Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
OF
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
ON
“NETWORKING”
SUBMITTED BY:
Janak Behl
FD-1 (ISBE-A)
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COMPUTER NETWORKING
or
• By Scale
• By Connection Method
Optical fiber
Ethernet
Wireless LAN
• By Network Topology
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Bus network
Star network
Ring network
Mesh network
An example of a network
Applications of Networks
Resource Sharing
Information Sharing
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Communication
Message broadcast
Remote computing
INTRANET
Intranet is the generic term for a collection of private computer networks within an
organization. An intranet uses network technologies as a tool to facilitate
communication between people or workgroups to improve the data sharing capability
and overall knowledge base of an organization's employees.
Intranets utilize standard network hardware and software technologies like Wi-Fi, Web
browsers and Web servers. An organization's intranet typically includes Internet access
but is firewalled so that its computers cannot be reached directly from the outside.
INTERNET
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the
standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is
a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business,
and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of
electronic and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of
information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of
the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail.
The Internet has enabled or accelerated new forms of human interactions through
instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking,. Online shopping has
boomed both for major retail outlets and small artisans and traders. Business-to-
business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire
industries.
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EXTRANET
An extranet is a computer network that allows controlled access from the outside for
specific business or educational purposes. Extranets are extensions to, or segments of,
private intranet networks that have been built in many corporations for information
sharing and ecommerce.
CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORKING
1) Geographical
a) LAN
b) MAN
c) WAN
A local area network (LAN) links computers in relatively close proximity in order to share
files, printers, other resources, and online access. LANs are used at home and in
business and can be either wired or wireless.
LAN network will allow computers in a home or office to talk to one another, pass files,
use a common database, and share a printer or fax machine, to name a few
advantages. A high-speed Internet account can also be shared on a LAN to provide
online access to all computers connected to the network.
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A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network covering multiple distance areas,
which may spread across the entire world. WANs often connect multiple smaller
networks, such as local area networks (LANs) or metro area networks (MANs). The
world's most popular WAN is the Internet. Some segments of the Internet are also
WANs in themselves. A wide area network may be privately owned or rented from
service providers, but the term usually connotes the inclusion of public (shared user)
networks.
2) Topological
a) BUS
b) STAR
c) MESH
d) HYBRID
e) RING
BUS TOPOLOGY:-
Each node is connected one after the other (like christmas lights)
Nodes communicate with each other along the same path called the
backbone
Multipoint
Advantages:
i) Easy to install
ii) Less cables
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Disadvantages:
RING TOPOLOGY
The ring network is like a bus network, but the “end” of the network is
connected to the first node
Nodes in the network use tokens to communicate with each other
Advantages:
i) Easy to install
Disadvantages:
i) Unidirectional traffic
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STAR TOPOLOGY
The hub simply passes the signal arriving from any node to the other
nodes in the network
Less expensive.
One link and I/O port connecting to the hub. No direct traffic between two
devices.
Advantages:
i) Easy to install
iv) Robustness
Disadvantage:
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MESH TOPOLOGY
Advantages:
• no traffic problems
• Privacy security
Disadvantages:
• Space Cost
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HYBRID TOPOLOGY
1. You can be afforded an opportunity not yet advertised therefore reducing the
competition significantly.
2. A job may be specifically created for you based on an employer’s requirement.
3. You are in the enviable position of focusing attention on the qualities and
strengths you possess.
4. Networking provides social contact and stimulation.
5. Rather than having to make a cold call or attend an interview with people who
are unknown to you, you will have a referral that will make the process easier.
6. Openings are created for you to be opportunistic and flexible. You must actively
listen to the communication that is going on around you.
7. Networking is a two way process that can enable you to help others.
8. Networking is a proactive job search method.
9. Networking puts you in control, setting your own pace and course. It is less
stressful than sifting through tons of advertisements and is far more productive
over time.
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1. While networking is a very effective technique one must always be aware of the
possibility of indiscretion. Choose your contacts wisely and ensure that you
maintain confidentiality at all times.
2. Networking can be a waiting game where you have to wait it out patiently for the
right opportunity or the right contact to come available.
To weigh it up you can clearly see that the advantages greatly outweigh the
disadvantages. Put your thoughts together and develop a networking contact list and
begin this proactive process and take control of your job search.
The web employs a connection-less protocol, which means that after every client-
server interaction the connection between the two is lost.
Let us now examine the client-server inter-communication with three models.
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The client (browser) requests for an HTML file stored on the remote machine through
the server software. The server locates this file and passes it to the client. The client
then displays this file on your machine. In this case, the HTML page is static. Static
pages do not change until the developer modifies them.
The scenario is slightly different for CGI applications. Here the server has to do more
work since CGI programs consume the server machine's processing power.
Let us suppose you come across a searchable form on a web page that runs a CGI
program. Let us also suppose you type in the word 'computers' as the search query.
Your browser sends your request to the server. The server checks the headers and
locates the necessary CGI program and passes it the data from the request including
your search query "computers". The CGI program processes this data and returns the
results to the server. The server then sends this formatted in HTML to your browser
which in turn displays the HTML page.
Thus the CGI program generates a dynamic HTML page. The contents of the dynamic
page depend on the query passed to the CGI program.
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The third case also involves dynamic response generated by the use of server side
technologies. There are many server side technologies today.
Active Server Pages (ASP): A Microsoft technology. ASP pages typically have the
extension .asp.
Personal Home Pages (PHP): An open source technology. PHP pages typically have
.php, .phtml or .php3 file name extensions.
Java Server Pages: .jsp pages contain Java code.
Server Side Includes (SSI): Involves the embedding of small code snippets inside the
HTML page. An SSI page typically has .html as its file extension.
With these server technologies it has become easier to maintain Web pages especially
helpful for a large web site. The developer needs to embed the server-side language
code inside the HTML page. This code is passed to the appropriate interpreter which
processes these instructions and generates the final HTML displayed by the browser.
Note, the embedded server-script code is not visible to the client (even if you check the
source of the page) as the server sends ONLY the HTML code.
Let's look at PHP as an example. A request sent for a PHP page from a client is passed
to the PHP interpreter by the server along with various program variables. The
interpreter then processes the PHP code and generates a dynamic HTML output. This
is sent to the server which in turn redirects it to the client. The browser is not aware of
the functioning of the server. It just receives the HTML code, which it appropriately
formats and displays on your computer.
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CASE STUDY
Reliance Infocomm offers a complete range of telecom services, covering mobile and
fixed line telephony including broadband, national and international long distance
services, data services and a wide range of value added services and applications that
will enhance productivity of enterprises and individuals.
Mobile telephony, fixed line telephony and Internet service now come with a range of
solutions that make the experience of communication entirely different and pleasurable.
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As a one-stop shop for new age telecommunication solutions, Reliance has laid out one
of the biggest fiber optic networks in the world. Digital and broadband-capable, this
70,000 km of terabit capacity network, covering over 600 towns and cities in India, has
enabled Reliance to develop a number of innovative communication applications that
seamlessly blend together to deliver world-class communication solutions.
Telecommunication networks are the infrastructure for provisioning Infocomm services.
The Reliance Infocomm network consists of 70,000 kilometers of optical fiber cables
spanning the length and breadth of India. These cables can carry thousands of billions
of bits per second and can instantly connect one part of the country with another. This
physical network and its associated infrastructure will cover over 600 cities and towns in
18 of the country's 21 circles, 229 of the nation’s 323 Long Distance Charging Areas
(LDCAs) and broadband connectivity to over 190 cities. This infrastructure will be
backed by state-of-the-art information management systems and a customer-focused
organization.
An interesting aspect of the network is the manner in which these fibers are
interconnected and deployed. Reliance's architecture is so fault-tolerant that the
chances of failure are virtually nil. Reliance's ring and mesh architecture topology is the
most expensive component to implement, but assures the highest quality of
uninterrupted service, even in the event of failure or breakage in any segment of the
network. Reliance has 77 such rings across the country with at least three alternative
paths available in metros. Connected on this topology, the service has virtually no
chance of disruption in quality performance.
Access networks determine the services that can finally be delivered to customer. The
network has wireline access technologies based on fiber as well as copper. Fiber in the
access network makes broadband services easy to deploy. The wireless access
network deployed for CDMA 1X is spectrum efficient and provides better quality of voice
than other networks and higher data rates. CDMA 1X also provides an up gradation
path to future enhancements.
Through the term broadband connotes relative access speeds, it now generally refers to
access speeds of 1.5 Mbps and higher. As content on the Internet and intranet
becomes multimedia, broadband technologies are important for accessing the content
and to provide video based corporate services.
Reliance Infocomm has extended fiber in its access network. This gives the network a
capacity to have very high access speeds. Reliance has deployed broadband based on
gigabit Ethernet. This will enable Reliance to provision broadband services of high
quality and performance.
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FEATURES BENEFITS
Fibre optic based network Good speed
No congestion
• High capacity Reliability
• Less loss while transmission
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Internet
Almost everybody today accesses the Internet for some purpose or the other.
Dedicated Internet
A dedicated Internet access is an uninterrupted Internet service at high speeds.
Corporate houses, where a large number of users need to connect to the Internet at the
same time. For example, a software organization, where a large number of people
continuously need to upload and download content to and from the Internet.
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