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5/20/2010

Biodiversity of Hot
Springs:
Zooplankton and Benthos
Ma. Vivian C. Camacho
Consuelo Dl. Habito

Why study zooplankton and


benthos in thermal pools?
 significant biological
and ecological roles
 variations in species
diversity indicate
changes in the dynamics
of freshwater
ecosystems in response
to changes in abiotic
factors

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Why study zooplankton and benthos


in thermal pools?
 biological indicators
of thermally-
disturbed freshwater
ecosystems
 conservation
strategies
 no taxonomic work
has been done

Objectives

 To identify zooplankton and benthic


species present in hot springs and ,
 To characterize temporal and spatial
variations in the population of
zooplankton and benthic animals,

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Objectives
 To determine the influence of physico-
chemical parameters such as temperature,
dissolved oxygen, pH, nitrates, nitrites on
species composition and abundance
 To correlate zooplankton and benthic
species composition and abundance with
human activities occurring in hot springs
and vicinities

Study Sites in Cuyab, Pansol, Laguna

Site 1

Site 2

Site 3

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Laguna Hot Spring Resort:


A. Inner Pool Area

B. Outer Canal

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Zooplankton sampling

Benthos -sieving and sorting

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Physico-chemical parameters

 temperature

 dissolved oxygen
 pH content (acidity/ basicity) of
water
 Nitrites and nitrates

Year 1- Zooplankton and Benthos


in Cuyab Hot Spring Resort

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Zooplankton- taxa composition

Mollusca
13%

Rotifera
 23 taxa
Arthropoda 56.5%
26%

Phylum Rotifera
Class Bdelloidea

Class Monogononta

Brachionus urceolaris Brachionus angularis Platyias quadricornis

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Class Monogononta

Polyarthra sp. Lepadella sp. Dicranophorus sp.

Lecane sp.

Arthropods and Worms

copepod nauplius male Cyclopoidea Annelida

Nematode rhabditiform larvae

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Zooplankton Taxa

Site 1

10
9
8
Number of Taxa

7 Rotifera
6 Arthropoda
5
4 Annelida
3 Mollusca
2
1
0
r

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Month

Site 2

4
Number of Taxa

3 Rotifera
Arthropoda
2
Annelida

1 Mollusca

0
r

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er

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Month

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Site 3

4
Number of Taxa

Rotifera
3 Arthropoda
2 Annelida
Mollusca
1

0
r

ry
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Month

Zooplankton abundances

%
Arthropoda 46.2
Rotifera 43.6 Rotifera
Arthropoda
Nematoda 5.7
Annelida 3.2
Mollusca 0.8

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Relative Mean Abundances of


Zooplankton
copepod nauplius
Bdelloidea
Brachionus angularis
Zooplankton taxa

Lecane
NEMATODA- rhabditiform larva
Polyarthra
unidentified copepod
ANNELIDA-Oligochaeta
Cyclopoidea copepodite
Lepadella

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Relative mean abundace (%)

Mean Density Across Sampling periods

Site 1
Mean density (no. of inds./m3)

600

500
ROTIFERA
400 NEMATODA
MOLLUSCA
300
ARTHROPODA
200 ANNELIDA
100

0
Oct-06 Nov-06 Dec-06 Jan-07 Feb-07 Mar-07
Sampling period (month)

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Mean density (no. of inds/m3) Site 2


120

100
ROTIFERA
80 NEMATODA
60 MOLLUSCA
40 ARTHROPODA
ANNELIDA
20
0
Oct- Nov- Dec- Jan- Feb- Mar-
06 06 06 07 07 07
Sampling period (month)

Site 3
Mean density (no. of inds./m3)

80
70
60 ROTIFERA
50 NEMATODA
40 MOLLUSCA
30 ARTHROPODA
20 ANNELIDA
10
0
Oct- Nov- Dec- Jan-07 Feb- Mar-
06 06 06 07 07
Sampling period (months)

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Total Mean Abundances in 3 sites

1200
Total mean density (no. of

1000

800
inds./m3)

Site 1
600 Site 2
Site 3
400

200

0
Oct-06 Nov-06 Dec-06 Jan-07 Feb-07 Mar-07
Sampling period (month)

Benthos- Taxa Composition


 9 taxa belonging to 3 animal groups

11%
Bivalvia

11%
Oligochaeta
78%
Gastropoda

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Gastropods and
Bivalves

Family Thiaridae
Melanoides

Viviparus
Family Planorbidae Corbicula

Relative Abundance of
Macrobenthos

10.6%
Pomacea

41.7%
32.9% F. Thiaridae
Melanoides

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Relative Mean Abundances of


Macrobenthos
Thiaridae
Melanoides
Macrobenthos taxa

Pomacea
Planorbidae
Corbicula
Oligochaeta
Tarebia
Bellamya
Viviparus

0 10 20 30 40 50
Relative mean abundance (%)

Mean Density of Macrobenthos

Site 1
18
Density (no. of inds./0.01m2)

16
14
12
Gastropoda
10
Bivalvia
8
Oligochaeta
6
4
2
0
Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March
Month

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Site 2

40
Density (no. of inds./0.01m2)

35
30
25 Gastropoda
20 Bivalvia
15 Oligochaeta
10
5
0
Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March
Month

Physico- 34.00

chemical 32.00
Temperature ( C)

30.00

parameters 28.00
Site 1
Site 2
26.00
Site 3

a. temperature 24.00

22.00

20.00
Oct-06 Nov-06 Dec-06 Jan-07 Feb-07 Mar-07
Month

10
9
8

b. dissolved oxygen
7
DO (mg/l)

6 Site 1
5 Site 2
4 Site 3
3
2
1
0

c. nitrites < 0.3 mg/l Oct-06 Nov-06 Dec-06 Jan-07 Feb-07 Mar-07
Month
d. nitrates 12.5mg/l

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Year 2- Laguna Hot Spring


Resort

% Composition of Major
Zooplankton Groups

Protozoa
Rotifera
Gastropoda
Nematoda
Oligochaeta
Arthropoda

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Relative Mean Abundances


of Zooplankton Taxa

Ciliate (possibly Tetrahymena)


Bdelloidea
Centropyxis sp.
Zooplankton taxa

Brachionus angularis
oligochaete
Euglypha
rhabditiform larvae
Cyclopoidea- nauplius
Lecane sp.
Lecane bulla

0 5 10 15 20 25
Relative mean abundance (%)

Mean Abundances of
Zooplankton in the Inner and
Outer Pool Area
250

200
(no. of inds./m3)
Mean abundance

150
In
Out
100

50

0
8 10 12 14 16
Month

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Temperature in the Inner and


Outer Pool Area

40

38
Temperature (C)

36 In
34 Out

32

30
8 10 12 14 16
Month

Dissolved Oxygen in the Inner


and Outer Pool Area

8
7
6
DO (mg/l)

5
In
4
Out
3
2
1
0
8 10 12 14 16
Month

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Major Findings (Year 1)


 23 and 9 zooplankton and benthic taxa,
respectively were identified in canals near Cuyab
hot spring
 Zooplankton was dominated by arthropods
particularly copepod nauplius, while benthos by F.
Thiaridae
 Variations in mean density and taxa composition
of zooplankton and benthos among sites and
across sampling periods were observed
 Temperature 25°C to 32.4 °C; DO 4.8 mg/l to 9.1
mg/l; nitrites less than 0.3 mg/l; nitrates 12.5mg/l

Major Findings (Year 2)


-17 zooplankton taxa belonging to six animal
phyla
-Protozoa was the most important group
comprising 41% of the total zooplankton
identified, followed by Rotifera with 34%,
and Arthropoda with 10%
-ciliates was the most abundant, followed by
Bdelloidea, Centropyxis sp., and Brachionus
angularis

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Conclusions
1. Number of taxa: 23 zooplankton and 9
macrobenthos in Cuyab Hot Spring and 17
zooplankton in Laguna Hot Spring
2. Abundance :
a. Rotifera dominated; Copepod nauplius,
Bdelloidea and Brachionus angularis ; Thiaridae,
Melanoides and Pomacea (Cuyab Hot Spring)
b. Protozoa dominated, Ciliates, Bdelloids,
Centropyxis, and Brachionus angularis (Laguna Hot
Spring )

3. the presence of Brachionus angularis in both


resorts and Centropyxis in Laguna Hot Spring
may indicate some degree eutrophication in
these areas

4. Temporal and spatial variations in


zooplankton may be attributed to differences
in physico-chemical factors such as
temperature, dissolved oxygen and
nutrient content

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5. It was difficult to assess the effects of the


resort activity on zooplankton community
considering that human factors, which may
have contributed to the observed differences,
cannot be clearly delineated from physico-
chemical factors

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