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Annexture

Homework type/no Assignment 1 Course code CSE-302

Part- A
Q1: Information system can be a strategic weapon
.Comment.
Ans: - Using information technology as a strategic weapon is the
highest level of application information technology can help build and
enhance strategy by providing better data and information within the
organization (internal application) as well as help the organization
redefine and support relationship with customers, suppliers and other
organization (external application). Internal applications include
networking, intranet, and enterprises resource planning (ERP) systems.
Extranets, e-commerce, and network structures are external
application.
Networking, which links people and departments within a particular
building or even across corporate offices, enabling them to share
information and cooperate on projects, has become an important
strategic weapon for many companies. Networks may take many
forms, but the fastest – growing form of corporate networking is the
intranet, a private companywide information system that uses the
communications protocols and standards of the internet and the World
Wide Web but is accessible only to people within the company. To view
files and information, users simply navigate the site with a standard
Web Browser, clicking on links. Although the intranet looks and acts
like a Web Site, it is cordoned off from the public with the use of
software program known as firewalls. Because intranet is Web-based,
they can be accessed from any type of computers workstation. A single
company may have many types of computers and software with
traditional networks, organization faces a challenge of how to enable
them all to communicate with one another. One solution is a category
of software known as middleware, which medicated among myriad
types of hardware and software sand enables these varied components
to communicate on a network.

Today most companies with intranet have moved their management


information system, executive information systems, and so forth over
to the intranet so they can easily accessed by anyone who needs them.
In addition, having these systems as part of the intranet means new
features and applications can easily be added and accessed through as
standard browser.

Q2: List some of the utility of different system analysis approaches.

Ans :- UTILITY THEORY IN CONSUMER BEHAVIOR


Utility theory is often used to explain the behavior of individual
consumers. In this case the consumer plays the role of the decision
maker that must decide how much of each of the many different goods
and services to consume so as to secure the highest possible level of
total utility subject to his/her available income and the prices of the
goods/services.

UTILITY THEORY AND DEMAND


In addition to providing an explanation of consumer disposition of
income, utility theory is useful in establishing individual consumer
demand curves for goods and services. A consumer's demand curve for
a good or service shows the different quantities that consumers
purchase at various alternative prices. Factors that are held constant
are consumers' tastes and preferences, income, and price.
UTILITY FUNCTIONS
In all cases the utility that the decision maker gets from selecting a
specific choice is measure by a utility function U, which is a
mathematical representation of the decision maker's system of
preferences such that: U(x) > U(y), where choice x is preferred over
choice y or U(x) = U(y), where choice x is indifferent from choice y—
both choices are equally preferred.
Utility functions can be either cardinal or ordinal. In the former case, a
utility function is used to derive a numerical score for each choice that
represents the utility of this choice.

In this setting the utilities (scores) assigned to different choices are


directly comparable. For instance, a utility of 100 units towards a cup
of tea is twice as desirable as a cup of coffee with a utility level of 50
units. In the ordinal case, the magnitude of the utilities (scores) are not
important; only the ordering of the choices as implied by their utilities
matters. For instance, a utility of 100 towards a cup of tea and a utility
level of 50 units for a cup of coffee simply state that a cup of coffee is
preferred to a cup of tea, but it cannot be argued that a cup of tea is
twice as desirable as a cup of coffee. Within this setting, it is important
to note that an ordinal utility function is not unique, since any
monotonic increasing transformation of an ordinal utility function will
still provide the same ordering for the choices.

Q3: Explain why having a standardized system


development process is important to an organization?
What role does the system analyst plays?

Ans: - There is always a right way of doing something, whatever it is


that you may be doing. The right way tends to work, and wrong ways
either don't work or work very inefficiently. So if you create a system or
a process by which something is done the right way, this can be used
to accomplish whatever it is that your organization is trying to
accomplish (whatever that may be, frying hamburgers, selling houses,
arresting criminals, etc.). Without offering any system or process, you
would have to ask the members of the organization to simply
improvise everything they do, and that is not going to work.
Systems analyst is required in order to identify weaknesses,
workarounds and solutions on an IT project. They are experts in
analyzing problems and forming solutions while identifying risks,
issues, and impact.
The systems analyst is not responsible for coding (although code
reviews may be required), but they are responsible for analyzing
existing systems and identifying suitable solutions.

Systems analyst is more technical in nature than a Business analyst


who will act as the interface between the business and the technical
teams. Often Systems analysts and Business analysts work closely
together, it is also common to have 1 person to fulfil both roles, these
are known as Business Systems analysts.
Without a systems analyst the IT team has no way to analyse existing
IT, or to analyse the impact of integrating new IT solutions. This could
therefore be an impact in terms of time taken on a project, number of
defects raised, and not meeting the business requirements.

Part-B
Q4: Is there any need of having three stages of
feasibility study? Which step of feasibility study is
considered to be the most important and why?

Ans:- The feasibility study is basically the test of the proposed system
in the light of its workability, meeting user’s requirements, effective
use of resources and .of course, the cost effectiveness. The main goal
of feasibility study is not to solve the problem but to achieve the scope.
In the process of feasibility study, the cost and benefits are estimated
with greater accuracy.
In order to determine whether or not a given project is feasible, there
must be some form of investigation into the goals and implications of
the project. For very small scale projects this may not be necessary at
all as the scope of the project is easily understood. In larger projects,
the feasibility may be done but in an informal sense, either because
there is not time for a formal study or because the project is a “must-
have” and will have to be done one way or the other.
When a feasibility study is carried out, there are three main areas of
consideration:

Feasibility study is important in all the organizations before setting up


any system.
Operational feasibility
Technical feasibility
Financial feasibility
Operational feasibility :- Operational feasibility is a measure of
how well a proposed system solves the problems, and takes advantage
of the opportunities identified during scope definition and how it
satisfies the requirements identified in the requirements analysis
phase of system development

Technical Feasibility. A large part of determining resources has to


do with assessing technical feasibility. The analyst must find out
whether current technical resources can be upgraded or added to in a
manner that fulfills the request under consideration. However,
sometimes "add-ons" to existing systems are costly and not
worthwhile, simply because they must meet needs inefficiently. If
existing systems cannot be added onto, then the next question
becomes whether there is technology in existence that meets the
specifications.
This is where the expertise of system analysts is beneficial, since using
their own experience and their contact with vendors they will be able
to answer the question of technical feasibility. Usually the response to
whether a particular technology is available and capable of meeting
the users' request is "yes," and then the question becomes an
economic one.

Financial feasibility:- In case of a new project, financial viability can


be judged on the following parameters:
Total estimated cost of the project
Financing of the project in terms of its capital structure, debt equity
ratio and promoter's share of total cost
Existing investment by the promoter in any other business
Projected cash flow and profitability

Technical feasibility is the most important feasibility step because


since it give us the idea about the project for a task given is technically
possible or not and we will analyze the task on the basis technical
terms and reviews.

If this feasibility analysis is found to be ok technically then we will


move further for the other feasibility analysis. It is the most important
feasibility analysis because if a task is technically is not possible for a
application program then it is the wastage of time and resources for
the other feasibility analysis such as operational and economic
feasibility.
Technical feasibility is very important because the task should be
practically possible to be implemented otherwise operational and
economic feasibility is useless because operational feasibility is
possible after the implementation or development of the program.
Q5:What kind of fact finding techniques would you use for
investigating the information requirements for a
multispeciality hospital, which is presently using the manual
registrations? Which kind of techniques do you think will be
more effective? Also, mention the problems you anticipate in
conducting the investigations.
Ans :- There are a number of hospitals in India that offer a multitude of
medical services. In a medical emergency, the nearest hospital is
chosen. However, when there is time to choose a hospital, how should
one choose?
More important than the infrastructure, it is essential to know if the
hospital has a documented process for its healthcare activities. Patient
care not only involves the core clinical care, but also other support
activities like requisition of tests, medicines, nurse doctor coordination,
infection control practices, training, and so on. These need to run
seamlessly in the background to provide the best experience to the
patient and the relatives.
A quality-conscious hospital should define all such activities internally,
document the same, and impart necessary training to the staff. These
documented activities include detailed job responsibilities, work
instructions, checklists and quality indicators for the staff to follow.
Information to patients
The patients and/or family members are explained about the proposed
care.
The patients and/or family members are explained about the expected
results.
The patients and/or family members are explained about the possible
complications.
The patients and/or family members are explained about the expected
costs.
Rights of the patient and family
Respect for personal dignity and privacy during examination,
procedures and treatment.
Right to refusal of treatment.
Informed consent before anaesthesia, blood and blood product
transfusions and any invasive or high-risk procedures.
Information on how to voice a complaint.
Access to his / her clinical records.
Quality in investigations
Adequately qualified and trained personnel perform and/or supervise
the lab investigations.
Policies and procedures guide collection, identification, handling, safe
transportation and disposal of lab specimens.
Laboratory and imaging results are available within a defined time
frame.
Critical results are intimated immediately to the concerned personnel.
The lab and imaging quality programme addresses verification and
validation of test methods.
The lab and imaging quality programme includes periodic calibration
and maintenance of all equipments.
The lab and imaging programme includes the documentation of
corrective and preventive actions.

Q6: Write the help of an example explain the


development life cycle for a billing system in
shopping mall.
Ans:-

Shopping Center Life Cycle


ATTRIBUTES

Important Innovation
Considerations

Market Number of Competing Very few


factors centers

Amount of shopper Increase rapidly


traffic generated

Rate of sales growth Very rapid

Vacancy rate Low extensive

Control exerted Extensive


by developers

Shopping Advertising and Extensive


center promotional activities
developer
strategies Renovation of facilities None

Efforts to attract Extensive


new retail tenants

Rental rates High

Length of lease Long

Retailer- Advertising and Extensive, to


tenant promotional activities create awareness
strategies

Special sales and Few


price discounts

Merchandise offerings Preplanned variety


and assortment
Store size and layout Prototype model

Type of store Entrepreneurial

Accelerated
Development Maturity

Market Rapid growth Many of the same


factors type of center

Steadily increases Stable amount

Rapid Moderate to slow

Very low Moderate

Moderate Extensive

Shopping Moderate Extensive


center
developer Minor Maintenance of
strategies modifications existing facilities

Moderate Moderate

High Competitive

Long Moderate

Retailer- Moderate, to draw Extensive, to


tenant greater interest compete on price
strategies
Moderate Extensive

Variety and assort- Stable variety


ment to the market and assortment

Adjusted to meet Stable size


market demand
Aggressive Professional

Decline

Market Many same and


factors newer types

Steadily decreases

Slow or negative

High

Moderate

Shopping Moderate
center
developer Neglect or extensive
strategies reformatting

Extensive

Low

Short

Retailer- Moderate, to
tenant remind of sale price
strategies
Extensive

Reduced variety
and assortment

Scaled down

Caretaker

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