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SCADA based Industrial Automation

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Index

INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................2
1.1 Problem Definition:..................................................................................................................2

2.1.5 POWER SUPPLY...............................................14

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Problem Definition:

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There are two distinct threats to a modern SCADA system. First is the
threat of unauthorized access to the control software, whether it be
human access or changes induced intentionally or accidentally by virus
infections and other software threats residing on the control host
machine. Second is the threat of packet access to the network segments
hosting SCADA devices. In many cases, there is rudimentary or no
security on the actual packet control protocol, so anyone who can send
packets to the SCADA device can control it. In many cases SCADA users
assume that a VPN is sufficient protection and are unaware that physical
access to SCADA-related network jacks and switches provides the ability
to totally bypass all security on the control software and fully control
those SCADA networks. These kinds of physical access attacks bypass
firewall and VPN security and are best addressed by endpoint-to-endpoint
authentication and authorization such as are commonly provided in the
non-SCADA world by in-device SSL or other cryptographic techniques.

The reliable function of SCADA systems in our modern infrastructure may


be crucial to public health and safety. As such, attacks on these systems
may directly or indirectly threaten public health and safety. Such an
attack has already occurred, carried out on Maroochy Shire Council's
sewage control system in Queensland, Australia. Shortly after a
contractor installed a SCADA system there in January 2000 system
components began to function erratically. Pumps did not run when
needed and alarms were not reported. More critically, sewage flooded a
nearby park and contaminated an open surface-water drainage ditch and
flowed 500 meters to a tidal canal. The SCADA system was directing
sewage valves to open when the design protocol should have kept them
closed. Initially this was believed to be a system bug. Monitoring of the
system logs revealed the malfunctions were the result of cyber attacks.
Investigators reported 46 separate instances of malicious outside

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interference before the culprit was identified. The attacks were made by a
disgruntled employee of the company that had installed the SCADA
system. The employee was hoping to be hired full time to help solve the
problem.

1.2 Proposed Solution:

The real advantages of a SCADA system is that you have a real-


time control of inventories and can program a system to "see ahead", to
notify you that the tank will be empty in "76 hrs". It also will take most
operator errors (or neglect) out of the process. The system doesn't tire,
take breaks, or go on vacation. You can monitor the system over a
network, from a remote site over the Internet or through a dial-up line. It
can decide who to notify and if the situation is not corrected, be
programmed to alert personal at higher levels of responsibility.

Systems have multiple levels of security available so that screens can be


locked, hidden or display only depending on the security level. Higher
levels of authorization can change setpoints and timing.

Updating software is a dial-up operation and is easily done without a site


visit. Once a system is running, program changes are easily made at little
cost. We can remotely monitor a system to debug or update software in
real time. The system stays running while we work.

The potential is endless, only limited by your imagination. Costs are


relative low and the new object oriented systems can be programmed

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rapidly. You can have a 50 point system running is a few weeks, a 500
point system in a few months.

Chapter 2

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

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VB Code 5
running in
Max
the PC232
SCADA based Industrial Automation

Block Diagram of SCADA Based Industrial Automation

74HC14 Temperature
Schmitt Sensing 1
Trigger LM35

Analog to Digital Converter ADC0809

Panic sensor
Micro-controller
89C51

Fire sensor

Relay control mechanism

DC Motor 1 DC Motor 2

The Block diagram of the SCADA based Industrial Automation


consists of following components:

2.1.1 Microcontroller

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This is the heart of the circuit which controls and co-ordinates a every
activity of ALBP & PSM. The IC used here is AT89S52. It controlles the
operation of the all peripheral devices connected to this controller board.

2.1.2 MAX232
The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a
capacitive voltage generator to supply EIA-232 voltage levels from a
single 5-V supply. Each receiver converts EIA-232 inputs to 5-V
TTL/CMOS levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V and a
typical hysteretic of 0.5 V, and can accept ±30-V inputs. Each driver
converts TTL/CMOS input levels into EIA-232 levels.

2.1.3 Relay and Drivers

A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of
another electrical circuit, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to
open or close one or many set of contacts. The movement either makes
or breaks a connection with a fixed contact. Relay has 5 pins normally
connect(NC),normally open(NO),C1,C2 and pole. NC is given 5V , NO is
grounded, C1 is given 12V, C2 is connected to microcontroller, pole is
connected to motor.A relay is an electrically controllable switch. It allows
the isolation of 2 separate sections of a system with 2 different voltage
sources, one such relay is called an electromagnetic or electromechanical
relay

Relays are used to allow a low power circuit to switch a


relatively high current on and off • 1 CO (SPDT), 10 A Sugar cube size
PCB mounts relay is used to serve the purpose of level converter between

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microcontroller TTL logic and relay excitation voltage. ULN 2003 is used
has a series base resistor to each Darlington pair, thus allowing operation
directly with TTL or CMOS operating at supply voltages of 5.0V.

Relay Switch

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through


the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and
changes the switch contact. Relays allow one circuit to switch a second
circuit which can be completely separate from the first. There is no
electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits; the link is
magnetic and mechanical.

Fig 4.2 Cubic Relay Fig 4.3 Cubic


Relay

1 Advantage of Relays
 Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC.
 Relays can switch high voltages, transistors cannot.
 Relays are better choice for switching large currents.
 Relays can switch many contacts at once.

2 Disadvantage of Relays

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 Relays are bulkier than transistors for switching small currents.


 Relays use more power due to the current flowing through their
coil.

3 Features
Printed circuit mounts 10 A relay
• 1 Pole changeover contacts or
1 Pole normally open contact
• Miniature - "Sugar cube" package
• DC coil - 360 mW
•Wash tight: RT III
• Cadmium Free contact material option

2.1.4 ADC0809

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ADC0809 is an 8-bit analog to digital converter. It is used to


convert the analog voltage of temperature sensor and battery circuit. The
reference voltage of ADC0809 is 5V. It is an 8 channel ADC. The Voltage
sensors are connected from channel 0 to Channel 3.

U 2
V o l t a g e
1 2 8
I N 3 I N 2 T e m p e r a t u r e _ 2
2 2 7
I N 4 I N 1 T e m p e r a t u r e _ 1
3 2 6
I N 5 I N 0
4 2 5
I N 6 A 0 F r o m M i c r o C o n t r o ll e r P in
5 2 4
I N 7 A 1
6 2 3
S T A R T A 2
7 2 2
E O C A L E F r o m M i c r o C o n t r o ll e r P in
8 2 1
D 3 D 7 T o M i c r o C o n t r o ll e r P in 3 2
+ 5 V
9 2 0
O E D 6 T o M i c r o C o n t r o ll e r P in 3 3
1 0 1 9
C L K D 5 T o M i c r o C o n t r o ll e r P in 3 4
1 1 1 8
V C C D 4 T o M i c r o C o n t r o ll e r P in 3 5
1 2 1 7
R E F + D 0 T o M i c r o C o n t r o ll e r P in 3 6
1 3 1 6
G N D R E F - T o M i c r o C o n t r o ll e r P in 3 7
1 4 1 5
D 1 D 2 T o M i c r o C o n t r o ll e r P in 3 8

T o M ic r o C o n t r o l l e r P i n 3 9

A D C 0 8 0 9

R 31 K
C 4
U 3 B

4 3
0 . 0 0 1 u F ( 1 0 2 )

7 4 H C 1 4

Fig: 3.4 ADC with the clock generation Ckt

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D 1

T 1
1 5 D I O D E

230V AC 6
T o A D C P i n 2 8
4 8 C 5+ + C 6
1 0 0 u F 1 u F
T R A N S F O D R 2 M E R C T

D I O D E

+ 5 V U 4
L M 3 5 / T e m p e r a t u r e S e n s o r _ 2
1 3
V S + G N D
VO U T
2

T o A D C P i n 2 7

+ 5 V
U 5
L M 3 5 / T e m p e r a t u r e S e n s o r _ 1
1 3
V S + G N D
VO U T
2

T o A D C P i n 2 6

Fig: 3.4 Values Temperature and Voltage Inputs to the ADC

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ADC SECTION (ADC0809)

Figure4.3 Analog to digital converter

DESIGN OF CLOCK GENERATION:

f=0.7/R3C.

f=0.7/1x10³x0.01x10^-6.

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F=0.7x10^5

F=700 KHz...

The main function of this section is to convert analog voltage


generated by rectifier output to their corresponding digital output. Analog
to digital converters are among the most widely used devices for data
acquisition. A physical quantity is converted to electrical voltage/current
using a device called transducers. Transducers are also referred to as
sensors. Therefore we need an analog to digital converter to translate the
analog signals to digital numbers so that the micro controller can read
and process them.

ADC0809 data acquisition component is a CMOS device with an 8


bit analog to digital converter, 8 channels multiplexer and microprocessor
compatible control logic, the 8 bit A/D converter uses successive
approximation as the conversion technique. ADC0809 allows monitoring
into 8 different analog inputs using only a single chip. It also has 8 bit
data outputs. The 8 analog input channels are multiplexed and selected
using 3 address pins A, B, C. One important element in ADC0809 on the
board is the analog comparator. It looks like an opamp schematically. The
difference is that it accepts analog inputs but produces a digital output
.Its output will be high if the +ve analog level is greater than –ve analog
level, else its output will be low.

ADC0809 offers high speed, minimal temperature dependence,


excellent long- term accuracy and repeatability, and consumes minimal
power. A clock of 700 KHz, generated by the Schmitt trigger circuit ,is
given to pin number 10 of ADC .The analog input channel IN0 is selected
by grounding the three address pins A,B,C. Input at IN0 is the

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temperature data. The analog input channel IN1 is selected by grounding


the pins B and C. Input at IN1 is the data from the weight sensor. Output
enable (OE) is always made high to produce a digital output for
equivalent analog input . The 8-bit data outputs are given as inputs to the
microcontroller.

2.1.5 POWER SUPPLY

An AC to DC adaptor as been used to get DC input for the mother


board. In mother board, we have developed a 5V regulator circuit, which
is needed for microcontroller as supply voltage. IR transmitters are also
connected to 5V supply, so that they always transmit high signal. LM7805
is used for 5V regulated supply.

+ 1 2 V

L E D 1
1 R 1 2 1 2
1 K
L E D
1

C O N 1 U 1 + 1 2 V + 5 V
1 U 2 L M 7 8 0 5
2 4 - + 2 1 3
3 V I N V O U T
G N D

3 P I N D C S O C K E T
B R I D G E C 4 + C 2
1

C +3 1 0 u F / 6 3 V
4 7 0 u F / 3 5 V0 . 1 u F
3

2
2

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LM7805 Positive Voltage Regulator

General Description

The LM78XX series of three terminal positive regulators are


available in the TO-220 package and with several fixed output voltages,
making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs
internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe operating area
protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is
provided, they can deliver over 1A output current. Although designed
primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with
external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.

Features

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• Output current in excess of 0.5A

• No external components

• Internal thermal overload protection


• Internal short circuit current-limiting
• Output transistor safe-area compensation
• Available in TO-220, TO-39, and TO-252 D-PAK packages
• Output voltages of 5V, 12V, and 15V

2.1.6 DB-9 CONNECTOR

Figure DB-9 connector

Many Pcs today use DB-9 connectors since all you need in
asynchronous mode is 9 signals. Since not all the pins are used in pc
cables, IBM introduced the DB-9 version of the serial I/O standard, which
uses 9 pins only. In many applications only one of each is used. For
example, T1 and R1 are used together for TXD and RXD of the 89C51,
and the second set is left unused. Notice in max232 that the T1 line
driver has a designation of T1 in and T1 out on pin numbers 11 and 14,
respectively .The T1 in pin is the TTL side and is connected to the RXD pin
of the RS232 DB-9 connector. The R1 line driver has a designation of
R1in and R1 out on pin number 13 and 12, respectively.The R1in (pin 13)
is the RS232 side that is connected to the RXD pin of the microcontroller.

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2.1.7 SENSORS

1. Fire Sensor

Tungsten A steel-gray metal under standard conditions when


uncombined, tungsten is found naturally on Earth only in chemical
compounds. It was identified as a new element in 1781, and first isolated
as a metal in 1783. Its important ores include wolframite and scheelite.
The free element is remarkable for its robustness, especially the fact that
it has the highest melting point of all the non-alloyed metals and the
second highest of all the elements after carbon. Also remarkable is its
high density of 19.3 times that of water, comparable to that of uranium
and gold, and much higher (about 1.7 times) than that of lead.[3]
Tungsten with minor amounts of impurities is often brittle[4] and hard,
making it difficult to work. However, very pure tungsten is more ductile,
and can be cut with a hacksaw.[5]

The unalloyed elemental form is used mainly in electrical applications.


Tungsten's many alloys have numerous applications, most notably in
incandescent light bulb filaments, X-ray tubes (as both the filament and
target), and superalloys. Tungsten's hardness and high density give it
military applications in penetrating projectiles. Tungsten compounds are
most often used industrially as catalysts.

Tungsten is the only metal from the third transition series that is known
to occur in biomolecules, where it is used in a few species of bacteria. It
is the heaviest element known to be used by any living organism.
However, tungsten it is also used as a fire sensor in many industrial area.

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2. Panic Sensor:

A panic sensor is an electronic device designed to assist in alerting


somebody in emergency situations where a threat to persons or property
exists.

A panic sensor is frequently but not always controlled by a concealed


panic sensor button. These buttons can be connected to a monitoring
center or locally via a silent alarm or an audible bell/siren. The alarm can
be used to request emergency assistance from local security, police or
emergency services. Some systems can also activate closed-circuit
television to record or assess the event.[1]

Many panic sensor buttons lock on when pressed, and require a key to
reset them.

3. Temperature Sensor

While an individual thermometer is able to measure degrees of hotness,


the readings on two thermometers cannot be compared unless they
conform to an agreed scale. There is today an absolute thermodynamic
temperature scale. Internationally agreed temperature scales are
designed to approximate this closely, based on fixed points and
interpolating thermometers. The most recent official temperature scale is
the International Temperature Scale of 1990. It extends from 0.65 K
(−272.5 °C; −458.5 °F) to approximately 1,358 K (1,085 °C; 1,985 °F).

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Chapter 3
GSM:

Global System for Mobile Communications, or GSM (originally from


Groupe Spécial Mobile), is the world's most popular standard for mobile
telephone systems. The GSM Association estimates that 80% of the
global mobile market uses the standard.[1] GSM is used by over 1.5 billion
people[2] across more than 212 countries and territories.[3] This ubiquity
means that subscribers can use their phones throughout the world,
enabled by international roaming arrangements between mobile network
operators. GSM differs from its predecessor technologies in that both
signaling and speech channels are digital, and thus GSM is considered a
second generation (2G) mobile phone system. This also facilitates the
wide-spread implementation of data communication applications into the
system.

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The GSM standard has been an advantage to both consumers, who may
benefit from the ability to roam and switch carriers without replacing
phones, and also to network operators, who can choose equipment from
many GSM equipment vendors.[4] GSM also pioneered low-cost
implementation of the short message service (SMS), also called text
messaging, which has since been supported on other mobile phone
standards as well. The standard includes a worldwide emergency
telephone number feature (112).[5]

Newer versions of the standard were backward-compatible with the


original GSM system. For example, Release '97 of the standard added
packet data capabilities by means of General Packet Radio Service
(GPRS). Release '99 introduced higher speed data transmission using
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE).

GSM and IS-95 (aka cdmaOne) are the two most prevalent mobile
communication technologies. Both technologies have to solve the same
problem: to divide the finite RF spectrum among multiple users.

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access - underlying technology used in


GSM's 2G) does it by chopping up the channel into sequential time slices.
Each user of the channel takes turns to transmit and receive signals. In
reality, only one person is actually using the channel at a specific
moment. This is analogous to time-sharing on a large computer server.

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access - underlying technology used in


GSM's 3G and IS-95's 2G) on the other hand, uses a special type of
digital modulation called spread spectrum which spreads the voice data
over a very wide channel in pseudorandom fashion. The receiver undoes
the randomization to collect the bits together and produce the sound.

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As a trivial comparison imagine a cocktail party, where couples are


talking to each other in a single room. The room represents the available
bandwidth. In GSM, a speaker takes turns talking to a listener. The
speaker talks for a short time and then stops to let another pair talk.
There is never more than one speaker talking in the room, no one has to
worry about two conversations mixing. In CDMA, any speaker can talk at
any time; however each uses a different language. Each listener can only
understand the language of their partner. As more and more couples talk,
the background noise (representing the noise floor) gets louder, but
because of the difference in languages, conversations do not mix.

Advantagesof 2G GSM

* GSM is mature; this maturity means a more stable network with robust
features.
* Less signal deterioration inside buildings.
* Ability to use repeaters.
* Talktime is generally higher in GSM phones due to the pulse nature of
transmission.
* The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules allows users to switch
networks and handsets at will.
* GSM covers virtually all parts of the world so international roaming is
not a problem.

Disadvantages of 2G GSM

* Pulse nature of TDMA transmission used in 2G interferes with some


electronics, especially certain audio amplifiers. 3G uses W-CDMA now.

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* Intellectual property is concentrated among a few industry participants,


creating barriers to entry for new entrants and limiting competition
among phone manufacturers.
* GSM has a fixed maximum cell site range of 35 km, which is imposed
by technical limitations.

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Chapter 4
Software
1. KEIL Development Tool

Keil software provides the ease of writing the code in either C or


ASSEMBLY. U-VISION 2, the new IDE from Keil Software combines
Project
management, Source Code Editing and Program Debugging in one
powerful

environment. It acts as a CROSS-COMPILER.

1.1 How to Create a New Project

1. Select the Project from the menu bar.


2. Select New Project.

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3. Give the File Name. A project with extension of .uv2 will be created

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1.2 Selecting the Device

1. After giving the file name the device list windows opens.
2. Select the respective company’s microcontroller IC that is going to
be implemented in hardware.
3. From the drop down arrow, we get a list of all the chips from that
particular manufacturer. Choose the appropriate one.
4. Now the target is ready.
5. The data sheets and user manuals are automatically added.

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1.3 Configuring the essentials

1. Right Click on Target to view the options for Target 1.


2. The Target tab enables to give the Starting address and size of RAM
and ROM. We also have to specify the frequency of the crystal used
which in our case is 11.0592Hz.
3. The Output tab has the option to create the HEX file. Confirm the
check box given beside it.
4. The A166 and C51 tabs shows the compiler options.

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1.4 Addition of files in Source group

1. After the Target is created the source group is added to it.


2. Select the file menu and choose the ‘New’ option in it to get a page.
Save the same with a .a51 or .asm extension. These assembler files
are the ones recognized by the compiler.
3. Right click on source group and select add files to include the
program. Select the assembler files created earlier and confirm the
action. The selected files appear in the left-hand side project
window.

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4. These files will contain your actual program in assembly or in


embedded C language
5. Options for source group includes the compilers C51 and A51 paths.
1.5 Running the program

1. Any number of sub programs can be added to source group.


2. To run the program right click on it and select Build Target. When
you
build an application with syntax errors, µVision2 will display errors
and warning messages in the Output Window – Build page. A

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double click on a message line opens the source file on the correct
location in a µVision2 editor window.

3. Then select rebuild all the target files too. With the Rebuild Target
command, all source files are translated, regardless of
modifications.

4. After the target is built, debugging is done.

5. After all the debugging the file is built again which creates a hex
file. This hex file is then used to download to the microcontroller
using a programmer kit.

1.6 Target Program Execution & Debugging

µVision2 lets execute your application program in several different ways:

 With the Debug Toolbar buttons and the “Debug Menu and Debug
Commands”.
 With the Run till Cursor line command in the local menu. The local
menu opens with a right mouse click on the code line in the Editor
or Disassembly window.
 In the Output Window – Command page you can use the Go, Ostep,
Pstep, and Tstep commands.

1.7 Watch Window

The Watch window lets you to view and modify program variables
and lists the current function call nesting. The contents of the Watch

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Window are automatically updated whenever program execution stops.


You can enable View Periodic Window Update to update variable values
while a target program is running.

The Locals page shows all local function variables of the current function.
The

Watch pages display user-specify program variables. You add variables in


three different ways:

 Select the text <enter here> with a mouse click and wait a second.
Another mouse click enters edit mode that allows you to add
variables. In the same way you can modify variable values.
 In an editor window open the context menu with a right mouse click
and use Add to Watch Window. µVision2 automatically selects the
variable name under the cursor position, alternatively you may
mark an expression before using that command.
 In the Output Window – Command page you can use the Watch Set
command to enter variable names.

To remove a variable, click on the line and press the Delete key.
The current function call nesting is shown in the Call Stack page. Double
clicking on a line shows the invocation an editor window.

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2. KEIL SOFTWARE

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The Keil Software 8051 development tools listed below are


programs you use to compile your C code, assemble your assembly
source files, link and locate object modules and libraries, create HEX files,
and debug your target program μVision2 for Windows™ is an Integrated
Development Environment that combines project management, source
code editing, and program debugging in one single, powerful
environment.

Keil Software delivers software in two types of kits: evaluation kits and
production kits.

Evaluation Kits include evaluation versions of our 8051 tools along with
this user’s guide. The tools in the evaluation kit let you generate
applications up to 2 Kbytes in size. This kit allows you to evaluate the
effectiveness of our 8051 tools and generate small target applications.

Production Kits (discussed in “Product Overview” on page 16) include


the unlimited versions of our 8051 tools along with a full manual set
(including this user’s guide). The production kits include 1 year of free
technical support and product updates. Updates are available at
www.keil.com

Product Overview

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Keil Software provides the premier development tools for the 8051
family of microcontrollers. We bundle our software development tools into
different packages or tool kits. The “Comparison Chart” on page 17 shows
the full extent of the Keil Software 8051 development tools. Each kit and
its contents are described below.
PK51 Professional Developer’s Kit
The PK51 Professional Developer’s Kit includes everything the
professional developer needs to create and debug sophisticated
embedded applications for the 8051 family of microcontrollers. The
professional developer’s kit can be configured for all 8051 derivatives.

DK51 Developer’s Kit


The DK51 Developer’s Kit is a reduced version of PK51 and does
not include the RTX51 Tiny real-time operating system. The developer’s
kit can be configured for all 8051 derivatives.

CA51 Compiler Kit


The CA51 Compiler Kit is the best choice for developers who need a
C compiler but not a debugging system. The CA51 package contains only
the μVision2 IDE. The μVision2 Debugger features are not available in
CA51. The kit includes everything you need to create embedded
applications and can be configured for all 8051 derivatives.

A51 Assembler Kit


The A51 Assembler Kit includes an assembler and all the utilities
you need to create embedded applications. It can be configured for all
8051 derivatives.

RTX51 Real-Time Operating System (FR51)

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The RTX51 Real-Time Operating Systems is a real-time kernel for


the 8051 family of microcontrollers. RTX51 Full provides a superset of the
features found in RTX51 Tiny and includes CAN communication protocol
interface routines.

3. Visual Basic
3.1 INTRODUCTION

It is no secret that Visual Basic is the favorite programming


environment of many programmers. When Visual Basic first appeared, it
created a revolution in Windows programming, and that revolution
continues to this day. Never before had Windows programming been so
easy just build the program you want, right before your eyes, and then
run it. Visual Basic introduced unheard-of ease to Windows programming
and changed programming from a chore to something very fun.

In time, Visual Basic has gotten more complex, as well as more


powerful. This is the best way to write about programming. Instead of
superimposing some abstract structure on the material in this book, we
will organize it the way programmers want it task by task. We will create
the foundation we will relyon later as we take a look at the basics of
Visual Basic, including how to create Visual Basic projects and seeing
what’s in such projects. We will also get an overview of essential Visual
Basic concepts like forms, controls, events, properties, methods, and so
on. And we will examine the structure of a Visual Basic program, taking a
look at variables, variable scope, and modules. In other words, we are
going to lay bare the anatomy of a Visual Basic program here.

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Fig: 6.1 visual Basic Front End

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Chapter 5
Schematic Diagram
+ 5 V

1
R N 1
4 . 7 K S I P R e s is t o r
R 1 C 3+
1 0 K4 7 u F

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
U 1
9

T o H T 1 2 E D 0 1 4 0
P 1 . 0 V C C
R ST

2 3 9
P 1 . 1 P 0 . 0 / A D 0 F r o m A D C D 0
3 3 8
P 1 . 2 P 0 . 1 / A D 1 F r o m A D C D 1
4 3 7
P 1 . 3 P 0 . 2 / A D 2 F r o m A D C D 2
5 3 6
P 1 . 4 P 0 . 3 / A D 3 F r o m A D C D 3
6 3 5
P 1 . 5 P 0 . 4 / A D 4 F r o m A D C D 4
7 3 4
P 1 . 6 P 0 . 5 / A D 5 F r o m A D C D 5
8 3 3
P 1 . 7 P 0 . 6 / A D 6 F r o m A D C D 6
3 2
P 0 . 7 / A D 7 F r o m A D C D 7

T o M A X 2 3 2 P i n 1 2 1 0 3 1
P 3 . 0 / R X D E A / V P P

T o M A X 2 3 2 P i n 1 1 1 1 3 0
P 3 . 1 / T X D A L E / P R O G
1 2 2 9
P 3 . 2 / I N T 0 P S E N
1 3 2 8
P 3 . 3 / I N T 1 P 2 . 7 / A 1 5 T o A D C S t a r t
1 4 2 7
P 3 . 4 / T 0 P 2 . 6 / A 1 4 T o A D C A d d A
1 5 2 6
P 3 . 5 / T 1 P 2 . 5 / A 1 3
1 6 2 5
P 3 . 6 / W R P 2 . 4 / A 1 2
1 7 2 4
P 3 . 7 / R D P 2 . 3 / A 1 1
1 8 2 3
X T A L 2 P 2 . 2 / A 1 0
1 9 2 2
X T A L 1 P 2 . 1 / A 9
2 0 2 1
G N D P 2 . 0 / A 8

A T 8 9 C 5 1

1 1 . 0 5 9 2 M H z

X 1
C 2 C 1
3 3 P F 3 3 P F

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Fig: 3.2 schematic diagram of Main Controller

The ATMEL 89C51 Microcontroller

1 Introduction

The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit


microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read
only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high
density non-volatile memory technology and is compatible with the
industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash
allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a
conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile
8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a
powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-
effective solution to many embedded control applications

2 Features of AT89C51
• Compatible with MCS-51™ Products

• 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory

– Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles

• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz

• Three-level Program Memory Lock

• 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM

• 32 Programmable I/O Lines

• Two 16-bit Timer/Counters

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• Six Interrupt Sources

• Programmable Serial Channel

3 Pin Description

Fig: 4.1 Pin Description of AT89C51

VCC

Supply voltage.

GND

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SCADA based Industrial Automation

Ground.

Port 0

Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output


port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0
pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be
configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during
accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has
internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash
programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification.
External pull-ups are required during program verification.

Port 1

Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The


Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are
written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and
can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being
pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1
also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and
verification. Port 2

Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The


Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are
written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and
can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being
pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2
emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program
memory and during accesses to external data memories that use 16-bit
addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal
pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memories

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that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the
P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address
bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.

Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups. The
Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are
written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can
be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled
low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups. Port 3 also serves the
functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below: Port
3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and
verification.

Port Pin Alternate Functions


P3.0 RXD (serial input port)
P3.1 TXD (serial output port)
P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)
P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)
P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)
P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input)
P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe)
P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe)

RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator
is running resets the device.

ALE/PROG

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Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the
address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program
pulse input (PROG) during Flash Programming. In normal operation ALE is
emitted at a constant rate of 1/6the oscillator frequency, and may be
used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one
ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory. If
desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR locations
8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC
instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-
disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution
mode.

PSEN
Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program
memory. When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program
memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two
PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data
memory.

EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to
enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations
starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is
programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be
strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives
the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash
programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.

XTAL1

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Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit.

XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

4.2 DS2003
High Current/Voltage Darlington Drivers
General Description
The DS2003 is comprised of seven high voltage, high current
NPN Darlington transistor pairs. All units feature common emitter, open
collector outputs. To maximize their effectiveness, these units contain
suppression diodes for inductive loads and appropriate emitter base
resistors for leakage. The DS2003 has a series base resistor to each
Darlington pair, thus allowing operation directly with TTL or CMOS
operating at supply voltages of 5.0V. The DS2003 offers solutions to a
great many interface needs, including solenoids, relays, lamps, small
motors, and LEDs. Applications requiring sink currents beyond the
capability of a single output may be accommodated by paralleling the
outputs.
Features
 Seven high gain Darlington pairs
 High output voltage (VCE = 50V)
 High output current (IC = 350 mA)

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 TTL, PMOS, CMOS compatible


 Suppression diodes for inductive loads
 Extended temperature range

4 Relay Switch

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through


the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and
changes the switch contact. Relays allow one circuit to switch a second
circuit which can be completely separate from the first. There is no
electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits; the link is
magnetic and mechanical.

A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the


control of another electrical circuit, the switch is operated by an
electromagnet to open or close one or many set of contacts. The
movement either makes or breaks a connection with a fixed contact.
Relay has 5 pins normally connect(NC),normally open(NO),C1,C2 and
pole. NC is given 5V , NO is grounded, C1 is given 12V, C2 is connected
to microcontroller, pole is connected to motor.A relay is an electrically
controllable switch. It allows the isolation of 2 separate sections of a
system with 2 different voltage sources, one such relay is called an
electromagnetic or electromechanical relay

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Fig 4.2 Cubic Relay Fig 4.3 Cubic


Relay

4.4.1 Advantage of Relays


 Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC.
 Relays can switch high voltages, transistors cannot.
 Relays are better choice for switching large currents.
 Relays can switch many contacts at once.

4.4.2 Disadvantage of Relays


 Relays are bulkier than transistors for switching small currents.
 Relays use more power due to the current flowing through their
coil.
4.4.3 Features
Printed circuit mounts 10 A relay
• 1 Pole changeover contacts or
1 Pole normally open contact
• Miniature - "Sugar cube" package
• DC coil - 360 mW
•Wash tight: RT III
• Cadmium Free contact material option

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Chapter 6

Code of Microcontroller

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Chapter 7

Advantages

• Replacing human operators in tasks that involve hard physical or


monotonous work.[2]
• Replacing humans in tasks done in dangerous environments (i.e.
fire, space, volcanoes, nuclear facilities, underwater, etc.)
• Performing tasks that are beyond human capabilities of size,
weight, speed, endurance, etc.
• Economy improvement. Automation may improve in economy of
enterprises, society or most of humanity. For example, when an
enterprise invests in automation, technology recovers its
investment; or when a state or country increases its income due to
automation like Germany or Japan in the 20th Century.

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Chapter 8

Applications

• Industrial processes include those of manufacturing, production,


power generation, fabrication, and refining, and may run in
continuous, batch, repetitive, or discrete modes.
• Infrastructure processes may be public or private, and include
water treatment and distribution, wastewater collection and
treatment, oil and gas pipelines, electrical power transmission and
distribution, Wind farms, civil defense siren systems, and large
communication systems.
• Facility processes occur both in public facilities and private ones,
including buildings, airports, ships, and space stations. They
monitor and control HVAC, access, and energy consumption

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Chapter 9

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we feel that our product is completely sound and has


great market value. The advantage of our product is that there are no
known competitors out there. The company that manufactures the X10
devices also produces a remote device called the Palmpad, and
Smarthome come closest to matching our project. However, the
advantages we have over them are twofold. First, we are able to run all
devices using the Palm Pilot; this is an obvious advantage, as users are
more likely to carry a Palm around with them, than a Palmpad remote
(often in addition to a Palm they may already be carrying). Secondly, our
project allows for greater development of products. The code is open
source and we are providing for development by others for application in
several ways. With our software, we could develop it for more
complicated applications such as TV control, VCR setup and usage, stereo
control, and even control of applications on the computer. In particular,
we will provide installation instructions on setting up Home Surveillance.
Even though we were unable to complete that application in time for this
Presentation, we have the system almost complete and ready to go within
a week. Hence we feel that there is no better product available in the
market.

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BIBILOGRAPHY

Reference Books:

[1] Kennet Ayalla “8051 micro-controller”, Johnson learning publication,


3rd edition 2007

[2] Muhammad Ali Mazidi “8051 micro-controller”

[3] J.Makhoul, “Spectral analysis of speech by linear prediction”, IEEE


Trans on Audio and acoustics

[4] VISUAL BASIC 6 MCSD Howard Hawhee, Senior Author Corby Jordan,
Richard Hundhausen , Felipe Martins, Thomas Moore

US Dept. of Energy: http://www.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid.htm


Natl. Inst. of Standards and Technology: http://www.nist.gov/smartgrid/
PSERC:
http://www.pserc.wisc.edu/ecow/get/generalinf/presentati/smartgride/

India-specific
Min. of Power (Report by CSTEP and Infosys):
http://www.cstep.in/docs/Power_Sector_Report.pdf

Reference Websites:

[1] http://www.atmel.com
[2] http://www.vsnl.com
[3] http://www.google.com
[4] http://www.efy.com
[5] http://www.ieee.com

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