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A Research Report
On
By
SNEHA. D
Acknowledgement
Sneha. D
Declaration
Guide’s Certificate
Principal Certificate
Introduction
Over the years the relationship between bonus issues and stock prices has
been the subject of much empirical discussion within the finance literature. Bonus
issues increase the number of equity stocks outstanding but have no effect on
stockholder’s proportional ownership of stocks. The bonus issue date is known well
in advance and therefore should contain no new information. But one should not
expect any significant price reaction on bonus issue announcement. However
empirical studies of bonus issues and stock dividends have documented a
statistically significant market price reaction. It is, therefore, a matter of concern that
firms announcing bonus issues experience rise in their stock prices on an average
supporting semi-strong form Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). Generally, the
investigation of semi-strong form market efficiency has been limited to the study of
well-developed stock markets. The aim is to examine the stock price reaction to
information release of bonus issues with a view of examining whether the Indian
stock market is semi-strong efficient or not. The event study methodology has been
used to contribute further evidence on the efficiency characteristics of the Indian
stock market.
Bonus Share
Disadvantages
1. Bonus shares cannot be issued if the company has come out with any public
/ rights issue in the past 12 months.
2. Bonus shares cannot be issued in lieu of Dividend.
3. Bonus shares can be issued only out of free reserves (i.e. reserves not set
apart for any specific purpose) built out of the genuine profits or share
premium collected in cash only.
4. Bonus shares cannot be issued out of the reserves created by revaluation of
fixed assets.
5. If the existing shares are partly paid up, the company cannot issue Bonus
Shares. It will be appropriate to first make the shares fully paid up before
issuing Bonus Shares.
6. It should be ensured that the company has not defaulted in payment of
interest or principal in respect of fixed deposits and interest on existing
debentures or principal on redemption thereof and
7. It should be ensured that the company has sufficient reason to believe that it
has not defaulted in respect of the payment of statutory dues of the
employees such as contribution to provident fund, gratuity, bonus etc.
8. If the company has already issued either fully convertible debentures or
partly convertible debentures than in that case the company is required to
extend similar benefits to such holders of securities through reservation of
shares in proportion to their holding or in proportion to such convertible part.
The Bonus Shares so reserved may be allotted to such holders at the time of
conversion.
9. It should be checked whether Articles of Association contains the provision of
capitalization of reserves. If no such provisions are contained steps should
be taken by altering the Articles of Association by the consent of the
members of the Company.
10. It should be checked whether the post bonus capital is within the limits of
authorized share capital. If it is not so, steps should be taken to increase the
authorized share capital by amending memorandum and articles of
association.
11. It is very important for a company to implement the bonus proposal within a
period of six months from the date of approval at the meeting of the Board of
Directors. The company has no option to change the decision.
12. All the shares so issued by way of bonus will rank pari-passu with the
existing shares. The company cannot create any other rights for the bonus
shares.
It does not mean they are credited to your demat account immediately. You
need to know what you can and cannot do with your portfolio during this interval.
Investors have been flooded with bonus issues from a lot of companies and this has
made most of them quite happy. One must know that the whole process involves
knowing that there could be a time difference from the moment the price is adjusted
in the secondary market and when the bonus shares actually come into the
investor's account.
This can also be better understood by looking at the procedural aspects that
can impact the way investors make their investment decisions. First, consider the
steps in the entire bonus process. The company announces a bonus ratio and will
undertake compliance with the necessary legal requirements to complete the
process. Thus, for example, where the bonus shares are issued in a ratio of 1: 1, it
means that one share would be allotted for every share already held in the
company. Similarly, a ratio of 2:1 would mean that two shares are allotted for one
existing share in the company. The record date is announced and the investors wait
for the specific date to get the required benefits. The record date is important
because holders of the shares on this particular day will be entitled to the bonus
shares. There is another date that has to be noted carefully by the investors, which
is the date when the shares go 'ex bonus'. What happens is that on this day, the
share prices adjust in the bonus ratio so that it reflects the actual situation on the
ground.
The reason why the price reflects the situation on the ground is that after the
price is adjusted, investors will be ineligible for the actual bonus shares. Often, there
is a time when there might be a no-delivery period on the stock exchanges and due
to this, the ex-bonus date has to be noted carefully. Up to this stage, everything is
fine as things are in tune with the normal procedure that many investors understand
but now comes a surprise that many will not be prepared for. On the date the
shares go ex-bonus, the price of the share corrects in the market, so, for example, a
share with a price of Rs 200 will become Rs 100 in the case of a bonus issue in the
ratio of 1: 1. Now, watch out for the time when the new shares are credited to the
account. Often, it takes quite some time for the shares to actually come into the
account. Assume that the shares come into the account after 15 days of the share
price correction for the issue. During this time interval, the shareholders find
themselves in a peculiar situation because they are stuck with a lesser portfolio
value. Thus, if the portfolio value of a scrip for an investor was, say, Rs 1 lakh, then
till the time the new shares come into the account, it could show as Rs 50,000 and
there is little that the investor can do till the bonus shares are credited into the
account. This impacts the investors in different ways. The first is that the value of
their portfolio goes down temporarily without them doing anything. So, investors
analyzing their portfolio in the relevant time period need to keep this in mind. The
second is that till the time the new shares come into the account, there is nothing
that the investor can do about trading in these shares and hence, that part of the
portfolio is not accessible for the intervening period. One has to be very careful
because selling shares without them being present in the demat account, can cause
problems for investors. Investors have only one way to tackle this issue and that is
by being aware of the situation so that they do not plan and implement transactions
dealing with such shares till they are credited to their accounts. It has to be
remembered that the original shares remain with the investor so that they can make
use of these but plans for the new shares will have to wait. The time period of the
share transfer can also stretch to more than a couple of weeks as has been seen in
several well known issues and this also has to be taken into consideration.
We can answer the question by looking at the meaning of efficient market and
random walk.
Take Company X. If there is good information flow in the market, its stock price
will reflect all information that is publicly available. If the company, for instance, has
bagged a contract from a major client, the current price of the stock will reflect that
information. We can then say that the investors have "efficiently" priced the stock.
Now extend this concept to the entire market. If prices in the stock market reflect
all available information on each company, we can say that the market is "efficient".
When the stock price reflects all public and private information, we say that the
market is strong form efficient. If the stock price reflects only public information, we
say that the market is either weak form or semi-strong form efficient.
So, how does efficient market help us in understanding stock price movements?
We know that information drives stock prices. It follows logically that the change in
stock price will be driven by the arrival of new information.
But we do not know when a new of set of information will arrive in the market. To
use a financial parlance, we can say that information arrival is a random process. If
the arrival of new information itself is a random process, the change in stock price
should also follow a random process. So, we say that stock price follows a random
process or a random walk. Of course, the assumption is that investors do not have
access to inside information on the company. For investors who do, the market may
not be "efficient", and may not, hence, follow a random walk.
Event studies
The greatest amount of research in finance has been devoted to the effect of
an announcement on share price. These studies are known as “Event Studies”.
Initially event studies were undertaken to examine whether markets were efficient,
in particular, how fast the information was incorporated in share price.
For example, when a firm announces earnings will be much larger than
expected, will this be reflected in share price the same day or over the next week?
Dozens of studies confirmed that share prices reacted rapidly to announcements,
and inexpected ways where the direction of the price change and the likely impact
were clear. Consequently, many authors accept that information is rapidly
incorporated in share price and use event studies to determine what information is
reflected in price and, if its impact is unclear, to determine whether the
announcement is good or bad news
M Obaidullah (1992) has showed Stock price as a rule adjust to new information.
In an efficient market, this adjustment is instantaneous and accurate. Event studies
to test market efficiency, therefore, examine the speed of adjustment of stock prices
to the release of new, relevant information to investors. One such event is the
announcement of bonus issues by companies. While accountants view bonus
issues as pure book-keeping entries which leave total equities and total assets
unchanged and hence have no real economic significance, for investors, however,
bonus issues lead to an upward revision in their expectations regarding future
earnings and dividends. Generally, therefore, an upward drift in stock prices is
associated with such announcement. If markets are efficient, and no learning lag
exists, the adjustment in stock prices would be prompt.
A few studies to test Indian stock markets for various forms of efficiency have
been reported. Sharma and kennedy (1979), Rao and Mukerjee, Gupta, Obaidullah
(1990b)and others have empirically tested the weak form EMH for the Indian stock
markets and provide supporting evidence that they are efficient in the weak sense.
In another empirical study to test the semi-strong form EMH, Obaidullah (1990a)
examined the adjustment of stock prices adjustment to the ‘event’ of bonus issue
announcement with some methodological improvement.
The investigation involves an examination of stock returns around the
occurrence of the ‘event’ to assess its impact. However, market sentiments also
have a powerful influence on stock returns. Hence, it is necessary to make
adjustments for the difference in returns resulting from bull market and bear market
swings in stock prices. This sought to be achieved by:
1. A naïve method of proportional adjustment, and
2. Residual analysis method
The sample for our study comprises of 75bonus issues during the period
1987-89. Fortnightly price data of companies announcing these issues from
January 1986 through September 1990 have been used for computing the market-
adjusted returns. The data have all been adjusted for bonus and rights issues
before computing the returns.
Ekkehart Boehmer et.al (1991): showed that Fama, Fisher, Jensen, and Roll’s
1969 study of stock splits, events studies have become the predominant
methodology for determining the effects of an event on the distribution of security
returns. In this paper, we investigate an often –ignored aspects of event –study
methods to detect whether the event’s average effect on stock returns is zero.
Brown and Warner (1980,1985)verify that Event studies work well when an event
has an identical effect on all firms, but they also warn that when an event has
differing effects on firms, the variance of returns will increase and common
methods may fail.
cross-sectional method results in equally-powerful tests when the null is false and
appropriate rejection rates when it is true.
They construct 250 samples of 50 securities each. The securities in each
sample are randomly selected from all securities included in the 1987 CRSP Daily
Returns File and are assigned randomly-selected events dates. Although the
1987 CRSP Daily Returns File includes security returns from July 1962 through
December 1987, we exclude 1987 events dates because of the volatility in stock
returns in the latter part of the year.
Traditional method assumes that security residuals are uncorrelated and that
event induced variance is insignificant. The test statistics equals the sum of the
event period abnormal returns divided by the square root of the sum of all
securities estimation period residual variances.
This method assumes that security residuals are uncorrelated and that event
induced variance is insignificant. How ever the residuals are standardized before
forming portfolios. This standardization serves 2 purposes. First, it adjusts for the
fact that the event period residual is an out of sample prediction and hence it will
have a higher standard deviation than estimation period residuals. Second
standardizing the event period residuals before forming portfolios allows for
hetroskedastic event day residuals and presents securities with large variances
from dominating the test.
Sign test
results. The test statistics for the sign method is the observed proportion of
positive returns minus 0.5, divided by the standard deviation of a binomial
distribution. A problem with this approach is that it assumes that 50% of security
returns are negative, while returns are in fact skewed to the right.
A K Mishra proved that over the years the relationship between bonus issues
and stock prices has been the subject of much empirical discussion within the
finance literature. According to theory, bonus issues increase the number of
equity stocks outstanding but have no effect on stockholder’s proportional
ownership of stocks. The bonus issue date is known well in advance and
therefore should contain no new information. As such, one would not expect any
significant price reaction on bonus issue announcement. Contrary to this
theoretical prediction, however empirical studies of bonus issues and stock
dividends have documented a statistically significant market price reaction.1 It is,
therefore, a matter of concern that firms announcing bonus issues experience rise
in their stock prices on an average supporting semi-strong form Efficient Market
Hypothesis.
Bonus stock issue announcement dates of Indian publicly listed companies
for the period from June 1998 to August 2004 were collected using three data
sources—Prowess, Capital online and NSE website. First, Capital online was
used to identify Indian public companies that made bonus issues to stockholders
during the period covering June 1998 to August 2004. Second, the
announcement dates for bonus issues were extracted from the news abstracts of
prowess and Capital online and NSE website. This process revealed 46
observations that met the following criteria.
Most research in this area concerns the market behavior prior to and after
bonus issue announcement. Over the past half century, standard event-study
methodologies have been employed in such researches. Their sophistication has
been greatly improved by papers such as Fama, Jensen, and Roll (1969), Brown
and Warner (1980, 1985) and Dennis and McConnell (1986). This study in order
to examine the impact of the announcement of a bonus issue on the stock return
also uses the event study to estimate the normal return for a security. The impact
of event on stock price is assessed through a number of firms which are affected
by the event of interest. Event studies almost always involve analyses of stock
returns of publicly-traded firms. Conceptually, it might be possible to estimate the
impact of an event on a private company if sufficient data were available.
test is that the mean abnormal return is equal to zero. Following Patell (1976), the
abnormal return for each security has been standardized by dividing by the
security’s own estimate of variance to test the hypothesis that the average
announcement effect is equal to zero.
Rajiv D. Banker et.al (1993): have presented empirical evidence that prior
accounting information such as capital expenditure, retained earnings, funds from
operations, and dividend history, is useful in explaining cross-sectional variations in
the market response to stock dividend announcements. An important accounting
issue concerns the information content of disclosures and their usefulness to the
investor. They demonstrate the complementary role of previously disclosed firm-
specific accounting information in the market’s assessment of subsequently
disclosed information. Thus, two firms declaring the same amount of stock dividend
may experience predictably different market reactions to the announcement when it
is conditioned by prior information about the firms.
suggests that the relative level of capital expenditure may indicate whether a firm is
indeed capitalizing its already-invested funds as permanent capital stock. Firms with
relatively high levels of capital expenditure may have a more compelling argument
for such transfer from retained earnings to owner’s capital.
Some research on stock dividends and splits has examined earnings in the
post-announcement period as a test of whether announcing firms have
outperformed similar non-announcing firms. In contrast, we examine market
participant’s use of prior information on funds flow in reaching to a stock dividend
declaration. The hypothesis is that conditional on the dividend history, there is an
incremental value associated with previously announced information on earnings
and funds flow that determines the investors’ reaction to a stock dividend
announcement.
Analysis focuses on firms that declared stock dividends during the calendar
years 1976-83. Information on the size of the distribution, previous declaration and
the announcement dates are obtained fro the CRSP daily master tape. Data on the
returns observations during and before the event period of the individual firms in the
sample and the market portfolio are obtained from the CRSP daily returns file data
on firm-specific accounting variables and quarterly earnings announcement dates
are obtained from the 1984 annual and quarterly industrial COMPUSTAT files.
Differential Market response of All firms, bad history firms and good
history firms are calculated by using CAR, DSIZE, REC, AVGF,
CAPEXP, MKTVAL
Mean Market Reactions are Calculated
Comparison Between Firm Specific Variables And Discontinuing
Dividends are made
Chi Square Tables for dividend history category and market reactions
are calculated.
the values of the S&P CNX Nifty are obtained from ‘Prowess’—a database on stock
market research of Center for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE).
Research Methodology
Purpose of Study
Problem Statement
Objectives
METHODOLOGY:
In order to eliminate the effect of any one or group of securities on the abnormal
returns, the AARs are averaged over the number of companies. The AARs of
individual companies are averaged for each day using the following model.
N
(AAR t)= i 1 AR it/N
With a view to know the cumulative effect of AARs on days surrounding the event,
cumulative Average Abnormal Return (CAAR) is calculated for event days t1
through t2 by summing the average abnormal returns for these days: i.e.,
t2
(CAAR d)= t t1 AAR t
‘ t ’ TEST:
‘t’ test for difference of mean is also calculated to find out if there is any
change in abnormal returns before and after the event. To find whether there is
significant difference in mean before and after the event. The ‘t’ test is conducted at
5% level of significance
Formula used
=│‾X -‾Y│∕ Sd
SD ={(S1^2/N1)=(S2^2-N2)}^½
SD = Combined Standard Deviation
N= Number of Samples
X =Mean of Sample before Date of Announcement
Y= Mean of Sample after the Announcement Date
Hypothesis
Data
Bonus issues announcement dates of Indian publicly listed companies for the
period 2001 to 2005 were collected using Prowess, Capital online and NSE website.
Sample
18 stocks which had issued bonus shares were selected. The event date in this
study is the date on which Board of Directors meet to discuss bonus issues. The
event window is taken as t = -90 to t = +90 relative to the market is proxied by NSE
Nifty.
Steps:
Scope
The study helps us to know the market hypothesis i.e, to know the behavior of
markets to bonus issues.
Limitations
0.6
0.4
CAAR
0.2 CAR
0
-0.2 1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181
DAYS
Interpretation:
There was a raise in Cumulative Abnormal Returns before 35 days because of leakage of
information within the co. this rise confirms even after the event day i.e. the day on which
the Board of directors met & then adjusts itself after 30 days.
t-Test result:
ALEMBIC
CAAR 1
0.5
CAR
0
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181
-0.5
Days
Interpretation:
Here we can observe a sudden increase before 3 days of the event day. This was due to the
announcement of BOD meeting to discuss regarding the bonus issue. This rise continues for
30 more days and adjusts itself for the ratio of issue.
t-Test result:
0.02
0
CAAR
-0.02 1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181 CAR
-0.04
-0.06
Days
Interpretation:
We can observe a haphazard movement of the CAAR lines that fluctuation could be for
some other reason. But it shows negative returns almost for the entire period of sample.
t-Test result:
0.2
0
CAAR
-0.2 1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181 CAR
-0.4
-0.6
Days
Interpretation:
In this case the returns were close to zero but become negative before 30 days of the event
day. Prices adjust and the returns become negative after this date. Here we can notice a fall
in price before one day of the event date.
t-Test result:
0.6
0.4
CAAR
0.2 CAR
0
-0.2 1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181
Days
Interpretation:
We can notice that information regarding the issue is being leaked well in advance which is
due to internal informational leakage. The raise continues and then adjusts after 20 days i.e.
on the ex-date.
t-Test result:
F D C Ltd
0.6
0.4
CAAR
0.2 CAR
0
-0.2 1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181
Days
Interpretation:
Here we can notice a shift before 8 days due to the announcement of board of
directors meet. It falls after that to a certain extent and then continues the same till it
adjusts itself to the issue.
t-Test result:
0.6
0.4
CAAR
0.2 CAR
0
-0.2 1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181
Days
Interpretation:
Here also we can notice a sudden rise in the CAAR line before 7 days of the Board
of Directors meeting. We can also notice that almost all through its sample period
returns are positive.
t-Test result:
0.6
0.4
CAAR
0.2 CAR
0
-0.2 1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181
Days
Interpretation:
Here the information is leaked out before 18 days of the event date and we can
notice a sudden fall on the ex-date due to the price adjustments according to the
ratio of bonus issue.
t-Test result:
HDFC
CAAR 0.1
0
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181 CAR
-0.1
-0.2
Days
Interpretation:
Returns are negative before 50 days from the event date and when the event date comes
nearer it increases slowly and on the ex-date it once again reduces and adjusts itself.
t-Test result:
IDBI
0.3
0.2
CAAR
0.1
CAR
0
-0.1 1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181
-0.2
Days
Interpretation:
Here we can see a sudden shift before 7 days of the event date and continues to rise after the
event date for 50 more days and then adjusts to the bonus issues.
t-Test result:
CAAR 0.4
0.2
CAR
0
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181
-0.2
Days
Interpretation:
We can notice a sudden change in the returns before 50 days and rises gradually till the
event date. It continues for some more days and adjusts to the issue.
t-Test result:
K L G Systel Ltd.
0.6
0.4
CAAR
0.2 CAR
0
-0.2 1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181
Days
Interpretation:
Here the returns are negative before 60 days and continues to be negative till before 4 days
of the event date, and after the event date it falls a bit and then rises to maximum extant and
then again starts falling and adjusts to the issue.
t-Test result:
CAAR 0.2
0.1
CAR
0
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181
-0.1
Days
Interpretation:
We can see a significant shift before 18 days which continues for 30 more days and then
adjusts to the issue according to the proportion of 1:1
t-Test result:
Mphasis B F L Ltd.
0.2
0.1
CAAR
0 CAR
-0.1 1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181
-0.2
Days
Interpretation:
Here there is a fluctuation in the returns before 8 days of the event and falls after the event
and adjusts itself.
t-Test result:
0.4
0.2
CAAR
0 CAR
-0.2 1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181
-0.4
Days
Interpretation:
This shows an exact increase in the returns before 5 days and a fall on the event date and
continues for 15 more days and still increase and then adjusts to the issue.
t-Test result:
CAAR 0.2
0.1
CAR
0
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181
-0.1
Days
Interpretation:
Returns are a bit fluctuating in the starting and when it approaches the event day rises at an
equal rate and continues for 6 days after the event and then falls and continues for 70 more
days and adjusts itself to bonus.
t-Test result:
0.1
0
CAAR
-0.1 1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181 CAR
-0.2
-0.3
Days
Interpretation:
Returns are negative for more than 60 days before the event day and when it approaches the
event date it increases a bit but still remains negative for 30 days after the even. But it rises
then after and adjusts to the issue.
t-Test result:
CAAR 1
0.5
CAR
0
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181
-0.5
Days
Interpretation:
Returns are noticed to be negative but rise a bit after the event date and then adjust to the
announcement in the market.
t-Test result:
SUMMARY
This study was conducted to find whether there were any abnormal returns
after the announcement of bonus issues. The objective of the study was to find
whether there are any abnormal returns after the announcement date and how long
does the market take to adjust to the new information. Event study methodology is
used in this process there has been a few research in this field regarding reaction of
stock market to bonus issue or stock split. Very few studies have conducted event
study on stock market reaction to changes in government policy this study aims to
do that.
The study was conducted for eighteen companies from different sectors.
The event period was 90 days before and 90 days after the date of announcement.
The Events Studied was the announcement of bonus issue in the board of directors
meeting. The data was collected from various issues of Economic Times and
websites of National Stock Exchange, prowess etc.. Residual returns were found
using SPSS software. These valves were averaged and t test was done to find
whether the there is significant difference in means before and after the date of
announcement.
The results were negative, there was no significant difference. Then the
residuals were cumulated and were shown in a graph. From this we could make out
that there were no abnormal returns. Different companies have reacted differently to
the news. For some companies the share prices have fallen before the date of
announcement and for some companies it has fallen right after the information was
release in the market. The reasons for stock prices to come down before the date of
announcement could be information leakage or actual anticipation.
Thus the conclusions drawn were the announcement of bonus issues by the
companies have a mixed impact. But in general the markets have adjusted itself to
the new information slowly and there was no possibility of investors making
abnormal profits
The study documents the market behavior around the bonus announcement
date for 20 stocks listed o the National Stock Exchange of India from 2000 to
20005. An event study was conducted using a 180 day event window. It was found
that on an average, the stocks started showing positive abnormal returns 5 to 15
days before the announcement date which is due to leakage of information.
After the zero date i.e. the date of Board of directors meeting for stock
announcement there is significant rise in CAAR for nearly 20 to 30dys and once the
information is announced in the exchange the prices have fallen and adjusted.
zero. The increasing trend is noticed much before the announcement period which
implies that the market is not able to anticipate the event.
This shows that the market is not semi strong form efficient and thus it is
found that the average return before and after announcement has no significant
impact due to bonus issue.
The prices of stocks have fallen in accordance with the ratio of bonus issues
and have adjusted accordingly after the announcements.
Glossary
Abnormal Returns are used in the context of stock returns; Abnormal Returns
means the return to a portfolio in excess of the return to a market portfolio. Note that
abnormal returns can be negative.
Bonus issues are born out of an accounting quirk. When a company has retained
profits, these appear on its balance sheet as 'Profit and Loss Account Reserves'. If
the company has been trading profitably for some time, the reserves can far
outweigh the Ordinary Share Capital of the company as a proportion of total
Shareholders' Funds.
Efficient market hypothesis is the theory that claims that the current price of a share
reflects everything that is known about the company and its future earnings potential, and
that is it impossible to beat the market consistently.
Event is something that takes place—an occurrence and arbitrary point in time. The
term also refers to a significant occurrence or happening, or a social gathering or
activity.
Ex-date is the date on which the seller, and not the buyer, of a stock will be entitled
to a recently announced dividend. The ex-date is usually two business days before
the record date. It is indicated in newspaper listings with an x.
Semi Strong Form Efficient suggests that only information that is not publicly
available can benefit investors seeking to earn abnormal returns on investments. All
other information is accounted for in the stocks price and, regardless of the amount of
fundamental and technical analysis one performs, above normal returns will not be had.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Books:
“Modern Portfolio Theory and Investment analysis” by Elton and Gruber
“Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management” by Prasanna Chandra
Articles
Ekkehart Boehmer: Event-study methodology under conditions of event-
induced variance*(Journal of financial economics vol 30(1991)253-272)
M Obaidullah : How Do Stock Price React to Bonus Issues?
(Vikalpa vol 17(1992) page 17-22)
Rajiv D. Banker: Complementarity of prior acconting information: The
case of stock dividend announcements (The accounting review, vol 68,
no 1(1993) page 28-47)
A K Mishra: An Empirical Analysis of Market Reaction around the Bonus
Issues in India (The ICFAI university press)
Amithab Gupta: Impact of Earnings Announcements on Stock Prices
(The ICFAI University press)
Software Used:
Microsoft Excel
SPSS Software
Databases:
Prowess
Capital-online
Websites:
www.nseindia.com
www.google.com
www.yahoo.com/finance