1] `All features of a river at the lower course are formed by deposition.

’ How true is
this? EYA using examples.

Though some features of a river in the lower course like levees and floodplains
are formed by the deposition, river erosion can also form features too like valleys
(which valley ? Not specific enough), meanders (which part of the meander) and ox-
bow lakes.

Valleys are the low areas between hills or mountains and varies in shape and
sizes depending on how the river erodes the land. In the lower course, the valleys
formed here have very wide river channels due to lateral erosion being more
dominant than vertical erosion which also causes it to have shallower river bed.(not
really true, some lower course river bed is very deep) These factors cause the valley
to be broad and flat in the lower course of the river. (Well done great observation.)

Besides valleys, there are also landforms created by the combination of both
erosion and deposition. Meanders for example, are curves or bends along a river
usually found in the lower course of the river and are the result of deposition,
erosion and transportation. This happens due to the presence of deep water pockets
and shallower river bed in the river channel. There is lesser friction in the water
pockets and that causes the water to flow faster with enough force to increased
erosive force at the banks, eroding the river side ways (which banks? Outer Banks
or inner banks ? To be more concise Concave or convex slope?) while the shallower
river bed increases friction and thus, slows down the water to cause deposition. The
continuous deposition and erosion would then cause the river to be more curved,
forming a meander like Zhu Jiang River in China.

Lastly, there is also the ox-bow lake which is crescent-shaped lake. It is formed
through the meander when erosion at the concave banks and deposition at the
convex banks of the river causes two neighboring concave banks to get closer,
meet and eventually gets cuts through by hydraulic action. This creates a newer
channel to which the river will flow and an abandoned meander loop called a cut-off
is formed which becomes an ox-bow lake when deposition seals the cut-off from the
river permanently. An example (is) are the ox-bow lakes in the lower Mississippi
river in USA.

Thus, it can be seen that though there are landforms which can be formed by
deposition, (I did not see as you did not write it down) there are also landforms
which can be formed solely by erosion and others by the combined effort of both (in
the lower course of the river). So, it is not true that all features of a river in the
lower course are formed by deposition.

Well done Hit L3 /7 marks. Just iron out some of the mistake I have
identified. Also add in features that are formed completely by deposition
like flood plain, levees and delta but need not explain that
2] `Some people are in favor of coastal management but others think that we
should not interfere with the sea’s natural process.’ Why? EYA using examples.

Many coasts are populated by people and some cities like Brisbane and Houston
are also located near coasts, making around 60% of the world’s population live near
the coasts. However, large-scale coastal development can cause major problems if
not managed. For example, coastal erosion would cause the coast to retreat inland
and thereby affect nearby infrastructures, creating the need for proper coastal
management to preserve the desired quality of the coastal environment. (Well
done.) Hence, shoreline management plans have been implemented to improve
understanding of coastal processes and also set up long term plans for coastal
defense and land use after which coastal management strategies would be chosen
to be used on its own, combined or as a integrated management plan. Thus, some
people favor coastal management as it reduces the effects of erosion and flooding,
preventing unwanted deposition, protecting people and their property plus ensure
sustainable usage of the coast. (Excellent)

However, there are also some people which disapprove of coastal management
as it is seen as an interference to the sea’s natural processes. For example, the
construction of groynes like the ones in Swanage Bay in UK, can help to trap beach
material and prevent erosion of the beach by long shore waves and even reduce the
energy of waves. But groynes though helpful, can also interfere in the sea’s
erosional and depositional processes by trapping eroded material at its updrift side,
preventing fresh material to reach the beach further down the coastline and
coupled with the lack of protection further down the coasts, the beach area may be
eroded quicker than usual, thus disrupting the sea’s natural processes not to
mention that several coastal management strategies are unsightly and spoils the
natural beauty of the coastline. Thus, this would cause people to think that we
should not interfere with the sea’s natural processes. (Well done)

But needs a conclusion. If not only max L2/6 marks. You could say , Therefore,
different people have different viewpoint towards coastal management because….

3] `Human causes of food shortages are more common than natural causes’ How
far do you agree? EYA with examples.
 There are many causes of food shortages and they can be classified as either
human or natural causes. (Answer the question right away or else leave a
few lines after you have written it out write the answer here)

Human causes include social factors like land fragmentation where a farmer
divides his land among his sons equally with each son gaining the same amount of
land which causes the land to become smaller each generation. This results in low
agricultural production rates as the smaller plots of land cannot be fully utilized and
is not profitable to use expensive high technology like harvesters or large scale
irrigation systems which would in turn lead to further decrease in the production
rates. (Need example of land fragmentation to support your point) Besides
that, there is also the lack of a stable food supply due to wars and conflicts among
nations which could cause farmers to seek refuge and abandon their farmland,
causing less food to be produced and food security is threatened. For example, the
conflicts in Sudan in 2004 have threatened their local food supply and stability as
farmers were not allowed to tend to their crops nor their herds during that time.
(Good example to support your point)

The natural causes of food shortages can be due to natural disasters or the
sudden spread of diseases. For example, unexpected diseases like bird flu or mad
cow disease can affect food supply significantly as the animals would have to be
culled to prevent further spreading of the said disease. One example would be the
culling of twenty million birds from 2003 to 2004 due to the bird flu which then
caused the production of meat to be affected negatively, creating shortages in the
said food segment.( eg. Not specific enough which country how has it
affected the food shortage? Thar Desert In India *) Natural disasters on the
other hand, can cause major food shortages via crop failures. This can occur when
there is an earthquake, droughts, floods and also hurricanes like hurricane Katrina
which hit USA in 2005, destroying the crops and thereby decreasing the overall
output of food in the affected area. (again not specific enough name the crop.
Explain how it has caused food shortage)

Thus, it can be seen that there are as many natural causes of food shortages
as there are human causes, though the natural causes may occur on rare occasions
which makes the human factors more common compared to the natural causes.

L2/5 Example not specific enough to support your stand. You have to make your
stand clearly Human or natural * Analysis of data at the household level in Khabra Kalan village
in the Thar desert of India revealed that the land holding size is halved every 20–30 years due to
subdivision of land holdings. The subdivision is caused by the equal sharing among sons at the time of
inheritance based on the succession laws, and attributed to the increase in the village population. The
shrinking land holdings resulted in a shortfall of food on small farms; 12% in cereals and 42% in pulses,
promoted continuous cultivation and the increase of monoculture, and deteriorated the land
productivity through its effect on the soil fertility and land management.

4] ` How far do you think colonialism has affected the development of countries
that were colonized?’EYA
 Colonialism refers to the domination of a more powerful country over another
country and it is so as to allow the colonial powers to obtain resources that are
previously unobtainable from the own countries or to secure important trade routes.

The obtained resources would then be exported for high profits in the form of
cash crops. An example would be the colonization of Angola by Portugal in the 15th
century to exploit Angola’s labor and land to grow cash crops for export. This would
then allow the colonial power and colony to build strong trading relations. The
profits were also greatly increased during industrialization where the advancements
in technology allowed the colonial powers to convert the resources from the
colonies into useful products for more profit, making the colonial powers richer and
more developed.

However, the development in the colonies were slow as the colonial powers only
built infrastructures to facilitate the movement of cash crops and similar resources
while totally neglecting the other aspects like education and environmental
sustainability, causing the colonies to remain poor. This gap is further widened
when the colonial powers continue to develop and advance while the colonies
remained undeveloped and continue to export low value materials to earn little
profit.

Thus, it can be seen that colonialism has greatly affected the development of
colonized countries in a negative way as they were made use of to help the colonial
powers prosper and develop while they themselves hardly developed at all.