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SCADA based Industrial Automation
Index
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................2
1.1 Problem Definition:..................................................................................................................2
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
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There are two distinct threats to a modern SCADA system. First is the
threat of unauthorized access to the control software, whether it be
human access or changes induced intentionally or accidentally by virus
infections and other software threats residing on the control host
machine. Second is the threat of packet access to the network segments
hosting SCADA devices. In many cases, there is rudimentary or no
security on the actual packet control protocol, so anyone who can send
packets to the SCADA device can control it. In many cases SCADA users
assume that a VPN is sufficient protection and are unaware that physical
access to SCADA-related network jacks and switches provides the ability
to totally bypass all security on the control software and fully control
those SCADA networks. These kinds of physical access attacks bypass
firewall and VPN security and are best addressed by endpoint-to-endpoint
authentication and authorization such as are commonly provided in the
non-SCADA world by in-device SSL or other cryptographic techniques.
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interference before the culprit was identified. The attacks were made by a
disgruntled employee of the company that had installed the SCADA
system. The employee was hoping to be hired full time to help solve the
problem.
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rapidly. You can have a 50 point system running is a few weeks, a 500
point system in a few months.
Chapter 2
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
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VB Code 5
running in
Max
the PC232
SCADA based Industrial Automation
74HC14 Temperature
Schmitt Sensing 1
Trigger LM35
Panic sensor
Micro-controller
89C51
Fire sensor
DC Motor 1 DC Motor 2
2.1.1 Microcontroller
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This is the heart of the circuit which controls and co-ordinates a every
activity of ALBP & PSM. The IC used here is AT89S52. It controlles the
operation of the all peripheral devices connected to this controller board.
2.1.2 MAX232
The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a
capacitive voltage generator to supply EIA-232 voltage levels from a
single 5-V supply. Each receiver converts EIA-232 inputs to 5-V
TTL/CMOS levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V and a
typical hysteretic of 0.5 V, and can accept ±30-V inputs. Each driver
converts TTL/CMOS input levels into EIA-232 levels.
A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of
another electrical circuit, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to
open or close one or many set of contacts. The movement either makes
or breaks a connection with a fixed contact. Relay has 5 pins normally
connect(NC),normally open(NO),C1,C2 and pole. NC is given 5V , NO is
grounded, C1 is given 12V, C2 is connected to microcontroller, pole is
connected to motor.A relay is an electrically controllable switch. It allows
the isolation of 2 separate sections of a system with 2 different voltage
sources, one such relay is called an electromagnetic or electromechanical
relay
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microcontroller TTL logic and relay excitation voltage. ULN 2003 is used
has a series base resistor to each Darlington pair, thus allowing operation
directly with TTL or CMOS operating at supply voltages of 5.0V.
Relay Switch
1 Advantage of Relays
Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC.
Relays can switch high voltages, transistors cannot.
Relays are better choice for switching large currents.
Relays can switch many contacts at once.
2 Disadvantage of Relays
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3 Features
Printed circuit mounts 10 A relay
• 1 Pole changeover contacts or
1 Pole normally open contact
• Miniature - "Sugar cube" package
• DC coil - 360 mW
•Wash tight: RT III
• Cadmium Free contact material option
2.1.4 ADC0809
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U 2
V o l t a g e
1 2 8
I N 3 I N 2 T e m p e r a t u r e _ 2
2 2 7
I N 4 I N 1 T e m p e r a t u r e _ 1
3 2 6
I N 5 I N 0
4 2 5
I N 6 A 0 F r o m M i c r o C o n t r o ll e r P in
5 2 4
I N 7 A 1
6 2 3
S T A R T A 2
7 2 2
E O C A L E F r o m M i c r o C o n t r o ll e r P in
8 2 1
D 3 D 7 T o M i c r o C o n t r o ll e r P in 3 2
+ 5 V
9 2 0
O E D 6 T o M i c r o C o n t r o ll e r P in 3 3
1 0 1 9
C L K D 5 T o M i c r o C o n t r o ll e r P in 3 4
1 1 1 8
V C C D 4 T o M i c r o C o n t r o ll e r P in 3 5
1 2 1 7
R E F + D 0 T o M i c r o C o n t r o ll e r P in 3 6
1 3 1 6
G N D R E F - T o M i c r o C o n t r o ll e r P in 3 7
1 4 1 5
D 1 D 2 T o M i c r o C o n t r o ll e r P in 3 8
T o M ic r o C o n t r o l l e r P i n 3 9
A D C 0 8 0 9
R 31 K
C 4
U 3 B
4 3
0 . 0 0 1 u F ( 1 0 2 )
7 4 H C 1 4
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D 1
T 1
1 5 D I O D E
230V AC 6
T o A D C P i n 2 8
4 8 C 5+ + C 6
1 0 0 u F 1 u F
T R A N S F O D R 2 M E R C T
D I O D E
+ 5 V U 4
L M 3 5 / T e m p e r a t u r e S e n s o r _ 2
1 3
V S + G N D
VO U T
2
T o A D C P i n 2 7
+ 5 V
U 5
L M 3 5 / T e m p e r a t u r e S e n s o r _ 1
1 3
V S + G N D
VO U T
2
T o A D C P i n 2 6
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f=0.7/R3C.
f=0.7/1x10³x0.01x10^-6.
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F=0.7x10^5
F=700 KHz...
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+ 1 2 V
L E D 1
1 R 1 2 1 2
1 K
L E D
1
C O N 1 U 1 + 1 2 V + 5 V
1 U 2 L M 7 8 0 5
2 4 - + 2 1 3
3 V I N V O U T
G N D
3 P I N D C S O C K E T
B R I D G E C 4 + C 2
1
C +3 1 0 u F / 6 3 V
4 7 0 u F / 3 5 V0 . 1 u F
3
2
2
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General Description
Features
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• No external components
Many Pcs today use DB-9 connectors since all you need in
asynchronous mode is 9 signals. Since not all the pins are used in pc
cables, IBM introduced the DB-9 version of the serial I/O standard, which
uses 9 pins only. In many applications only one of each is used. For
example, T1 and R1 are used together for TXD and RXD of the 89C51,
and the second set is left unused. Notice in max232 that the T1 line
driver has a designation of T1 in and T1 out on pin numbers 11 and 14,
respectively .The T1 in pin is the TTL side and is connected to the RXD pin
of the RS232 DB-9 connector. The R1 line driver has a designation of
R1in and R1 out on pin number 13 and 12, respectively.The R1in (pin 13)
is the RS232 side that is connected to the RXD pin of the microcontroller.
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2.1.7 SENSORS
1. Fire Sensor
Tungsten is the only metal from the third transition series that is known
to occur in biomolecules, where it is used in a few species of bacteria. It
is the heaviest element known to be used by any living organism.
However, tungsten it is also used as a fire sensor in many industrial area.
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2. Panic Sensor:
Many panic sensor buttons lock on when pressed, and require a key to
reset them.
3. Temperature Sensor
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Chapter 3
GSM:
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The GSM standard has been an advantage to both consumers, who may
benefit from the ability to roam and switch carriers without replacing
phones, and also to network operators, who can choose equipment from
many GSM equipment vendors.[4] GSM also pioneered low-cost
implementation of the short message service (SMS), also called text
messaging, which has since been supported on other mobile phone
standards as well. The standard includes a worldwide emergency
telephone number feature (112).[5]
GSM and IS-95 (aka cdmaOne) are the two most prevalent mobile
communication technologies. Both technologies have to solve the same
problem: to divide the finite RF spectrum among multiple users.
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Advantagesof 2G GSM
* GSM is mature; this maturity means a more stable network with robust
features.
* Less signal deterioration inside buildings.
* Ability to use repeaters.
* Talktime is generally higher in GSM phones due to the pulse nature of
transmission.
* The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules allows users to switch
networks and handsets at will.
* GSM covers virtually all parts of the world so international roaming is
not a problem.
Disadvantages of 2G GSM
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Chapter 4
Software
1. KEIL Development Tool
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3. Give the File Name. A project with extension of .uv2 will be created
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1. After giving the file name the device list windows opens.
2. Select the respective company’s microcontroller IC that is going to
be implemented in hardware.
3. From the drop down arrow, we get a list of all the chips from that
particular manufacturer. Choose the appropriate one.
4. Now the target is ready.
5. The data sheets and user manuals are automatically added.
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double click on a message line opens the source file on the correct
location in a µVision2 editor window.
3. Then select rebuild all the target files too. With the Rebuild Target
command, all source files are translated, regardless of
modifications.
5. After all the debugging the file is built again which creates a hex
file. This hex file is then used to download to the microcontroller
using a programmer kit.
With the Debug Toolbar buttons and the “Debug Menu and Debug
Commands”.
With the Run till Cursor line command in the local menu. The local
menu opens with a right mouse click on the code line in the Editor
or Disassembly window.
In the Output Window – Command page you can use the Go, Ostep,
Pstep, and Tstep commands.
The Watch window lets you to view and modify program variables
and lists the current function call nesting. The contents of the Watch
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The Locals page shows all local function variables of the current function.
The
Select the text <enter here> with a mouse click and wait a second.
Another mouse click enters edit mode that allows you to add
variables. In the same way you can modify variable values.
In an editor window open the context menu with a right mouse click
and use Add to Watch Window. µVision2 automatically selects the
variable name under the cursor position, alternatively you may
mark an expression before using that command.
In the Output Window – Command page you can use the Watch Set
command to enter variable names.
To remove a variable, click on the line and press the Delete key.
The current function call nesting is shown in the Call Stack page. Double
clicking on a line shows the invocation an editor window.
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2. KEIL SOFTWARE
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Keil Software delivers software in two types of kits: evaluation kits and
production kits.
Evaluation Kits include evaluation versions of our 8051 tools along with
this user’s guide. The tools in the evaluation kit let you generate
applications up to 2 Kbytes in size. This kit allows you to evaluate the
effectiveness of our 8051 tools and generate small target applications.
Product Overview
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Keil Software provides the premier development tools for the 8051
family of microcontrollers. We bundle our software development tools into
different packages or tool kits. The “Comparison Chart” on page 17 shows
the full extent of the Keil Software 8051 development tools. Each kit and
its contents are described below.
PK51 Professional Developer’s Kit
The PK51 Professional Developer’s Kit includes everything the
professional developer needs to create and debug sophisticated
embedded applications for the 8051 family of microcontrollers. The
professional developer’s kit can be configured for all 8051 derivatives.
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3. Visual Basic
3.1 INTRODUCTION
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Chapter 5
Schematic Diagram
+ 5 V
1
R N 1
4 . 7 K S I P R e s is t o r
R 1 C 3+
1 0 K4 7 u F
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
U 1
9
T o H T 1 2 E D 0 1 4 0
P 1 . 0 V C C
R ST
2 3 9
P 1 . 1 P 0 . 0 / A D 0 F r o m A D C D 0
3 3 8
P 1 . 2 P 0 . 1 / A D 1 F r o m A D C D 1
4 3 7
P 1 . 3 P 0 . 2 / A D 2 F r o m A D C D 2
5 3 6
P 1 . 4 P 0 . 3 / A D 3 F r o m A D C D 3
6 3 5
P 1 . 5 P 0 . 4 / A D 4 F r o m A D C D 4
7 3 4
P 1 . 6 P 0 . 5 / A D 5 F r o m A D C D 5
8 3 3
P 1 . 7 P 0 . 6 / A D 6 F r o m A D C D 6
3 2
P 0 . 7 / A D 7 F r o m A D C D 7
T o M A X 2 3 2 P i n 1 2 1 0 3 1
P 3 . 0 / R X D E A / V P P
T o M A X 2 3 2 P i n 1 1 1 1 3 0
P 3 . 1 / T X D A L E / P R O G
1 2 2 9
P 3 . 2 / I N T 0 P S E N
1 3 2 8
P 3 . 3 / I N T 1 P 2 . 7 / A 1 5 T o A D C S t a r t
1 4 2 7
P 3 . 4 / T 0 P 2 . 6 / A 1 4 T o A D C A d d A
1 5 2 6
P 3 . 5 / T 1 P 2 . 5 / A 1 3
1 6 2 5
P 3 . 6 / W R P 2 . 4 / A 1 2
1 7 2 4
P 3 . 7 / R D P 2 . 3 / A 1 1
1 8 2 3
X T A L 2 P 2 . 2 / A 1 0
1 9 2 2
X T A L 1 P 2 . 1 / A 9
2 0 2 1
G N D P 2 . 0 / A 8
A T 8 9 C 5 1
1 1 . 0 5 9 2 M H z
X 1
C 2 C 1
3 3 P F 3 3 P F
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1 Introduction
2 Features of AT89C51
• Compatible with MCS-51™ Products
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3 Pin Description
VCC
Supply voltage.
GND
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Ground.
Port 0
Port 1
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that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the
P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address
bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.
Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups. The
Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are
written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can
be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled
low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups. Port 3 also serves the
functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below: Port
3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and
verification.
RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator
is running resets the device.
ALE/PROG
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Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the
address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program
pulse input (PROG) during Flash Programming. In normal operation ALE is
emitted at a constant rate of 1/6the oscillator frequency, and may be
used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one
ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory. If
desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR locations
8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC
instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-
disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution
mode.
PSEN
Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program
memory. When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program
memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two
PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data
memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to
enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations
starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is
programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be
strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives
the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash
programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.
XTAL1
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Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit.
XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
4.2 DS2003
High Current/Voltage Darlington Drivers
General Description
The DS2003 is comprised of seven high voltage, high current
NPN Darlington transistor pairs. All units feature common emitter, open
collector outputs. To maximize their effectiveness, these units contain
suppression diodes for inductive loads and appropriate emitter base
resistors for leakage. The DS2003 has a series base resistor to each
Darlington pair, thus allowing operation directly with TTL or CMOS
operating at supply voltages of 5.0V. The DS2003 offers solutions to a
great many interface needs, including solenoids, relays, lamps, small
motors, and LEDs. Applications requiring sink currents beyond the
capability of a single output may be accommodated by paralleling the
outputs.
Features
Seven high gain Darlington pairs
High output voltage (VCE = 50V)
High output current (IC = 350 mA)
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4 Relay Switch
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Chapter 6
Code of Microcontroller
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Chapter 7
Advantages
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Chapter 8
Applications
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Chapter 9
CONCLUSION
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BIBILOGRAPHY
Reference Books:
[4] VISUAL BASIC 6 MCSD Howard Hawhee, Senior Author Corby Jordan,
Richard Hundhausen , Felipe Martins, Thomas Moore
India-specific
Min. of Power (Report by CSTEP and Infosys):
http://www.cstep.in/docs/Power_Sector_Report.pdf
Reference Websites:
[1] http://www.atmel.com
[2] http://www.vsnl.com
[3] http://www.google.com
[4] http://www.efy.com
[5] http://www.ieee.com
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