Basic Telephony For IT

Basic Telephony WBT Storyboard
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COURSE OBJECTIVES
• Better Understand the History of Telecommunications and

Qwest
• Better Understand Telecom Terms, Definitions, and Where
Qwest Fits In
• Understand That Qwest Employees are Key to the Company’s
Future Success
BEFORE YOU BEGIN

Available Topics
• Purpose of Training
• Navigation/Instructions
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PURPOSE OF COVERAGE
In this course you will learn about Basic Telephony from both a
historical standpoint and a Qwest-specific standpoint.
While it is not possible to provide training on every aspect of

telecommunications, this course will provide you with effective
examples and resources that will assist you in better understanding the
industry and our company.
Today's workplace environment is fast-paced and the

telecommunications industry is complex while competition for the
customer’s dollar grows every day. Taking ownership and
responsibility for everything you do will determine our success.
Knowing your industry is the first step; helping you make sense of
basic telephony is why we’ve designed this course for you.
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This coverage generally takes 1 – 1 ½ hours to complete.
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NAVIGATION/INSTRUCTIONS
Use the Previous and Next buttons located in the lower right corner of
each window to navigate through this training in a linear fashion.
Use the Menu button located at the top right corner of each window to
access specific sections within the training (non-linear).
If you would like a paper guide of this training, click Print in the
bottom navigation bar. You will need Adobe Acrobat Reader
installed to view it.
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NAVIGATION/INSTRUCTIONS, continued
Click Contents in the bottom navigation bat to navigate anywhere

within a section (for example, a topic/module) of the training.
Click Contact in the bottom navigation bar if you have any questions
regarding this training.
Links to other sections within the training or to sites external to the

training are indicated by bold blue links on which you click.
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PRETEST
Comprised of question from

Module knowledge checks
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OVERVIEW
Available Topics
• Module Goals
• History of Telecommunications
• History of Qwest
• Qwest Today
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Module Goals
After completing this section, you should understand:

• The beginnings of the Telecommunications Industry
• The impact of AT&T on the early days of telecom

• The Divestiture Plan of 1984
• The Telecommunications Act of 1996
• The History of Qwest
• Where is Qwest Today
These goals support the course objective of helping you Better
Understand the History of Telecommunications and Qwest.
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History of Telecommunications
The inception of the telecommunications industry was in 1876 when

Alexander Graham Bell filled his patent for the telephone on
February 14th. In 1877 the Bell Telephone Company was formed,
growth and expansion began, and in 1880 the company was renamed
to American Bell. American Bell was a near monopoly supplier of
telephone services at that time.
In 1885 American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T), the new Bell

subsidiary emerged with sole charter of construction and maintenance
of the long distance network.
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The Communications Act of 1934
The Communications Act of 1934 relieved the Interstate Commerce

Commission of its role by creating the Federal Communications
Commission (FCC) which regulates interstate (state-to-state)
communications exclusively.
Intrastate (within the same state) communications fell under the

authority of the state utility commissions such as the Public Utilities
Commission (PUC) or the Public Service Commission (PSC).
A tariff, which is permission to offer service, is filed by a

communications provider to the appropriate regulatory agency or FCC
to offer a service. The tariff addresses the service to be offered, the
rates proposed to be charged and the requirements to be imposed on
FCC.gif both the communications provider and the subscriber.
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Knowledge Check
1. The Communications Act of 1934 created
the Public Utilities Commission (PUC).

the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
the Public Service Commission (PSC).
the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC).
2. In 1885 AT&T emerged with the sole charter of
construction and maintenance of the long distance network

construction and maintenance of Bell Telephone Company.
construction and maintenance of American Bell.
construction and maintenance of the new Bell subsidiaries.
3. Drag and drop
The FCC regulates interstate traffic
The PUC or PSC regulates intrastate traffic
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The Consent Decree of 1956
In 1949 the Department of Justice (DOJ) filed suit against AT&T for
violations of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. By this time there were
over 9,000 independent (non-Bell) telephone companies. AT&T
would not permit interconnecting of competing telephone companies
to its network. The main goal of this suit was to divest Western
Electric, AT&T’s equipment manufacturing subsidiary.
In 1956 the suit was settled with a Consent Decree which mandated
AT&T to keep Western Electric but forgo any involvement with the
computer industry.
In 1968 the FCC reviewed their stance on AT&T operations and with
we.gif the Carterfone decision opened the door to competitors in the
telephone equipment business. These vendors are primarily referred to
as interconnect companies and the equipment they provide is called
Customer Premise Equipment (CPE).
In 1969 the FCC approved the first alternative long distance network
Microwave Communications Incorporated, now well known as
MCI, and they built their first alternative microwave transmission
system between Chicago and St. Louis.
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The Separation of AT&T
In 1974 the DOJ filed a complaint against AT&T. The DOJ claimed
they were abusing its monopoly on the telecommunication industry by
using the Bell companies to prevent and restrict competition from
equipment manufacturers and other telecommunications companies.
This was in violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. The complaint
or suit requested divestiture of Western Electric and for AT&T to
either surrender its long distance business or its interest in the 22 local
Bell companies.
In 1982 the separation of AT&T’s local and long distance operation

RBOCS.gif occurred through a settlement that drastically modified the 1956
Consent Decree.
In 1984 the divestiture plan called for the 22 Bell Operating

Companies to be divested and restructured into 7 Regional Bell
Operating Companies (RBOCs): AT&T handled the long distance
and international service while the RBOCs handled the local service.
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The Telecommunications Act of 1996
The most recent change for the industry resulted from the
Telecommunications Act of 1996. In general, the
Telecommunications Act of 1996:
• deregulated the local service market

• encouraged competition in the local markets
• required companies to unbundle network elements for resale
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• allowed for Local Exchange Carriers (LECs) or RBOCs to
market services in the long distance arena as long as stringent
requirements were met.
In very simplistic terms, long distance carriers can now sell local
services and local companies can now sell long distance. Customers
now have choices of local service vendors other than their LEC.
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Knowledge Check
1. In 1949 the Department of Justice (DOJ) filed suit against AT&T

for
violations against Western Electric.

violations against the Communications Act of 1934.
violations of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
violations of the Consent Decree.
2. The Carterfone Decision closed the doors to competitors in the

telephone equipment business.
True
False
3. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 regulated the local service

market and more specifically it encouraged competition in the long
distance markets.
True
False
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History of Qwest
In 1988 Southern Pacific Telecom was created out of Southern

Pacific Railroad. Philip Anschutz bought Southern Pacific Railroad
in 1990, and within two years spun off Southern Pacific Telecom as a
separate company.
In 1994 Southern Pacific Telecom acquired Qwest Transmission
Incorporated, and in 1995 Southern Pacific Railroad was sold to
Union Pacific while Philip Anschutz secured rights to land alongside
the railroads. Qwest then evolved from SP Telecom when Anschutz
Corporation sold Southern Pacific Railroad and kept SP Telecom.
Originally a construction arm of Southern Pacific Railroad, Southern
Pacific Telecom built conduits for carriers along the railroad's rights-
sp.gif of-way, while at the same time installing a spare conduit for itself.
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History of Qwest, continued
In 1997, Qwest announced that it was building a nationwide fiber-optic

network. At that time, the company entered into contracts with
Frontier, WorldCom (now MCI WorldCom) and GTE, all of whom
agreed to buy fiber installed by Qwest. As a result of these contracts,
Qwest's construction costs of building the network were greatly
reduced.
1997 was Qwest’s Initial Public Offering and Qwest acquired Supernet
to enter the retail Internet race. In 1998 Qwest bought LCI (fourth
largest long distance carrier) followed by Qwest acquiring EU Net.
The ICON acquisition and KPNQwest Joint Venture was to follow in
1999. In 2000 Qwest entered into the USWEST merger, and 2001
brought a new focus on 271/272 long distance compliance. In 2002
Qwest focus was on long distance relief as Richard Notebaert was
appointed Chairman and CEO.
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Knowledge Check
1. Qwest evolved from

SP Telecom when Anschutz Corporation sold Union Pacific in
1996 and kept SP Telecom.
SP Telecom when Anschutz Corporation bought Union Pacific in
1996 and kept SP Telecom.
SP Telecom when Anschutz Corporation sold Southern Pacific
in 1996 and kept SP Telecom.
SP Telecom when Anschutz Corporation bought Southern Pacific
in 1996 and kept SP Telecom.
2. In 1998 Qwest bought

EUNet (fourth largest long distance Carrier).
KPN (fourth largest long distance Carrier).
ICON (fourth largest long distance Carrier).
LCI (fourth largest long distance Carrier).
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3. For Qwest, 2001 brought a new focus on
271/272 Long Distance Compliance.
252 CLEC Agreements.
HIPAA - Health Insurance Portability and Accountability.
FCPA - Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.
4. Qwest entered into contracts with

the FCC and RBOCs, who agreed to buy fiber installed by Qwest.
This greatly reduced Qwest's construction costs of building the
network.
Frontier, WorldCom and GTE, who agreed to buy fiber
installed by Qwest. This greatly reduced Qwest's construction
costs of building the network.
Frontier, WorldCom, and GTE, who agreed to buy fiber installed
by AT&T. This greatly reduced Qwest's construction costs of building
the network.
the RBOCs and LECs, who agreed to buy fiber installed by AT&T.
This greatly reduced Qwest's construction costs of building the
network.
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A Tale of Two Companies
One Column Layout
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Qwest Profile
Did you know that Qwest, your company:
• Provides integrated, one-stop communication solutions

• Is a leader in Internet-based data, voice, image and multimedia
communications
• Services more than 25 million customers
• Has 49,000 employees
Did you know we combine the world’s fastest, most powerful network with a
leading line-up of:
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• Web hosting services
• Managed solutions
• High-speed Internet access
• Private networks
• Wireless data
We continue to introduce technologies and applications that are redefining
global communications around the power and potential of the Internet.
This is your company - a leader in its field!
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Qwest Vision
To build shareholder value by becoming the customer-focused

market leader for worldwide broadband communications and
applications services
We now are closer to making our vision a reality with:
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• Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) services for video and data
• Wireless communications services
• Advanced broadband Internet communications services
• Local and long-distance services
• Leadership in hosting, applications services, and Internet
Protocol
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Qwest In-Region
Qwest In-Region, is comprised of the 14 states that were the

original USWest territory. When Qwest merged with U S WEST (an
RBOC) in June 2000, it became subject to Sections 271 and 272 of
the Telecommunications Act of 1996.
The Federal Telecommunications Act of 1996 allows Regional Bell
Operating Companies (RBOCs) to originate interLATA services
within their own region once they meet the requirements outlined in
Sections 271 and 272 of the Act.
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To promote fair competition in the telecom market Qwest must
demonstrate that its market (in-region) is open to competitors.
Similarly, when Qwest wants to do business out-of-region, other
markets must be open to Qwest so that any one telecommunications
company cannot form a monopoly in any particular region.
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Qwest Wireless
Qwest and Sprint to Offer Qwest Customers Nationwide

Wireless
Qwest signed a wholesale agreement that allows Qwest to provide
nationwide wireless voice and data services to its new and existing
consumers throughout its 14-state local service region, and to its
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business customers across the United States, using the enhanced
Sprint nationwide wireless network infrastructure.
Qwest will offer PCS Vision(sm) from Sprint, the company’s
advanced wireless data service. The contract also enables Qwest to
continue to provide sales and service support to all Qwest wireless
customers, including the promotion and sale of handsets, price plans
and data services, and customer service -- including billing and
account management.
Link to Qwest Press Releases For this article
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Qwest IP Network
The Internet Protocol, IP is the most important of the protocols on

which the Internet is based. The IP Protocol is a standard that
describes software, tracks Internet work addresses for different
nodes, routes outgoing messages, and recognizes incoming
messages.
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Qwest’s state-of-the-art global Internet backbone is the industry’s
most advanced all-fiber network, spanning more than 106,000
miles.
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Qwest North American Broadband Network
Qwest is the recognized industry leader in providing high-

bandwidth network services around the globe. We are a leader in
reliable, scalable, and secure broadband data, voice, and image
communications for businesses and consumers.
Our state-of-the-art Broadband Network that was a vision for the
network.gif future when being laid along railroad tracks, now brings our revenue
and takes our customers where they have never been.
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JUST THE ESSENTIALS
Available Topics
• Module Goals
• Local Access Transport Areas
• What’s in a Phone Number
• From Here to There
• Products and Services
• The Costs Involved
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JUST THE ESSENTIALS
Module Goals

• What a LATA is and what effect it has on the phone call you
make
• The components of a telephone number and what they
actually mean
• How a call gets from point A to point B
• Some of the more common products and services Qwest
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• The costs involved to Qwest
These goals support the course objective of helping you Better
Understand Telecom Terms, Definitions and Where Qwest Fits In.
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Local Access Transport Areas (LATA)
What is a LATA?
Local Access Transport Areas, commonly known as LATAs, were

created as a result of Divestiture. A LATA is a geographical area in
which a local telephone company is allowed to carry local or toll
traffic and is served by the Regional Bell Operating Companies
(RBOCs).
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LATAs:
• may cross state lines
• are NOT related to area codes
• generally encompass one or more local exchange areas
LATAs are generally referred to as calling areas or calling zones.
There are two main types of LATA traffic:
• IntraLATA
• InterLATA
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IntraLATA
IntraLATA traffic are calls originating and terminating within the

same LATA: the LATA may cross a state line. One Plus (1+), this
means you must dial a 1 before the number, IntraLATA calls are
transported by the local telephone company or RBOC and they receive
revenue for these calls.
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IntraLATA
IntraLATA / Intrastate calls: Originate and terminate within the

same LATA; as well as in the same state. The local telephone
company or RBOC handles these calls unless the customer chooses to
access a long distance carrier by dialing 10-10-XXXX.
IntraLATA / Interstate calls: Originate and terminate within the

same LATA but cross a state line. The local telephone company or
states01.gif RBOC handles these calls unless the customer chooses to access a long
distance carrier by dialing 10-10-XXXX.
NOTE: Competition varies from state to state for IntraLATA traffic

and the customer is given many choices of who will carry their traffic
and ultimately get their revenue.
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InterLATA
InterLATA traffic originates in one LATA and terminates in another.

In other words, it goes between LATAs.
The InterLATA call:
• does NOT necessarily cross a state line

• is transported solely by a long distance company
The long distance company receives revenue for InterLATA calls.

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InterLATA
InterLATA / Intrastate calls originate in one LATA and terminate in

another but are within the same state. The service provider for these
calls is the long distance carrier.
InterLATA / Interstate calls originate in one LATA and terminate in

another crossing a state line.
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KNOWLEDGE CHECK
1. Looking at the map, Sally at point B calls Rose at Point A. This

type of call would be an
InterLATA Intrastate call.
IntraLATA Intrastate call.
IntraLATA Interstate call.
InterLATA Interstate call.
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2. Looking at the map, Jane at point A calls Joe at Point E. This type
of call would be an
InterLATA Intrastate call.
IntraLATA Intrastate call.
IntraLATA Interstate call.
InterLATA Interstate call.
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What’s in a Phone Number
The North American Numbering Plan (NANP) was developed by

Bell Labs and introduced by AT&T. Bellcore (Bell Communications,
Inc.) has administered the plan since divestiture.
In 1995 due to a shortage of numbers the NANP was revised, enabling

area codes and exchanges to have the same numbers and increasing
number availability.
The Automatic Number Identification, or commonly referred to as

ANI, is the 10-digit number assigned to a customer’s line.
Components of an ANI (a telephone number) are as follows:
phone.gif
Many times a business telephone number is referred to as the Billing
Telephone Number (BTN). The BTN is the number a local company
bills to. This could be either a residential or business main telephone
number.
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The Domestic Telephone Number
The domestic phone is comprised from an Area Code, Exchange Code,

and a Customer Number.
• Area Code = NPA

o The first three digits of a telephone number represent the
customer’s area code or Number Planning Area (NPA).
• Exchange Code = NXX
o The exchange code, NXX, is the first three digits of the
customers seven digit local number. Within a given area
code, the NXX identifies the central office (CO) the
customer is served from.
national.gif • Customer Number = XXXX
o The last four digits of the customer’s number identify the
customer. It is also referred to as the customer’s address.
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The International Telephone Number
The international telephone is comprised from a Country Code, City

Code, and a Local Number.
The international prefix assigned to North America and used to access

the international network is 011.
The three components of an international call are :

• Country code
internat.gif • City code
• Local number / address
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1. Three components of an international call are

Country Code, Service Code, Local Number.
Country Code, City Code, Local Number.
Country Code, Area Code, Local Number.
Country Code, Exchange Code, Local Number.
2. Components of an ANI (telephone number) are

Local Number, State Code, Area Code.
LATA, Area Code, Exchange Code.
Area Code, Exchange Code, Customer Number.
LATA, Area Code, Customer Number.
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The Local Network
There are two types of networks: Local and Long Distance.
The Local Network:
The local telephone company is called the Local Exchange Carrier

(LEC) and can be one of the RBOCs. They carry IntraLATA traffic.
Parts of the local network include a Central Office (CO) and a

Tandem. The CO often referred to as an End Office (EO), houses
switching equipment that supplies business and residential customers
with line service and dial tone. Two types of line service are:
localcall.gif • local loop

• trunk service
A Tandem is a building where switching equipment connects other

switches together. A switch is a physical piece of equipment with two
main functions:
• call routing
• maintenance of the call detail records for billing purposes
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The Long Distance Network:
Long Distance Carriers are called Interexchange Carriers (IXCs) are

responsible for the transport of InterLATA traffic. All InterLATA
calls are routed from the CO or CO Tandem to an IXC’s Point of
Presence (POP) or switch, then routed over to the IXC’s network to
the call termination destination.
If a carrier does not have a physical switch, calls can be routed by a

switchless POP to the nearest IXC POP or switch. Circuits connecting
IXC switches are called Intermachine Trunks (IMTs).
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1. If a carrier does not have a physical switch, calls can be routed by a

switchless POP.
switchless Tandem.
switchless LEC.
switchless IXC.
2. The CO (Central Office) is often referred to as the EO (End Office).
True
False
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Switched Access
There are two types of access to a company’s network:
• Switched Access
• Dedicated Access
Switched Access is a method by which a customer connects to the

Interexchange Carrier (IXC). The Local Exchange Carrier (LEC)
provides switched access circuits called feature groups, for
connectivity.
All long distance calls originated from a local line are transported via
switched access. The long distance call is switched by the LEC to the
long distance provider.
Switched access is owned, maintained, and priced and tarriffed by the

LEC. The IXC compensates the LEC for the switching of calls and
this is a major portion of an IXC’s operating cost.
Roll-over two major There are two major types of switched access:
types to display here
• Dial Up Access
• Equal Access
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JUST THE ESSENTIALS
From Here to There, continued
Dial Up Access
Prior to Equal Access, customers could access an IXC’s network by

dialing a specific access telephone number (either a local number or a
number beginning with a 950 prefix). Once the customer was
connected to the IXC, they would dial an authorization code that
identified the customer as well as the number being dialed.
The advantages of dial up access were:
• generally less expensive

• it was a way to capture IntraLATA traffic.
The disadvantage was the high susceptibility to fraud and it required so

many digits to dial.
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Equal Access
Equal Access is the LEC’s ability to automatically switch calls to the

long distance carrier of the customer’s choice, based upon a Primary
Interexchange Carrier (PIC) they choose. A Carrier Identification
Code (CIC) identifying the IXC chosen is entered and all long
distance calls are automatically routed. The call process is very
simple: 1+NPA+NXX+XXXX. The circuits connecting the tandem to
the IXC switch are called Feature Group D circuits.
An alternative dialing procedure for equal access is 10-10-XXXX

dialing. Dialing 10-10-XXXX instructs the LEC to route the call to
the long distance carrier belonging to the CIC dialed which is
designated by the XXXX (Qwest CIC is 0432). A common reason for
dialing 10-10-XXXX is for secondary access. When the 10-10-
XXXX is used, normally a customer will open an account with a long
distance provider but will not choose them as their Primary
Interexchange Carrier (PIC).
When the customer chooses to access the IXC, they will be billed at
the rate plan they chose for the calls placed via 10-10-XXXX dialing.
Causal Calling refers to 10-10-XXXX access by customers who do
NOT have an account with the IXC. Since the customer does not have
an account, the calls are billed on behalf of the IXC by the LEC.
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JUST THE ESSENTIALS
Dedicated Access
Dedicated access is for customers who have specific needs to be

connected directly to the IXC. A circuit is engineered and installed
from the customer premise directly to the IXC’s switch.
The circuit passes through the LEC’s CO and tandem; however, no

switching functions are needed. Dial tone is given directly from the
IXC’s switch to the customer.
There are two forms of dedicated access:
• Dedicated Access Line (DAL)

• T1
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JUST THE ESSENTIALS
Dedicated Access Line (DAL)
A dedicated access line (DAL) is an analog circuit supporting one

voice conversation per circuit.
A T1:
• is a 24 channel digital circuit supporting 24 simultaneous voice
conversations
• transmits at a speed of 1.544 megabits per second (Mbps)
• is also referred to as a DS1
• can be engineered for a combination of inbound, outbound and
private line service on the same T1
A LEC or a Competitive Access Provider (CAP) provides

dedcall.gif connectivity directly to the IXC switch via a local loop. The local loop
cost is based on the mileage from the customer premise to the nearest
CO.
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Analog Transmission
Analog transmission is a sound wave electrically duplicated and

carried over a transmission path. Analog signals are considered non-
predictable as the tone and loudness of the signal are constantly
changing.
analog.gif As an analog signal travels through the transmission path, the signal
loses strength over distance. This is called attenuation. An analog
signal must be amplified to boost the signal, but one major drawback
to this is that any noise will also be boosted at the same time.
Digital Transmission
Digital transmission is a series of discrete, discontinuous voltage

pulses. The digital signal is transmitted as a binary code (a series of
zeros and ones). Unlike the analog signal, the digital signal is
considered predictable and high quality. The digital signal also loses
strength over distance, but equipment called regenerators detects the
digital.gif incoming bit stream of zeros and ones and replicates the signal without
boosting the noise.
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1. The Digital Signal is
considered non-predictable as the tone and loudness of the signal
are constantly changing.
amplified to boost the signal.
an incoming bit stream of ones and twos and replicates the signal.
considered predictable and high quality.
2. Dedicated access is for customers who have specific needs to be

connected directly to the IXC.
True
False
3. The local loop cost required for a DAL is

based on the mileage from the customer premise to the nearest
IXC.
LATA.
CO.
DS1.
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JUST THE ESSENTIALS
Products and Services
To focus on specific Products and Services that Qwest offers, we will

look at:
• LAN – Local Area Network

• WAN – Wide Area Network
• Private Line
• IP – Internet Protocol
• Frame Relay
• ATM – Asynchronous Transfer Mode
• ISDN – Integrated Services Digital Network
• DSL – Digital Subscriber Line
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JUST THE ESSENTIALS
Products and Services, continued
Local Area Network (LAN)
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a short data communications

network (typically within a building or campus) used to link computers
and peripheral devices (such as printers) together under some form of
standard control.
An Ethernet, a type of LAN, is used for connecting computers,

printers, workstations, terminals, servers, etc., within the same
lan.gif
building or campus.
An Ethernet operates
• over twisted wire and coaxial cable

• at speeds of up to 10 Gbps
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JUST THE ESSENTIALS
Wide Area Network (WAN)
A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a data network typically extending

a LAN outside the building, over a common-carrier telephone line to
link other LANs in remote buildings (and possibly remote cities). A
WAN, as opposed to a LAN, typically uses common-carrier lines.
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1. An Ethernet is a type of
LAN – Local Area Network.
WAN – Wide Area Network.
2. A LAN, as opposed to a WAN, typically uses common-carrier

lines.
True
False
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JUST THE ESSENTIALS
Private Line
buildings03.gif A Private Line is a dedicated line for use between specified points.
Typically, a Private Line would be leased from a local or long distance
company. Private Line available speeds are Fractional DS-1, DS-1,
DS-3, and OC Levels. Click Here for Fiber Capacity.
Advantages of a Private Line are:
• High Speed / Capacity

• Stable and Reliable
• Private equals Security
• Offers the greatest “throughput” to the customer
Disadvantages of a Private Line are:
• Distance Sensitive
• Very Expensive
• Not scalable in a large WAN
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FIBER CAPACITY
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The Internet
The Internet is a network of networks; millions of computers connected in a

web, talking to one another through a common communications protocol. A
network connected to the Internet can be a single personal computer or a
large corporate network.
History of the Internet
The U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

(ARPA) began the Internet in the late 1960s and started creating
protocols and standards.
In the 1970s Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork (ARPANET)

was connecting the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Department of
Energy (DOE), NASA, and the Department of Defense (DOD).
internet.gif
By the early 1980s, ARPANET was split into two unclassified
networks, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork
(DARPANET) and Military NETwork (MILNET).
In 1985 the National Science Foundation (NSF) founded the National

Science Foundation NETwork (NSFNET) and was used to connect
universities to the ARPANET. By the early 1990s, NSF stopped
funding NSFNET and privatized the Internet.
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TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) / Internet Protocol (IP) provides a means of
passing datagrams between virtually any network capable of sending and
receiving bits. It is a highly effective, lowest common denominator protocol.
IP is the basic building block of the Internet and allows routing of datagrams
through gateways connecting networks and sub-networks.
TCP/IP allows different types of computer systems to interact (talk to each other).
IP Addressing
All interactions between persons or computers over the Internet require an IP

Address. An IP Address consists of four octets (an eight-bit byte) and would
generally look like 208.198.200.3. In other words, an IP address is like your home
address: it helps others find your computer on the Internet.
Domain Name
domain.gif
Domain Names (i.e. Qwest.com) provide a system of easy-to-remember Internet
Addresses, which can be translated by the Domain Name System (DNS) into the
numeric IP Address used by a network. A Domain Name is simply a label that
represents a domain.
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Email Addressing
Email addresses have three basic components to get your message

from point A to point B:
Username – the name used to identify an individual when on

the Internet
Host – a computer with full two-way access to other computers
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on the Internet (a mainframe)
Domain – organization identifying the individual subnetwork
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Dedicated IP
As a basis for all Internet Protocol (IP) products and services, Internet
access connects a customer’s location to all other locations on the
Internet via the Qwest High Capacity network and its connections to
the global Internet.
Qwest is a Tier 1 Provider of Internet Services with direct connection

to the Internet. Tier 2, for example, would lease connections and pay
access fees to a Tier 1 provider to provide their customer access to the
Internet.
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Web Hosting
Web Hosting is a service performed by Internet Service Providers

(ISP) and Internet Access Providers, encouraging companies to put
Web sites on computers owned by the ISP. These computers are
attached to communications links to the Internet (often at high speeds).
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1. All interactions between persons or computers over the Internet
require
an IP Address.
a Tier 1 provider.
Web Hosting.
2. Email addresses have three basic components to get your message

from point A to point B. They are
Username, Host and IP Address.

Username, Host and Domain.
Username, IP Address and Domain.
3. A Private Line is a direct channel

dedicated line for use between the LEC and CO.
switched line for use between CO and Tandem.
dedicated line for use between specified points.
switched line for use between the LEC and CO.
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Frame Relay
Frame Relay is a method for effectively routing frames of information

across a WAN. Frame Relay transfers data in ‘frames’ which are
variable in length, with the size being anywhere from 1 to 4,096 bytes.
Frame Relay uses both permanent and switched circuits:
Permanent Virtual Circuit – a fixed virtual circuit path that provides the
equivalent of a dedicated private line service between users.
Switched Virtual Circuit – a virtual circuit connection across a network

on an as-needed basis, lasting only the duration of the transfer (less
buildings02.gif expensive).
Advantages
• Distance insensitive
• Widely available
• Can be used with Data, Voice, and Video
• Very cost effective
Disadvantages
• Network Congestion can cause loss of packets and
diminished throughput
• Throughput suffers at speeds above DS-3 due to variable
packet length
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Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
ATM is a very high speed transmission technology that is a high

bandwidth, low delay, multiplexing technique. The term
‘asynchronous’ applies as each cell is presented to the network on a
start-up basis (asynchronously).
ATM, like Frame Relay, uses both permanent and switched circuits:
Permanent Virtual Circuit – a fixed virtual circuit path that

provides the equivalent of a dedicated private line service, over
a packet-switched network.
Switched Virtual Circuit – a virtual circuit connection

buildings01.gif established across a network on an as-needed basis, lasting only
the duration of the transfer (less expensive).
Advantages
• Distance insensitive
• Widely available
• Can be used with Data, Voice, Video, and Audio
• Cost effective for very high bandwidth applications
Disadvantages
• DS-3 and above only
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Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) offers the power to

create a seamless communications system that speeds and smoothes
the flow of information without the expense of dedicated lines and
special cabling. It is a system of digital phone connections which has
been available for over a decade and allows data to be transmitted
simultaneously across the world using end-to-end digital connectivity.
Advantages
• Good for short term connections (switched)
• Voice and data (compression)
• Excellent backup link
Disadvantages
• Low bandwidth
• Sensitive to calling areas, LATA boundaries and long
distance charges
• Pricing varies region to region
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1. A Qwest product that is Distance insensitive, Widely available, Can
be used with Data, Voice, Video and is Very cost effective at all
bandwidths is
Frame Relay.
ATM.
ISDN.
2. A Qwest product good for short term switched connections as a

backup link would be
Frame Relay.
ISDN.
ATM.
3. A very high speed transmission technology, high in bandwidth, low

in delay and connection oriented would be
Frame Relay.
ATM.
ISDN.
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JUST THE ESSENTIALS
DSL – Digital Subscriber Line
In today’s fast-paced business and Internet world, speed delivers the

competitive edge. Business markets are quickly developing a demand
for high-speed Internet access and the Internet is proving crucial to
conducting day-to-day operations. Today dial-up access may fall short
for ecommerce, Web-based research, and even email.
Why the growth?

• Reliance on Internet
• Information
• Communication
• Business
• Bandwidth intensive applications
Qwest DSL Services offers customers bi-directional speeds ranging

from up to 256 Kbps on the lowest end to 7 Mbps on the high end
dependent on the telephone line. Qwest DSL voice and data is
transmitted over their telephone line to the nearest Qwest Central
Office where it is transferred to a high-speed Qwest ATM fiber
network and delivered to an Internet Service Provider.
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DSL – Digital Subscriber Line, continued
By moving data traffic off the public switched telephone network and
onto the Qwest ATM fiber data network, voice traffic benefits by
avoiding the extended hold times caused by data transmissions on
voice switches. The data traffic benefits by avoiding the bandwidth
limitations of voice switches.
DSL Advantages Over Cable
Along with the freedom to chose your own ISP, DSL offers these
distinct advantages:
• DSL is provisioned over the subscriber’s phone line and not a

shared cable network which means
o bandwidth is not shared with others
o better data security
o fewer points of failure
o fewer home wiring problems
o more flexibility in network recovery
o always provides two-way broadband
o simultaneous lifeline POTS
o high level of customer trust
• No bandwidth usage restrictions
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JUST THE ESSENTIALS
The Costs Involved
The challenges facing long distance providers seems frightening – they

must adapt to new regulations, adopt new technologies, and offer an
ever-expanding portfolio of new services. With this challenge, though,
comes boundless opportunities as providers can readily enter new
markets, serve new end users, and – by offering them an array of new
services – differentiate themselves in the competitive arena and profit
in the process.
Mouse over some of the key components below to better understand

the cost involved:
iad2.gid (used for background) • Operating Revenue

• Cost of Service
Roll-over key components
for display here Operating Revenue – Cost of Service = Gross Profit
• Operating Expenses
Gross Profit – Operating Expenses = Net Profit
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Operating Revenue
• 1+ Revenue – per minute charges for Intra/InterLATA toll

calls based on market share.
• 800 Revenue – monthly and pre-use charges for 800-number
service based on accounts secured.
• Operator / Calling Card Revenue – per-use fees for
operator-assisted services or information/listing services,
plus charges captured by enabling users to access the long
distance carrier when away from home.
• International Revenue – charges for calls placed from
North America to other countries, or for calls from one
international location to another using North American
operator assistance.
• Other Telecom Services – per-use fees for such services as
message delivery, voice mail, directory assistance, and
automated directory assistance call completion.
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Cost of Service
• 1+ Expense – access charges, transmission leasing,

wholesale origination and termination charges, and other
miscellaneous charges.
• 800 Expense – gross margin varies depending on access
rates, transmission lease rates and competition in the given
area. Like 1+ service, cost is likely 70% of revenue.
• Operator / Calling Card Expense – whether outsourced or
staffed internally, the long distance carrier will pay to have
backing for its services. Expenses include salaries, benefits,
workstations, etc.. This expense can be estimated at 70% of
the operator services / calling card revenues.
• International Expense – chargeback’s to
telecommunications providers in other countries for their part
in handling international calls – access and network charges
for the domestic portion.
• Other Telecom Services Expenses – such services as
support message delivery, national directory assistance and
directory assistance call completion.
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Operating Expenses
• Sales and Marketing – salaries, commissions, travel and other

expenses for direct sales representatives, plus salaries and expenses for
managers / directors.
• Advertising – advertising is a big expense for the top long distance
carriers.
• Network Expense – for most carriers, network maintenance and
upgrades along with salaries for technicians.
• Bad Debt Expense – lower when local and long distance charges are
presented on the same bill from the LEC and higher when charges are
presented separately. Assumption on bad debt can be calculated based
on the service mix the provider has.
• Interest Expense – interest on capital infrastructure.
• Depreciation and Amortization – depreciation and amortization of
switches, access and transmission systems, billing systems, and other
network equipment.
• General Office Expense – salaries for accounting, administration,
marketing, customer service and engineering personnel whether staffed
internally or contracted from outside sources.
• Billing Expense – billing hardware, software, and personnel plus
resources to keep the billing systems current with new services and
regulatory requirements.
• Other Operating Expenses – Office lease / purchase, utilities, external
legal and accounting services, insurance, and other miscellaneous
expenses.
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YOU ARE QWEST
Available Topics
• Module Goals
• You are Qwest’s Success
• We are Qwest
• We Have What it Takes to be Winners
topics.gif
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YOU ARE QWEST
Module Goals

Qwest is the premier provider of full-service communications for
people at work, at home or on the move. Qwest's competency reaches
across America, drawing on the spirit of service at the heart of our
heritage as we effectively steward our shareowners' investments and
provide outstanding service to the customers we serve. As our
dedicated professionals move and manage information, we do so with
integrity, superior value and advanced products and services, assuming
only those tasks we can do exceedingly well.
These goals support the course objective of helping you Understand
Modules.gif That Qwest Employees are Key to the Company’s Future Success.
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YOU ARE QWEST
You are Qwest’s Success
You are vital to Qwest's success. As a Qwest employee, you are the
heart of the business and key to its future. You represent Qwest and
live the Spirit of Service whether you are at work in customer service
or you are at home telling your neighbors and friends about the
wonderful products and services Qwest offers.
“. . . I believe that Qwest employees are key to the company’s future

success, and I compliment them on their dedication to maintaining the
communications infrastructure in times of crisis. The key to the whole
thing is the people that we work with. The employees are the ones that
interact every day with the customer. From the customer’s perspective
that is the company. So when someone from Qwest goes out and talks
to them and has Qwest on their shirt . . . that quality of person is what
really determines our success. The success is not up to one or two
people, it is up to all of us.” Dick Notebaert
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YOU ARE QWEST
We are Qwest!
It makes a difference to our customers that you know about Qwest --

who we are, where we came from, and where we are going. It's not just
about one person -- together we make a team. As a team, we need to
understand the telecommunications industry to better do our job
because the telecommunications is our job!
This is YOUR Qwest. If you were going to spend your money, would
you spend it that way? If you act that way we can make a difference.
It is every one of us - we are Qwest!
11/05/03 73
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YOU ARE QWEST
We Have What it Takes to Be Winners
We have great opportunities because our solutions meet the needs of

today’s customers. These offerings allow us to implement our strategy
of integrating our voice, data, and Internet communications products
into a seamless service.
With each additional item a customer buys, the customer establishes a

deeper relationship with us. Your role is to connect with customers –
and create great customer experiences.
You are supported by a fast-paced Qwest organization committed to

even greater improvements going forward.
The opportunities to succeed are enormous!
“But I know one thing for sure; we have what it takes to be winners.”
Dick Notebaert
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COURSE REVIEW
11/05/03 75
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Congratulations
You have completed the Basic Telephony Web-Based training!
Please click here to access your training certificate, and then click
Print when your certificate appears.
Before you visit the Resources section, please take a moment to

complete the survey below to help us provide the most effective
training possible: Training Survey
REMINDER: Click the Next button to view the Resources page.

e000196.gif
11/05/03 76
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RESOURCES
The Learning Curve offers extensive learning opportunities for you to

expand you telecom knowledge. A great course is BML 1001 – Basic
Telephony. This course may take 3 to 4 hours to complete, but is well
worth it!
To go even deeper in the industry you work SkillSoft offers a

Telecommunications Essentials course. This course may take 8 hours
to complete, but will give you a great foundation for your Telecom
Career.
11/05/03 77

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Basic Telephony WBT Storyboard

• Better Understand the History of Telecommunications and

BEFORE YOU BEGIN

While it is not possible to provide training on every aspect of

Today's workplace environment is fast-paced and the

This coverage generally takes 1 – 1 ½ hours to complete.

Click Contents in the bottom navigation bat to navigate anywhere

Links to other sections within the training or to sites external to the

Comprised of question from

After completing this section, you should understand:

• The impact of AT&T on the early days of telecom

The inception of the telecommunications industry was in 1876 when

In 1885 American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T), the new Bell

The Communications Act of 1934 relieved the Interstate Commerce

Intrastate (within the same state) communications fell under the

A tariff, which is permission to offer service, is filed by a

1. The Communications Act of 1934 created

the Public Utilities Commission (PUC).

2. In 1885 AT&T emerged with the sole charter of

construction and maintenance of the long distance network

3. Drag and drop

The FCC regulates interstate traffic

The PUC or PSC regulates intrastate traffic

In 1982 the separation of AT&T’s local and long distance operation

In 1984 the divestiture plan called for the 22 Bell Operating

• deregulated the local service market

1. In 1949 the Department of Justice (DOJ) filed suit against AT&T

violations against Western Electric.

2. The Carterfone Decision closed the doors to competitors in the

3. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 regulated the local service

In 1988 Southern Pacific Telecom was created out of Southern

In 1997, Qwest announced that it was building a nationwide fiber-optic

1. Qwest evolved from

2. In 1998 Qwest bought

4. Qwest entered into contracts with

One Column Layout

• Provides integrated, one-stop communication solutions

To build shareholder value by becoming the customer-focused

Qwest In-Region, is comprised of the 14 states that were the

Qwest and Sprint to Offer Qwest Customers Nationwide

Link to Qwest Press Releases For this article

The Internet Protocol, IP is the most important of the protocols on

Qwest North American Broadband Network

Qwest is the recognized industry leader in providing high-

After completing this section, you should understand:

Local Access Transport Areas, commonly known as LATAs, were

LATAs are generally referred to as calling areas or calling zones.

There are two main types of LATA traffic:

IntraLATA traffic are calls originating and terminating within the

IntraLATA / Intrastate calls: Originate and terminate within the

IntraLATA / Interstate calls: Originate and terminate within the

NOTE: Competition varies from state to state for IntraLATA traffic

InterLATA traffic originates in one LATA and terminates in another.

The InterLATA call:

• does NOT necessarily cross a state line

The long distance company receives revenue for InterLATA calls.

InterLATA / Intrastate calls originate in one LATA and terminate in

InterLATA / Interstate calls originate in one LATA and terminate in

1. Looking at the map, Sally at point B calls Rose at Point A. This

The North American Numbering Plan (NANP) was developed by

In 1995 due to a shortage of numbers the NANP was revised, enabling

The Automatic Number Identification, or commonly referred to as