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April 2011
http://vip.vast.org
Hi everyone,
Hope your school year is going well. I am looking forward to our annual VIP spring
meeting at UVA later this month. It is coming fast! Hope to see everyone on April 30. Be
one of the first 20 to RSVP and reserve your Make N Take kit. This meeting we will be
building a longitudinal slinky wave machine courtesy of Greg Matthes.
In this month’s newsletter there is a lot to discuss. A big thank you to Frank Noschese of
Action-Reaction, John Burk of Quantum Progress, Rhett Allain of Dot.Physics, and Shawn
Cornally of ThinkThankThunk. With permission, I am reprinting some of their recent
thought-provoking blog posts. Every heard of pseudoteaching? How about Khan
Academy? Ever thought of teaching acceleration with a Wiimote? I hope you find
something here that will get you thinking about your teaching and encourage more
innovation in the classroom.
Cheers,
Timothy Couillard
President, Virginia Instructors of Physics (VIP)
In this Issue
What is pseudoteaching?
This term was inspired by Dan Meyer’s pseudocontext, which sought to find examples of
textbook problems that on the surface seemed to be about real world problems and
situations, but actually were about make believe contexts that had little connection to
the real world, other than the photographs that framed the problems.
After reading many of Dan’s pseudocontext posts, John Burk and I had the idea of
pseudoteaching [PT] which we have defined as:
Pseudoteaching is something you realize you’re doing after you’ve attempted a lesson
which from the outset looks like it should result in student learning, but upon further
reflection, you realize that the very lesson itself was flawed and involved minimal
learning.
We hope that though discussion, we’ll be able to clarify and refine this definition even
further. The key idea of pseudoteaching is that it looks like good teaching. In class,
students feel like they are learning, and any observer who saw a teacher in the middle
of pseudoteaching would feel like he’s watching a great lesson. The only problem is,
very little learning is taking place.
The Scene
Take, for example, Walter Lewin’s amazing physics lectures at MIT, which are available
online at MIT OpenCourseware [Mechanics | E&M].
Professor Lewin is full of energy. He clearly loves physics, and he also loves sharing it
with his students. His demonstrations were thrilling. His board work was impeccable.
Lewin worked hard to make it look effortless — he ran through each lecture 3 times
before presenting it to students.
The Breakdown
If you look past his enthusiasm and his displays of physics awesomeness, Lewin was
pseudoteaching. It looks like good teaching, but he was the one doing all the talking. It
looks like the students are learning, but they were just sitting there watching. It’s like
Ironically, it was over 30 years before Lewin’s famous lectures that the great physicist
Richard Feynman realized more interactive engagement is necessary. From page xxix of
Feynman’s Six Easy Pieces (a “greatest-hits” of his lectures to freshman when he taught
introductory physics at Cal Tech from 1961-1963):
I think, however, that there isn’t any solution to this problem of education other than to
realize that the best teaching can be done only when there is a direct individual
relationship between a student and a good teacher—a situation in which the student
discusses the ideas, thinks about the things, and talks about the things. It’s impossible to
learn very much by simply sitting in a lecture, or even by simply doing problems that are
assigned. But in our modem times we have so many students to teach that we have to
try to find some substitute for the ideal. Perhaps my lectures can make some
contribution. Perhaps in some small place where there are individual teachers and
students, they may get some inspiration or some ideas from the lectures. Perhaps they
will have fun thinking them through—or going on to develop some of the ideas further.
RICHARD P. FEYNMAN
June 1963
The Resolution
So what did MIT do after Lewin’s show-stopping lectures failed to change declining
attendance and large failure rates? They created interactive learning spaces like TEAL,
which stands for Technology Enhanced Active Learning. From the New York Times article
“At M.I.T., Large Lectures Are Going the Way of the Blackboard”:
Instead of blackboards, the walls are covered with white boards and huge display
screens. Circulating with a team of teaching assistants, the professor makes brief
presentations of general principles and engages the students as they work out related
concepts in small groups.
Teachers and students conduct experiments together. The room buzzes. Conferring with
tablemates, calling out questions and jumping up to write formulas on the white boards
are all encouraged.
I admit I was “doin’ the Lewin” my first years of teaching. I was up late each night,
creating Powerpoints and crafting worksheets. All students had to do was follow along
and fill in the blanks. Then I’d work a problem on the chalkboard and the students
would finish the rest for homework. The next day, the whole cycle would repeat with a
new topic. I planned lessons by answering the question “What am I going to do in class
tomorrow?” Now, I plan lessons by answering the questions “What are my students
going to do tomorrow? How will it help them progress towards our learning goals?”
Pseudoteaching was relatively easy. It fit nicely with The Hidden Contract that exists in
the majority of classrooms. I still fall back lazily into pseudoteaching on occasion,
especially when I feel pressed for time or when I sense student resistance to work. Real
teaching provides struggles (large and small, for teachers and students) each day.
We all hope pseudoteaching will become a valuable lens for critically examining our own
teaching, and that the idea will spread to other teachers as well. We’d love for you to
contribute your own examples of pseudoteaching. Just email me a link to your
pseudoteaching post and I’ll add it. Thanks!
Frank Noschese
I’d like to begin this post with the coining of a new term: Pseudoteaching. This term was
inspired by Dan Meyer’s pseudocontext, which sought to find examples of textbook
problems that on the surface seemed to be about real world problems and situations,
but actually were about make believe contexts that had little connection to the real
world, other than the photographs that framed the problems.
After reading many of Dan’s pseudocontext posts, Frank Noschese and I had the idea of
pseudoteaching [PT] which we have defined as:
We hope that though discussion, we’ll be able to clarify and refine this definition even
further. The key idea of pseudoteaching is that it looks like good teaching. In class,
students feel like they are learning, and any observer who saw a teacher in the middle
of pseudoteaching would feel like he’s watching a great lesson. The only problem is,
very little learning is taking place. We’re hoping that Pseudoteaching will become a
valuable lens for critically examining our own teaching, and that the idea will spread to
other teachers as well. Frank is keeping a collection of pseudoteaching examples at his
blog, Action Reaction, on custom Pseudoteaching Page. We hope you’ll contribute some
of your own examples of pseudoteaching as well.
The unintuitive answer from physics is that you should aim at the monkey, since both
are falling; even through the banana is traveling “upward” on its way to the monkey.
Being the masochistic teacher I can be, I thought this presented a great opportunity to
dust off our algebra skills and prove, once and for all, that you should aim at the
monkey.
So I drew this diagram on the board, and started by asking my students to tell me what
the velocity of the monkey should be.
From these graphs, I ask the students to write the equations for the x and y positions of
these objects, assuming an origin at the starting location of the banana.
and
Then I ask what must be true if the banana is to hit the monkey, and the students tell
me that the x and y positions must be the same at the time of impact. So we write
and
Now we have two equations that relate describe the motion of the banana
Which rearranges to
We stop and puzzle here, since this seems to be relating the horizontal and vertical
components of the velocity to the initial height and distance of the monkey. I say, “to a
physicist, this says ‘aim at the monkey!’” How can we see this? I get them to draw a
triangle for the initial velocity of the banana and its components:
Soon my students see that the ratio and are just the tangents of and must be
the same:
And the only way this can be true is if , so you aim at the monkey!
After the lesson was over, I felt great. I’d basically run through this on the fly, and
everyone seemed to be participating and understanding. I stopped along the way to
make sure everyone was following the discussion, and to pick apart the particularly
difficult parts. Courageous students asked good questions when they couldn’t follow,
and I was sure that I’d made my former professors proud.
Then the next day, I decided to see how well my students could do this same derivation
on their own. So I gave them this follow-up worksheet:
And boom—it hit me. Yesterday’s great lesson really wasn’t much more than me
showing off my algebra skills. Students were saying the right things when I paused long
enough and gave them enough hints to get to the right answer like Clever Hans, but
there’s no way they were learning this to symbolically reason through a challenging
problem, which was my goal.
Resolution
This experience taught me a vital lesson. If I want my kids to be able to reason their way
through difficult problems, using symbolic reasoning, I can’t teach it to them by walking
them down the narrow road of my “enlightened” physics understanding. Since this is
how almost all of my physics classes were in high school and college, and I turned out
ok, I thought this would be a great way to learn from time to time. Of course, I forgot
how poorly I understood physics when I graduated from college and started teaching. I
didn’t figure out most of these things until I was forced to puzzle through them on my
own as a teacher.
I need to make time and space in my teaching for students to take on challenges like
with this, struggle with them, get lost, fail, and keep going until they get to the solution.
So that’s what we did. My classes worked on this for more than half an hour. A few got
right to the finish, and were able to then try to figure out how high off the ground the
monkey would be when it got hit. Others really struggled to figure out how to interpret
their graphs to get equations, but got there in the end, and a few never finished, and I
need to find a way to give them more opportunities and scaffolding so that they, too,
can see success.
I also need to find a way to assess this skill more. Goal-less problems are a great start,
and I really like Kelly O’Shea’s exam design that gives students an opportunity to show
synthesis.
John Burk
John Burk (of Quantum Progress) and Frank Noschese (of Action-Reaction) have decided
to promote the term pseudoteaching. Their definition:
Pseudoteaching is something you realize you’re doing after you’ve attempted a lesson
which from the outset looks like it should result in student learning, but upon further
reflection, you realize that the very lesson itself was flawed and involved minimal
learning.
If you have been teaching (or facilitating learning as I like to call it) for quite some time,
you have to have noticed this. Just because I clearly explain something on the chalk
board does not mean that everyone gets it.
I like to use the example of a uni-cycle – which I actually don’t know how to ride.
Suppose I was riding a uni-cycle in front of the class and showing all sorts of tricks.
Would this help the students learn how to ride it? No.
Now take this exact same situation. Say there is another student in that same class. This
student has not yet worked on conservation of momentum. For this student, the
presented solution might seem to make sense. However, I doubt it will really help in that
student’s understanding.
Pseudoteaching in Lab
Here is another example. When I first started ‘teaching’ lab courses, I tended to write
(or borrow) my own labs and post these online. Then for the first 30 minutes or so of
the lab class, I would go over what we were going to do that day. It isn’t difficult to
realize that this mini-lecture at the beginning does nothing to help them.
Now, I post the labs and give a 5 minute lecture. At the beginning of each class I let
students ask ANY questions about the lab material. Often it is clear that they have not
yet read or prepared for the lab. In this case, my lecture would be useless (except to
Overall I am happy with this new format. I still have students that aren’t sure what to
do, but it is clear that they should read the stuff beforehand. It also gives me more time
for individual interactions with students.
Pseudoteaching in Blogging
Yes. I said it. Blogging is my last strong hold of pseudoteaching. Really, this is just like the
lecture thing. Is it possible that my blog posts could be useful? Absolutely. Could the
help the student that needs help right before the test? It is possible, but highly unlikely.
So, the blog posts can be a form of pseudoteaching – but it depends on who you are.
I understand that it seems like there is nothing to do but lecture. Moving away from a
pure lecture based course can lead to some awkward moments. Actually, this happens
to me all the time. I tell the students:
“Ok. You need to read chapter 3. The text does a pretty good job explaining this stuff.
Also, here is some extra online stuff that might help. You don’t have to completely
understand this material, but if you don’t even try you will be lost. In class we will do
more useful things.”
Then, in the next class I will maybe give the students some problems to work on. It is
partially painful to see students just sitting there with no idea of where to start and not
even asking for help. It is clear that some of these students are not prepared. Maybe I
should give them a lecture on the material they didn’t read. Should I? If I do, they will
never read this stuff before class. This is awkward time.
Maybe give a super short summary of the concepts (maybe like 5 minutes). Yes,
this is pseudoteaching and yes I just said you shouldn’t do this. Sometimes I do
this after they have read it and sometimes I don’t even do this.
If the students have questions on the reading or the homework, I will try to give
nice answers. If they haven’t worked on the homework or read the text, they
likely won’t have any questions.
Give some student response multiple-choice questions (clickers). Usually, I just
find some to give rather than making my own. However, it is pretty easy to make
some. They don’t have to be super hard or elaborate questions. The clicker
questions are just a starting point for a discussion.
If you want to look at some more examples of pseudoteaching, Frank should be keeping
a list of posts on his site.
-Rhett Allain
I’ve introduced Energy Conservation already by this time in the course, and the next
towering giant to be seen is Newton’s Second Law. I know some of you will find this
approach to be crass, but my kids don’t seem to benefit from the traditional way that
physics is presented.
Why wait to introduce these huge ideas until kids have done all sorts of kinematics and
other mathematical abstractions? I know the standard arguments for book structure,
and I disagree: We’re always “preparing” them for the most important idea. Screw that.
Give them the important ideas and flesh them out as the year goes on. Things will start
elementary (i.e. Just KE and gPE) and move into complicated abstraction as their
understanding follows. Energy conservation and F=ma are pretty much the only things I
want my kids to remember, so why not stress them throughout the whole course?
How to teach F=ma, the eternal quandary. So simple, vital, and nuanced. I know it
hinges on their understanding of acceleration. Acceleration in turn is one the trickiest
topics to teach, not because it’s hard to manage, but because everyone comes with
misconceptions about it. English usage of words like acceleration, velocity, speed, and
their ilk are totally muddled. I need kids to understand the differences between them. I
need them to understand how units underpin the connection of math to the sciences. I
need them to reject their current misunderstandings about the magic pushes and pulls
that comic books and movies have shown them.
This type of teaching towards misconceptions is not new, but I think it bears reminding.
If you ask a student why something continues to move after you’ve thrown it, they will
often respond with something quite cobbled and illogical:
“Well the force from my hand is like still pushing it in the air, and when it runs out of
force, it falls to the ground.”
Yikes. A little evidence for the maligned “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” theory
(which is a bit bunk, just to be clear): This child is positing Aristotle’s position, and she
doesn’t even know it! This theory worked for a few centuries, but in the end it just
doesn’t match all the data we have today about how things move. Our current most-
used theory connects force to acceleration. That is, if something doesn’t feel a force, it
How can I address this misconception? Wii Remotes! What? Yes! Wiimotes happen to
be the cheapest and most fun accelerometers on the market. There’s a slew of websites
dedicated to jail breaking and otherwise non-traditional uses of your Wiimote. I use a
piece of software called DarwiinRemote.1 Kudos to the development team for this
community-driven gem.
A quick
Bluetooth sync (hit “Find Wiimote” and then hold down the “1″ and “2″ buttons on your
Wiimote), and you’re up and running! Notice the awesomeness that is the real-time
graph. Notice the fact that the Z-axis is offset by negative g when the Wiimote is sitting
still. *Geek Out*
What using the Wiimotes gains me is a little street cred. and some serious connections
to things that they want to know about. How does this thing work?2 How does it know
what I’m doing? These are questions anyone has asked when interacting with a video
game, let alone one as revolutionary as the Nintendo Wii.3
How does this go in physics class? We drop them. We slide them. We put wheels on
them and make Wiimote cars. We put wings on them and throw them out windows.
Whatever it takes.
We do a lot of great experiments with the Wiimotes. I generally start an inquiry cycle
with them. My guided investigation is usually along the lines of dropping the Wiimotes,
or attaching it to a pulley with a constant force. Anything I can do to help separate the
ideas of acceleration, velocity, and force. The kids then think of all sorts of insane things
to do with these. As I’ve said earlier, my goal is to start them off with something simple.
Almost painfully simple really, in order to get them thinking about what could be cooler.
I’d love to hear your ideas about what you do with this! These Wiimotes come back all
semester. What they’ve gained for me is a foothold when talking about F=ma at the
board. (I spend more time at the whiteboard than you think). We’re always fighting to
connect board ideas to real experiences. My favorite battle.
1. This is OS X software. If you have a PC, here’s a link to a similar program, but I don’t
run Windows, so no promises.
2.The Wiimote is actually a camera with a Bluetooth transceiver in it. The sensor bar is a
misnomer. It’s actually just two infrared diodes that shine into the Wiimote camera. The
placement of the dots from the sensor bar in the picture taken by the Wiimote conveys
where the Wiimote is, which it then sends back the Wii via Bluetooth. The
accelerometer and other data are also sent to the Wii via Bluetooth. No information is
actually sent to the sensor bar!
3. Shawn Cornally is not affiliated or being paid by Nintendo, but he wouldn’t mind it. I’d
look great in blue overalls, or perhaps a green tunic…
“Goal-less Problems”
Physics! Blog! by Kelly O’Shea
http://kellyoshea.wordpress.com/2011/03/05/goal-less-problems/
VAST Mini-Grant
Need funding for an innovative curriculum activity? VAST's minigrant application for
funding is due June 1. The application is short and can be found here:
http://www.vast.org/index.cfm/go/forms.minigrant
Professional Development
NSTA
"Science of Nuclear Energy & Radiation" 2011 4-DAY Science Teacher Workshop,
http://local.ans.org/virginia/public_education.html
Professional Organizations
Send us your blog url and we’ll add it to our list of recommended links. There are some
really great teaching ideas out there.
VIP on LinkedIn
http://www.linkedin.com/groups?gid=2992762&trk=myg_ugrp_ovr
VIP on PD360
http://www.pd360.com/pd360.cfm?showwall=284216#tab=groups&page=groupsBrows
e
VIP on Facebook
http://www.facebook.com/groups/edit.php?gid=123151287705275#!/group.php?gid=1
23151287705275
Contact Info
Email: timothy_couillard@ccpsnet.net
Twitter: coolyrd
This newsletter and our spring meeting are graciously hosted by the Physics Department
of the University of Virginia. The Make N Take session is funded by the Virginia
Association of Science Teachers (VAST) of whom we are an affiliate and Jefferson
National Laboratory. Spring meeting door prizes generously donated by Vernier, CPO,
Sargent-Welch, Frey, Arbor Scientific.
Thank you for all you do to promote physics education in Virginia and beyond!