r‘ PERTEMUAN 1

r‘ NFORMATON TECHNOLOGY

r‘ The collection of computing systems used by an organization

r‘ xumpulan dari beberapa Sistem xomputer Yang digunakan Oleh sebuah Organisasi untuk Tujuan
Tertentu

r‘ Major Capabilities of nformation System

r‘ Perform high-speed, high-volume, numerical computation.

r‘ Provide fast, accurate, and inexpensive communication within and between organizations.

r‘ Automate both semiautomatic business processes and manual tasks.

r‘ Store huge amounts of information in an easy-to-access, yet small space.

r‘ Allow quick and inexpensive access to vast amount of information, worldwide.

r‘ Major Capabilities of nformation System (ñ



r‘ Facilitate the interpretation of vast amounts of data

r‘ Enable communication and collaboration anywhere, any time.

r‘ ncrease the effectiveness and efficiency of people working in groups in one place or in several
locations, anywhere.

r‘ Facilitate work in hazardous environment

r‘ Reduce nformation overload.

r‘ Provide Support for Decision Making

r‘ The New Economy VS. The Old Economy

r‘ The Three Types of Business Pressure of Globalization

Market Pressure:

-‘ The global economy competition (trade and labor)

-‘ The changing nature of the workforce

-‘ Powerful customers./Customer orientation‘

Technology Pressures:
 -‘ Technological nnovation and Obsolescence

-‘ nformation Overload.

Societal Pressure:

-‘ Social responsibility

-‘ Government regulation and Deregulation

-‘ Spending for social programs

-‘ Protection Against Terrorist Attacks.

-‘ Ethical ssues

r‘ Customer Relationship Management

r‘ An enterprise wide effort to acquire and retain customers, often supported by T

r‘ Salah Satu Solusi untuk Mengatasi Business Preassure !!

r‘ ‰HY YOU NEED TO xNO‰ ABOUT NFORMATON TECH. ?

r‘ T is generally interesting

r‘ T facilitates work in organizations

r‘ T offer career opportunities

r‘ T is used by all department

r‘ Computer- Based nformation Systems

r‘ nformation System (S): A Process that collects, processes, stores, analyzes, and disseminates
information for a specific purpose.

r‘ Computer Based information system (CBS): an information system that uses computer
technology to perform some or all of its intended tasks.

r‘ CBS Components :

r‘ Hardware

-‘   
ñ

r‘ Software

-‘  ñ    

r‘ Database

-‘ 9
 ñ ñ
   ñ  

r‘ Network

-‘  
 ñ

r‘ Procedures

-‘  ñ 
 

r‘ People

-‘ <
    

r‘ ·.1 nformation Systems: Concepts and Definitions

r‘ nformation technology architecture: A‘ high-level map or plan of the information assets in an

organization, which guides current operations and is a blueprint for future directions.

r‘ n preparing the T architecture, the designer needs similar information, which can be divided
into two part:

-‘ The business needs for information

-‘ The existing and planned T infrastructure and applications of the organization.

r‘ nformation Technology nfrastructure

r‘ The physical facilities, T components, T services, and T management that support an entire
organization.

r‘ T components are the computer hardware, software and communications technologies that are
used by T personnel to produce T services.

r‘ T services include data management systems development , and security concerns .

r‘ T infrastructure include these resources as well as their integration, operation, documentation,

maintenance and management.

r‘ Data, nformation, and xnowledge

r‘ Data items. An elementary description of things, events, activities, and transactions that are
recorded , classified, and stored, but are not organized to convey any specific meaning.

r‘ nformation. Data that have been organized to that they have meaning and value to the
recipient.
r‘ xnowledge. Data and/ or information that have been organized and processed to convey
understanding, experience, accumulated learning, and expertise as apply to a current problem
or activity.

r‘ ‰ORx/JOB ON T

r‘ PROGRAMMER

r‘ SYSTEM ANALYST

r‘ DBA

r‘ NET‰ORxNG SYSTEM

r‘ MULTMEDA / DESGN ANMAS

r‘ T STAFF / SUPPORT

ü‘ Computer hardware

ü‘ <


 
 

ü‘ INTRODUCTION

ü‘ JxA xTA MEMBCARAxAN TENTANG HARD‰ARE COMPUTER SYSTEM MAxA AxAN TERFOxUS

PADA TGA FAxTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN :

ü‘ CAPABLTY

ü‘ SPEED

ü‘ COST

ü‘ ntroduction cont͙

ü‘ Hardware refers to the physical equipment used for the input, processing, output, and storage
activities of a computer system. t consists of the following:

A‘ Central processing unit (CPU)

A‘ Primary storage

A‘ Secondary storage

A‘ nput technologies

A‘ Output technologies

A‘ Communication technologies
 ü‘ Parts of a microprocessor

ü‘ CONTOH CPU

ü‘ GAMBAR CPU/͙͙

ü‘ TG1.· THE CENTRAL PROCESSNG UNT

The central processing unit (CPU): performs the actual computation or ͞number crunching͟ inside any
computer. The CPU is a microprocessor made up of millions of microscopic transistors embedded in a
circuit on a silicon wafer or chip.

ü‘ Control unit: Portion of the CPU that controls the flow of information.

ü‘ Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU): Portion of the CPU that performs the mathematic calculations and
makes logical comparisons.

ü‘ Registers: High-speed storage areas in the CPU that store very small amounts of data and
instructions for short periods of time.

ü‘ CPU cont͙

‘ Machine instruction cycle: The cycle of computer processing, whose speed is measured in terms
of the number of instructions a chip processes per second.

‘ Clock speed: The preset speed of the computer clock that times all chip activities, measured in
megahertz and gigahertz.

‘ ‰ord length: The number of bits (0s and 1s) that can be processed by the CPU at any one time.

‘ Bus width: The size of the physical paths down which the data and instructions travel as
electrical impulses on a computer chip.

‘ Line width: The distance between transistors; the smaller the line width, the faster the chip.

ü‘ Moore͛s Law

ü‘ microprocessor complexity would double every two years as a result of the following changes:

6‘ ncreasing miniaturization of transistors.

6‘ Making the physical layout of the chip͛s components as compact and efficient as
possible.

6‘ Using materials for the chip that improve the conductivity (flow) of electricity.

6‘ Targeting the amount of basic instructions programmed into the chip.

ü‘ PERBANDNGAN HARGA xOMPUTER

ü‘ TAHUN ·000

ü‘ P 7xx

ü‘ ·0 GB HDD

ü‘ MONTOR 14͟ CRT

ü‘ xEYBOARD+MOUSE

ü‘ Õ .000.000,00

ü‘ TAHUN ·00

ü‘ PV / CORE DUO

ü‘ 100 GB

ü‘ LCD 15͟

ü‘ xEYBOARD + MOUSE

ü‘ Õ4.500.000,00

ü‘

‘ Two basic categories of computer memory: <
  sto , and sond  sto .

‘ Bit: Short for binary digit (0s and 1s), the only data that a CPU can process.

‘ Byte: An -bit string of data, needed to represent any one alphanumeric character or simple
mathematical operation.

ü‘ Memory Capacity

‘ x
obt (xB): approximately one thousand bytes.

‘ ˜bt (MB): approximately one million bytes (1,04 ,576 bytes, or 1,0·4 x 1,0·4).

‘ •
bt (GB): actually 1,073,741, ·4 bytes (1,0·4 x 1,0·4 x 1,0·4 bytes)

‘ T bt: One trillion bytes

‘ <tbt: Approximately 1015 bytes.

‘ S bt: Approximately 101 bytes.

ü‘ Type of primary storage:

 ‘ R
st s: registers are part of the CPU with the least capacity, storing extremely limited
amounts of instructions and data only immediately before and after processing.

‘ Rndo ss o  (RA˜
 The part of primary storage that holds a software program and
small amounts of data when they are brought from secondary storage.

‘ C  o  A type of primary storage where the computer can temporarily store blocks of
data used more often

ü‘ Types of primary storage cont͙

ü‘ Rd-on o  (RO˜
 Type of primary storage where certain‘critical instructions are
safeguarded;‘the storage is nonvolatile‘and retains the instructions when‘the power to the
computer is turned off.

ü‘ "s o  A form of‘rewritable read-only memory that‘is compact, portable, and requires‘
little energy.

ü‘ ond  to 

˜o  

t t t n sto  v    ounts of dt fo  tndd

ods‘of t
.‘

A‘ t is nonvolatile.

A‘ t takes much more time to retrieve data because of the electromechanical nature.

A‘ t is cheaper than primary storage.

A‘ t can take place on a variety of media

ü‘ ond  to 

‘ Magnetic tape: A secondary storage medium on a large open reel or in a smaller cartridge or
cassette.

‘ Sequential access: Data access in which the computer system must run through data in
sequence in order to locate a particular piece.

ü‘ Magnetic disks: A form of secondary storage on a magnetized disk divided into tracks and
sectors that provide addresses for various pieces of data; also called hard disks.

ü‘ ond  to 

‘ Optical storage devices: A form of secondary storage in which a laser reads the surface of a
reflective plastic platter.

‘ Compact disk, read-only memory (CD-ROM): A form of secondary storage that can be only read
and not written on.
 ‘ Digital video disk (DVD): An optical storage device used to store digital video or computer data.

ü‘ GAMBAR HD DAN SEC STORAGE

‘ Enterprise storage system: An independent, external system with intelligence that includes two
or more storage devices.

‘ Redundant arrays of independent disks (RAD): An enterprise storage system that links groups of
standard hard drives to a specialized microcontroller that coordinates the drives so they appear
as a single logical drive.

ü‘ TG1.4 EVOLUTON OF COMPUTER HARD‰ARE

‘ The first generation of computers, from 1946 to about 1956, used vacuum tubes to store and
process information.

‘ The second generation of computers, from 1957 to 1963, used transistors for storing and
processing information.

ü‘ EVOLUTON OF COMPUTER HARD‰ARE CONT͙

‘ Third-generation computers, from 1964 to 1979, used integrated circuits for storing and
processing information.

‘ Early to middle fourth-generation computers, from 19 0 to 1995, used very-large-scale

integrated (VLS) circuits to store and process information

‘ Late fourth-generation computers, from 1996 to the present, use grand-scale integrated (GS)
circuits to store and process information.

ü‘ TG1.5 COMPUTER HERARCHY

ü‘ Supercomputers

ü‘ Mainframe Computers

ü‘ Midrange Computers

ü‘ ‰orkstations

ü‘ Microcomputers

ü‘ TG 1.6 NPUT AND OUTPUT TECHNOLOGES

ü‘ nput technologies allow people and other technologies to put data into a computer. The two
main types of input devices are:

A‘ human data-entry devices and

 A‘ source-data automation devices.

X‘ Computer Software

X‘ Pertemuan 3

X‘ Significance of software

X‘ Co
ut
o . The sequences of instructions for the computer, which comprise software.

X‘ Process of writing programs is called

o 
n

X‘ ndividuals who perform this task are called

o  .

X‘ to d
o  on
t. Modern hardware architecture in which stored software programs are
accessed and their instructions are executed (followed) in the computer͛s CPU, one after
another.

X‘ Dountt
on. ‰ritten description of the functions of a software program.

-‘ Help others programmer to understand the program

-‘ Save the key/knowladge of the program

-‘ Save the core design before upgrading/evolving

X‘ Different types of software:

‘ st softw  The class of computer instruction that serve primarily as an intermediary
between computer hardware and application programs; provides important self-regulatory
functions for computer systems.

‘ A


t
on softw  The class of computer instructions that direct a computer system to
perform specific processing activities and provide functionality for users.

X‘ System Software (cont..)

X‘ st softw  The class of computer instruction that serve primarily as an intermediary
between computer hardware and application programs; provides important self-regulatory
functions for computer systems

X‘ Such as :
 -‘ Loading tself when computer turned on

-‘ Managing H‰ resources

-‘ Providing commonly used sets of instructions for all application

-‘ Primarily manipulate computer H‰ resources

X‘ Application Software (cont..)

X‘ A


t
on softw  The class of computer instructions that direct a computer system to
perform specific processing activities and provide functionality for users.

X‘ Such as :

-‘ ‰ord Processing

-‘ Organizational payroll program

-‘ Applies a computer to a certain need.

-‘ Primarily manipulate data or text to produce or provide information.

X‘ System Software (cont..)

X‘ Can be grouped into two major functional categories :

X‘  TS˜ CONTROL <RO•RA˜

X‘  TS˜ U<<ORT <RO•RA˜

X‘ System Control Program (cont)

X‘ Control the use of H‰, S‰, and data resources of a computer system.

X‘ As known as O
 t
n st

-‘ Supervise overall operation of computer

-‘ Monitoring computer status and scheduling operations

-‘ Allocate CPU time and main memory to programs

-‘ Hides the complexity of the hardware from the user

-‘ Provides :

0‘ process management,

0‘ virtual memory,
 0‘ file management,

0‘ security,

0‘ fault tolerance, and the

0‘ user interface

X‘

‘ st su

o t
o s: Software that supports the operations management and users of a
computer system by providing a variety of support services (e.g. system utility programs,
performance monitors, and security monitors).

‘ st ut

t
s Programs that accomplish common tasks such as sorting records, locating files,
and managing memory usage.

X‘

‘ st
 fo n on
to s: Programs that monitor the processing of jobs on a computer
system and monitor system performance in areas such as processor time, memory space and
application programs.

‘ st su
t on
to s: Programs that monitor a computer system to protect it and its
resources form unauthorized use, fraud,or destruction.

X‘

‘ < o

t  


t
on softw . Software that addresses a specific or unique business need

for a company ; may be developed in-house or may be commissioned from a software vendor.

‘ Cont t softw . Specific software programs developed for a particular company by a vendor.

‘ Off-t -s f 


t
on softw . Software purchased, leased, or rented from a vendor that

develops programs and sell them to many organizations; can be standard customizable.

X‘ Personal application software

‘ Spreadsheets. Software that uses a grid of coded rows and columns to display numeric or
textual data in cells.

‘ Macros. Sequences of commands used in spreadsheet software that can be executed with just
one simple instruction.

X‘ Personal application software

X‘ Dt nnt. Software that supports the storage, retrieval, and manipulation of related
data.
X‘ ‰o d
oss
n. Software that allows the user to manipulate text using many writing and
editing features.

X‘ Personal application software

‘ ‰YS‰YG. Acronym for ͚ what you see is what you get͛ (pronounced ͚ wiz-e-wig͛, indicating that
text material is displayed on the computer screen just as it will look on the final printed page.

‘ Dskto

ub
s
n softw . Software that enables microcomputers to combined
photographs and graphic images with text, to produce a finished, camera-ready document.

X‘ Personal application software

‘ Graphics software. software that enable the user to create, store, and display or print charts,
graphs, maps, and drawings.

‘ Presentation graphic software. Software that enables users to create graphically rich
presentations by ͞pasting͟ graphic images into a textual presentation.

‘ Analysis graphic software. Software that provides the ability to convert previously analyzed data
into graphic formats (e.g. bar charts, pie charts).

X‘ Computer aided design (CAD) software

‘ Software that allows designers to design and build production prototypes in software, test
them, compile parts lists, out-line assembly procedures, and then transmit the final design
directly to machines.

‘ ˜ut
d
 softw : Software that combines spatially based media (text and images) with
time based media ( sound and video) for input or output of data.

‘ Coun
t
ons softw . Software that allows computers, wherever they are located, to
exchange data via cables, telephone lines, satellite relay systems, or microwave circuits.

‘ Speech-recognition software: recognizes and interprets human speech, either one word at a
time (discrete speech) or in a stream (continuous speech).

‘ Groupware: Software that facilitate communication, coordination, and collaboration among

people.

X‘ Software Crisis

X‘ s that organizations are not able to develop new software applications fast enough to keep up
with rapidly changing business conditions and rapidly evolving technologies.

X‘ Reason :

-‘ H‰ can be manufactured by machine, S‰ by hands

 -‘ Unable to effectively exploit the hardware

-‘ 0 persen programmers maintanance existing programs

-‘ ncreased potential for errors or bugs

X‘ Another Software ssues

‘ Alien software

‘ Software evaluation and selection

‘ Software licensing

‘ Software upgrades

‘ Open source software

X‘ Alien Software

X‘ Pestware. Clandestine software that becomes installed on your PC through duplicitous channels;
also called malware or scumware.

X‘ Adware. Software that is designed to facilitate the propagation of pop-up advertisements on

your screen.

X‘ Spyware. Software that records your keystrokes and/or your password.

X‘ Spamware. Software designed to use your computer as a launch pad for spammers.

X‘ Programming Languages

‘ ˜
n Lnu. The lowest level programming language, composed of binary digits.

‘ "
st-n t
on nu. Machine language; the level of programming languages actually
understood by CPU.

X‘ Programming Languages

X‘ Assb nu. A lower-level programming language that is slightly more user-friendly

than machine language.

X‘ ond- n t
on nu. Assembly language; requires that each statement be translated
into machine language through use of on assembler.

X‘ Assb . A system software program that translates an assembly language program into
machine language.

X‘ Programming Languages
X‘ < odu  nus. User-oriented programming languages, which require programmers to
specify step by step how the computer must accomplish a task.

X‘ T
d-n t
on nus. The first level of higher-level programming languages, which are
closer to natural language and therefore easier for programmers to use.

X‘ Co

 . Software program that translates an entire high-level language program into object
code at once.

X‘ Programming Languages

‘ Int
t . A compiler that translates and executes one source program statement at a time.

‘ Non
odu  nus. A type of high-level language that enables user to specify the desired
result without having to specify the detailed procedures needed for achieving the result.

‘ "ou t n t
on nu (4•Ls). A type of high-level programming languages, which can be
used by nontechnical users to carry out specific functional tasks.

X‘ ˜t ods. n object- oriented programming, the instructions about what to do with
encapsulated data objects.

X‘ Objt. n object- oriented programming the combination of a small amount of data with the
data.

X‘ Sn
sut
on. n object-oriented programming the process of creating an object