1

CHAPTER 6: MANAGING PEACE AND SECURITY: DETERRENCE AND DIPLOMACY

• QUESTION 1: The following are reasons conflicts occur among countries.

 Conflict over border territory
 Conflict over scarce resources
 Conflict over ideological differences
Which of these is a more likely reason to explain the outbreak of conflict among
countries? Explain your answer.

Competition over border territory is an important cause of conflict among • MP1: how GF1
countries. A country will claim control over a certain land if it is is linked to
outbreak of
important to its defence and national pride. If one country tries to conflict
extend control by taking over territories which another country
sees as rightfully theirs and hence as a matter of pride, will do • Example and
something to protest, conflict will result. For example, the border line elaboration
between India and China was not clear because most of it lies in the
inaccessible Himalayas. China did not agree to the border line drawn by the
British when they ruled India. When India became independent in 1947,
China and India disputed over Aksai Chin Plateau and the North-East Frontier
Agency (NEFA), the 2 border territories that extends furthest into China and
• Remind marker
so important for China’s defence. China contested India’s presence in these you have
areas, for example when it built a road on the Aksai Chin plateau. The logically linked
Indian government protested but China argued that the border had not been GF1 to outbreak
fixed. However, India protested that China had violated India’s territorial of conflict
rights and that the boundaries had been clearly defined by the British. In
1959, fighting broke out in these regions and in 1962, war broke out
between them. It is a matter of national pride for India not to allow • MP2: how GF2
China to challenge her control over territories that she believes as is linked to
legally hers. Not to defend these territories would threaten India’s outbreak of
conflict
sovereignty as it could invite claims for more territories later.
• Example and
elaboration
Competition over scarce natural resources between countries is
also an important cause of conflict between countries because they
are unevenly distributed. Countries with less may use force to get
more resource. It becomes more important when the resource is
necessary for survival and economic growth; a country may use
force to gain more or to prevent another country from claiming the • Remind marker
that you have
same resource. For example, Iceland and Britain disputed over fishing logically linked
grounds in the 1970s. Iceland did not have many natural resources and GF2 to outbreak
depended on its fishing industry for its survival. Fresh fish and fish products of conflict
make up about 79% of Iceland’s total export. In the early 1970s the supply
of fish around Iceland decreased by a third because fishermen from other
European countries, especially from Britain, were overfishing around Iceland. • MP3: how GF3
is linked to
After failing to get the United Nations to intervene, Iceland extended the
outbreak of
zone of control of its fishing grounds from 50 nautical miles to 200 nautical conflict
miles beyond its shore. Britain did not recognize Iceland’s extended area
and continued fishing there. This resulted in frequent collisions between
Britain’s frigates protecting British fishing trawlers and Iceland’s Coast • Example and
elaboration
Guards. In February 1976, Iceland broke off diplomatic ties with Britain. The
conflict was caused by Iceland’s unilateral action of extending control
over a bigger fishing ground and using its coastguards to physically
prevent British fishing vessels from fishing there. These were all
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motivated by Iceland’s wish to ensure her economic survival.

Conflicts are also caused by different ideology. A good example is

the rivalry between democracy and communism. Each side felt that
their way of life and values that are important to them are being
threatened by the political ideology of the other side. So each side • Remind marker
that you have
does all it could to spread its own ideological beliefs and at the logically linked
same time to stop the other side from expanding. Thus, conflict GF1 to outbreak
results. An example is the conflict between North and South Korea. After of conflict
th
World War II, Korea was divided into 2 halves at the 38 parallel. The
northern part came to be controlled by the USSR and adopted a communist
system. The southern part came under the USA and the UN and adopted a
democratic system. The governments of the two Koreas each claimed the
right to rule the whole Korean Peninsula. In June 1950, North Korea invaded
South Korea because it wanted the whole Korean Peninsula to be under
communism. The USA and its allies, supported by the UN, defended South
Korea because they did not want communism to spread to South Korea.
They pushed the North Korean forces back to the 38 th parallel. However, the
US-led UN troops went on to invade North Korea in the hope of establishing
democracy there. By 1951, the US-led troops had reached the Yalu River at
the border between North Korea and China. Fearing that the war would spill
over into China and not wanting communism to end in North Korea, China
joined the war and helped North Korea to push the UN troops back into
South Korea. The UN troops counter-attacked and drove the Chinese army
back to the 38th Parallel. Thus the invasion of South Korea by North
Korea because of ideological differences quickly became a bigger
conflict involving the USA and its Western allies on one side, and
North Korea and China on the other side, because each side
suspects that the other side wanted to forcefully impose their own
ideology on the loser and they believe that they would suffer
greatly under the new political system.

FINAL STAND (OPTIONAL)

MANY WAYS TO WEIGH THE FACTORS. THREE ARE OFFERED BELOW:

All the reasons are equally likely to cause conflict as they are
related to national interests and all countries want to protect their MP4 (WEIGH)
national interests. Control over scarce resources is in a country’s national
Elaboration to
interest if it is important to a country’s economic survival as in the case of support MP4
fish for Iceland. Control of border territories is important for both India and
China’s national interest as they have to do with national pride and defence.
Even political ideology is related to national interest. For example, the USSR
believed that it was in its national interest to surround itself with as many
communist countries as possible. This explains why it set up a communist
government in N Korea. It also explains why North Korea attacked S Korea
and also why China helped N Korea to push the US-led troops back. Similarly
it also explains why the US and the Western allies intervened to prevent the
communist take-over of S Korea. Both sides felt that the ideology of the
other side was a threat to their national interest because it would drastically MP5 (WEIGH)
change their way of life. No matter what the factor is, as long as it is related
to national interests, it will cause conflict to break out between countries Elaboration to
support MP5
because all countries will want to protect their national interests.
 3

Difference in political ideology is the most important cause of

conflict because the impact is more serious. The rivalry between the 2
superpowers, the USA and USSR, became exported to other parts of the
world, e.g. to Korea and Vietnam. The rest of the world felt the strain and
tension. There was military buildup, spies and espionage activities, and the
invention of more deadly weapons of mass destruction like guided missiles
and nuclear weapons. Although no actual war broke out between the USA
and USSR, the whole world lived in fear because the possibility of a nuclear
war because greater because of their rivalry. This is unlike the other causes
where the conflict and war were more or less confined to a specific
geographical region. The Korean War, which broke out mainly because of
different ideologies was a large scale war involving not just the two Koreas
but also USA and its allies, China and the UN. Although communism has MP6 (WEIGH)
collapsed in the USSR and the Cold War has ended, the two Koreas remain
divided, Korean families remain separated, and the relationship between Elaboration to
North and South Korea remains tense. Technically, the Korean War has not support MP5
ended; fighting stopped only because of a UN- brokered ceasefire.
However, apart from the unique case of Korea, today, the rivalry between
communism and capitalism/democracy is not that important because of the
collapse of communism in the USSR and the willingness of communist
countries like China to adopt a more open economy and to live harmoniously
with the rest of the world. The world does not see communism as a serious
threat anymore.

Whether or not these factors will result in war depends on how each
country manages the conflict. Any one of these factors can lead to war.
And any one of these factors can be easy or difficult to solve, depending on
how the countries manage the conflict. The border conflict between India
and China led to war when China refused to go to the negotiating table and
took unilateral action to establish its claims; the war ended quickly because
both sides decided to discuss the issue peacefully but the territorial conflict
remains unresolved until today. In the case of Britain vs Iceland, it did not
lead to war but there were clashes between Iceland’s coastguards and
British frigates accompanying British fishing boats. The conflict was resolved
because there was compromise and accommodation by both sides when
they signed an agreement in 1976. Thus a war was averted. Similarly, the
conflict caused by different ideological systems also need not necessarily
lead to war because although the real rivalry was between the USA and the
USSR, there was no actual war between these two superpowers. Most
possibly it was because of the geographical distance between them.
However, when they ‘sponsored’ two opposite sides in the same country –
e.g. in Korea, war because of different ideology became more likely, not only
because Korea used to be one country but because the two sides are
geographical neighbours separated by an imaginary line, the 38th parallel.
The conflict started in 1947, but the Korean War started in 1950 because of
North Korea’s act of aggression when it attacked South Korea.
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• QUESTION 2: ‘Deterrence is more effective than diplomacy in managing

national security’. Do you agree with the statement in
relation to Singapore’s effort to manage conflict and ensure
national security? Explain your answer.

Deterrence is effective in helping Singapore to manage MP1 – why

conflict and ensure her national security by enabling GF1 is
Singapore to be self reliant in preventing and protecting effective
itself efficiently against threats. E.g. Singapore’s deterrence
Examples and
policy involves building a citizen armed force by enlisting able-bodied elaboration
men into the army. Through NS, Singaporeans learn to defend their
country and the bonding helps develop in them a sense of loyalty,
 5

patriotism and a shared destiny for Singapore. It also includes our

own defence industry in order to equip our soldiers with advanced
technology weapons so that they can defend the country effectively.
Remind marker
Close networking and coordination among the various ministries
what you have
further strengthen and enhance Singapore’s national security. These linked logically
measures help to ensure Singapore’s national security
because they help to prevent a potential threat. A potential
aggressor will be deterred when it knows that it is up against
a formidable citizen armed force that is well-trained and
loyal, that also uses state-of the-art weapons and equipment
developed by its own defence industry and that is fully
coordinated with various ministries and non-government MP2 – explain
organizations in the country. These deterrence measures not why GF2 is
only can prevent potential aggressors but they can also effective
ensure that Singapore is able to protect itself and guarantee
the least amount of damage and casualty in the event of a
conventional military threat.
Examples and
However, diplomacy is also effective in safeguarding elaboration
Singapore’s national security because through diplomatic
efforts Singapore promotes greater cooperation,
understanding and goodwill between itself and other
countries which can help prevent conflict from happening at
all or prevent it from escalating into violent conflicts. E.g.
Bilaterally, Singapore has helped many countries in need including
sending humanitarian aid to Indonesia when it was hit by an Remind marker
what you have
earthquake and tsunami. As a member of the regional grouping,
linked logically
ASEAN, Singapore has helped member countries like Cambodia, Laos
and Myanmar with financial aid packages to assist them in their
economic development. As a member of ASEAN also, Singapore is
cooperating with other members to set up a single regional market
by 2015 so as to effectively deal with the intense competition from MP3 – another
China and India. All members of ASEAN will mutually benefit from reason why
GF2 is
such cooperation. By bringing countries in closer economic, cultural
effective
and political cooperation, ASEAN has thus enabled Singapore to forge
better relations with its neighbours. Because of this, although Examples and
there are still disagreements among member countries, elaboration
warm ties between them continue because they have agreed
not to allow the disagreements strain relations. Good
relationships with other countries can help prevent conflicts
because of the existence of friendship, understanding and
mutual benefits from cooperation.

• Diplomacy is also important in Singapore’s effort to

manage conflicts effectively. Because of her diplomatic
efforts, Singapore has access to various mechanisms or
channels through which differences and disagreements
between countries can be worked out peacefully. This
 6

would prevent conflicts from worsening and triggering wars that Remind marker
can affect Singapore directly or indirectly. E.g. one of ASEAN’s what you have
aims is to provide opportunities for member countries to discuss linked logically
and resolve differences peacefully. This aim has helped countries
in the region to solve many of the disputes that affected the
region before the formation of ASEAN. Because of this, the region
became politically stable, economically vibrant and thus attracted
foreign investors. By being a member of the UN, Singapore is
better able to manage conflict because it has several organs and
mechanisms such as the Security Council, the General Assembly
and the International Court of Justice [ICJ] that focus on ensuring
world peace and security. The ICJ has helped Singapore and
Malaysia to settle their dispute over the water agreements and
land reclamation peacefully. Because of this, although there were
disagreements, Singapore’s friendly tie with Malaysia was still
maintained. Thus diplomacy is effective in managing
conflict for many countries including Singapore because
there is an underlying understanding that differences can
be settled peacefully when you are friends or when you are
part of the same organisation. Bilaterally, there is the
diplomat whose job is to ensure understanding between
the two countries. In both ASEAN and the UN, settling
disputes peacefully is embodied as one of the main aims of
these organizations.

(OPTIONAL) FINAL STAND: Explain the equal importance of the

GF1 and GF2 in Singapore’s context

Both deterrence and diplomacy are equally important because one

cannot be fully effective without the other. That is why Singapore has
adopted a two-pronged approach of diplomacy and deterrence as the
strategy to safeguard her national security. One side:
Elaboration and
• For a small country like Singapore, it is important to have examples
both diplomacy and deterrence to be effective in linked to final
stand
safeguarding her national security. This is because
diplomacy alone will not be enough to ensure peace and
stability between countries. Diplomacy depends to a large
extent on the willingness of countries to cooperate. This requires
them to compromise and accommodate. Cooperation among
countries is possible only when there is trust and when countries
are willing to discuss and settle issues based on international
laws. Sometimes, such conditions are not present e.g. when a
country sees that it is in her national interest not to cooperate as
in the case of the conflict between China and India, the clash
between Iceland and Britain and the war between North and
South Koreas. When this happens, diplomacy alone cannot Other side:
guarantee that small countries like Singapore can protect elaboration and
examples
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its rights and national security. In such instances, linked to final

diplomacy must be supported by deterrence. stand

• Similarly, deterrence alone is also inadequate without

diplomacy. Without good relations with other countries,
a country which builds up its military strength will be
suspected of aggressive intentions. It could lead to an arms
race which would make the risk of war greater. Thus military
deterrence alone will not protect Singapore’s national security.
In addition, in the case of Singapore, no matter how strong
our military is, it is limited by the country’s size, lack of
resources and small population. On its own, Singapore
will have problems in protecting itself against a larger
and very determined aggressor, e.g. transnational
terrorists who have no national boundaries, who have large
networks of operatives, and who use unconventional methods to
threaten a country’s security. It is in Singapore’s interest to
promote diplomacy among other countries in the world by
supporting regional and international organizations that
not only promote cooperation, understanding and peaceful
settlements of disputes, but that also that have members who
are willing to work cooperatively against transnational terrorism.
Any outbreak of war or instability in any part of the world
will have adverse economic, social or political effects on
Singapore’s national security either directly or indirectly.
Reiterate final
Thus, Singapore diplomatic relations with the countries in the
stand
region through ASEAN, and her diplomatic relations with
countries in the whole world through the UN, has enabled her to
better safeguard her security against possible terrorist threats.
E.g. members of the UN cooperate to cripple terrorist activities
by exchanging information and intelligence and by complying
with UN measures such as to freeze known assets of terrorists
and deny them travel. Because of this concerted world effort
against terrorism, more than US$200 million in terrorist funds
have been frozen and more than 4,000 terrorists have been
arrested. Any success in preventing terrorists from carrying out
their plans in any part of the world contributes to safeguarding
Singapore’s national security. Cooperation with neighbouring
countries and members of ASEAN led to the arrest of members of
the Jemaah Islamiah and crippled their plan to attack some parts
of Singapore. Given the nature of transnational terrorism,
Singapore needs both deterrence and diplomacy to
safeguard her security.
 8

• QUESTION 3: To what extent was peace and stability in Southeast

Asia due to international
diplomacy? Explain your answer.
International diplomacy, which is mainly carried out through MP1: Explain
membership in the UN, has played a key role in maintaining the how GF
peace and stability in SEA. The UN has the International Court of Justice contributes to
which is an important way in which conflicts between countries are QF
resolved peacefully. One example is the conflict between Singapore and
Malaysia over the island of Pedra Branca. Both Malaysia and Singapore
showed their support for international conflict resolution procedures by Examples and
submitting their disputes to the UN arbitration courts and the ICJ. A second elaboration
example which shows the importance of international diplomacy is the role
of the UN in preventing conflicts in the region from worsening. When civil
war broke out in Cambodia in the 1980s, the fighting groups were
supported by countries outside SEA and the conflict would have escalated
into a major one. However, the UN persuaded the different groups in
Cambodia to stop fighting and form a new democratic government. Thus
the peace and stability of SEA is maintained by international diplomacy as
 9

the affected parties with disputes readily agree to have the UN as their Clincher –
neutral arbitrator and to accept the decisions made. If there was no UN remind
then there will not be any other organisation that is acceptable to both the marker what
parties. Thus, international diplomacy through the UN has you have
contributed to peace and stability by ensuring that conflicts do not proven
escalate into unmanageable proportions and are solved through
international diplomacy rather than force and violence.

However, bilateral diplomacy is also important to the the peace MP2: Explain
and stability in SEA. Bilateral diplomacy ensures that there are strong how AF1 also
friendships and bonds that promote greater cooperation among countries contributes to
in the region and enable them to reap mutual benefits. Such strong QF
bilateral ties have been instrumental in forming new economic, cultural and
humanitarian partnerships. For example, Singapore is constantly seeking Elaboration
ways to improve trade ties with her neighbours, and to maintain close and examples
cultural and social exchanges with Malaysia. Singapore is also ready to
assist in humanitarian missions to any country in the world, especially in
SEA. When there was an earthquake in 1990 in the Philippines, Singapore
sent a medical team to assist in humanitarian and medical aid to the
affected people. Besides that, because of her good bilateral ties with
Indonesia, Singapore has also extended massive help to that country
during times of natural disaster and calamities. During the 1998 Indonesian
economic crisis and the earthquake and tsunami disasters in 2004, Clincher –
Singapore played an active role in providing technical and humanitarian remind
assistance. The emphasis on forming strong bilateral friendships marker what
with countries in the region has produced win-win solutions, you have
enhanced trade ties, and deepened understanding. Most proven
importantly, one benefit is that it becomes unthinkable for two
neighbours with such close ties to ever threaten one another’s
peace and stability. Hence, the peace and stability in SEA is also
due to the close bilateral ties that the countries in the region have
with one another.

Regional diplomacy also plays an important role in ensuring the MP3: Explain
peace and stability in Southeast Asia. An important organisation that how AF2 also
ensures close co-operation and stability of the countries within the region is contributes to
ASEAN. ARF or ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) meets regularly to provide QF
occasions for ASEAN heads of state to discuss security issues and
confidence-building measures with other dialogue partners like the USA, Elaboration
China, Japan, South Korea and India. These dialogues help to ensure that and examples
member states are willing to discuss and negotiate to come to a peaceful
solution to problems rather than use force. Thus this actively helps to
promote peace and security in SEA. E.g. The Spratley island dispute and
the Litigan and Sipidan island dispute among member countries have not
been escalated to higher degrees mainly because of regional diplomacy.
Member states have pledged to solve such territorial disputes through
negotiation and discussion rather than the use of force. ASEAN members
are also cooperating economically to form a free trade zone known as
AFTA. This is to combine forces economically so as to cope with the Clincher –
economic challenges from China and India. Thus regional diplomacy remind
through ASEAN has promoted understanding and cooperation marker what
among member states and has contributed strongly to a climate of you have
peace and harmony. The effectiveness of regional diplomacy has proven
greatly aided disputing nations to resort to peaceful measures to
 10

solve their disputes and has increased their interdependence. All

this contribute to the regions peace and stability.
• QUESTION 4: Here are three ways in which Singapore prevents
potential aggressors from attacking the
country:
• Citizen Armed Force
• Total Defence
• Foreign military cooperation
Which do you think is the most important for Singapore?
Explain your answer.

Having a citizen armed force is an important way for Singapore to MP1: GF1
prevent potential aggressors. All able-bodied male citizens in
Singapore serve 2-years of full time National Service. They are trained to Elaborate
defend the country militarily and the common experience they undergo
bond them and instils in them with a sense of loyalty, patriotism and a
shared destiny for Singapore. They serve for another 10 years as Link to QF
Operationally Ready NS men when they attend refresher courses to – show
ensure their competence in handling new weapons and new war tactics. impact
This factor is important because it ensures that Singapore is
militarily self-reliant and ready to defend its independence and
survival by land, air or sea. It also ensures that Singapore has a
large supply of well-trained and patriotic soldiers who are ready
to defend Singapore at all times despite Singapore’s small
population. A potential aggressor will know that Singapore has
the capacity to respond with all its might and an attacker will
suffer high casualties and would probably even fail in its battle
against Singapore. It will think twice about attacking Singapore.
Thus a citizen armed force deters aggressors and safeguards
Singapore’s national security.

However, total defence is also important for Singapore to deter MP2: GF2
potential aggressors. Total Defence involves the whole population in a
comprehensive and integrated defence strategy to deal with all kinds of Elaborate
threats and challenges. It is about different things that people can do in
every sector of the society to strengthen their resilience as a nation.
Collectively the 5 aspects of Total Defence ensure that the military is
operationally ready to meet all challenges, that ordinary citizens are
vigilant and alert, and know what to do during emergencies, that
Singapore has a strong economy that will not break down during any Link to QF
crisis, that Singaporeans of all races and religions live and work – show
harmoniously, and citizens are loyal and committed to Singapore, and impact
that they have the will and mental strength to overcome challenges.
Total Defence is important because potential aggressors will
think twice about attacking Singapore if they know they face the
entire nation and not just the armed forces. The enemy will
realise that attacking Singapore would be a difficult and costly
attempt which should be avoided.
 11

Foreign military cooperation is also important in preventing MP3: GF3

potential aggressors from attacking Singapore. Firstly, it helps to
boost Singapore’s military defence. For example, Singapore has Elaborate
agreements with countries like Australia and France to allow Singapore
troops to train in their countries. It has agreements with neighbouring
countries like Malaysia to conduct joint military training. Because of
cooperation with other countries, Singapore is able to provide better Link to QF
training for its recruits. E.g. Singapore operates a jet flying training – show
school in Australia. This enables our fighter pilots to further their skills as impact
they can practise in an air space ten times the size of Singapore. This
improves the fighting capacity of the SAF and so is important as
deterrence. Secondly, Singapore is also a member of the FPDA or the Link to QF
Five Power Defence Arrangements which aims to preserve peace in the – show
Asia-Pacific region by taking up joint action. The FPDA includes impact
Singapore, Malaysia, United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. By
ensuring the security of the region, Singapore’s own security is
further guaranteed. The potential aggressor will be deterred
because it knows that when it attacks one country, it will also
have to deal with the military retaliation of the other countries in Link to QF
the region. Furthermore, to deal with global threats like terrorism, – show
individual efforts by countries are very important, but it will not be impact
enough because terrorist groups have large networks all over the world,
and they operate in unpredictable ways not confined to specific countries.
Individually, each country is also limited in terms of resources, manpower
and information-gathering capacity. To deal effectively with global
threats like terrorism requires regional and global efforts and so
military cooperation is necessary to protect any country’s
national security. Hence, military cooperation with other countries is
important to Singapore’s objective to deter potential aggressors.

[OPTIONAL]: FINAL STAND – WEIGH THE 3 FACTORS – many possible

ways, choose one.
• Citizen Armed Force is the most important as it is the basis
for the other two factors. Without a citizen armed force,
total defence will be incomplete because one aspect of total
defence is military defence. Without our own military defence
also, military cooperation with other countries would not be
possible. Singapore’s small population and the needs of the
economy makes the strategy of a citizen armed force necessary as
we cannot afford to have a professional army. Lessons from WW2
when Singapore was dependent on the British army for its military
defence also show the importance of have a military made up of
loyal citizens instead to foreigners.
• Although very important to Singapore’s defence strategy,
on its own, a citizen armed force would not be adequate. In
modern war, the entire population needs to be involved and
an enemy can target the country’s economy, the country’s social
cohesion and the people’s mind and confidence. An army cannot
fully protect the country against such threats. Neither can an
army be effective if it is not well-equipped. In addition, in a
globalised world that has become so interconnected and
where threats are not only directed at one specific country
 12

but at whole regions, the security of one country becomes

interlinked with the security of other countries in the region.
Hence, Singapore realizes that just having NS alone is not
enough to guarantee its security. It has adopted other
deterrence strategies such as Total Defence, having its own
defence industry and military cooperation with other
countries.

QUESTION 5: The intervention of the USA did nothing but worsened

the Korean War. How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer.

The intervention of the USA did not worsen the Korean ONE SIDE:
War. By sending troops to defend South Korea, the US, its allies, Do not
and the UN Security Council prevented the North Korean troops agree
from taking over the whole of South Korea. They recaptured the
Elaborate
territories in South Korea that were overrun by the North Korean
troops and thus saved South Korea from communism. If the US
had not intervened, the conflict would have worsened because the
South would have been badly defeated by the militarily stronger
North. The North would have gotten away with forcefully taking Explain
over a country by carrying out military aggression and worse still,
the people of South Korea would have been forced to live under a
system of government that they do not support. The rest of the
 13

region would have been their next target or would have felt Clincher –
threatened by such a violent communist takeover. The USA and show how
its allies would not have allowed this to happen. A third world war explanation
could have broken out. The outcome would have been worst is linked to
QF
without the US intervention. Therefore, by militarily
preventing the South from being forcefully taken over, US
intervention did not worsen the conflict, but instead
averted a more major war involving the whole region.

However, what the USA did after that worsened the OTHER
conflict. After driving the N Korean troops up the 38th parallel, SIDE:
the US-led UN troops, despite China’s warnings, continued to Agree
invade North Korea and reached as far north as the Yalu River near Elaborate
China. Feeling threatened, China moved its troops into North
Korea. The Chinese army then pushed the US-led troops back into
South Korea and more fighting took place in South Korea. US and
UN troops counter-attacked and drove the Chinese troops back to Explain
the 38th parallel. In carrying on fighting beyond the 38th parallel,
the US intervention did worsen the conflict. When they first Clincher –
entered the war, it was justified as they were defending S show how
Korea. However, when they went on the offensive and explanation
attacked N Korea, the US was responsible for worsening is linked to
the hostility as they were threatening the sovereignty and QF
political ideology of N Korea. This worsened the conflict as
the conflict became prolonged.

Another way in which the US intervention worsened the OTHER

conflict was that it dragged China into the conflict and SIDE:
thereby complicated it further. When the US-led troops Agree
reached the Yalu River at the border between China and N Korea, Elaborate
China feared for her own security as the war could spill into her
territory. China was also interested in keeping N Korea as a close
communist ally and so did not want the US troops to occupy N Explain
Korea. Hence, China sent troops to drive the US-led troops back to
the 38th parallel and South Korea was invaded once again. The Clincher –
attacks, counter-attacks and counter-counter attacks prolonged show how
and complicated the war which lasted from 1950 to 1953. The explanation
trauma and ravages of war increased for Koreans on both is linked to
sides because of the involvement of so many military QF
troops. Even though fighting stopped in 1953, bitterness
and hostility between the two continues until today. North
Korea has never accepted the fact that the USA, a foreign
power, has prevented it from taking what it believes as
rightfully belonging to N Korea. Since then, N Korea has
become obsessed with building up its military strength and
developing more deadly weapons that it threatens to use
against S Korea. It is a psychological baggage that has
affected the peace and stability of the Korean peninsula
 14

until today.