CHAPTER 3 COORDINATION AND RESPOND

Stimulus is a change in the external environment or internal environment in the body which can be detected
by the body’s system.

External stimuli
-Changes that occur outside the body of an organism.
-For instance, light,sound,smell,taste,touch and temperature plus pressure also.

Internal stimuli
-Changes that occur inside the body of an organism.
-For example, sugar level in the blood and osmotic pressure of blood.

What is tropism?
-It occur only in plants...
-It is defined as the directional growth of a plant part in response to an external stimulus.
-Growth towards the stimulus is known as positive tropism,while growth away from the stimulus is known
as negative tropism.

eg: phototropism->response of plant to light

geotropism->response of plant to earth's gravitational pull
hydrotropism=>response of plant to water

Nastic movement->movement of parts of plant in response to external stimuli.

What is a receptor?
Receptor are cells or group of cells specialised in detecting a particular stimulus and initiating transmission
of nerve impulses through the sensory organs.For instance,eyes,ears,nose and skin all have specialised
receptor cells to respond to particular stimuli.

Detecting and responding to changes in the environment

Coordination
- process involved in the detection of stimuli by the receptors and produce response by effector.
- Involve 2 system
 Nervous system- transmission of nerve impulses
 Endocrine system: secrection of hormones
Nervous system

ORGANISATION OF THE NE

HUMAN
NERVOU
SYSTEM
T

CENTRAL Links receptors &

NERVOUS to CNS : relays
between CNS &
SYSTEM body
[CNS]

he Brain
-the brain is encased in the bony skull, which protects it from injuries.
-outer part of the brain is made up of grey matter (neuron), inner part is made up of white matter (axon).

BRAIN SPINAL CORD

 STRUCTU

Brain part Function

Spinal Cord

CROSS -SECTION O

- the spinal cord is contained within the vertebral column.

- The spinal cord is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid which acts as a shock absorber and provides the
spinal cord with nutrients.
- The outer part of the spinal cord is made up of white matter (axons) while the inner part is made up of
grey matter (neurons).
- The grey matter looks like a butterfly of the letter H.
-

STRUCT
1
• Dendrites are fibres that
information or signals from o
neurones or from the ex
environment and conduct them tow
the cell body.
• Dendrites of afferent neurone
special membrane adaptations
- Three types of neurons

-
allow them to produce signals
Afferent neuron - Efferent neuron - Interneuron
-
response to specific stimuli from
(sensory neuron) - (motor neuron)
- -

external environment such as press

light or heat.

3 • A long, thin fibre called the

Links the receptor to CNS Links the CNS to effectors Link afferent neuron with
efferent neuron.
extends outward from the cell body
• The axon conducts the n
impulses away from the cell body.
• The axons are usually bun
together into nerves
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STRUCTURE O
EFFERE

AFFERENTNEURONE
Longdendrite, short
The Transmission of Information Along The neurone
- - the transmission of information along the neuron is through electrical signal known as nerve impulses.
axon
- - an impulse is a wave of positive charges that travel along the axon to the synaptic terminal

Cell bodyat thesideof

Thetransmis
the neurone [not at the
end]
-

Begins withreceptor
2
Fromreceptors
tothecentral
nervoussystem

1
Receptionof
stimuli by
 The transmission pathway of
information
3 The nerve impulses
-
pass from the afferent
neurones to the
interneurones in the
brain
2 - Aff
The receptors neu
trigger nerve
TRANSMISSION2 OF C
impulses in
the afferent
-
neurones . Presyna

1Synaptic terminal
Receptors
in the ear
-
1 Receptors in
Axon
- Synapse

A reflex arc in

A ffe re nnt e u
 The knee-jerk ---------A reflex a

afferent
-

2
The knee -jerk --------- A reflex arc

1 1
The rubber hammer hits a tendo
that connects the quadriceps
muscle in the thigh to a bone in
the lower leg
-

Sympathetic division

Parasympathetic division
 TH E A

-
 DISEASES

DISEASE
-

Parkinson ’s •Parkinson ’s
disease typically affect
•Parkinson ’s
tremors or trem
•Patients also
experience im
Alzheimer ’s •Alzheimer ’s
disease victims aroun
reasoning and
•The cause o
genetic, envir
Alzheimer ’s d