................. 31 

2.5.1 Transmission Line Model ............................................................................................................... 32 

2.5.2 Cavity Model .................................................................................................................................. 36 

2.6 Overview of the Antenna Parameters .............................................................................................. 40 

2.6.1 Return Loss..................................................................................................................................... 40 

2.6.2 Radiation Pattern ........................................................................................................................... 41 

2.6.3 Gain & Directivity ........................................................................................................................... 43 

2.6.4 Polarization .................................................................................................................................... 44 

2.6.5 Reflection Coefficient |Г| and Character Impedance (Z0) ............................................................. 45 

2.6.6 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio......................................................................................................... 46 

2.6.7 Input Impedance ............................................................................................................................ 46 

2.6.8 Bandwidth ...................................................................................................................................... 47 

2.7 Dimension Parameters...................................................................................................................... 48 

2.7.1 Length ............................................................................................................................................ 48 

2.7.2 Width ............................................................................................................................................. 48 

2.7.3 Length Extension (ΔL)..................................................................................................................... 49 

2.8 Applications of Microstrip Patch Antenna ........................................................................................ 49 

2.8.1 Medicinal applications of patch..................................................................................................... 50 

3. Design of the rectangular patch antenna ............................................................................................... 52 

3.1 Design Calculation............................................................................................................................. 52 

3.2 Results ............................................................................................................................................... 56 

3.2.1 Co‐axial Probe Feed ....................................................................................................................... 57 

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3.2.2 Microstrip Line Feed ...................................................................................................................... 63 

Chapter 4..................................................................................................................................................... 80 

Conclusion................................................................................................................................................... 80 

4. Conclusion............................................................................................................................................... 81 

4.1 Future Suggestions............................................................................................................................ 83 

Appendix I .................................................................................................................................................. 84 

Appendix II .................................................................................................................................................. 90 

Appendix III ................................................................................................................................................. 95 

Appendix IV ............................................................................................................................................... 101 

References ................................................................................................................................................ 102 

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List of Abbreviations 
 

3D – Three Dimension 

2D – Two Dimensional 

MOM – Methods of Moments 

LCP – Liquid Crystal Polymer 

RF – Radio Frequency 

dB – decibel 

c – Velocity of light  

L – Length of the patch 

h‐ Height of the substrate 

εr – Dielectric Constant of the substrate 

εreff – Effective Dielectric Constant 

λ – Free space Wavelength 

f0‐ Resonant Frequency 

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Chapter 1  

Introduction 

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1 .Introduction  
Antennas play a very important role in the field of wireless communications. Some of
them are Parabolic Reflectors, Patch Antennas, Slot Antennas, and Folded Dipole Antennas.
Each type of antenna is good in their own properties and usage. We can say antennas are the
backbone and almost everything in the wireless communication without which the world could
have not reached at this age of technology.

Patch antennas play a very significant role in today’s world of wireless communication
systems. A Microstrip patch antenna (Fig 1) [1] is very simple in the construction using a
conventional Microstrip fabrication technique. The most commonly used Microstrip patch
antennas are rectangular and circular patch antennas. These patch antennas are used as simple
and for the widest and most demanding applications. Dual characteristics, circular polarizations,
dual frequency operation, frequency agility, broad band width, feed line flexibility, beam
scanning can be easily obtained from these patch antennas.

b 
a 
Figure 1: a. An edge‐fed patch antenna,

b. A probe-fed patch antenna

c. Its cross section

c 

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1.1 Merits and De­merits of the Microstrip antennas 
The Microstrip antennas have a lot of popularity based on their applications, which has some
Merits and De-merits as any other.

The merits of these antennas have some similarities as of the conventional microwave antennas,
as these cover a broader range of frequency from 100 MHz to 100 GHz, same is the case with
these Microstrip antennas.

These are widely used in the handheld devices (wireless) such as pager, mobile phones, etc...

Some merits and demerits of these Microstrip antennas are: [2]

1.1 (a) Merits: 
‐ Low weight, low volume and thin profile configurations which can be made conformal.

‐ Low fabrication cost, readily available to mass production.

‐ Required no cavity backing.

‐ Linear and circular polarizations are possible.

‐ Easily integrated with microwave integrated circuits.

‐ Capable of dual and triple frequency operations.

‐ Feed lines and matching network can be fabricated simultaneously.

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1.1 (b) De Merits 
Even though these Microstrip antennas are compared with conventional antennas these
Microstrip antennas have some number of demerits:

‐ Low efficiency.

‐ Low grain.

‐ Lower gain ( somewhat → -6dB)

‐ Large ohmic loss in the feed structure of arrays.

‐ Poor end fire radiator except tapered slot antennas,

‐ Extraneous radiation from feeds and junctions.

‐ Low power handling capacity (approx 100W).

‐ Excitation of surface waves.

‐ Polarization purity is difficult to achieve.

‐ Complex feed structures require high performance arrays.

‐ There is reduced gain and efficiency as said before and also unacceptably high levels of
cross polarization and mutual coupling within the array environment at high frequencies.

‐ Antennas are fabricated on a substrate with a high dielectric constant are strongly preferred
for easy integration with MMIC RF front end circuitry as this can lead to the poor efficiency
and a narrow bandwidth.

Let us see some new results in the world of antenna and propagation:

There has been a new method proposed by Alla. I Abunjaileh about the multi banding matching
of a circular patch antenna. Using the analysis of the microwave theory the antenna can also be
used as the dual band antenna as the circular and triangular shapes can support two orthogonal
resonant modes. An antenna can operate as a transceiver multimode patch antenna. [3]

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A 31.5GHz Microstrip patch antenna has been designed for medical implants, a transmission
line model, smaller in size, explaining that the return loss increases inside the body, with some
frequency detuning. [4]

The Technique of using an inset feed patch antenna with modified ground plane cam achieve
widest bandwidth. An L-shaped feed rectangular patch antenna modified C-slot on the ground
plane which influenced the Bandwidth of the patch antenna. [5]

The Aircell Company has designed a Aircell Iridium Patch Antenna, a tiny sitcom antenna
which fits in our hand, this antenna can be used for both rotary and fixed wing aircraft, high-
speed military aircrafts, and all aeronautic applications. [6]

Figure 2: Rectangular Microstrip patch antenna (General View) [2]

Of course these demerits can be reduces to some extent by using some techniques, the broadband
can be increased by 60% by these techniques which if needed will be discussed in the coming
chapters.

These Microstrip patch antennas have a very antenna quality factor (Q). ‘q’ representing the
losses with the antenna and the Q gives the narrow bandwidth and low frequency.

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The losses (q) can be reduced by increasing thickness of the dielectric substrate, there is a catch
here -> increasing the thickness, results the increasing factor of the power delivered by the
source goes into a surface wave.

The surface wave limitations (such as increased mutual coupling, poor efficiency, etc...) can be
overcome by the use of photonic band gap structures.

Antenna Development corporation, Las Cruces, has designed UHF antennas for space which are
of low mass and high performance, which are capable of supporting high data rates to at least 10
Watts of transmitted power, they are of low mass, gives high performance and are of course
space qualified[7].

It is not an easy task for an antenna to perform at different frequencies at a time especially where
the usage is very high, in an aircraft, in a boat, or even in a moving vehicle where the antenna
catches signal from various locations. It is very difficult to perform at these situations.

The wire patch antenna structure is a very useful method in the integration of the antennas using
ceramic materials and regrouping the different functions in the malfunction antennas. [8]

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Chapter 2 
Theory of Microstrip Patch Antennas 

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2.1 Types of Microstrip Antennas 
There are different types of Microstrip antennas which are classified based on their physical
parameters. There different types of antennas have many different shapes and dimensions. The
basic categories of these Microstrip antennas can be classified in to four [2], which are:

‐ Microstrip patch antennas

‐ Microstrip dipoles

‐ Printed slot antennas

‐ Microstrip travelling wave antennas

Going further let’s have a small description on each of the type of the Microstrip antennas as it
will give us good sound knowledge on how each type is classified and on what basis:

Figure 3: Common shapes of the Microstrip patch antennas which are commonly in use. [2]

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2.1.1 Microstrip Patch antennas 
A Microstrip patch antenna is a thin square patch on one side of a dielectric substrate and
the other side having a plane to the ground. The simplest Microstrip patch antenna configuration
would be the rectangular patch antenna.

Figure 4: Structure of Microstrip patch antenna.

The patch in the antenna is made of a conducting material Cu (Copper) or Au (Gold) and
this can be in any shape Fig 3 [2], rectangular, circular, triangular, elliptical or some other
common shape [2]. The basic antenna element is a strip conductor of length L and width W on a
dielectric substrate with constant εr; thickness or height of the patch being h with a height and
thickness t is supported by a ground plane. The rectangular patch antenna is designed so as it can
operate at the resonance frequency. The length that is for the patch does depend on the height,
width of the patch and the dielectric substrate.

The length of the patch for a rectangular patch antenna normally would be 0.333λ < L < 0.5 λ, λ
being the free space wavelength. The thickness of the patch is selected to be in such a way that is
t << λ.

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The length of the patch can be calculated by the simple calculation from [9]

0.49λ
L ≈ 0.49 λd = ------------ Eq (2.1)
εr

The height h of the dielectric substrate that supports the patch usually ranges between 0.003 λ &
0.05λ so as the dielectric constant, εr of the substrate ranging between 2.19 and 12.

The patch of the antenna is being excited by feed which is done by edge feed or a probe
feed. When the patch is excited by feed a charge distribution is being established between the
ground plane and the underneath of the patch. The underneath of the patch is charged to positive
and the ground plane is charged to negative after the excitation by feed. The attractive forces are
being setup between the planes i.e., patch underneath and the ground plane. The patch antennas
radiate in the first case due to the fringing fields between the underneath of the patch and the
ground plane.

These patch antennas are narrow band devices with a bandwidth 10% of the λ, poor
radiation efficiency is always more than expected from these patch antennas. A good
performance from the patch antenna can be expected with a thick dielectric substrate with a low
dielectric constant as this gives better efficiency, larger bandwidth and a better radiation [2].
These types of antennas are larger than expected in the construction. But the case with us is
completely different as to design a compact device needs high dielectric constant which is less
efficient, having a narrow bandwidth as discussed above.

2.1.2 Microstrip or Printed Dipole Antennas  
The Microstrip or Printed Dipole Antennas differ from the Microstrip Patch antennas in
their geometric shape i.e. in their length to width ratio and the radiation patterns of this antennas
type is similar to that of patch antenna, i.e. having same longitudinal current directions. The
length of this printed dipole antenna is less than 0.05λ. Bandwidth, radiation resistance, and the
cross polar radiation differs widely when compared to the patch antennas.

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These Microstrip dipole antennas are very attractive when it is seen on the cases of the size and
linear polarization. The feed mechanism is very important here in these types of antennas and
should be taken care of. These types of antennas can be operated at high frequencies as the
substrate is electrically thick which leads to the desired band width.

t Δx εr2

b
εr1

Side View

Top View

Δx

Figure 5: Configuration of a Microstrip and printed dipoles, proximity‐coupled strip dipole [2] 

The figures above show the printed dipole antenna which are said to be very attractive on their
size and linear polarization.

The figure below is the folded dipole combined with another related dipole give way to the
symmetrical structure. And this particular construction can be used or is considered to be the
rectangular patch with an H shaped slot

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Figure 6: Symmetrical folded printed dipoles 

2.1.3 Printed Slot Antennas 
The printed slot antennas are those which have the slot in the ground plane of a grounded
substrate, these slot antennas are bi-directional radiators; it means that they radiate both sides of
the slot. There is no specific shape for the slot here, it can have any shape. Most of the Microstrip
patch shapes are in the form of printed slots. This can be used for the unidirectional radiation as
well by placing a reflector on the other side of the slot. Just like the Microstrip patch antennas
these slot antennas can be fed by a Microstrip line.

a b c

Figure 7: (a) Rectangular slot with Microstrip feed (b) Annular slot with Microstrip feed (c) Tapered slot 

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2.1.4 Microstrip Travelling Wave Antennas 
These Microstrip travelling wave antennas are designed having a long Microstrip line with
enough width to support the TE. These antennas are designed so that the main beam lying in any
direction from broadside to end fire. The other end of the microwave is ended in a matched
resistive load in order to avoid the standing waves of the antenna. The use of these antennas like
rampart line antenna, chain antenna, square loop antenna are in circular polarization.

We have seen the 4 types of Microstrip antennas and here the table 1 gives the characteristics of
the Microstrip patch antennas, Microstrip slot antennas, and printed dipole antennas [2].

Table 1: Characteristics of the Microstrip Patch Antennas

Characteristics Microstrip Patch Microstrip Slot Antennas Printed Dipole

Antennas antennas

profile Thin Thin Thin

Fabrication Very easy Easy Easy

Polarization Both linear and circular Both linear and circular Linear

Dual-Frequency Possible Possible Possible

Operation

Shape Flexibility Any shape Mostly rectangular and circular Rectangular and
shapes triangular

Spurious Radiation Exists Exists Exists

Bandwidth 2-50% 5-30% ≈30%

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2.2 Feed Techniques and Modeling of Microstrip Antennas 
Microstrip patch antenna has various methods of feeding techniques. As these antennas having
dielectric substrate on one side and the radiating element on the other. These feed techniques or
methods are being put as two different categories contacting and non-contacting.

Contacting feed technique is the one where the power is being fed directly to radiating patch
through the connecting element i.e. through the Microstrip line.

Non-contacting technique is the one where an electromagnetic magnetic coupling is done to

transfer the power between the Microstrip line and the radiating patch. Even though there are
many new methods of feed techniques the most popular or commonly used techniques are [2]

1. Microstrip line

2. Coaxial probe

3. Aperture coupling

4. Proximity coupling and

5. Co planar wave guide feed.

1 and 2 being the contacting feed techniques and 3, 4 being non- contacting feed techniques.

There are few factors which lead or involve in the selection of a particular type of feed
technique.

The first and the foremost factor is the efficient power transfer between the radiating structure
and the feed structure, i.e. the impedance that is matching between the two. The minimization of
the radiation and the effect of it’s on the radiation pattern is one of the most important aspect for
the evaluation of feed.

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2.2.1 Microstrip Line feed. 
This type of feed technique excitation of the antenna would be by the Microstrip line of the same
substrate as the patch that is here can be considered as an extension to the Microstrip line, and
these both can be fabricated simultaneously. This conducting strip is directly connected to the
edge of the Micro strip patch. , as known the conducting strip is smaller than that of the patch in
width. This type of structure has actually an advantage of feeding the directly done to the same
substrate to yield a planar structure as said above. The coupling between the Microstrip line and
the patch is in the form of the edge or butt-in coupling as shown in the figure. Or it is through a
gap between them.

Feed Line                             Step 

Figure 8: : A Type of Microstrip feed and the corresponding equivalent ckts, Microstrip feed at a radiating edge,

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Coupling Gap

Feedline
Microstrip
Patch
Microstrip
W
Patch
Feedline Gap

Figure 9: : Gap Coupled Microstrip Feed

There is an inset cut in the patch to match the impedance of the feed line to the patch without the
need of additional matching element. This avoidance of the additional matching element can be
done by the proper control of the inset position. On the whole this particular model provides
easy ways in the fabrication and a simple ways in modeling and especially in the impedance
matching. The surface waves and the spurious feed radiation increases as the thickness of the
dielectric substrate increases which obviously hampers the bandwidth of the antenna. And this
feed radiation which also leads to the undesired cross polarized radiation.

As the description of the excitation of the patch by an edge coupled Microstrip line can be given
in terms of the equivalent current density Jz associated with a magnetic field Hy of the Microstrip
line at the junction place as in fig [2]

Figure 10: : Representation of H1an at the interface between the patch antenna and the feed Microstrip line by 
an equivalent current density Jz – dotted lines signify H lines, solid lines are current lines.

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The current Jz couples with the EZ of the patch antenna and the coupling magnitude is being
given by the equation

Coupling ≈ ∫∫∫ EZ Jz dv ≈ Cos (∏x0 / L ) ----------------------- Eq (2.2)

2.2. 2 Co Axial Feed Technique 

This type of feed is the common technique used for the feeding of the Microstrip patch
antennas. Coupling of the power through a probe is one of the basic studies that can be seen in
the transfer of the microwave power.

It can be seen in the figure 11 below that the external or the outer conductor is connected to the
ground plane and the inner conductor of the coaxial connector extends through the dielectric and
is soldered to that of the radiating patch. The coaxial probe in this feed would be an inner
conductor of the coaxial line or this can be used as the power transfer from the strip line to the
Microstrip antenna from the slot in the ground plane.

Patch

Substrate

Coaxial Connector Ground Plane

Figure 11: Probe Fed Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna

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Unlike from the other feed techniques, here the advantage is that it has the flexibility to
place the feed anywhere in the inside the patch in order to match the input impedance. This gives
an easy way for the fabrication and it haw low spurious radiation. Of course there is a
disadvantage as well from this type of feed as this gives a narrow bandwidth. And as the hole has
to be put drill in the substrate there is a difficulty in the model.

With the connector extending out of the ground plane, this results in non planar surface to the
substrates which are thick, i.e. Having a height that is greater than 0,02λ. With the extended or
the increase probe length the input impedance becomes more inductive, which leads to the
matching problems of the impedance.

As discussed above about the feed point location, it is determined in order to have the best
matching of the impedance. The excitation of the patch is mainly by the coupling of Jz (feed
current) and Ez of the patch mode [10].

The coupling is given by the equation 3.2 [2]

∫∫∫
v
Ez Jz dv ≈ cos (∏ x0 / L) ----------------- Eq (2.3)

- L is the resonate length

- X0 offset of the feed point from the patch edge

The location of X0 is at the radiating edge of the path X0 = 0 or L

From the above discussion its is seen that the thick substrate, giving broad bandwidth Co axial
Feed and the Microstrip line feed has disadvantages which are said to be the contacting feed
techniques where as the non contacting feed techniques solve these problems which are
discussed from below.

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2.2.3 Aperture Couple Feed Technique 

This type of feed technique comes under the non-contacting feed techniques and here the
radiating patch and the micro strip feed line are being divided by the ground plane. The main
features in this particular feed technique is that it has a wider bandwidth and the shielding of the
radiating patch from the radiation gets from the structure, [12]

From the figure 12 below it can be seen that the configuration of this feed and as said above the
radiating patch and Microstrip feed line are separated by the ground plane.

The coupling between the patch and the feed line is trough aperture in the ground plane i.e. the
line feed on the lower substrate of coupled electromagnetically to the patch through the aperture.
The amount of coupling depends on the size, shape and also the location of the aperture.

There is minimization of the spurious radiation as the ground plane separates the feed line and
the patch; this can be achieved when there is a usage of thin, high dielectric material for the
lower substrate and thick, low dielectric constant material for the upper substrate.

The aperture slot can be of any size shape and these design parameters drive the bandwidth i.e.
these parameters improve the bandwidth.

Figure 12: Aperture‐couple feed technique general view

The lower and the upper substrate parameters are chosen separately to improve the bandwidth
and for the optimization of the feed and radiation separately. So as said the patch’s substrate is of
thick and lower dielectric const and for the feed line it’s thin & has a high dielectric const.
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In this feed technique there is a feature of improving the polarization purity. The black lobe
radiation from the slot is typically 15 to 20db below the main beam of the coupling slot, is non
resonant [2]. The position of the coupling slot is almost centered with respect to patch where
there is a maximum magnetic field of patch to improve the magnetic coupling between the
magnetic field of the patch and the magnetic current near the slot.

The coupling can be given by the expression [10]

Coupling = ∫∫∫ M .H
v
dv ≈ Sin (∏ X0/L) -------------- Eq(2.4)

Where X0 – offset of the slot from the edge.

In order to improve the bandwidth in this particular feed technique is by adjusting the location of
the slot, its shape, length and the width of t he feed line and its stub length. There is obviously a
disadvantage for the feed technique, it’s difficult to fabricate as this has got multiple layers, due
to this the thickness of the antenna increases.

2.2.4 Proximity Coupled Microstrip Feed 

This is one of the non-contacting non coplanar Microstrip feed technique. In this
particular configuration, the patch antenna is on the upper layer substrate and the Microstrip feed
line on the lower layer substrate as its uses 2 layers of substrate.

Figure 13: Proximity Coupled feed Technique

There is an open end to the feed line beneath the path. This feed technique is also known
as electromagnetically the current coupled (proximity coupled Microstrip feed).A particular
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feature of this differs from the other feed techniques i.e. the coupling capacitive in nature
between the patch and the Microstrip.

The circuit that is shown below gives the configuration of this feed [2]:

CC 

L  R C 

Figure 14: Proximity Coupled Microstrip Feed

In this the capacitor is also designed to get the impedance matching of the antenna and
even for tuning the patch for the bandwidth. The advantage of this feed is the high bandwidth
and the optimization of the spurious radiation.

As the terminology goes in order to improve the Bandwidth the open end of the line can
be terminated in a substrate and the parameters are used for the improvement. As in the previous
feed technique the improvement of the Bandwidth and the optimization of the radiation can be
done by the selection of the substrate and the open end of the Microstrip and the lower substrate
is to be thin, the larger bandwidth is achieved by placing the radiating patch on the double layer.

Matching does depend on the length of the feed line and the width/line ratio of the patch.
The disadvantage goes as it’s difficult to fabricate due to the 2 substrate layers which require
accurate alignment which directly or indirectly increases the thickness of the antenna.

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Table 2

Characteristics Co-axial Radiating Non Gap Insert Proximity Aperture

Probe Edge radiating Coupled Feed Coupled Coupled
Feed Coupled Edge
Coupled

Configuration Non Planar Coplanar Coplanar Coplanar Coplanar Planar Planar

Spurious Feed More Less Less More More More More

Radiation

Polarization Poor Good Poor Poor Poor Poor excellent

Purity

Ease of Soldering Easy Easy Easy Easy Alignment Alignment

fabrication and drilling required required
needed

Reliability Poor due to Better Better Better Better Good good

soldering

Impedance Easy Poor Easy Easy Easy Easy Easy

Matching

Bandwidth 2-5% 9-12% 2-5% 2-5% 2-5% 12% 21%

Table 2: [2] gives the comparison of the different feed techniques and their characteristics

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2.3 Radiation Fields and Microstrip Antenna Characteristics calculations  

2.3.1 Radiation Fields 

As known that the radiation of the Microstrip antenna is due to a ribbon like magnetic
surface current at the patch periphery. In the other way the radiation field is determined by the
surface electric current on the patch of Microstrip antenna.

These radiation types of determining the radiation fields are said to be simpler and are of course
based on different types of the models of the Microstrip antennas.

The study of the radiation of the discontinuous was studied first by Lewin and this analysis was
based on the current flowing on conductors [13]. The radiation patterns from this mechanism &
Hertzian magnetic dipole are found to be similar & this tends to calculate the effect of radiation
on Q – the Quality factor of the Microstrip resonators.

There was an analysis by Sobol which was based on fields in aperture by open end of the
Microstrip and the ground plane.

The effect of radiation on Q – the quality factor can be given as the function of resonator
dimensions, thickness of substrate, operating frequency and relative dielectric constant. The
radiation loss is larger that of the dielectric losses and the conductor at the high frequencies, the
analysis also yielded results that the open ended Microstrip lines radiate more power when they
are fabricated with thick, low dielectric constant substrates.

The figures below show the radiation from the Microstrip antenna from a Microstrip open end.
(See figures 15(a) (b) (c))[2]

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S

r0 P(Field Point) fig (a)

rl r

Origin

r r0

L y

dxdy at (x ́, y ́) fig (b)

φ φ́

r r0

θ ρ y

a φ φ́ ρdρ dφ́ fig(c)

Figure 15: : (a) an arbitrary current sheet M or J, fig (b) Rectangular Magnetic sheet, fig(c) Circular electric current sheet. 

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2.3.2 Microstrip Antenna Calculations 

There is a need of finding the characteristics of antennas to determine the performance of the
same. Characteristics such as quality factor, efficiency, losses etc.

Dissipated Power

This power has 2 losses

Conductor Loss – Pc and

Dielectric Loss – Pd

The Conductor loss (Pc) can be calculated as follows:

Pc = I2 R ------------------- Eq (2.5)

- The integrated relationship of the current density on plates and ground plane are [2]

Pc = 2 RS ∫∫
s
( J . J *) ds ------------------- Eq (2.6)

RS -- the real part of the surface impedance.

s – Patch area.

J in the above equation (2.6) is obtained by the tangential component of the magnetic field.

The Dielectric loss (Pd) is calculated by the integration of electric field on Volume ‘V’ of the
Microstrip cavity.[2]

Pd =ωεn ∫∫∫
v
|E|2dv = (ωεn/2) h ∫∫
s
|E|2ds ------------------- Eq (2.7)

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ω – Radiation frequency.

n
ε – imaginary part of permittivity of substrate.

h – Thickness of the substrate.

Radiated power

The Radiated Power (Pr) is given by the integration of Poynting vector to radiating aperture. [2]

Pr = ½ Re ∫∫
aperture
( E x H *) ds ------------------- Eq (2.8)

The E in the patch is normal to strip conductor & to the ground plane in Microstrip antenna &
the H is parallel to strip edge. [2]

Therefore Pr = (1/2ηo) ∫∫ (|Eθ|2 + |Eφ|2) r2 sin θ dθ dφ ------------------- Eq (2.9)

Input impedance

There is always a need of matching of the impedance to the Microstrip antenna to load input
impedance.

The feed technique would be anything such as > Microstrip line,

¾ Co axial feed,

¾ Coplanar waveguide.

When the antenna is fed with the coaxial feed technique

The input power is calculated by [2]

Pcin = - ∫∫∫
v
( E · J *) dv ------------------- Eq (2.10)

J – Current density in A/m2.

() c – coaxial feed.

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For a electrically thin coaxial feed with current z

The power is [2]

∫
c
P in = - E (X0, Y0) I*(z΄) dz΄ ------------------- Eq (2.11)
0

(X0, Y0) – feed point co-ordinates.

Input impedance becomes

Pin = |Iin|2Zin ------------------- Eq (2.12)

The equation (2.12) becomes

h
Zin = - (E (X0, Y0)/ |Iin|2 ) ∫
0
I*(z΄) dz΄ ------------------- Eq (2.13)

When h << λ0, E and I(z΄) are constant

Zin = Vin / Iin ------------------- Eq (2.14)

h
Where Vin = - E (X0, Y0) ∫
0
dz΄ = - h E(X0,Y0) ------------------- Eq (2.15)

As done above for the Coaxial feed it can also be done for the other feed techniques with the
same principle technique and mechanism.

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2.4 Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna 

The rectangular Microstrip patch antenna is the widely used of all the types of Microstrip
antennas that are present. For the reason to be more easy in fabrication and robust design and
of course very easy to handle. The most two models of the rectangular patch antenna are
transmission line model and the cavity model which were discussed in the chapter 5. Here in this
chapter we briefly go through the characteristics and other few topics which were not discussed
earlier and the design aspects of the Rectangular Patch Antenna.

A patch antenna – low profile antenna which has more advantages when compared to the other
type of antennas, they are cheap at cost, easy to carry and install, the integration of these
antennas is very easy to other electronic media than the conventional antennas. The figure 16
shows the basic structure of the patch antenna [14] consists of - a flat plate on the ground plane,
the conductor in the centre of the coax is serving as the feed probe in order to couple
electromagnetic energy in or out of the patch. We can also find the field distribution of the
rectangular patch.

Fringe field Fringe field

Probe Feed

Top layer

Substrate

Ground plane

Electrical field

z
Feed line

Figure 16:  The basic structure of the patch antenna 

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The electric field at the centre is zero and maximum to positive on one side and max to the
negative on the opposite side. For an applied signal it has to see to it that the maximum and
minimum change continuously are maintained according to the instantaneous phase.

As these antennas are in wide usage in almost all the fields because of their advantages, it also
has some limitations taking bandwidth, efficiency in to consideration, due to this as the research
went on the Microstrip antenna having a thin in fact very thin film and is separated from the
ground plane by the foam was designed in a good manner [29].

2.4.1 Patch Antenna Materials 

In the wide range of antenna models there are different structures of Microstrip antennas, but on
the whole we have four basic parts in the antenna [15]:

They are:

- The patch
- Dielectric Substrate
- Ground Plane
- Feed Line

Microstrip Patch

       h                                       Substrate 

t Ground Plane

Figure 17: Side view of Microstrip Rectangular Patch Antenna 

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A thin metallic region which has different shapes and sizes id the patch where the ground plane
is usually of the same material. The common operation that we should be aware of that is that the
RF supplies the power to the patch.

The dielectric material is commonly known as ‘substrate’ [16] there is features that are to be
considered in the selection of the substrate such as dielectric constant [17], cost of the material,
dielectric loss tangent, the surface adhesion properties for the conductor coatings, and the ease
of fabrication[18]. We have a wide range of materials for the substrate selection which are in use
for the planar and also for the conformal antenna configurations. The dielectric constant for the
materials range from 1.17 to ≈ 25 [19].

In this research the dielectric materials for Design 1 with εr=9.8(alumina), which is the well
known to have the high unloaded Q material the substrates patch antennas and the dielectric
resonators [20] and for the Design 2 εr=2.32 has been used.

The material εr=9.8(alumina) requires a sintering temperature that is higher than 16000c, the
alumina processes a quality factor of 333,000 at 15000c for 5 hours [21].

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2.5 Model Analysis of Microstrip Antenna 
In the previous text we had discussed about the types, applications, feed techniques etc about
the Microstrip antennas, feed techniques etc about the Microstrip antennas. There is a lot of
importance in analyzing the models of antennas which [2]

¾ Takes us on to a platform of antennas performance advantages and also their limitations.

¾ The correct design process will help us reduce the cost, in fact having a cost analysis as
well as to get the best design at the lowest cost possible with a better performance.

¾ Analyzing the models and their performance gives an idea to use the best combinations in
practice and also to update the older designs to the newer specifications.

For every task we do irrespective of where ever and whatever there are always some main
objectives to have the concentration on. In the same way here in the analysis of Microstrip
antennas the objective is to calculate the radiation characteristics of the Microstrip antenna in
order to have an edge over the failures. The following are calculated during the analysis [22]

¾ Radiation patterns,

¾ Polarization, and

¾ Gain.

In addition to these the near field characteristics are also analyzed during the analysis such as
[2]

¾ Impedance Bandwidth,

¾ Input Impedance,

¾ Antenna efficiency, and

¾ Mutual coupling.

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The analysis of Microstrip antennas are not that easy as it is thought there are many
complicated issues involved in it such as the narrow frequency band characteristics, it has
wide range of feed techniques, substrate characteristics, configurations and of course the patch
shape and size which is the most important aspect.

Not all characterizes are taken in to consideration for the final analysis are it is very difficult to
manage every aspect, so it is often happens to put some under the mat, antenna with a good
performance are said to have the following characteristics [10]:

¾ The antenna is to be as simple as it can be when it provides the near field

characteristics and the radiation characteristics.

¾ It should be useful enough to calculate the radiation characteristics and near

field characteristics.

¾ The results are to be as accurate it can give for the required purpose

2.5.1 Transmission Line Model 
In this model we can see the Microstrip Antenna in 2 slots with the design of height ‘h’, and
width ‘w’ and are separated by the transmission line ‘L’. We can see the same in the figures
below.

Figure 18: Microstrip Line 

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The electric field lines in the antenna mostly move in the substrate and even a bit out of the
substrate in to the air. Due to this the transmission lines are not able to support the pure
transverse electric magnetic (TEM) mode of transmission because the lines in the substrate and
lines in the air have different phase velocities [35].

In order to have a notice of wave propagation and the fringing in the line the εreff – the effective
dielectric constant has to be calculated. The value of εreff is slightly less than that of εr as we can
see that the fringing fields are not confined only in the substrate but some are out in the air.

Figure 19: Electric field Lines

εreff is calculated as follows [24]

1/ 2
ε r +1 ε r −1 ⎡ 12h ⎤
                                                    ε reff = + ⎢⎣1 + w ⎥⎦ ------------------- Eq (2.16)
2 2

εr -- The dielectric constant of the substrate

εreff – Effective dielectric constant.

h – Height of the dielectric substrate.

W – Width of the patch.

Let us consider a rectangular Microstrip patch antenna with width W, height h, and length L.
see fig below.

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Figure 20: Microstrip Patch Antenna 

The parameters are given on the co-ordinate axis such as Width on y axis height on z direction
and length on x direction.

For the analysis of the antenna it has to be operated in the basic mode i.e. TM10 and for this the
length of the patch should be less than λ/2 where λ – the wavelength in the dielectric medium
and should be equal to λ0/ √ (εreff) where λ0 – free space wavelength.

In TM10 mode the field varies by one λ/2 cycle towards length and there is no variation along
the width of the patch. [23]

The Microstrip patch antenna is represented by 2 slots, which are separated by the transmission
line as said previously with a length L and it is open circuited on the two ends. The width of
the structure has a maximum voltage and minimum current as it is an open ended circuit. The
tangential and the normal components of the fields at the edges are resolved with respect to the
ground plane.

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Figure 21: The top and the side views of the antenna 

The field lines, some reside in the substrate and some are spread in to the air, the normal
components are towards the width and opposite in direction, i.e. they are not in phase as the
patch is λ/2 long. So they are cancelled as they are opposite in direction. The tangential
components are in phase which makes the resulting fields to combine for a maximum radiating
field to the surface of the structure.

The fringing fields along the width of the structure are taken as radiating slots and the patch of
the antenna electrically seen to be a bit larger than usual design. So the dimensions are changed
and extended a bit for a better performance i.e. it is been extended by ∆L, EH

∆L is calculated as below [24]:

                                                    ΔL = 0.412h
(ε reff + 0.3)(w / h + 0.264 )
------------------- Eq (2.17)
(ε reff − 0.258)(w / h + 0.8)

Leff the effective length of the patch is given by:

Leff = L+2∆L ------------------- Eq (2.18)

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For the particular resonate frequency the effective length of the patch is calculated by:

c
                Leff = ------------------- Eq (2.19)
2 f 0 ε reff

Considering the rectangular patch Microstrip antenna the resonating frequency for the mode
TMmn is given by [1]

c ⎡⎛ m ⎞ 2 ⎛ n ⎞ 2 ⎤
               f 0 = ⎢⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ------------------- Eq (2.20)
2 ε reff ⎢⎣⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ w ⎠ ⎥⎦

m, n are the operating modes of the Microstrip patch antenna, along with L – length W- width.

For the effective radiation the design of the structure is the utmost important aspect and for this
the width is calculated as [24]:

c 2
                                                                  w = ------------------- Eq (2.21)
2 f0 ε r +1

2.5.2 Cavity Model 

The transmission line model was impressive and was good at usage, robust and easy –
even after having disadvantages, like ignorance of the field variations on the radiating edges of
the patch. To overcome these types of disadvantages we have another model – cavity model –
this is preferred the most to analyze the Microstrip antenna.

The structure of the model goes this way – the inner region of the patch is filled as a cavity,
bounded by the electric walls on both ways i.e. on top and bottom, it has a magnetic wall
thorough the periphery. Few observations have been made for the thin substrates taking h
<< λ0 in to consideration [2]

¾ As the thin substrate is considered the interior fields doesn’t vary with ‘z’ i.e.
d/dz ≈ 0.
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¾ The electric field is towards the ‘z’ direction and the magnetic field components Hx
& Hy in the region that is bounded by the patch metallization & the ground plane.

¾ There is no component for the electric current which is normal to the patch edge,
saying that the tangential components of the magnetic field is negligible, i.e.
δEz/δn=0 for the magnetic wall to be placed along the periphery

The operation goes as follows, we can see the charge distribution on the upper and the
lower surfaces of the patch and even at the bottom of the ground plane, this happens when
there is a power given to the Microstrip patch (see figure 22)

Figure 22: Charge distribution and the current density creation on the Microstrip patch [23] 

There exists two mechanisms in order to control the charge distribution those are –
attractive mechanism and the repulsive mechanism, there are opposite charges at the bottom
side of the patch and on the ground plane here the former mechanism is used. This helps in
controlling the charge distribution and has the concentration on the bottom of the patch. The
latter mechanism is used when there are same charges at the bottom of the patch; these charges
normally cause the pushing of the charge from the bottom of the patch to the surface. The
currents floe from top to the bottom of the patch due to the charge movement and due to the
height to width ratio of the cavity model is less this results in the domination of the attractive
mechanism causing the charge and even the current to move down to the bottom surface of the
patch.

The flow of current on the top reduces gradually as the height to width ratio still goes
down resulting the current flowing on the top surface to zero(almost to zero) this results in no
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tangential magnetic field components through the patch edges. That is the reason why the walls
are being designed as the magnetic conducting surfaces. This creates a free flow and the
operation for the electric and magnetic fields below the patch. In practice there is a chance of
not making the width to height ratio very less which can give a way to create the tangential
magnetic fields, but as the components being very small the walls would be operating perfectly
i.e. magnetic conducting.

In order to have the radiation and the loss mechanism there is a need of having a radiation
resistance Rr and loss resistance RL.

The lossy cavity represents the antenna and the loss is taken in to consideration by – effective
loss tangent δeff

Where δeff = 1/QT   ------------------- Eq (2.22)

QT -- total antenna quality factor [2]

1 1 1 1
= + + ------------------- Eq (2.23)
QT Qd Qc Qr

Qd -- quality factor of the dielectric [2]

ω r Wr 1
Qd = = ------------------- Eq (2.24)
P´d tan δ

ωr - angular resonant frequency.

Wr - total energy stored in the patch at the resonant freq.

Pd - dielectric loss.

Tan δ – loss tangent of the dielectric.

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Qc ‐‐ quality factor of the conductor

ω r Wr h
Qc = = ------------------- Eq (2.25)
Pc Δ

Pc – Conductor loss.

h – Height of the substrate

∆ - skin depth of the conductor.

Qr -- Quality factor for radiation

ω r Wr
Qr = ------------------- Eq (2.26)
Pr

Pr – power radiated from the patch.

Having all the above equations 6.8 to 6.11 for calculating δeff we get [2]

⎡Δ⎤ ⎡ P ⎤
δ éff = [tan δ ] + ⎢ ⎥ + ⎢ r ⎥ ------------------- Eq (2.27)
⎣h⎦ ω W ⎣ r r ⎦

The above equation gives the total effective loss tangent for the Microstrip patch antenna.

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2.6 Overview of the Antenna Parameters  

From here we discuss the overview of the patch antenna design parameters of the rectangular
patch antenna:

In a simple way we can say that “an antenna is the transitional radio b/w free space and a guiding
device” [19][25-26]. For designing a perfect antenna there are certain parameters that are to be
considered that define the configuration of the antenna.

2.6.1 Return Loss 

This is the best and convenient method to calculate the input and output of the signal sources. It
can be said that when the load is mismatched the whole power is not delivered to the load there
is a return of the power and that is called loss, and this loss that is returned is called the ‘Return
loss’.

This Return Loss is determined in dB as follows: [24]

RL = -20log |Г| (dB) ------------------- Eq (2.28)

V0− Z L − Z 0
Where |Г| is = + =
V0 Z L + Z0

|Г| is the reflection coefficient

V0+ The incident voltage

V0− The reflected voltage

Z L and Z 0 are the load and characteristic impedances.

During the process of the design of the rectangular patch antenna there is a response taken from
the magnitude of S11 Vs the frequency (this is known as the return loss), as shown in the figure,
just as the verification of the design. [36]

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Figure 23: S11 (return loss) for 20GHz rectangular patch antenna [36] [27]

In the figure above it shows that the rectangular patch antenna resonating at 20GHz having a
return loss of -21.5dB and those -3dB and -10dB bandwidths are 0.74GHz and 0.25GHz, due to
the reason that the radio amplifier reduces the output power, can be more worse and can become
unstable if the VSWR is large. [22]

To have a perfect matching between the antenna and the transmitter, Г=0 and RL = ∞,  this
indicates that there is no power that is returned or reflected but when Г=0 and RL = 0dB, this
indicated that the power that is sent is all reflected back. It sis said that for the practical
applications VSWR=2 is acceptable as the return loss would be -9.54dB [22].

2.6.2 Radiation Pattern 

Microstrip Patch Antenna has radiation patterns that can be

calculated easily. The source of the radiation of the electric field at the gap of the edge of the
Microstrip element and the ground plane is the key factor to the accurate calculation of the
pattern for the patch antenna.

Simply it can be said that the power radiated or received by the antenna is the function of angular
position and radial distribution from the antenna [24]. In the figure 24[9] below we can see the
side view of the rectangular Microstrip element associated with source, and also the radiating of
E fields.
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L = λd
2

Figure 24: Side view of the rectangular Microstrip element and associated radiation. 

The radiation pattern of a generic dimensional antenna can be seen below, which consist of side
lobe, black lobes, and are undesirable as they represent the energy that is wasted for transmitting
antennas and noise sources at the receiving end.

Figure 25: Radiation Pattern of a generic dimensional antenna [22]

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Figure 26: A general radiation pattern for a Microstrip antenna 

2.6.3 Gain & Directivity 

The gain of the antenna is the quantity which describes the performance of the antenna or
the capability to concentrate energy through a direction to give a better picture of the radiation
performance. This is expressed in dB, in a simple way we can say that this refers to the direction
of the maximum radiation [24].

The expression for the maximum gain of an antenna is as follows:

G = η x D                                 ------------------- Eq (2.29)

η – The efficiency of the antenna

D – Directivity

In order to receive or transmit the power it can be chosen to maximize the radiation pattern of the
response of the antenna in a particular direction.

The directivity of an antenna can be defined as – the ratio of radiation intensity in a given
direction from the antenna to the radiation intensity averaged in all the directions. And the gain
can be known as the ratio between the amounts of energy propagated in these directions to the
energy that would be propagated if there is an Omni-directional antenna. [22][24]

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Figure 27: Directivity of an antenna [28] 

The directivity of the antenna depends on the shape of the radiation pattern. The measurement is
done taking a reference of isotropic point source from the response. The quantitative measure of
this response is known as the directive gain for the antenna on a given direction.

2.6.4 Polarization 

The polarization of the electric field vector of the radiated wave or from source Vs
time the observation of the orientation of the electric fields does also refer to the polarization. It
is defined as” the property of an electromagnetic wave describing the time varying direction and
relative magnitude of the electric filed vector”[22].

The direction or position of the electric field w.r.t the ground gives the wave polarization. The
common types of the polarization are circular and linear the former includes horizontal and
vertical and the latter includes right hand polarization and left hand polarization.

Figure 28: A linearly polarized wave [29] 

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It is said to be linearly polarized when the path of the electric field vector is back and forth along
the line. The commonly used polarized schemes can be seen in the figure 29 below:  

Vertical Linear polarization Horizontal Linear Polarization

Right hand Circular Polarization Left hand Circular polarization

Figure 29: The commonly used polarized schemes [22]

It can be noted that the circular polarization has the electric field vector’s length constant but
rotates in a circular path [24].

2.6.5 Reflection Coefficient |Г| and Character Impedance (Z0) 

There is a reflection that occurs in the transmission line when we take the higher
frequencies in to consideration. There is a resistance that is associated with each transmission
line which comes with the construction of the transmission line. This is called as character
impedance (Z0). The standard value of this impedance is 50ohm. Always the every transmission
line is being terminated with an arbitrary load ZL and this is not equivalent to the impedance i.e.
Z0. Here occurs the reflected wave.

The degree of impedance mismatch is represented by the reflection coefficient [1] at that load
and is given by:

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V0− Z L − Z 0
Г= = ------------------- Eq (2.30)
V0+ Z L + Z 0

We can observe here that the reflection coefficient for the shorted load ZL=0, there is a match in
the load ZL=Z0 and an open load ZL = ∞ are -1, 0, +1. [22]

Hence we can say that the reflection coefficient ranges from 0 to +1.

2.6.6 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 

There should be a maximum power transfer between the transmitter and the antenna for the
antenna to perform efficiently. This happens only when the impedance Zin is matched to the
transmitter impedance, Zs.

In the process of achieving this particular configuration for an antenna to perform efficiently
there is always a reflection of the power which leads to the standing waves, which is
characterized by the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR).

This is given by [22]:

Vmax 1 + Γ 1 + S11
VSWR = = = ------------------- Eq (2.31)
Vmin 1 − Γ 1 − S11

As the reflection coefficient ranges from 0 to 1, the VSWR ranges from 1 to ∞.

2.6.7 Input Impedance 

This is the ratio of the voltage to current at the pair of terminals or the ratio of the appropriate
components of the electric fields to the magnetic fields at a point. Or in other words we can say it
is the impedance presented by the antenna at the input terminal.

Zin = (Rin + jXin) ------------------- Eq (2.32)

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Rin – the real part, representing the power dissipated though heat or through radiation losses.

Xin = imaginary part, representing the reactance of the antenna & the power stored in the near
field of the antenna. [24]

2.6.8 Bandwidth 

Bandwidth can be said as the frequencies on both the sides of the centre frequency in
which the characteristics of antenna such as the input impedance, polarization, beam width,
radiation pattern etc are almost close to that of this value. As the definition goes [22] “the range
of suitable frequencies within which the performance of the antenna, w.r.t some characteristic,
conforms to a specific standard”.

The bandwidth is the ratio of the upper and lower frequencies of an operation. According to [22]
the bandwidth can be obtained as:

fH
BWbroadband = ------------------- Eq (2.33)
fL

⎡ fH − fL ⎤
BWnarrowband (%) = ⎢ ⎥100 ------------------- Eq (2.34)
⎣ fC ⎦

fH
When the ratio = 2 the antenna is said to be broadband. We can judge the antenna’s
fL
performance by operating the antenna at a high frequency by observing VSWR, when VSWR≤2
(RL≥-9.5dB) the antenna is said to have performed well.

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2.7 Dimension Parameters 

Here we take a short tour of the dimensions of the Microstrip patch antenna i.e. Length (L),
width (w).

2.7.1 Length 

The length of the rectangular patch antenna, the resonate length, it determines the resonate
frequency and is λ/2 for a rectangular patch in its fundamental mode. In a practical view due to
the fringing fields the patch is a bit larger than the theoretical calculated dimensions. [14]

The length is calculated by the formula [11]

λ0
L ≈ 0.49 λd = 0.49 ------------------- Eq (2.35)
εr

L – Resonate length.

λ0 – wave length of the free space.

λd – wavelength of the PC board.

εr – dielectric constant.

2.7.2 Width 

As we know that the dimensions of the patch antenna effects in the results as the main part,
especially length (L) and the width (W).

The width of the patch can be calculated by the formula[36]:

c 2
Width = ------------------- Eq (2.36)
2 fr ε r +1

c – The speed of light,

fr – the resonant frequency which is equal to 1GHz

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2.7.3 Length Extension (ΔL) 

The calculation of the extension of the length is given by a very popular relation for the
normalized extension of the length is [36] [30]:

⎡w ⎤
ΔL = 0.412h
[ ]
⎢
ε reff + 0.3 ⎣ h
+ 0.264⎥
⎦ ------------------- Eq (2.37)
[
ε reff − 0.258 ⎡ ]w ⎤
⎢⎣ h + 0.8⎥⎦

h- Height

w- Width of the patch

εreff – Effective Dielectric Constant

2.8 Applications of Microstrip Patch Antenna 

The Microstrip patch antennas are well known for their performance and their robust
design, fabrication and their extent usage. The advantages of this Microstrip patch antenna are to
overcome their de-merits such as easy to design, light weight etc., the applications are in the
various fields such as in the medical applications, satellites and of course even in the military
systems just like in the rockets, aircrafts missiles etc. the usage of the Microstrip antennas are
spreading widely in all the fields and areas and now they are booming in the commercial aspects
due to their low cost of the substrate material and the fabrication. It is also expected that due to
the increasing usage of the patch antennas in the wide range this could take over the usage of the
conventional antennas for the maximum applications.

Some of the applications for the Microstrip Patch Antenna are as follows: [2]

¾ Radio altimeters,

¾ Command and control systems

¾ Remote sensing and environmental instrumentation

¾ Feed elements in complex antennas

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¾ Satellite navigation receivers.

¾ Mobile radio

¾ Integrated antennas

¾ Biomedical radiators and intruder alarms

¾ Doppler and other radars

¾ Satellite communication, direct broadcast services(DBS)

2.8.1 Medicinal applications of patch  

It is found that in the treatment of malignant tumors the microwave energy is said to be
the most effective way of inducing hyperthermia. The design of the particular radiator which is
to be used for this purpose should posses light weight, easy in handling and to be rugged. Only
the patch radiator fulfils these requirements. The initial designs for the Microstrip radiator for
inducing hyperthermia was based on the printed dipoles and annular rings which were designed
on S-band. And later on the design was based on the circular Microstrip disk at L-band. There is
a simple operation that goes on with the instrument; two coupled Microstrip lines are separated
with a flexible separation which is used to measure the temperature inside the human body. A
flexible patch applicator can be seen in the figure below which operates at 430 MHz

Figure 30: Flexible Microstrip Applicator for hyperthermia medicinal applications [2][31]
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Chapter 3
Design of the Rectangular Microstrip 
Patch Antenna 

Calculations, simulation and results 

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3. Design of the rectangular patch antenna 
3.1 Design Calculation 

¾ Dielectric Constant of the Substrate (εr):

The dielectric material that is used in my design of the Microstrip Patch Antenna is Alumina
with εr = 9.8, as this one of the maximum values of the dielectric substrate has been taken in
order to reduce the size of the antenna.

¾ The frequency of the operation (f0):

The frequency of operation for the Patch antenna I am trying to design has been selected as
2.1GHz.

¾ Height of the dielectric substrate (h):

Microstrip Patch antenna has been designed in order to rule out the conventional antenna as the
patch antennas are used in most of the compact devices. Therefore the height of the antenna has
been decided as 1.5mm.

Feed Point

(Xf,Yf)

Wg W

Patch

Ground Plane

Lg

Figure 31: Top view of the Microstrip Patch Antenna 

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The parameters that are decided by default in order to continue to the design process are

εr = 9.8

h = 1.5mm

f0 = 2.1GHz

Let us continue with the calculation of the design of the patch antenna:

A rectangular Patch antenna has been in the process of design; it is easy in the fabrication
analysis and also in the prediction of the performance. The design of the antenna is being under
process at 2.1GHz [33] frequency using the Dielectric material with εr = 9.8 with a dielectric loss
tangent (tan δ) = 0.0001 with a height of 1.5mm.

The antenna is being excited with the coaxial feed point located at distance dx, from the centre of
the patch.

The following table 3 gives us the design parameter specifications of the Microstrip Antenna.

Type of the antenna Rectangular Patch antenna

Dielectric Constant of the substrate 9.8(alumina)
Operating frequency 2.1GHz
Height of the substrate 1.5mm
Feeding method Microstrip Line Feed & Co-Axial Feed
Gain 5dB-8dB
Polarization Linear
Table 3: Design Parameter Specifications of the Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna

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1) Calculation of Width(w):

By the formula:

c 2
Width =
2 fr ε r +1

With the substituting the values of c= 3x108 m/s fr = 2.1GHz and h = 1.5mm

Width w = 0.0307m = 30.7mm

2) Calculation of Effective dielectric constant( ε reff ):

From the equation

−1 / 2
ε r +1 ε r −1 ⎡ h⎤
ε reff = + ⎢⎣1 + 12 w ⎥⎦
2 2

With the substituting the values ε r = 9.8, h = 1.5mm, w=30.7mm

Effective Dielectric Constant ε reff = 8.89

3) Calculation of effective length( Leff ):

From the equation

c
Leff =
2 f r ε reff

With the values ε reff = 8.89, c= 3x108m/s fr = 2.1GHz

Leff = 0.0239m = 23.9mm

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4) Calculation of the length extension(ΔL) with h=1.5mm, w=30.7mm

From the equation

⎡w ⎤
ΔL = 0.412h
[ ]⎢
ε reff + 0.3 ⎣ h
+ 0.264⎥
⎦
[
ε reff − 0.258 ⎡ w] ⎤
⎢⎣ h + 0.8⎥⎦

With the values from h, w and εreff the ΔL is being calculated as 0.6mm

ΔL= 0.6mm

5) Calculation of the length of the patch (L):

By the equation

L = Leff − 2ΔL

Where ΔL= 0.6mm, Leff = 23.9mm

L = 23.2mm

6) The feed point determination.

As there feed type has been specified and the parameters are calculated. The matching
impedance is 50Ω. In order to have a matching of the impedance the connecter has to be placed
at some distance from the edge which has a match of 50Ω. There is a trial and error method that
has been adopted to check the minimum value of the Return loss. That is the reason why the co
ordinate Yf is set to be zero and Xf is varied to have the optimal feed point [17].

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3.2 Results 

As the design process goes the calculation of the parameters are done above and with the
dimensions the rectangular patch antenna has been designed by two different feed techniques

1) Co Axial Feed Technique

2) Microstrip Line Feed Technique

The software 1) SonnetLite 1 [38] with Matlab and

2) IE3D 2 from Zeland Software Inc. has been used for the simulation and the
design respectively.

Firstly we take the co axial feed technique in practice and the results are as shown below,

- A Matlab program [37] has been compiled with the integration on sonnet lite in order to
produce the design and the responses for the Rectangular Microstrip patch antenna and its
design.
The table 4 below gives the possible parameters for the design of the Microstrip patch antenna
which will be used in the software for the results to examine. The width and the length of the
patch have been rounded up to the close integer value. 

 Table 4: Parameters used in the software for the responses and simulations.

Parameter Value
Dielectric Constant of the Substrate 9.8
Centre Frequency 2.1GHz

Loss tangent 0.0001

Width of the patch 30mm
Length of the Patch 23mm
Height 1.5mm (50.9 mils)
Z0 50 ohms

                                                            
1
 SonnetLite is EM software from www.Sonnetsoftware.com, emstatus 11.55‐Lite has been used for this thesis 
work. 
2
 IE3D is an EM Design Environment from Zeland Software Inc. version 14.0 has been used to design the Antenna 
for the Microstrip line feed technique. 

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3.2.1 Co­axial Probe Feed 

The Matlab program 3 [37] has been compiled which gives us the following interface (fig 32) to
fill the requirements as per our design calculations:

Figure 32: interface from the Matlab program compilation

After we enter the desired values to the interface to calculate the responses and the design of the
patch antenna, the Matlab integrates with the SonnetLite[38] and the process runs as shown in
the figure 33 below, this take the trial and error method, it calculates all the possible
measurements: 4

                                                            
3
 The Matlab Program can be seen in the Appendix II 
4
 The substrate thickness in the figure 32 is taken in ‘’mils’’ 1 mil = 0.0254 mm 

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Figure 33: SonnetLite interface while the simulation is ON.

In this case it has taken 14 simulations and the final simulation 15 is given with the optimized
values of the design for the dimensions that are entered 5 (simulations (calculations) can be seen
in the Appendix I)

                                                            

5
 PS: The units that are taken in the software is in Inches. 

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The patch antenna design given by the SonnetLite in integration with the Matlab can be seen
below fig 34:

Figure 34: Patch Antenna. 

Figure 35: 3D view of the patch antenna from SonnetLite 

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As the simulation runs, it takes an initial guess of the

Length = 0.87993 in and

Width = 1.2865 in and

Initial probe offset = 0.34581 in

With an expected performance of input impedance = 49.9994 Ohms and 2:1 VSWR
Bandwidth = 0.53049 % with the measurements that are provided.

The sonnet lite performs the simulation with the integration of Matlab 14 times and the
optimizations values are given with the responses as follows:

Figure 36: The Input impedance (ReZin) Vs Frequency. 

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Figure 37: The VSWR (VSWR Vs Frequency) 

Figure 38: The return Loss (Ґ Vs Frequency) 

We can observe the return loss of the Rectangular patch antenna here at the 2.1GHz is -21dB in
the figure 38, the BW -10dB as calculated is 0.61905%.

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Figure 39: VSWR Band Vs Frequency 

The responses are given by the Matlab with integration of SonnetLite and the final optimized
report is been given below in the tabl5:

Patch Length 0.87094 inches

Patch Width 1.2865 inches
Probe Offset 0.31504 inches
Resonance Frequency 2.1 GHz
Resonance Frequency Error 0%
Input Impedance 45.6 Ohms
Input Impedance Error 9.328%
VSWR 2:1 Bandwidth 0.61905
Table 5: Final Optimized measurements ans report by the SonnetLite 

The design of the rectangular Patch Antenna with the Co-Axial Probe fees Technique has been
processed with the help of Matlab and SonnetLite giving the probe offset to be at
0.31504 inches = 8.0020 mm from the edge.

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3.2.2 Microstrip Line Feed 

As the discussion went in the previous section about the Design of the Rectangular patch
antenna with the co-axial Feed technique, now here in this section we discuss about the Design
of the Antenna with Microstrip Feed line Technique Using IE3D software:

As per the calculated Dimension Parameters let us design the Rectangular Patch Antenna with
the Microstrip Feed Line Technique:

IE3D software is EM software which is extensively used for the Design and the Simulation of
the Patch Antenna. Let us see the procedure of the design step by step and finally the responses
and the simulation.

The calculated measurements can be found in the table in the previous section

With the length = 23mm and the width = 30mm a rectangle is drawn as below:

Figure 40: A Rectangle drawn with L & W

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The rest of the structure of the antenna is drawn now connecting the vertices and the Microstrip
feed line as shown in figure 41.

A feed line is to be installed to the antenna in order to get the RF power to the patch and now we
design the feed line and a port number is assigned in order to have a reference while calculating
the S-Parameters.

The feeding Microstrip line is a 50Ohm line and the impedance of the antenna is matched to
50Ohm by the inset feed.

Figure 41: Port number has been assigned in order to give an excitation.

Now the stage has come to setup the excitation. The port that is already numbered is taken in to
consideration for the excitation. Then we next come to the simulation as the antenna has to be
meshed up with the Method of Moment (MoM) calculation.

The centre frequency for this design is taken to be 2.1GHz, so for the MoM the maximum
frequency is given as 3GHz i.e. the range of the frequency is given as 1 to 3Hz, and 30 cells per
wavelength(CPW) is selected which determines the density of the mesh.(Higher the number of
the CPW, so is the simulation accuracy). In most of the simulations 20 to 30 CPW are used
which said that they should provide enough accuracy.

The meshed antenna can be seen in the figure 42,

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Figure 42: A meshed Rectangular Patch Antenna

As now we have the excitation and the meshed antenna we can proceed for the simulation with
the starting frequency as 2GHz and highest frequency as 3GHz, with the number of frequency =
200 i.e. the field is spaced evenly with 200 frequency points between the starting and the highest
frequency.

But before we run the simulation we can have a look at the 3D structure of the meshed antenna
with the simple Microstrip feed line in the figure 43

The simulation is run with the specifications that are mentioned above with an option of the
‘Adaptive Intelli-Fit’ ON, as this saves the time by not performing the simulation at all the points
of the specified frequencies. [32]

Figure 43: 3D Structure of the meshed Rectangular Patch Antenna with Simple Microstrip Feed Line

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The simulation is run and is completed which gives the S-Parameters of the simulated structure.
The S-parameters can be seen in the appendix. The response of the S-Parameters can be seen
below

Figure 44: Return loss for the feed located.

We can observe from the above figure the return loss is -3.15dB at 2.1GHz. The negative return
loss here depicts that the antenna have not many losses during the transmission.

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Figure 45: VSWR Vs Frequency

As now we have simulated the structure and the response is shown, we shall study the radiation
parameters. After this response from the range of the frequencies we can see that the operation
point is at 2.1GHz for this design. The antenna is well matched to 50ohms at 2.1 GHz.

Table 6: The result after the simulation by the Zeland, IE3D.

Frequency 2.1 GHz

Incident Power 0.1 W
Input Power 0.00173 W
Radiated Power 0.000610 W
Radiation Efficiency 35.095 %
Antenna Efficiency 6.103 %
Directivity 8.742 dBi
Gain 2.402 dBi
3dB Beam Width (46.8851, 64.2093) deg.

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Now for the radiation pattern the antenna shall be simulated only at 2.1GHz, which is the
operating frequency for this design of the patch antenna. Here we have a few different
specifications than for the S-Parameters, as frequency at 2.1GHz CPW as 70 and giving new
values for the Meshing Parameters. In the first step the current distribution along the antenna is
being examined as shown in the figures 46(a) (b).

The average current density is shown in different colors. We can see the average current
distribution on the surface of the antenna. As we can observe the current is in the range of -18 to
-21 on the top edge, it is almost maximum at the centre and it is minimum at the edge of the feed
line.

Figure 46(a) (b): 3D view if the Current Distribution along the Rectangular Microstrip Patch antenna

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We now reach the stage where we are ready to start the pattern calculation. In order to perform
the pattern calculation we here have some specifications as angle points (by default the IE3D
takes 37) [32].

However the results that are inferred from the Microstrip line feed technique can be seen in the
table 6.

Radiation Pattern Plots

There are certain things that are to be taken in to consideration as said before a screen shot is
given about what happens before the software calculates the radiations pattern in the figure 47.

The patterns can be obtained after feeding the required fields of the radiation pattern has the
following structure as shown in the figure 48.

Figure 47: A screen shot of the required fields for the generation of the radiation pattern on IE3D. 

As the Microstrip Patch antenna radiates normal to its surface, the elevating pattern for the φ = 0
and φ = 90 degrees would be important. The figure 49 below shows the gain of the antenna at
2.1GHz for φ = 0 and φ = 90.

The radiation pattern in 3D is obtained as follows in the figure from the different angles on the
different axis. We can observe the directivity on the left hand side of the figure 48. The two
figures 48(a) (b) below shows the radiation pattern from different angles.

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Figure 48(a) (b): 3D view of the radiation pattern of the 2.1GHz Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna 

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Figure 49: Elevation Pattern for φ = 0 and φ = 90 degrees

Now we compare the different designs of the Microstrip patch antenna with regards to their
dimension parameters and results.

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Table 7: Comparison between the different Designs with their responses and results 

Parameter Design No 1. Design No 2 Design No 3[34] Design No 4

(Primary Design) (Secondary

Design)

Type of feed Co Axial Probe Microstrip Line Microstrip Line Co-axial Probe Microstrip Line
Feed(SonnetLite feed(IE3D) Feed Feed Feed
Integration With
Matlab)

Height 1.5 mm 1.5 mm 1.59 mm 1.5 mm 1.55 mm

Length 23 mm 23 mm 47 mm 22 mm 34 mm

Width 30mm 30 mm 31 mm 29 mm 23 mm

Resonance 2.1 GHz 2.1 GHz 2.1 GHz 1.9 GHz 2.1
Frequency

Dielectric 9.8(alumina) 9.8(alumina) 2.32 11.9(silica) 4.45

Constant

Loss Tangent 0.0001 0.0001 ---- ----- ----

Antenna 6.103% 80.1% 42.77% 11.52%

Efficiency

Directivity 8.74 dBi 7.32 dBi 5.56 dBi 7.12 dBi

Return Loss -21 dB -3.1 dB -16.2dB -31.35 dB -10.2 dB

Gain 5.31 dBi 6.35 dBi 1.87 dBi 3.26 dBi

VSWR 1.1 1.8 1.02 1 1

As we can see in the above table 7 the results have been compared between different designs it is a
good sign that the return loss value is a negative as it indicates that there is not much of losses
during the transmission.

And the antenna efficiency is quiet low in some of the designs as we can see; the best efficiency is
obtained by the design no.4, and next comes the thesis Design. We discuss about this in detail in
the next chapter.

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For the Design 1 considering both the Feed techniques the responses and the simulation, and the
radiation patterns have been given in the previous chapter now let us see in brief the other Design’s
responses, simulations and the radiation pattern(including Design1).

Return Loss

Figure 50: Return Loss for the Design1, at ‐3.1dB

The return loss for the Design1 can be seen in the above figure 50 as -3.1dB, and for the Design2
is -16.2dB in the figure 51.

Figure 51: Return loss for the Design2 at ‐16.2dB

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The Return loss for the designs 3 and 4 are in the figures 52 & 53 of -31.35dB and -10.2dB.

Figure 52: Return loss for the Design3 at ‐31.35dB 

Figure 53: Return loss for the design4 at ‐10.2dB

As we have seen the return loss for the 4 designs at different Frequencies, now let us have a look
at the Radiation Pattern of the Designs in the following figures from the next page.

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Firstly we shall have a look at the 3D figures of the Radiation patterns from all the designs that
are compared in the table7.

The four figures show the Radiation pattern from the Design 1 to 4 respectively.

Figure 54: The 3D radiation patterns of the Designs 1,2,3,4 respectively. 
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Let us now go through the elevation pattern of all the designs simply to say the 2D figures of the
radiation pattern.

55(a)

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55( b)

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55(c)

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Figure 55(a)(b)(c)(d): Comparision of the Radiation patterns(2D) of the 4 designs used in this project. 

The above figures 55(a) (b) (c) (d) show the radiation pattern of the different designs, as we
observe the lobes design 1, 2 and 4 have no back or side lobes which represent the waste of
energy during the transmission but the design 3 which has the return loss of -31.35dB has a back
lobe which indicates undesirably has a loss of the energy during the transmission, however the
design has the efficiency of 42.77% and the design2 has an efficiency of 80.1%. The current
distribution of the four designs can be seen in the Appendix.IV

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Chapter 4 
Conclusion 

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4. Conclusion 
The aim of this project is to design a rectangular patch Microstrip antenna and to study
the responses and the radiation properties of the same. In this project an antenna has been
designed with 2 different design parameters (Design1 & 2).

For the Design1 two different feed techniques were being adopted – Microstrip Feed technique
and Co-axial feed technique and Microstrip Line feed for the Design2, Co-axial Feed for the
Design3 and Microstrip feed line for Design4.

For the design1, an antenna has been designed with the dimensions as Length – 23mm, width -
30mm, height – 1.5mm, with a dielectric constant of 9.8(alumina), which has a loss tangent of
0.0001 at 2.1GHz.

For the design2 an antenna has been designed with the dimension parameters Length- 47mm,
Width – 31mm, height – 1.59mm, with a dielectric constant 2.32 at 2.1GHz with Microstrip feed
line at 2.1GHz.

And another 2 designs have been taken in to consideration to compare the responses,
simulations, in fact the properties if the radiation patterns.

Designs 3&4 are being designed at a frequency of 1.9GHz and 2.1GHz.

As we observe the table7 which displays all the parameters and the results for each design. There
are different dimensions, feed techniques, dielectric constant, and frequencies. Having gone
through the results it happened to be a bit difficult to decide the optimized design of the antenna,
as there are different aspects that are involved in the design of each antenna.

It is good to see that the return loss has a negative value in all the cases which states that the
losses are minimum during the transmission. In the design the RL is -3.1dB in Microstrip feed
line technique and -21dB in Coaxial feed technique. For the Design2 the return loss measured
was -16.2dB and for the Design3 it is -31.5dB and finally, for the design4 RL is -10.2dB.

The VSWR for the design performed in the project has a good value of 1.1(co-axial Probe feed)
and 1.8(Microstrip feed line) as we can say the level of mismatch is not so high. For the Design2,

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3, and 4 has the value that was measured can be appreciated as were the most desired –> 1.02, 1
and 1 respectively.

When the antenna efficiency is compared the Design2 has the most desired efficiency of 80.1%
followed by the Design3 with 42.77% followed by Design 4 and 1 with 11.52% and 6.103
respectively. With having the return loss RL of -31.35dB for the Design3 it stands the second in
the efficiency.

Taking all this in to consideration we can say that there are many aspects that affect the
performance of the antenna. Dimensions, selection of the substrate, feed technique and also the
Operating frequency can take their position in effecting the performance.

When the radiation patterns are considered from figure 55(a) (b) (c) (d) the Design3 having back
lode indicating the wastage of energy during the transmission. And for the other designs we can
say that the energy loss is very minimum with the RL values of -21/3.1dB, -16.2dB and -10.2dB
for the designs 1, 2 and 4 respectively.

By comparing all the responses and the patterns the Design2 can be said as the optimized design
with an antenna efficiency of 80.1% from Table7.

A Microstrip Line fed Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna with the dimension parameters
h-1.59mm, L- 47mm, W- 31mm with a dielectric constant of 2.32 at an operating frequency of
2.1GHz from this project can be said as the optimized design.

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4.1 Future Suggestions 

A Microstrip Line fed Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna with the dimension parameters
h-1.59mm, L- 47mm, W- 31mm with a dielectric constant of 2.32 at an operating frequency of
2.1GHz from this project can be said as the optimized design.

It is very important to take the feed technique the impedance and the substrate is the main
parameters into consideration. The proper position to terminate the Feed line also affects the
performance of the antenna. As said different type of feed technique affects the performance of
the antenna. The difference between two feed techniques Co-axial feed and Microstrip feed line
is shown in this thesis and the results implies the performance of the antenna.

In future other different type of feed techniques can be used to calculate the overall performance
of the antenna without missing the optimized parameters in the action. Extensively and
exclusively focusing on the area of different design methods especially in enhancing the
impedance bandwidth, and the efficiency.

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Appendix I
True Electromagnetic Antenna Design Using Sonnet

This program will take in your design specifications. (Goals, materials, etc.) After estimating the patch length, patch
width, and probe placement, a Sonnet Project file is written, and Sonnet is called. Sonnet performs a true
ELECTROMAGNETIC simulation on the design, and returns various performance parameters. Based on this data,
the program alters the design and resubmits the project to Sonnet. This is repeated until the antenna is tuned to the
correct frequency. Probe placement for tuning input impedance is performed in a similar manner. Extension of the
code (by the user) to enable tuning of the patch width is encouraged.

NOTE: If you are using SonnetLite, the maximum memory usage allowed is 16MB.

INPUTS

Height = 0.05905 in

Permittivity = 9.8

Desired Input Impedance = 50 Ohms

Frequency = 2.1 GHz

Free Space Wavelength = 5.6217 in

INITIAL GUESSES

Initial Length = 0.87993 in

Initial Width = 1.2865 in

Initial Probe Offset = 0.34581 in

EXPECTED PERFORMANCE

Input Impedance = 49.9994 Ohms

2:1 VSWR Bandwidth = 0.53049 %

Commencing Patch Length Optimization

Simulation # 1

Patch Length = 0.83593 (in).

This project is expected to utilize 9 MB of Memory.

Electromagnetic Simulation Complete. Simulation took 74 seconds.

Resonance Frequency = 2.18 GHz.

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Resonance Frequency Error = 3.8095 %

Simulation # 2

Patch Length = 0.92393 (in).

This project is expected to utilize 9 MB of Memory.

Electromagnetic Simulation Complete. Simulation took 88 seconds.

Resonance Frequency = 1.988 GHz.

Resonance Frequency Error = -5.3333 %

Simulation # 3

Patch Length = 0.8726 (in).

This project is expected to utilize 9 MB of Memory.

Electromagnetic Simulation Complete. Simulation took 61 seconds.

Resonance Frequency = 2.096 GHz.

Resonance Frequency Error = -0.19048 %

Simulation # 4

Patch Length = 0.87085 (in).

This project is expected to utilize 9 MB of Memory.

Electromagnetic Simulation Complete. Simulation took 74 seconds.

Resonance Frequency = 2.099 GHz.

Resonance Frequency Error = -0.047619 %

Simulation # 5

Patch Length = 0.87042 (in).

This project is expected to utilize 9 MB of Memory.

Electromagnetic Simulation Complete. Simulation took 61 seconds.

Resonance Frequency = 2.1 GHz.

Resonance Frequency Error = 0 %

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Patch Length Optimization Completed

REPORT

Patch Length = 0.87042 (in).

Patch Width = 1.2865 (in).

Probe Offset = 0.34208 (in).

Resonance Frequency = 2.1 GHz.

Resonance Frequency Error = 0 %

Input Impedance = 34.5174 Ohms

Input Impedance Error = 30.9651 %

VSWR 2:1 Bandwidth = 0.42857

Commencing Probe Position Optimization

Simulation # 6

Probe Position = 0.39169 (in).

This project is expected to utilize 9 MB of Memory.

Electromagnetic Simulation Complete. Simulation took 76 seconds.

Real(Zin) = 7.4053 (Ohm).

Zin Error = -85.1894 %

Simulation # 7

Probe Position = 0.34817 (in).

This project is expected to utilize 8 MB of Memory.

Electromagnetic Simulation Complete. Simulation took 61 seconds.

Real(Zin) = 28.8522 (Ohm).

Zin Error = -42.2956 %

Simulation # 8

Probe Position = 0.30465 (in).

This project is expected to utilize 9 MB of Memory.

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Electromagnetic Simulation Complete. Simulation took 89 seconds.

Real (Zin) = 58.8634 (Ohm).

Zin Error = 17.7267 %

Simulation # 9

Probe Position = 0.3175 (in).

This project is expected to utilize 9 MB of Memory.

Electromagnetic Simulation Complete. Simulation took 92 seconds.

Real(Zin) = 45.5861 (Ohm).

Zin Error = -8.8279 %

Simulation # 10

Probe Position = 0.31323 (in).

This project is expected to utilize 9 MB of Memory.

Electromagnetic Simulation Complete. Simulation took 76 seconds.

Real(Zin) = 52.7024 (Ohm).

Zin Error = 5.4047 %

Simulation # 11

Probe Position = 0.31485 (in).

This project is expected to utilize 9 MB of Memory.

Electromagnetic Simulation Complete. Simulation took 90 seconds.

Real(Zin) = 45.5861 (Ohm).

Zin Error = -8.8279 %

Probe Position Optimization Completed

REPORT

Patch Length = 0.87042 (in).

Patch Width = 1.2865 (in).

Probe Offset = 0.31485 (in).

Resonance Frequency = 2.101 GHz.

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Input Impedance Approximately = 45.5861 Ohms

Maximum Input Impedance Error = 8.8279 %

VSWR 2:1 Bandwidth = 0.66635

Simulation # 12

Patch Length = 0.8269 (in).

This project is expected to utilize 9 MB of Memory.

Electromagnetic Simulation Complete. Simulation took 110 seconds.

Resonance Frequency = 2.202 GHz.

Resonance Frequency Error = 4.8571 %

Simulation # 13

Patch Length = 0.91394 (in).

This project is expected to utilize 9 MB of Memory.

Electromagnetic Simulation Complete. Simulation took 99 seconds.

Resonance Frequency = 2.008 GHz.

Resonance Frequency Error = -4.381 %

Simulation # 14

Patch Length = 0.87266 (in).

This project is expected to utilize 9 MB of Memory.

Electromagnetic Simulation Complete. Simulation took 117 seconds.

Resonance Frequency = 2.096 GHz.

Resonance Frequency Error = -0.19048 %

Simulation # 15

Patch Length = 0.87094 (in).

This project is expected to utilize 9 MB of Memory.

Electromagnetic Simulation Complete. Simulation took 134 seconds.

Resonance Frequency = 2.1 GHz.

Resonance Frequency Error = 0 %

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Patch Length Optimization Completed

REPORT

Patch Length = 0.87094 (in).

Patch Width = 1.2865 (in).

Probe Offset = 0.31504 (in).

Resonance Frequency = 2.1 GHz.

Resonance Frequency Error = 0 %

Input Impedance = 45.336 Ohms

Input Impedance Error = 9.328 %

VSWR 2:1 Bandwidth = 0.61905

Patch Antenna Design Completed in 1367.578 seconds on SonnetLite

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Appendix II 
In this section we can have a look at the Matlab Program[37] that is used in order to get the responses with the
integration of SonnetLite.

The file SonnetAntennaDesignGUI.m is RUN

function varargout = SonnetAntennaDesignGUI(varargin)

% SONNETANTENNADESIGNGUI M-file for SonnetAntennaDesignGUI.fig

----------------------------

gui_Singleton = 1;
gui_State = struct('gui_Name', mfilename, ...
'gui_Singleton', gui_Singleton, ...
'gui_OpeningFcn', @SonnetAntennaDesignGUI_OpeningFcn, ...
'gui_OutputFcn', @SonnetAntennaDesignGUI_OutputFcn, ...
'gui_LayoutFcn', [] , ...
'gui_Callback', []);
if nargin & isstr(varargin{1})
gui_State.gui_Callback = str2func(varargin{1});
end

if nargout
[varargout{1:nargout}] = gui_mainfcn(gui_State,varargin{:});
else
gui_mainfcn(gui_State,varargin{:});
end
% End initialization code - DO NOT EDIT

% --- Executes just before SonnetAntennaDesignGUI is made visible.

function SonnetAntennaDesignGUI_OpeningFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles, varargin)
% This function has no output args, see OutputFcn.
% hObject handle to figure
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% varargin command line arguments to SonnetAntennaDesignGUI (see VARARGIN)

% Choose default command line output for SonnetAntennaDesignGUI

handles.output = hObject;

% Update handles structure

guidata(hObject, handles);

if strcmp(get(hObject,'Visible'),'off')
initialize_gui(hObject, handles);
end

% UIWAIT makes SonnetAntennaDesignGUI wait for user response (see UIRESUME)

% uiwait(handles.figure1);

% --- Outputs from this function are returned to the command line.
function varargout = SonnetAntennaDesignGUI_OutputFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% varargout cell array for returning output args (see VARARGOUT);
% hObject handle to figure
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)

% Get default command line output from handles structure

varargout{1} = handles.output;

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%Frequency%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.

function Freq_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to Freq (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called

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% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background, change
% 'usewhitebg' to 0 to use default. See ISPC and COMPUTER.
usewhitebg = 1;
if usewhitebg
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
else
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor',get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'));
end

function Freq_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)

% hObject handle to Freq (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)

% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of Freq as text

% str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of Freq as a double
Freq = str2double(get(hObject, 'String'));
if isnan(Freq)
set(hObject, 'String', '1');
errordlg('Input must be a number','Error');
end

data = getappdata(gcbf, 'metricdata');

data.Freq = Freq;
setappdata(gcbf, 'metricdata', data);

*********** Permittivity *********************

% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.

function Perm_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to Perm (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called

% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background, change

% 'usewhitebg' to 0 to use default. See ISPC and COMPUTER.
usewhitebg = 1;
if usewhitebg
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
else
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor',get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'));
end

function Perm_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)

% hObject handle to Perm (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)

% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of Perm as text

% str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of Perm as a double
Perm = str2double(get(hObject, 'String'));
if isnan(Perm)
set(hObject, 'String', 2);
errordlg('Input must be a number','Error');
end

data = getappdata(gcbf, 'metricdata');

data.Perm = Perm;
setappdata(gcbf, 'metricdata', data);

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Height ****************

% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.

function Height_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to Height (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called

% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background, change

% 'usewhitebg' to 0 to use default. See ISPC and COMPUTER.
usewhitebg = 1;

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if usewhitebg
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
else
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor',get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'));
end

function Height_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)

% hObject handle to Height (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)

% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of Height as text

% str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of Height as a double
Height = str2double(get(hObject, 'String'));
if isnan(Height)
set(hObject, 'String', 50);
errordlg('Input must be a number','Error');
end

data = getappdata(gcbf, 'metricdata');

data.Height = Height;
setappdata(gcbf, 'metricdata', data);

% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.

function Zin_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to Zin (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called

% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background on Windows.

% See ISPC and COMPUTER.
if ispc
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
else
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor',get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'));
end

function Zin_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)

% hObject handle to Zin (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)

% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of Zin as text

% str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of Zin as a double
Zin = str2double(get(hObject, 'String'));
if isnan(Zin)
set(hObject, 'String', 50);
errordlg('Input must be a number','Error');
end
data = getappdata(gcbf, 'metricdata');
data.Zin = Zin;
setappdata(gcbf, 'metricdata', data);

% --- Executes on button press in GenSim.

function GenSim_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to GenSim (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
clc
data = getappdata(gcbf, 'metricdata');
GenerateSimulate(data.Freq, data.Zin, data.Height, data.Perm, data.LossTangentD, data.MetalCond,
data.MetalThickness);

% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton2.

function pushbutton2_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to pushbutton2 (see GCBO)

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% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
initialize_gui(gcbf, handles);

function initialize_gui(fig_handle, handles)

data.Height = 50;
data.Freq = 1;
data.Perm = 2;
data.Zin = 50;
data.LossTangentD = 0.0013;
data.MetalCond = inf;
data.MetalThickness = 0.7;
setappdata(fig_handle, 'metricdata', data);

set(handles.Freq, 'String', data.Freq);

set(handles.Perm, 'String', data.Perm);
set(handles.Height, 'String', data.Height);
set(handles.Zin, 'String', data.Zin);
set(handles.MetalCond, 'String', data.MetalCond);
set(handles.MetalThickness, 'String', data.MetalThickness);
set(handles.LossTangentD, 'String', data.LossTangentD);

function MetalCond_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)

% hObject handle to MetalCond (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)

% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of MetalCond as text

% str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of MetalCond as a double
MetalCond = str2double(get(hObject, 'String'));
if isnan(MetalCond)
set(hObject, 'String', 50);
errordlg('Input must be a number','Error');
end
data = getappdata(gcbf, 'metricdata');
data.MetalCond = MetalCond;
setappdata(gcbf, 'metricdata', data);

% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.

function MetalCond_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to MetalCond (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called

% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background on Windows.

% See ISPC and COMPUTER.
if ispc
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
else
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor',get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'));
end

function MetalThickness_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)

% hObject handle to MetalThickness (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)

% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of MetalThickness as text

% str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of MetalThickness as a double
MetalThickness = str2double(get(hObject, 'String'));
if isnan(MetalThickness)
set(hObject, 'String', 50);
errordlg('Input must be a number','Error');
end
data = getappdata(gcbf, 'metricdata');
data.MetalThickness = MetalThickness;
setappdata(gcbf, 'metricdata', data);

% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.

function MetalThickness_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)

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% hObject handle to MetalThickness (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called

% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background on Windows.

% See ISPC and COMPUTER.
if ispc
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
else
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor',get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'));
end

function LossTangentD_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)

% hObject handle to LossTangentD (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)

% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of LossTangentD as text

% str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of LossTangentD as a double
LossTangentD = str2double(get(hObject, 'String'));
if isnan(LossTangentD)
set(hObject, 'String', 50);
errordlg('Input must be a number','Error');
end
data = getappdata(gcbf, 'metricdata');
data.LossTangentD = LossTangentD;
setappdata(gcbf, 'metricdata', data);

% hObject handle to LossTangentD (see GCBO)

% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB

if ispc
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
else
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor',get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'));
end

94 | P a g e  
 
 

Appendix III 
In the chapter 3 the responses for the S Parameters and the radiation pattern were calculated, here in this Appendix
we can have a look of the S-Parameters. 401 number of frequencies have been taken for the accurate results.

The 1st line is the s-parameter file name if it is available.

!The 2nd line is the comment identifying the model.
!Any line starts with exclamation is a comment of the file and it will be discarded in parsing.
!Zeland Frequency-Dependent Lumped Model File
!Zeland File Type Number Version Model Type
6830 12.00 1
!Model Type is a unique number to denote the type of equivalent circuit.
!Model Type Name: 1-Port RL in Series
!Port Number is the s-parameters port number. Final Port Number is the equiv ckt port number.
!Port Number Final Port Number Precise Model
1 1 1
!Warning: Please understand that an equivalent ckt is just a fitted model. It is based upon
! your selection of the model you want to fit the s-parameters into. The values of
! of the ckt elements may or may not have or match any physical meaning.
! +1 o-----R---L--
! -1 o------------
! Q = Omega L / R
! L, R and Q are also referenced as L(1,1), R(1,1) and Q(1,1).
! Freq(GHz) Q L(nH) R(Ohm)
2.0000000000e+000 -5.2400387506e+001 -1.6764354154e+000 4.0203345325e-001
2.0025000000e+000 -5.1093352366e+001 -1.6351296796e+000 4.0266158238e-001
2.0050000000e+000 -4.9750061584e+001 -1.5939363971e+000 4.0361900773e-001
2.0075000000e+000 -4.8371159304e+001 -1.5528262149e+000 4.0492237957e-001
2.0100000000e+000 -4.6957391320e+001 -1.5117684355e+000 4.0659050938e-001
2.0125000000e+000 -4.5509614077e+001 -1.4707308268e+000 4.0864463365e-001
2.0150000000e+000 -4.4028804369e+001 -1.4296794081e+000 4.1110872009e-001
2.0175000000e+000 -4.2516069767e+001 -1.3885782090e+000 4.1400982375e-001
2.0200000000e+000 -4.0972659770e+001 -1.3473889962e+000 4.1737850262e-001
2.0225000000e+000 -3.9399977733e+001 -1.3060709627e+000 4.2124930402e-001
2.0250000000e+000 -3.7799593536e+001 -1.2645803737e+000 4.2566133556e-001
2.0275000000e+000 -3.6173257007e+001 -1.2228701603e+000 4.3065893791e-001
2.0300000000e+000 -3.4522912066e+001 -1.1808894528e+000 4.3629248040e-001
2.0325000000e+000 -3.2850711540e+001 -1.1385830405e+000 4.4261930560e-001
2.0350000000e+000 -3.1159032573e+001 -1.0958907467e+000 4.4970485540e-001
2.0375000000e+000 -2.9450492541e+001 -1.0527466987e+000 4.5762401962e-001
2.0400000000e+000 -2.7727965310e+001 -1.0090784759e+000 4.6646275860e-001
2.0425000000e+000 -2.5994597672e+001 -9.6480610581e-001 4.7632006517e-001
2.0450000000e+000 -2.4253825719e+001 -9.1984088057e-001 4.8731034972e-001
2.0475000000e+000 -2.2509390855e+001 -8.7408395026e-001 4.9956635576e-001
2.0500000000e+000 -2.0765355102e+001 -8.2742464491e-001 5.1324274541e-001
2.0525000000e+000 -1.9026115251e+001 -7.7973846051e-001 5.2852053661e-001
2.0550000000e+000 -1.7296415356e+001 -7.3088462775e-001 5.4561263186e-001
2.0575000000e+000 -1.5581356959e+001 -6.8070315870e-001 5.6477075640e-001
2.0600000000e+000 -1.3886406347e+001 -6.2901123551e-001 5.8629423279e-001
2.0625000000e+000 -1.2217398044e+001 -5.7559876317e-001 6.1054116942e-001
2.0650000000e+000 -1.0580533646e+001 -5.2022285138e-001 6.3794285391e-001
2.0675000000e+000 -8.9823750012e+000 -4.6260091214e-001 6.6902244644e-001
2.0700000000e+000 -7.4298306707e+000 -4.0240195022e-001 7.0441950776e-001
2.0725000000e+000 -5.9301345274e+000 -3.3923546974e-001 7.4492254239e-001
2.0750000000e+000 -4.4908153195e+000 -2.7263720030e-001 7.9151269939e-001
2.0775000000e+000 -3.1196560213e+000 -2.0205052681e-001 8.4542323085e-001
2.0800000000e+000 -1.8246418421e+000 -1.2680203776e-001 9.0822155833e-001
2.0825000000e+000 -6.1389587649e-001 -4.6068902202e-002 9.8192434015e-001
2.0850000000e+000 5.0439843780e-001 4.1165289248e-002 1.0691616343e+000
2.0875000000e+000 1.5220886157e+000 1.3617126189e-001 1.1734156519e+000
2.0900000000e+000 2.4311583657e+000 2.4055909136e-001 1.2993755168e+000
2.0925000000e+000 3.2238464987e+000 3.5639963429e-001 1.4534772207e+000
2.0950000000e+000 3.8927786490e+000 4.8640182937e-001 1.6447480711e+000
2.0975000000e+000 4.4311102855e+000 6.3417815692e-001 1.8861688059e+000
2.1000000000e+000 4.8326787380e+000 8.0465361292e-001 2.1969501528e+000
2.1025000000e+000 5.0921611639e+000 1.0047167738e+000 2.6064979360e+000
2.1050000000e+000 5.2052345677e+000 1.2442962657e+000 3.1616621569e+000
2.1075000000e+000 5.1687332146e+000 1.5382208533e+000 3.9407785428e+000
2.1100000000e+000 4.9807981053e+000 1.9096039198e+000 5.0828428556e+000
2.1125000000e+000 4.6410126814e+000 2.3963847650e+000 6.8536256739e+000

95 | P a g e  
 
 
2.1150000000e+000 4.1505186609e+000 3.0648719442e+000 9.8129639392e+000
2.1175000000e+000 3.5121059430e+000 4.0398005707e+000 1.5303670471e+001
2.1200000000e+000 2.7302709042e+000 5.5722572560e+000 2.7185739229e+001
2.1225000000e+000 1.8112381734e+000 8.1182692139e+000 5.9774431400e+001
2.1250000000e+000 7.6294210930e-001 1.0180676245e+001 1.7816559549e+002
2.1275000000e+000 -4.0503430960e-001 -8.0055108727e+000 2.6420843335e+002
2.1300000000e+000 -1.6815637218e+000 -1.0918619771e+001 8.6898821147e+001
2.1325000000e+000 -3.0541203581e+000 -7.8745583227e+000 3.4546890561e+001
2.1350000000e+000 -4.5089643988e+000 -5.9846320357e+000 1.7804853084e+001
2.1375000000e+000 -6.0313594838e+000 -4.8224994750e+000 1.0738483806e+001
2.1400000000e+000 -7.6058165117e+000 -4.0496831161e+000 7.1592716111e+000
2.1425000000e+000 -9.2163555970e+000 -3.5003703655e+000 5.1127607962e+000
2.1450000000e+000 -1.0846777241e+001 -3.0893147355e+000 3.8385623530e+000
2.1475000000e+000 -1.2480933488e+001 -2.7691850554e+000 2.9937666853e+000
2.1500000000e+000 -1.4102990069e+001 -2.5118512978e+000 2.4060300863e+000
2.1525000000e+000 -1.5697671289e+001 -2.2996277465e+000 1.9812776381e+000
2.1550000000e+000 -1.7250480551e+001 -2.1208689525e+000 1.6647145658e+000
2.1575000000e+000 -1.8747890902e+001 -1.9676071659e+000 1.4227108733e+000
2.1600000000e+000 -2.0177501653e+001 -1.8342128137e+000 1.2337181416e+000
2.1625000000e+000 -2.1528158846e+001 -1.7165983484e+000 1.0834223380e+000
2.1650000000e+000 -2.2790039036e+001 -1.6117255662e+000 9.6201932235e-001
2.1675000000e+000 -2.3954697364e+001 -1.5172899299e+000 8.6261471331e-001
2.1700000000e+000 -2.5015082194e+001 -1.4315120974e+000 7.8024804735e-001
2.1725000000e+000 -2.5965519587e+001 -1.3529965564e+000 7.1127791996e-001
2.1750000000e+000 -2.6801671606e+001 -1.2806334995e+000 6.5298334787e-001
2.1775000000e+000 -2.7520472850e+001 -1.2135292843e+000 6.0329871662e-001
2.1800000000e+000 -2.8120049776e+001 -1.1509562319e+000 5.6063355249e-001
2.1825000000e+000 -2.8599627266e+001 -1.0923157744e+000 5.2374748811e-001
2.1850000000e+000 -2.8959426643e+001 -1.0371109931e+000 4.9166193743e-001
2.1875000000e+000 -2.9200558954e+001 -9.8492587217e-001 4.6359667345e-001
2.1900000000e+000 -2.9324916811e+001 -9.3540942875e-001 4.3892360509e-001
2.1925000000e+000 -2.9335067617e+001 -8.8826343479e-001 4.1713262805e-001
2.1950000000e+000 -2.9234150388e+001 -8.4323281678e-001 3.9780607968e-001
2.1975000000e+000 -2.9025777952e+001 -8.0009807692e-001 3.8059940946e-001
2.2000000000e+000 -2.8713945745e+001 -7.5866925620e-001 3.6522639714e-001
2.2025000000e+000 -2.8302948066e+001 -7.1878108562e-001 3.5144773709e-001
2.2050000000e+000 -2.7797302244e+001 -6.8028906162e-001 3.3906214167e-001
2.2075000000e+000 -2.7201680892e+001 -6.4306624663e-001 3.2789934863e-001
2.2100000000e+000 -2.6520852157e+001 -6.0700064311e-001 3.1781458131e-001
2.2125000000e+000 -2.5759627713e+001 -5.7199302475e-001 3.0868412724e-001
2.2150000000e+000 -2.4922818082e+001 -5.3795513448e-001 3.0040178464e-001
2.2175000000e+000 -2.4015194784e+001 -5.0480817915e-001 2.9287598776e-001
2.2200000000e+000 -2.3041458754e+001 -4.7248156507e-001 2.8602746708e-001
2.2225000000e+000 -2.2006214447e+001 -4.4091183102e-001 2.7978733375e-001
2.2250000000e+000 -2.0913949023e+001 -4.1004174323e-001 2.7409550268e-001
2.2275000000e+000 -1.9769016033e+001 -3.7981952471e-001 2.6889938777e-001
2.2300000000e+000 -1.8575623051e+001 -3.5019819599e-001 2.6415281697e-001
2.2325000000e+000 -1.7337822726e+001 -3.2113500892e-001 2.5981512583e-001
2.2350000000e+000 -1.6059506762e+001 -2.9259095868e-001 2.5585039696e-001
2.2375000000e+000 -1.4744402392e+001 -2.6453036150e-001 2.5222681914e-001
2.2400000000e+000 -1.3396070942e+001 -2.3692048806e-001 2.4891614509e-001
2.2425000000e+000 -1.2017908131e+001 -2.0973124419e-001 2.4589323097e-001
2.2450000000e+000 -1.0613145788e+001 -1.8293489177e-001 2.4313564392e-001
2.2475000000e+000 -9.1848547191e+000 -1.5650580421e-001 2.4062332628e-001
2.2500000000e+000 -7.7359484730e+000 -1.3042025139e-001 2.3833830755e-001
2.2525000000e+000 -6.2691878143e+000 -1.0465621016e-001 2.3626445630e-001
2.2550000000e+000 -4.7871857152e+000 -7.9193196820e-002 2.3438726602e-001
2.2575000000e+000 -3.2924127238e+000 -5.4012118598e-002 2.3269366961e-001
2.2600000000e+000 -1.7872025834e+000 -2.9095141777e-002 2.3117187833e-001
2.2625000000e+000 -2.7375799609e-001 -4.4255741916e-003 2.2981124147e-001
2.2650000000e+000 1.2458435516e+000 2.0012239653e-002 2.2860212394e-001
2.2675000000e+000 2.7696439739e+000 4.4233012432e-002 2.2753579910e-001
2.2700000000e+000 4.2957988356e+000 6.8250598164e-002 2.2660435473e-001
2.2725000000e+000 5.8225717126e+000 9.2078067851e-002 2.2580061043e-001
2.2750000000e+000 7.3483286963e+000 1.1572777760e-001 2.2511804478e-001
2.2775000000e+000 8.8715330689e+000 1.3921143012e-001 2.2455073105e-001
2.2800000000e+000 1.0390740168e+001 1.6254013032e-001 2.2409328037e-001
2.2825000000e+000 1.1904592453e+001 1.8572443566e-001 2.2374079132e-001
2.2850000000e+000 1.3411814786e+001 2.0877440196e-001 2.2348880523e-001
2.2875000000e+000 1.4911209921e+001 2.3169962500e-001 2.2333326634e-001
2.2900000000e+000 1.6401654217e+001 2.5450927840e-001 2.2327048642e-001
2.2925000000e+000 1.7882093562e+001 2.7721214834e-001 2.2329711314e-001
2.2950000000e+000 1.9351539509e+001 2.9981666523e-001 2.2341010187e-001

96 | P a g e  
 
 
2.2975000000e+000 2.0809065618e+001 3.2233093273e-001 2.2360669039e-001
2.3000000000e+000 2.2253804001e+001 3.4476275452e-001 2.2388437632e-001
2.3025000000e+000 2.3684942054e+001 3.6711965877e-001 2.2424089684e-001
2.3050000000e+000 2.5101719384e+001 3.8940892088e-001 2.2467421053e-001
2.3075000000e+000 2.6503424900e+001 4.1163758433e-001 2.2518248101e-001
2.3100000000e+000 2.7889394086e+001 4.3381248010e-001 2.2576406231e-001
2.3125000000e+000 2.9259006425e+001 4.5594024459e-001 2.2641748568e-001
2.3150000000e+000 3.0611682980e+001 4.7802733638e-001 2.2714144770e-001
2.3175000000e+000 3.1946884113e+001 5.0008005172e-001 2.2793479967e-001
2.3200000000e+000 3.3264107348e+001 5.2210453911e-001 2.2879653798e-001
2.3225000000e+000 3.4562885353e+001 5.4410681287e-001 2.2972579549e-001
2.3250000000e+000 3.5842784049e+001 5.6609276583e-001 2.3072183385e-001
2.3275000000e+000 3.7103400823e+001 5.8806818140e-001 2.3178403644e-001
2.3300000000e+000 3.8344362858e+001 6.1003874477e-001 2.3291190225e-001
2.3325000000e+000 3.9565325550e+001 6.3201005359e-001 2.3410504022e-001
2.3350000000e+000 4.0765971031e+001 6.5398762809e-001 2.3536316435e-001
2.3375000000e+000 4.1946006765e+001 6.7597692062e-001 2.3668608917e-001
2.3400000000e+000 4.3105164235e+001 6.9798332479e-001 2.3807372593e-001
2.3425000000e+000 4.4243197705e+001 7.2001218419e-001 2.3952607904e-001
2.3450000000e+000 4.5359883047e+001 7.4206880069e-001 2.4104324311e-001
2.3475000000e+000 4.6455016642e+001 7.6415844250e-001 2.4262540029e-001
2.3500000000e+000 4.7528414336e+001 7.8628635181e-001 2.4427281799e-001
2.3525000000e+000 4.8579910461e+001 8.0845775231e-001 2.4598584698e-001
2.3550000000e+000 4.9609356905e+001 8.3067785635e-001 2.4776491979e-001
2.3575000000e+000 5.0616622233e+001 8.5295187198e-001 2.4961054939e-001
2.3600000000e+000 5.1601590860e+001 8.7528500980e-001 2.5152332823e-001
2.3625000000e+000 5.2564162259e+001 8.9768248960e-001 2.5350392747e-001
2.3650000000e+000 5.3504250221e+001 9.2014954701e-001 2.5555309650e-001
2.3675000000e+000 5.4421782148e+001 9.4269143989e-001 2.5767166278e-001
2.3700000000e+000 5.5316698382e+001 9.6531345474e-001 2.5986053179e-001
2.3725000000e+000 5.6188951565e+001 9.8802091304e-001 2.6212068731e-001
2.3750000000e+000 5.7038506043e+001 1.0108191775e+000 2.6445319191e-001
2.3775000000e+000 5.7865337284e+001 1.0337136584e+000 2.6685918768e-001
2.3800000000e+000 5.8669431333e+001 1.0567098197e+000 2.6933989711e-001
2.3825000000e+000 5.9450784293e+001 1.0798131854e+000 2.7189662425e-001
2.3850000000e+000 6.0209401827e+001 1.1030293462e+000 2.7453075611e-001
2.3875000000e+000 6.0945298686e+001 1.1263639651e+000 2.7724376423e-001
2.3900000000e+000 6.1658498258e+001 1.1498227846e+000 2.8003720644e-001
2.3925000000e+000 6.2349032137e+001 1.1734116326e+000 2.8291272897e-001
2.3950000000e+000 6.3016939710e+001 1.1971364298e+000 2.8587206863e-001
2.3975000000e+000 6.3662267765e+001 1.2210031956e+000 2.8891705534e-001
2.4000000000e+000 6.4285070117e+001 1.2450180555e+000 2.9204961484e-001
2.4025000000e+000 6.4885407246e+001 1.2691872481e+000 2.9527177166e-001
2.4050000000e+000 6.5463345950e+001 1.2935171322e+000 2.9858565232e-001
2.4075000000e+000 6.6018959022e+001 1.3180141944e+000 3.0199348885e-001
2.4100000000e+000 6.6552324927e+001 1.3426850565e+000 3.0549762249e-001
2.4125000000e+000 6.7063527503e+001 1.3675364837e+000 3.0910050776e-001
2.4150000000e+000 6.7552655669e+001 1.3925753923e+000 3.1280471679e-001
2.4175000000e+000 6.8019803147e+001 1.4178088587e+000 3.1661294395e-001
2.4200000000e+000 6.8465068194e+001 1.4432441275e+000 3.2052801080e-001
2.4225000000e+000 6.8888553348e+001 1.4688886208e+000 3.2455287142e-001
2.4250000000e+000 6.9290365174e+001 1.4947499478e+000 3.2869061809e-001
2.4275000000e+000 6.9670614038e+001 1.5208359142e+000 3.3294448731e-001
2.4300000000e+000 7.0029413872e+001 1.5471545326e+000 3.3731786627e-001
2.4325000000e+000 7.0366881959e+001 1.5737140328e+000 3.4181429974e-001
2.4350000000e+000 7.0683138720e+001 1.6005228733e+000 3.4643749741e-001
2.4375000000e+000 7.0978307518e+001 1.6275897526e+000 3.5119134169e-001
2.4400000000e+000 7.1252514460e+001 1.6549236211e+000 3.5607989608e-001
2.4425000000e+000 7.1505888214e+001 1.6825336940e+000 3.6110741402e-001
2.4450000000e+000 7.1738559827e+001 1.7104294644e+000 3.6627834838e-001
2.4475000000e+000 7.1950662557e+001 1.7386207174e+000 3.7159736155e-001
2.4500000000e+000 7.2142331705e+001 1.7671175443e+000 3.7706933618e-001
2.4525000000e+000 7.2313704462e+001 1.7959303584e+000 3.8269938670e-001
2.4550000000e+000 7.2464919750e+001 1.8250699105e+000 3.8849287149e-001
2.4575000000e+000 7.2596118082e+001 1.8545473065e+000 3.9445540600e-001
2.4600000000e+000 7.2707441420e+001 1.8843740245e+000 4.0059287664e-001
2.4625000000e+000 7.2799033041e+001 1.9145619342e+000 4.0691145571e-001
2.4650000000e+000 7.2871037408e+001 1.9451233166e+000 4.1341761722e-001
2.4675000000e+000 7.2923600048e+001 1.9760708845e+000 4.2011815398e-001
2.4700000000e+000 7.2956867434e+001 2.0074178052e+000 4.2702019565e-001
2.4725000000e+000 7.2970986871e+001 2.0391777233e+000 4.3413122827e-001
2.4750000000e+000 7.2966106389e+001 2.0713647858e+000 4.4145911498e-001
2.4775000000e+000 7.2942374638e+001 2.1039936678e+000 4.4901211834e-001

97 | P a g e  
 
 
2.4800000000e+000 7.2899940793e+001 2.1370796008e+000 4.5679892417e-001
2.4825000000e+000 7.2838954458e+001 2.1706384012e+000 4.6482866713e-001
2.4850000000e+000 7.2759565575e+001 2.2046865023e+000 4.7311095820e-001
2.4875000000e+000 7.2661924340e+001 2.2392409865e+000 4.8165591411e-001
2.4900000000e+000 7.2546181124e+001 2.2743196212e+000 4.9047418902e-001
2.4925000000e+000 7.2412486391e+001 2.3099408952e+000 4.9957700855e-001
2.4950000000e+000 7.2260990631e+001 2.3461240592e+000 5.0897620641e-001
2.4975000000e+000 7.2091844284e+001 2.3828891672e+000 5.1868426375e-001
2.5000000000e+000 7.1905197683e+001 2.4202571223e+000 5.2871435170e-001
2.5025000000e+000 7.1701200982e+001 2.4582497240e+000 5.3908037710e-001
2.5050000000e+000 7.1480004109e+001 2.4968897195e+000 5.4979703194e-001
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2.5100000000e+000 7.0986608064e+001 2.5762079515e+000 5.7234524792e-001
2.5125000000e+000 7.0714707114e+001 2.6169369318e+000 5.8421062084e-001
2.5150000000e+000 7.0426202341e+001 2.6584149230e+000 5.9649437664e-001
2.5175000000e+000 7.0121241764e+001 2.7006703097e+000 6.0921602583e-001
2.5200000000e+000 6.9799972895e+001 2.7437328148e+000 6.2239625754e-001
2.5225000000e+000 6.9462542705e+001 2.7876335816e+000 6.3605702580e-001
2.5250000000e+000 6.9109097589e+001 2.8324052619e+000 6.5022164316e-001
2.5275000000e+000 6.8739783341e+001 2.8780821112e+000 6.6491488265e-001
2.5300000000e+000 6.8354745127e+001 2.9247000906e+000 6.8016308870e-001
2.5325000000e+000 6.7954127462e+001 2.9722969772e+000 6.9599429819e-001
2.5350000000e+000 6.7538074193e+001 3.0209124820e+000 7.1243837244e-001
2.5375000000e+000 6.7106728477e+001 3.0705883784e+000 7.2952714148e-001
2.5400000000e+000 6.6660232773e+001 3.1213686396e+000 7.4729456178e-001
2.5425000000e+000 6.6198728827e+001 3.1732995885e+000 7.6577688906e-001
2.5450000000e+000 6.5722357664e+001 3.2264300588e+000 7.8501286762e-001
2.5475000000e+000 6.5231259584e+001 3.2808115701e+000 8.0504393833e-001
2.5500000000e+000 6.4725574155e+001 3.3364985176e+000 8.2591446703e-001
2.5525000000e+000 6.4205440219e+001 3.3935483781e+000 8.4767199609e-001
2.5550000000e+000 6.3670995887e+001 3.4520219337e+000 8.7036752143e-001
2.5575000000e+000 6.3122378550e+001 3.5119835157e+000 8.9405579833e-001
2.5600000000e+000 6.2559724882e+001 3.5735012696e+000 9.1879567932e-001
2.5625000000e+000 6.1983170852e+001 3.6366474451e+000 9.4465048809e-001
2.5650000000e+000 6.1392851737e+001 3.7014987122e+000 9.7168843392e-001
2.5675000000e+000 6.0788902136e+001 3.7681365067e+000 9.9998307166e-001
2.5700000000e+000 6.0171455987e+001 3.8366474095e+000 1.0296138132e+000
2.5725000000e+000 5.9540646590e+001 3.9071235620e+000 1.0606664969e+000
2.5750000000e+000 5.8896606625e+001 3.9796631221e+000 1.0932340231e+000
2.5775000000e+000 5.8239468183e+001 4.0543707665e+000 1.1274170634e+000
2.5800000000e+000 5.7569362788e+001 4.1313582433e+000 1.1633248562e+000
2.5825000000e+000 5.6886421431e+001 4.2107449827e+000 1.2010760970e+000
2.5850000000e+000 5.6190774603e+001 4.2926587709e+000 1.2407999406e+000
2.5875000000e+000 5.5482552325e+001 4.3772364969e+000 1.2826371279e+000
2.5900000000e+000 5.4761884194e+001 4.4646249807e+000 1.3267412584e+000
2.5925000000e+000 5.4028899416e+001 4.5549818931e+000 1.3732802284e+000
2.5950000000e+000 5.3283726852e+001 4.6484767801e+000 1.4224378602e+000
2.5975000000e+000 5.2526495065e+001 4.7452922052e+000 1.4744157536e+000
2.6000000000e+000 5.1757332364e+001 4.8456250260e+000 1.5294353920e+000
2.6025000000e+000 5.0976366858e+001 4.9496878242e+000 1.5877405475e+000
2.6050000000e+000 5.0183726509e+001 5.0577105106e+000 1.6496000313e+000
2.6075000000e+000 4.9379539187e+001 5.1699421301e+000 1.7153108494e+000
2.6100000000e+000 4.8563932726e+001 5.2866528981e+000 1.7852018329e+000
2.6125000000e+000 4.7737034990e+001 5.4081365015e+000 1.8596378254e+000
2.6150000000e+000 4.6898973937e+001 5.5347127067e+000 1.9390245287e+000
2.6175000000e+000 4.6049877681e+001 5.6667303231e+000 2.0238141266e+000
2.6200000000e+000 4.5189874564e+001 5.8045705798e+000 2.1145118345e+000
2.6225000000e+000 4.4319093231e+001 5.9486509844e+000 2.2116835517e+000
2.6250000000e+000 4.3437662702e+001 6.0994297460e+000 2.3159648349e+000
2.6275000000e+000 4.2545712451e+001 6.2574108612e+000 2.4280714598e+000
2.6300000000e+000 4.1643372488e+001 6.4231499823e+000 2.5488119010e+000
2.6325000000e+000 4.0730773443e+001 6.5972612100e+000 2.6791021378e+000
2.6350000000e+000 3.9808046651e+001 6.7804249877e+000 2.8199832971e+000
2.6375000000e+000 3.8875324247e+001 6.9733973092e+000 2.9726427704e+000
2.6400000000e+000 3.7932739252e+001 7.1770205030e+000 3.1384396105e+000
2.6425000000e+000 3.6980425678e+001 7.3922359167e+000 3.3189352286e+000
2.6450000000e+000 3.6018518622e+001 7.6200989041e+000 3.5159306957e+000
2.6475000000e+000 3.5047154371e+001 7.8617966172e+000 3.7315123229e+000
2.6500000000e+000 3.4066470507e+001 8.1186692345e+000 3.9681076905e+000
2.6525000000e+000 3.3076606019e+001 8.3922354262e+000 4.2285549553e+000
2.6550000000e+000 3.2077701414e+001 8.6842230744e+000 4.5161891599e+000
2.6575000000e+000 3.1069898836e+001 8.9966065581e+000 4.8349504825e+000
2.6600000000e+000 3.0053342182e+001 9.3316522984e+000 5.1895210418e+000

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2.6625000000e+000 2.9028177230e+001 9.6919747787e+000 5.5854992024e+000
2.6650000000e+000 2.7994551765e+001 1.0080605958e+001 6.0296236045e+000
2.6675000000e+000 2.6952615709e+001 1.0501081964e+001 6.5300638169e+000
2.6700000000e+000 2.5902521254e+001 1.0957552292e+001 7.0968012524e+000
2.6725000000e+000 2.4844423006e+001 1.1454918633e+001 7.7421338590e+000
2.6750000000e+000 2.3778478122e+001 1.1999013117e+001 8.4813527705e+000
2.6775000000e+000 2.2704846457e+001 1.2596829672e+001 9.3336612675e+000
2.6800000000e+000 2.1623690717e+001 1.3256827881e+001 1.0323440501e+001
2.6825000000e+000 2.0535176608e+001 1.3989337226e+001 1.1482019924e+001
2.6850000000e+000 1.9439472997e+001 1.4807102569e+001 1.2850196124e+001
2.6875000000e+000 1.8336752075e+001 1.5726031810e+001 1.4481884452e+001
2.6900000000e+000 1.7227189517e+001 1.6766238578e+001 1.6449524885e+001
2.6925000000e+000 1.6110964658e+001 1.7953524740e+001 1.8852274724e+001
2.6950000000e+000 1.4988260662e+001 1.9321534435e+001 2.1828757379e+001
2.6975000000e+000 1.3859264704e+001 2.0914961258e+001 2.5577506078e+001
2.7000000000e+000 1.2724168146e+001 2.2794458092e+001 3.0390896034e+001
2.7025000000e+000 1.1583166729e+001 2.5044396437e+001 3.6713757340e+001
2.7050000000e+000 1.0436460756e+001 2.7785587600e+001 4.5249468146e+001
2.7075000000e+000 9.2842552916e+000 3.1197048418e+001 5.7162967570e+001
2.7100000000e+000 8.1267603548e+000 3.5555149644e+001 7.4496216558e+001
2.7125000000e+000 6.9641911223e+000 4.1308270917e+001 1.0109180493e+002
2.7150000000e+000 5.7967681329e+000 4.9229085134e+001 1.4487236105e+002
2.7175000000e+000 4.6247174956e+000 6.0748137230e+001 2.2428342410e+002
2.7200000000e+000 3.4482711019e+000 7.8715273475e+001 3.9012733267e+002
2.7225000000e+000 2.2676668413e+000 1.0869012708e+002 8.1989569040e+002
2.7250000000e+000 1.0831488194e+000 1.4678705239e+002 2.3203099043e+003
2.7275000000e+000 -1.0503241951e-001 -3.0603019416e+001 4.9932755796e+003
2.7300000000e+000 -1.2966196686e+000 -1.4247359718e+002 1.8847957756e+003
2.7325000000e+000 -2.4913488307e+000 -1.0184476170e+002 7.0184982344e+002
2.7350000000e+000 -3.6889486884e+000 -7.4385134426e+001 3.4651396085e+002
2.7375000000e+000 -4.8891406722e+000 -5.7813977801e+001 2.0339220961e+002
2.7400000000e+000 -6.0916386263e+000 -4.7054736669e+001 1.3298407803e+002
2.7425000000e+000 -7.2961485731e+000 -3.9579777641e+001 9.3477305561e+001
2.7450000000e+000 -8.5023684763e+000 -3.4107317728e+001 6.9187854195e+001
2.7475000000e+000 -9.7099880031e+000 -2.9936275020e+001 5.3222667336e+001
2.7500000000e+000 -1.0918688286e+001 -2.6655331548e+001 4.2181904427e+001
2.7525000000e+000 -1.2128141683e+001 -2.4008647954e+001 3.4235812377e+001
2.7550000000e+000 -1.3338011544e+001 -2.1829259000e+001 2.8330182767e+001
2.7575000000e+000 -1.4547951970e+001 -2.0003780662e+001 2.3823502698e+001
2.7600000000e+000 -1.5757607578e+001 -1.8452611012e+001 2.0307501614e+001
2.7625000000e+000 -1.6966613270e+001 -1.7118269150e+001 1.7512447435e+001
2.7650000000e+000 -1.8174594003e+001 -1.5958235363e+001 1.5254400763e+001
2.7675000000e+000 -1.9381164562e+001 -1.4940394664e+001 1.3404471594e+001
2.7700000000e+000 -2.0585929338e+001 -1.4040045576e+001 1.1870190185e+001
2.7725000000e+000 -2.1788482108e+001 -1.3237882347e+001 1.0583832641e+001
2.7750000000e+000 -2.2988405834e+001 -1.2518600824e+001 9.4948868091e+000
2.7775000000e+000 -2.4185272447e+001 -1.1869914552e+001 8.5650626596e+000
2.7800000000e+000 -2.5378642664e+001 -1.1281847091e+001 7.7649110068e+000
2.7825000000e+000 -2.6568065791e+001 -1.0746214266e+001 7.0714845838e+000
2.7850000000e+000 -2.7753079558e+001 -1.0256239502e+001 6.4666899826e+000
2.7875000000e+000 -2.8933209946e+001 -9.8062640347e+000 5.9361068347e+000
2.7900000000e+000 -3.0107971040e+001 -9.3915257999e+000 5.4681288281e+000
2.7925000000e+000 -3.1276864894e+001 -9.0079887509e+000 5.0533301292e+000
2.7950000000e+000 -3.2439381407e+001 -8.6522096985e+000 4.6839920926e+000
2.7975000000e+000 -3.3594998220e+001 -8.3212333926e+000 4.3537455578e+000
2.8000000000e+000 -3.4743180629e+001 -8.0125091052e+000 4.0572975761e+000
2.8025000000e+000 -3.5883381526e+001 -7.7238237468e+000 3.7902205484e+000
2.8050000000e+000 -3.7015041350e+001 -7.4532478175e+000 3.5487880060e+000
2.8075000000e+000 -3.8137588072e+001 -7.1990914125e+000 3.3298456115e+000
2.8100000000e+000 -3.9250437203e+001 -6.9598681642e+000 3.1307090076e+000
2.8125000000e+000 -4.0352991826e+001 -6.7342655027e+000 2.9490823149e+000
2.8150000000e+000 -4.1444642662e+001 -6.5211199790e+000 2.7829926460e+000
2.8175000000e+000 -4.2524768171e+001 -6.3193966742e+000 2.6307371375e+000
2.8200000000e+000 -4.3592734674e+001 -6.1281719265e+000 2.4908398400e+000
2.8225000000e+000 -4.4647896530e+001 -5.9466187700e+000 2.3620164248e+000
2.8250000000e+000 -4.5689596333e+001 -5.7739945998e+000 2.2431451286e+000
2.8275000000e+000 -4.6717165162e+001 -5.6096306781e+000 2.1332427087e+000
2.8300000000e+000 -4.7729922868e+001 -5.4529231673e+000 2.0314444442e+000
2.8325000000e+000 -4.8727178410e+001 -5.3033254376e+000 1.9369874252e+000
2.8350000000e+000 -4.9708230235e+001 -5.1603414431e+000 1.8491965258e+000
2.8375000000e+000 -5.0672366711e+001 -5.0235199966e+000 1.7674725796e+000
2.8400000000e+000 -5.1618866609e+001 -4.8924498041e+000 1.6912823724e+000
2.8425000000e+000 -5.2546999646e+001 -4.7667551443e+000 1.6201501380e+000

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2.8450000000e+000 -5.3456027074e+001 -4.6460920975e+000 1.5536503071e+000
2.8475000000e+000 -5.4345202340e+001 -4.5301452432e+000 1.4914013003e+000
2.8500000000e+000 -5.5213771799e+001 -4.4186247616e+000 1.4330601992e+000
2.8525000000e+000 -5.6060975495e+001 -4.3112638802e+000 1.3783181547e+000
2.8550000000e+000 -5.6886048004e+001 -4.2078166206e+000 1.3268964196e+000
2.8575000000e+000 -5.7688219347e+001 -4.1080558040e+000 1.2785429093e+000
2.8600000000e+000 -5.8466715968e+001 -4.0117712814e+000 1.2330292131e+000
2.8625000000e+000 -5.9220761786e+001 -3.9187683603e+000 1.1901479887e+000
2.8650000000e+000 -5.9949579316e+001 -3.8288664016e+000 1.1497106857e+000
2.8675000000e+000 -6.0652390864e+001 -3.7418975672e+000 1.1115455506e+000
2.8700000000e+000 -6.1328419795e+001 -3.6577056980e+000 1.0754958756e+000
2.8725000000e+000 -6.1976891870e+001 -3.5761453086e+000 1.0414184564e+000
2.8750000000e+000 -6.2597036667e+001 -3.4970806829e+000 1.0091822315e+000
2.8775000000e+000 -6.3188089065e+001 -3.4203850603e+000 9.7866707984e-001
2.8800000000e+000 -6.3749290806e+001 -3.3459399017e+000 9.4976275455e-001
2.8825000000e+000 -6.4279892127e+001 -3.2736342260e+000 9.2236793680e-001
2.8850000000e+000 -6.4779153470e+001 -3.2033640097e+000 8.9638939404e-001
2.8875000000e+000 -6.5246347244e+001 -3.1350316427e+000 8.7174122969e-001
2.8900000000e+000 -6.5680759673e+001 -3.0685454336e+000 8.4834421330e-001
2.8925000000e+000 -6.6081692690e+001 -3.0038191605e+000 8.2612518138e-001
2.8950000000e+000 -6.6448465902e+001 -2.9407716614e+000 8.0501650057e-001
2.8975000000e+000 -6.6780418605e+001 -2.8793264606e+000 7.8495558587e-001
2.9000000000e+000 -6.7076911851e+001 -2.8194114274e+000 7.6588446759e-001
2.9025000000e+000 -6.7337330561e+001 -2.7609584640e+000 7.4774940161e-001
2.9050000000e+000 -6.7561085676e+001 -2.7039032198e+000 7.3050051788e-001
2.9075000000e+000 -6.7747616343e+001 -2.6481848288e+000 7.1409150317e-001
2.9100000000e+000 -6.7896392126e+001 -2.5937456691e+000 6.9847931428e-001
2.9125000000e+000 -6.8006915234e+001 -2.5405311410e+000 6.8362391837e-001
2.9150000000e+000 -6.8078722758e+001 -2.4884894638e+000 6.6948805770e-001
2.9175000000e+000 -6.8111388914e+001 -2.4375714870e+000 6.5603703607e-001
2.9200000000e+000 -6.8104527267e+001 -2.3877305177e+000 6.4323852483e-001
2.9225000000e+000 -6.8057792944e+001 -2.3389221595e+000 6.3106238654e-001
2.9250000000e+000 -6.7970884817e+001 -2.2911041653e+000 6.1948051429e-001
2.9275000000e+000 -6.7843547635e+001 -2.2442362989e+000 6.0846668544e-001
2.9300000000e+000 -6.7675574116e+001 -2.1982802086e+000 5.9799642807e-001
2.9325000000e+000 -6.7466806967e+001 -2.1531993087e+000 5.8804689922e-001
2.9350000000e+000 -6.7217140825e+001 -2.1089586701e+000 5.7859677355e-001
2.9375000000e+000 -6.6926524119e+001 -2.0655249177e+000 5.6962614160e-001
2.9400000000e+000 -6.6594960812e+001 -2.0228661359e+000 5.6111641673e-001
2.9425000000e+000 -6.6222512051e+001 -1.9809517799e+000 5.5305024998e-001
2.9450000000e+000 -6.5809297669e+001 -1.9397525930e+000 5.4541145206e-001
2.9475000000e+000 -6.5355497557e+001 -1.8992405293e+000 5.3818492200e-001
2.9500000000e+000 -6.4861352888e+001 -1.8593886817e+000 5.3135658167e-001
2.9525000000e+000 -6.4327167167e+001 -1.8201712144e+000 5.2491331596e-001
2.9550000000e+000 -6.3753307112e+001 -1.7815632994e+000 5.1884291784e-001
2.9575000000e+000 -6.3140203350e+001 -1.7435410571e+000 5.1313403817e-001
2.9600000000e+000 -6.2488350912e+001 -1.7060815006e+000 5.0777613970e-001
2.9625000000e+000 -6.1798309532e+001 -1.6691624831e+000 5.0275945505e-001
2.9650000000e+000 -6.1070703720e+001 -1.6327626490e+000 4.9807494830e-001
2.9675000000e+000 -6.0306222625e+001 -1.5968613863e+000 4.9371427996e-001
2.9700000000e+000 -5.9505619668e+001 -1.5614387839e+000 4.8966977508e-001
2.9725000000e+000 -5.8669711945e+001 -1.5264755891e+000 4.8593439422e-001
2.9750000000e+000 -5.7799379387e+001 -1.4919531689e+000 4.8250170728e-001
2.9775000000e+000 -5.6895563699e+001 -1.4578534723e+000 4.7936586968e-001
2.9800000000e+000 -5.5959267042e+001 -1.4241589954e+000 4.7652160112e-001
2.9825000000e+000 -5.4991550497e+001 -1.3908527476e+000 4.7396416652e-001
2.9850000000e+000 -5.3993532282e+001 -1.3579182194e+000 4.7168935907e-001
2.9875000000e+000 -5.2966385742e+001 -1.3253393523e+000 4.6969348539e-001
2.9900000000e+000 -5.1911337118e+001 -1.2931005097e+000 4.6797335258e-001
2.9925000000e+000 -5.0829663092e+001 -1.2611864484e+000 4.6652625716e-001
2.9950000000e+000 -4.9722688133e+001 -1.2295822926e+000 4.6534997577e-001
2.9975000000e+000 -4.8591781632e+001 -1.1982735079e+000 4.6444275766e-001
3.0000000000e+000 -4.7438354863e+001 -1.1672458765e+000 4.6380331881e-001

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Appendix IV 
Current Distribution along the Patch Antenna 

Figure 56: The current distribution of the Designs 1, 2, and 4. 

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References 
1. Wentworth  M.  Stuart  (2005),  ‘’Fundamentals  of  Electromagnetics  with  Engineering 
Applications’’, pp 442‐445, John Wiley & Sons, NJ, USA. 
2. Ramesh Garg, Prakash Bartia, Inder Bahl, Apisak Ittipiboon, ‘’Microstrip Antenna Design 
Handbook’’, 2001, pp 1‐68, 253‐316 Artech House Inc. Norwood, MA.  
3. Alla I. Abunjaileh, Ian C. Hunter, Andrew H. Kemp,”Multi‐Band Matching Technique for 
Microstrip Patch Antenna Receivers”, School of electronic and electrical engineering, The 
University of Leeds” IEEE, EUMC.2007.4405174. 
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34. MSc  Thesis,  ‘’Design  of  a  patch  Antenna’’,  chapter  4,  Internet  source,  Florida  State 
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