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cyclic prefix that adds additional bits at the transmitter end. The efficiencies. However, it must also be noted that when using
receiver removes these additional bits in order to minimize the a modulation technique such as 64-QAM, better signal-to-
inter symbol interference and to improve the bit error rate. In noise ratios (SNRs) are needed to overcome any interference
this paper, we investigated the physical layer performance on the
and maintain a certain bit error ratio (BER). The use of
basis of bit error rate w.r.t signal to noise ratio by varying cyclic
prefix of adaptive modulation techniques (BPSK, QPSK, 16- adaptive modulation allows a wireless system to choose the
QAM and 64-QAM). These parameters are discussed with two highest order modulation depending on the channel
conditions. We can see a general estimate of the channel
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different channel Models (AWGN Channel model and Rayleigh
Channel model). The BER curves were used to compare the
performance of different modulation techniques by using cyclic
prefix. We compare different modulations and study the
behaviour of these modulations under different channels(AWGN
conditions needed for different modulation techniques. As
the range increases, modulation step down to lower
modulations (in other words, BPSK), but as you are closer
you can utilize higher order modulations like QAM for
and Rayleigh) increased throughput. In addition, adaptive modulation
Keywords—Adaptive Modulation techniques, IEEE-802. allows the system to overcome fading and other interference.
16, OFDMA, Cyclic prefix. [8]
network standard will be realized as the recent nomadic and modulation technique of WiMAX network. The adaptive
mobile extensions are deployed[1]. WiMAX operation is modulation used Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK),
currently active in a number of licensed bands at 2-4 GHz. Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), 16-Quadrature
Unlicensed operation (at significantly lower transmit powers) Amplitude Modulation (16- QAM), 64-Quadrature
is also ermitted at the top end of the 5 GHz band. In the Amplitude Modulation(64-QAM) for modulating and
licensed case, reliable non-line-of-sight (NLoS) operation can demodulating the signal. Based on these modulation
be achieved to mobile users over a number of kilometres. techniques the Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal to Noise
Within the standard, multiple FFT sizes are specified {128, Ratio (SNR) were investigated.
512, 1024 & 2048}and this facilitates scalable channel
bandwidths from 1.25 M H z t o 2 0 M H z [2][4]. T h e In this model noise is characterised as Gaussian and two
performance of mobile WiMAX has been widely evaluated types of channels (AWGN and Rayleigh) are used. Besides
in The 802. 16 standard that supports a number of advanced of this, we used cyclic prefix to evaluate the performance of
physical layer techniques, such as adaptive modulation and the channel on the basis of BER Vs SNR. There are two
coding (AMC), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) types of model that were used in the system. The first
transmission modes and scalable orthogonal frequency model(figure-1) is a OFDM Based AWGN Channel model
division multiple access[5][6] (SOFDMA). These can be while the other comprises Rayleigh Channel model(figure-2)
used intelligently to enhance diversity gain and multi- both are having Cyclic prefix (CP) blocks. In this coding we
user performance . There are a number of ways to take use BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM modulation
techniques. The Cyclic Prefix is used to reduce the effect of III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
fading in the channel and improve the performance of the
channel and also improve Bit Error Rate. Cyclic prefix acts
as a buffer region where delayed information from the In this section, we have presented various BER vs. SNR
previous symbols can get stored. Transmission of cyclic plots for all the essential modulations in the standard on
prefix reduces the data rate, the system designers will want different channel models. Figure 3, 4, 5 and 6 display the
to minimize the cyclic prefix duration. Typically, cyclic performance of BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM
prefix duration is determined by the expected duration of the respectively on Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN)
multipath channel in the operating environment. In the and figure 7, 8, 9 and 10 display performance of BPSK,
simulation model data is modulated and then Cyclic Prefix is QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM on Rayleigh channel model
added to it to reduce the effect of fading and to give respectively. The simulation result based on the adaptive
sufficient time to the receiver for storage of signal[9-14]. In modulation technique for BER calculation was observed in
this model two types of channels (AWGN and RAYLEIGH) this section. The adaptive modulation techniques used in the
are considered and Gaussian noise is used in simulation. In WiMAX network are BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM
receiver side CP is removed and after demodulation we respectively. We use four modulation techniques in order to
compare transmitted data and demodulated data to calculate get the results on different models. The initial results
Bit Error Rate. observed in the AWGN channel condition using adaptive
modulation techniques and compared the performance of
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these techniques. In the figure-3, 4, 5 and 6 we compare
different modulation techniques with different values of
Cyclic Prefix. The Bit Error Rate with high Cyclic Prefix are
very good but as we increase the Cyclic Prefix the data rate
decreased so we can say Cyclic Prefix and data rate are
inversely proportional to each other.
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Figure 1. OFDM transmitter with Cyclic Prefix using
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AWGN channel.
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Figure 4. Response of QPSK modulation under AWGN Figure 6. Response of 64QAM modulation under AWGN
channel channel
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Figure8. Response of QPSK modulation under Rayleigh
channel Figure 10. Response of 64QAM modulation under Rayleigh
channel
large time gap between two frames. Large value give extra
Figure 9. Response of 16QAM modulation under Rayleigh time to receive signal from multipath signals. We also
channel conclude that although large CP reduces data rate but it
increases coverage upto large distance and we can choose
the CP as per our coverage area and distance that would be
covered by the signal. These are the performance curves of
CP in adaptive modulation. BPSK modulation technique
under different channels provides satisfactory performance
among the four considered modulations.
REFERENCES
[1] IEEE STD 802. 16e-2005, “Part 16: Air interface for fixed and
mobile broadband wireless access systems, ” Feb 2006.
[3] WiMAX Forum “TM Mobile system profile, Release 1.0 Approved
specification”, Nov. 2006.
[9] T.-L. Tung and K. Yao, “Channel estimation and Optimal power
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allocation for a multiple-antenna OFDM system,” EURASIP
Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, vol. 2002,no. 3,
pp.330–339, 2002.