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1-Abstract
2-Introduction
3-Typs of infrastructure
a-hard infrastructure
b-soft infrastructure
7-Conclusion
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Abstract
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Introdution
Infrastructure is the basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of
a society or enterprise, or the services and facilities necessary for an economy to function. The
term typically refers to the technical structures that support a society, such as roads, water
supply, sewers, power grids, telecommunications, and so forth. Viewed functionally,
infrastructure facilitates the production of goods and services; for example, roads enable the
transport of raw materials to a factory, and also for the distribution of finished products to
markets. In some contexts, the term may also include basic social services such as schools and
hospitals. In military parlance, the term refers to the buildings and permanent installations
necessary for the support, redeployment, and operation of military forces.
Encompassing all things to all people is hardly a useful way to define infrastructure –
clouding investors, governments, and their citizens’ ability to understand, advocate, and direct
capital toward durable, networked assets with widespread societal benefits. Primary
infrastructure components are generally monopolistic in nature and require large financial
commitments for their development, repair and replacement. They can be built, touched,
enabled, disabled, and function together to form interrelated, dependent systems that deliver
needed commodities and services to society. In doing so, they facilitate economic productivity
and promote a standard of living.
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Infrastructure can then be more concisely defined as “The physical components of
interrelated systems providing commodities and services essential to enable, sustain, or
enhance societal living conditions.
Operations Management has 3 major aspects namely; Quality, Cost and Time i.e to produce and
deliver product and services at the right time with the right quality and right cost. These
objectives can only be achieved when all the players involved from extraction to consumption
work in a synchronized way. Infrastructure plays a major role in order to accomplish the OM
objectives. These can be achieved by following
1. Traffic management at the ports (Capacity Management), i.e., maximum utilization of the
ports
2. Modernization of the airports in India and Scheduling of the air planes at the airports
3. Good environmental management practices through recycling, waste management
Inventory or logistics management to better utilize the transportation facilities
4. Maximum utilization of the resources (Manufacturing machines) through a continuous
and regulated supply of electricity
5. Reducing the cost to quality which saves rework in construction projects by
implementing quality at source.
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"Hard" versus "soft" infrastructure
“Hard" infrastructure refers to the large physical networks necessary for the functioning of a
modern industrial nation, whereas
"Soft" infrastructure refers to all the institutions which are required to maintain the
economic, health and cultural/social standards of a country, such as the financial system, the
education system, the health care system, the system of government and law enforcement, as
well as emergency services
1. Transportation infrastructure
2. Energy infrastructure
3. Water management infrastructure
4. Communications infrastructure
5. Solid waste management
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Transportation infrastructure
Road and highway networks, including structures (bridges, tunnels, culverts, retaining
walls), signage and markings, electrical systems (street lighting and traffic lights), edge
treatments (curbs, sidewalks, landscaping) and specialized facilities such as road
maintenance depots and rest areas
• Railways, including structures, terminal facilities (rail yards, train stations), level
crossings, signalizing and communications systems
• Canals and navigable waterways requiring continuous maintenance (dredging, etc.)
• Seaports and lighthouses
• Airports, including air navigational systems
• Mass transit systems (Commuter rail systems, subways, tramways, trolleys and bus
transportation)
• Bicycle paths and pedestrian walkways;
• Ferries.
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Energy infrastructure
• Electrical power network, including generation plants, electric grid, substations and local
distribution;
• Natural gas pipelines, storage and distribution terminals, as well as the local distribution
network. Some definitions may include the gas wells, as well as the fleets of ships and
trucks transporting liquified gas;
• Petroleum pipelines, including associated storage and distribution terminals. Some
definitions may include the oil wells, refineries, as well as the fleets of tanker ships and
trucks;
• Coal mines, as well as specialized facilities for washing , storing and transporting coal;
• Steam or hot water production and distribution networks for district heating systems.
• Electric vehicle networks for charging electric vehicles
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Water management infrastructure
• Drinking water supply, including the system of pipes, storage reservoirs, pumps, valves,
filtration and treatment equipment and meters, including buildings and structures to house
the equipment, used for the collection, treatment and distribution of drinking water
• Sewage collection and disposal of waste water
• Drainage systems (storm sewers, ditches, etc..)
• Major irrigation systems (reservoirs, irrigation canals)
• Major flood control systems (dikes, levees, major pumping stations and floodgates)
• Large-scale snow removal, including fleets of salt spreaders, snow plows, snowblowers,
dedicated dumptrucks, sidewalk plows, the dispatching and routing systems for these
fleets, as well as fixed assets such as snow dumps, snow chutes, snow melters.
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Communications infrastructure
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Solid waste management
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1. Institutional infrastructure
2. Industrial infrastructure
3. Social infrastructure
4. Cultural, sports and recreational infrastructure
Institutional infrastructure
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• The financial system, including the banking system, financial institutions, the payment
system, exchanges, the money supply, financial regulations as well as accounting
standards and regulations;
• The system of government and law enforcement, including the political, legislative, law
enforcement, justice and penal systems, as well as specialized facilities (government
offices, courthouses, prisons, etc.) and specialized systems for collecting, storing and
disseminating data, laws and regulation;
• Emergency services, such as police, fire protection, ambulances, etc., including
specialized vehicles, buildings, communications and dispatching systems.
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Industrial infrastructure
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and quota management, enforcement systems against poaching, forest wardens and fire
fighting.
Social infrastructure
• The health care system, including hospitals, the financing of health care, including health
insurance, the systems for regulation and testing of medications and medical procedures,
the system for training, inspection and professional discipline of doctors and other
medical professionals, public health monitoring and regulations, as well as coordination
of measures taken during public health emergencies such as epidemics;
• The educational and research system, including elementary and secondary schools,
universities, specialised colleges, research institutions, the systems for financing and
accrediting educational institutions;
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• Social welfare systems, including both government support and private charity for the
poor, for people in distress or victims of abuse.
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• Sports and recreational infrastructure, such as parks, sports facilities, the system of sports
leagues and associations;
• Cultural infrastructure, such as concert halls, museums. libraries, theatres, studios, and
specialized training facilities;
• Business travel and tourism infrastructure, including both man-made and natural
attractions, convention centers, hotels, restaurants and other services that cater mainly to
tourists and business travellers, as well as the systems for informing and attracting
tourists, travel insurance, etc.
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Comparing Indian Infrastructure with China’s Infrastructure
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The India Infrastructure Report 2004, put out by the 3iNetwork of India’s best and
brightest engaged in this field, says it all, “…even relative to our income, our failure
in water, roads, sanitation, schooling, and electricity is woeful.” Nor can India hold a
candle to China on FDI. China’s inflows in 2003 were more than ten times the US$4
billion that went into India. But that’s not the lens through which India should be
viewed, in my opinion. India’s strength is elsewhere —namely, in an extraordinary
stock of human capital. And it has deployed that strength into the creation of world
class IT-enabled service companies such as Infosys and Wipro and the service
subsidiaries of large conglomerates such as Reliance and Tata. I spent time with each
of these companies and was staggered by what they had accomplished in the
relatively short time span of the past 10-20 years. The push into IT-enabled services
sidesteps what I believe are India’s greatest impediments on the road to
development — its infrastructure and FDI deficiencies. Self-sufficient in electrical
power — all big companies have back-up generating capacity — the only
infrastructure
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Despite the much heralded information technology boom in India the rate of growth of computer
infrastructure and computer literacy has lagged behind the Chinese rate of growth in the last five
years. Nevertheless, the gap between India and the developed world has narrowed.
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basic infrastructure constraints, both physical and human. So far, the bulk of
infrastructure was in the public sector. Public sector in India operating in a protected
set up has been largely subsidised by the Government. Since the launching of
reform, Government is trying to reduce its borrowing which means that further subsidization will
not be possible. There is one area where there is a need for private sector and foreign investment
to come in. Because of the long gestation period, and many social implications, the infrastructure
sector compares unfavorably with manufacturing and many other sectors. For this, specific
policies in this area are need to make infrastructure attractive. Clearly, there is a wide gap
between the potential demand for infrastructure for high growth and the available supply. This is
the challenge placed before the economy, i.e. before the public and private sector and foreign
investors. This can also be seen as an opportunity for a widening market and enhanced
production .The six core and infrastructure industries, viz., electricity, crude oil, petroleum
refinery products, coal, steel and cement, having a weight of 26.7 per cent in overall .Index of
Industrial Production (IIP) achieved 6.8 per cent during 2000-01. Several fiscal incentives were
announced by the government for boosting investment in infrastructure projects. Ten-year tax
holiday offered to projects in core sectors like roads, highways, waterways, water supply,
sanitation and solid waste management systems can now be availed of during the initial 20 years.
Projects in airports, ports,inland ports, industrial parks and generation and distribution of powe
can now avail of 10-year tax holidays during the initial 15 years
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We need to sell India. A USP is what is needed. India's corporate leaders agree that the country's
politicians have never sold the country. Much of the investment flowing into the country today
is on the back of India's reputation as a place for skilled people who have proven themselves in
the information technology services sector.
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parks. But the problem lies in some key areas like creation of infrastructure and quick approval
of investment proposals. More needs o be done.
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Conclusion
From over all this, we concluded that there is a steady but continue development in
infrastructure in India. As it is required to more concerned towards growth of infrastructure since
development of nation depends on it .Economic growth and poverty reduction in India are
closely tied to its ability to reap benefits from regional economic integration. Though logistics
have not yet become a serious constraint, action will be required to enhance both the quality and
quantity of infrastructure to improve overall efficiency. Growing cross-border economic
activities in India have important implications for the demand for infrastructure development in
the region. Infrastructure needs for feeder seaports and logistics services, among others, will
continue to rise rapidly.
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Reference
Websites:-
1-www.coolavenues.com
2-www.aidg.org/
3-www.scribd.com/...
Books:-
1-Infrastructure development
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