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16.202: Magnetically Coupled Circuits: Mutual Inductance

• Background:
• Inductor: Passive element that resists change in current flow.
di
VL = L dt .
• Consists of N turns of wire wound around a core material with
permeability µ;
2
• L = N lµA ; N : No. of Turns; A : Cross-Sectional Area; l :
Length.
• Amperes Law/ Biot-Savart : Current flowing in the coil creates
a magnetic field.
• A closed conducting loop carrying a current i when placed
in an external magnetic field, experiences a force. (causes a
torque/rotation) (Electric Motors)

Prof.
c K. Chandra, April 26, 2006 16.202: Circuit Theory II; ECE, UMASS Lowell
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• Symmetry Principle: (Faradays Law of Induction):

– Exerting a torque on a closed conducting loop in an external
magnetic field, causes electric current to flow in the loop
[Electric Generators]
– Induced EMF (Electromotive Force) appears when the num-
ber of magnetic field lines passing through the loop are
changing.
• Magnetic Flux: Number of Magnetic Lines that pass through
a surface bounded by the closed loop.

Prof.
c K. Chandra, April 26, 2006 16.202: Circuit Theory II; ECE, UMASS Lowell
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Mutual Inductance

φ11
+ +
φ12
i1 (t)
v1 L1 L2 v2

- -

Figure 1:

• Self Inductances: L1 and L2 (N1 and N2 )turns.

• Current i1(t) flowing through L1 produces magnetic flux φ1
that consists of two components
φ11 : Links only L1
φ12 : Links both coils.
φ1 = φ11 + φ12

Prof.
c K. Chandra, April 26, 2006 16.202: Circuit Theory II; ECE, UMASS Lowell
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• L1 and L2 are physically separated, but magnetically coupled.

• Induced voltages: v1 = N1 dφ
dt
1 and v
2 = N 2
dφ12
dt
• In terms of source current i1(t): v1 = N1 dφ1 di1 = L di1
di1 dt 1 dt

• v2 = N2 dφ 12 di1 = M di1
di1 dt 21 dt

Where L1 = N1 dφ1
di1
Mutual Inductance M21 = N2 dφ 12
di1
• M21: Mut. Inductance of coil 2 with respect to coil 1. (H)
• Suffix 21 refers to induction in coil 2 due to current in coil 1
• Open-circuit mutual voltage (induced voltage): v2 = M21 didt1

Prof.
c K. Chandra, April 26, 2006 16.202: Circuit Theory II; ECE, UMASS Lowell
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General Model

M
i1
i2
φ11
+ φ21 +
φ12

v1 L1 L2 v2

- -

Figure 2:

• Finding polarity of mutual voltage M dt

di
.
• Depends on orientation of coil windings: Use Dot Convention
• Position of dot at one end of inductor gives direction of mag-
netic flux if current enters at the dotted terminal

Prof.
c K. Chandra, April 26, 2006 16.202: Circuit Theory II; ECE, UMASS Lowell
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• If current enters dotted terminal of one coil, reference polarity

of mutual voltage in the second coil is positive at the dotted
terminal of second coil
• If current leaves dotted terminal of one coil, reference polarity
of mutual voltage in the second coil is negative at the dotted
terminal of the second coil
M

i2

+ + i2

v1 = M di2 /dt v1 = −M di2 /dt

- -

Figure 3:

Prof.
c K. Chandra, April 26, 2006 16.202: Circuit Theory II; ECE, UMASS Lowell
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L1 L2 L1 L2

i i i i

L = L1 + L2 − 2M
L = L1 + L2 + 2M

Figure 4:

Prof.
c K. Chandra, April 26, 2006 16.202: Circuit Theory II; ECE, UMASS Lowell