Our Lady of the Rosary College

S3 Chemistry
Part I (Planet Earth)

3 The Rocks and Minerals

3.1 The Composition of Rocks

 Rocks are composed of many ____________ substances, which are called ________________.

 One of the mineral is called ____________ which is a __________________ and is made up of

two elements, _____________ and ______________.

 For the minerals of element, __________________ and _______________ is also a common

free element in rocks.

 Unlike air and sea water, which has a unique composition, different rocks contain different

_______________ and _____________ with different composition.

 The most common rock in Hong Kong is called ______________________, which is made up

of ____________________, _____________________ and __________________.

3.2 Types of Rocks

 There are _______________ main groups of rocks on the earth. They are called

__________________ rocks, ___________________ rocks and ____________________ rocks.

 Sedimentary rocks are formed by ______________, the sediments are squeezed into

________________ solid.

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 Sedimentary rocks contain important information about the ________________ of the Earth.

They contain ______________, the preserved remains of ancient plants and animals.

_________________ is considered a type of sedimentary rock.

 Igneous rocks are rocks formed by solidification of cooled __________________ (molten rock).

 Over 700 types of igneous rocks have been described, most of them formed beneath the surface

of the ______________________. Igneous rocks make up approximately _______% of the

upper part of the Earth's crust.

 Metamorphic rocks are the result of the transformation of a pre-existing rock type in a process

called _____________________, which means "change in form".

 Metamorphic rocks may be formed simply by being deep beneath the Earth's surface, subjected

to high ________________ and the great ________________ of the rock layers above. They

can be formed continental collisions which cause horizontal _______________,

_____________and _________________. They are also formed when rock is heated up by the

________________ from the Earth's interior..

Types of Rocks Source Importance

Sedimentary Sediment Contain the history of the Earth such as fossil and coal.
Igneous Magma It makes up 95 % of the upper part of the Earth crust.
Metamorphic Transformation of Either formed by high temperature and great pressure; or

pre-existing rock horizontal pressure, friction and distortion;

or molten by magma.

3.3 Extraction of Minerals from Ores

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 Basically, there are two ways of extracting minerals from ores, they are _______________

method and _________________ method.

 _________________ is one of the physical methods in extracting minerals. It make use of two

physical quantities, ____________________ and ____________________, to separate minerals.

 If the minerals are large enough, we can simply taken it out by hand or ___________________.

 If the minerals exist as a _____________________ in ores, we have to use chemical methods.

 For _____________ metal compounds, we can use _______________________ to decompose

the metals and oxygen gas.

 The examples of unreactive metals are __________________ and ________________

__________________(s) → ___________________(s) + ________________(g)

__________________(s) → ___________________(s) + _______________(g)

 For ___________ metal compounds, we can heat the compound strongly with _________. They

react with carbon to form metal and _____________________________. This method is called

___________________________.

 The examples of less reactive metals are ____________, _____________, _____________ and

________________.

__________________(s) + ___________(s) → ________________(s) + _______________(g)

__________________(s) + ___________(s) → ________________(s) + _______________(g)

__________________(s) + ___________(s) → ________________(s) + _______________(g)

__________________(s) + ___________(s) → ________________(s) + _______________(g)

 For ___________ metal compounds, we should use ______________________ to decompose

the metal and oxygen. The compound should first be _______________ and electrolyzed by

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 ______________. Metals can be collected at the _______________ electrode.

 The examples of less reactive metals are ____________, _____________, _____________,

____________________ and ________________.

__________________(s) → ___________________(s) + ________________(g)

__________________(s) → ___________________(s) + _______________(g)

__________________(s) → ___________________(s) + ________________(g)

__________________(s) → ___________________(s) + _______________(g)

__________________(s) → ___________________(s) + ________________(g)

 Although electrolysis is very powerful, it is not always used because it is _______________.

Method Action For

Physical By hand Large size pure metal.
Panning Small size pure metal by making use of solubility and density.
Chemcial Heat in air Unreactive compound Silver, Mercury
Heat with carbon Less reactive compound Zinc, Iron, Lead, Copper
Electrolysis Reactive compund Potassium, Sodium, Calcium,

Magnesium and Aluminium

3.4 Calcium Carbonate

 Calcium carbonate can be found in various kinds of rocks such as __________________,

______________ and ________________. It can easily be corroded by _________________.

 Calcium carbonate can be used to prepare ________________ CaO(s),

_________________Ca(OH)2(s) , _________________ Ca(OH)2(aq) and carbon dioxide CO2.

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3.5 Errosion of Rocks

 There are several types of sources in causing erosion; they are ______________, ___________

and _______________. In each type of sources, there are several ways of action to weaken the

rocks, but most of them are related to _______________________.

 Heating is one of the sources in causing erosion. Substance will perform _______________

under heating and __________________ under cooling. Alternately repeat the process causes

splitting of rocks.

 On the other hand, if calcium carbonate exposed at ___________________ for a long time, it

will be decomposed to form ______________________ and carbon dioxide.

 Water is another source causing erosion; there are five action in total. They are

________________, _________________, _____________________, ____________________

and___________________________.

 Frost / Freeze-thaw is an action that happen at very ________temperature region. When water

trapped inside the crack of rock, it freezes to form ________. Its volume __________ and stress

to _______________ the crack of rock.

 When rock absorbs water, it _____________. On the contrary, it __________ as dries out.

Repeat the process causing weaken structure of rocks.

 Some minerals can easily dissolve in _________________and _____________________. As a

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 result, the structure of rocks is weakening by ______________________. (Physical change)

 _________________ is a very similar action to dissolution, but the structure of rock is

weakening by the reaction of water with mineral in forming new compound. (Chemical change)

 Carbonation is an action that ____________ dissolve in water to form ____________________.

The acid that formed reacts with __________________ to form a ______________ compound

___________________. Therefore the products can easily be washed away by rain water.

 The third source of causing erosion is ____________________. In nature ________________

and __________________ oxides can dissolve in rain to form _______________________.

 Acid rain can erode rock by taking reaction with _______________________ to form soluble

_________ and washed away by water.

______________(aq) + _____________(l) → _____________(s) + ___________(g) + ________(l)

______________(aq) + _____________(l) → _____________(s) + ___________(g) + ________(l)

______________(aq) + _____________(l) → _____________(s) + ___________(g) + ________(l)

Source Action Principle

Heat Thermal expansion & contraction Alternate expansion & contraction weaken the

structure and splitting the rocks

Decomposition due to heating Calcium carbonate will be decomposed under

strong heating
Water Frost / Freeze-thaw Water expands its volume in forming ice and

stress to enlarge the cracks on rocks.

Water Absorption Alternate expansion & contraction by absorbing

water weaken the structure and splitting the rocks

Dissolution Minerals dissolve in water and weaken the

structure of rocks.
Hydration Minerals react with water to form new compound

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 and the structure is weaken.
Carbonation Carbon dioxide dissolve in water to form carbonic

acid and the acid reacts with calcium carbonate to

form calcium hydrogencarbonate.

Acid Acid rain Nitrogen oxides or sulphur oxides dissolve in rain

to form acid rain. Acid rain erodes rocks by reacts

with calcium carbonate to form solube salt, carbon

dioxide and water. Finally washed away.

3.6 Thermal Decomposition of Calcium Carbonate and Test

for Carbon Dioxide

 Under strong heat calcium carbonate decomposed to ________________ and

________________.

__________________(s) → ___________________(s) + ________________(g)

 Furthermore, after decomposition the formed calcium oxide can react with water to form

_____________________________.

__________________(s) + __________________(l) → ___________________(s)

 We use the following setup to investigate the __________ decomposition of calcium carbonate.

The produced carbon dioxide will turn lime water _______________. Or it can change

__________________________ from __________to ____________.

_______________(aq) + _______________(g) → _______________(s) + ______________(l)

_______________________

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 ________________________
Or
________________________
_______________________

________________

3.7 Test for Calcium and Carbonate Ions

 Calcium compound gives ____________________________ flame under non-luminous flame.

 For carbonate ions, we can test it by strong heating or by _________________.

 Carbonate can react with _____________ to give out _______________________ and the gas

can be use ______________ or _________________ to test it.

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