Some and any In general we use some (also somebody/someone/something) in positive sentences and any (also anybody etc.) in negative sentences: some any We bought some flowers. We didn’t buy any flowers. He's busy. He's got some work to do. CO He's lazy. He never does any work CO There's somebody at the door. © There isn’t anybody at the door. © Iwant something to eat don't want anything to eat We use any in the following sentences because the meaning is negative: (She went out without any money. (she didn’t take any money with her) © He refused to eat anything (he didn’t eat anything) © It’sa very easy exam. Hardly anybody fails. (= almost nobody fails) We use both some and any in questions. We use some/somebody/something to talk about a ps or thing that we know exists, or we think exists (© Are you waiting for somebody? (I think you are waiting for somebody) We use some in questions when we offer or ask for things: ©. Would you like something to eat? (there is something to eat) © Cant have some sugar, please? (there is probably some sugar I can have) But in most questions, we use any. We do not know if the thing or person exists: "Do you have any luggage?’ ‘No, | don't. © Iean't find my bag. Has anybody seen it? We often use any after if (© Ifanyone has any questions, Ill be pleased to answer them, © Let me know if you need anything The following sentences have the idea of if: ©. 'msorry for any trouble I've caused. (= if |have caused any trouble) (© Anyone who wants to do the exam should tell me by Friday. (= if there is anyone) We also use any with the meaning ‘it doesn’t matter which’ You can take any bus. They all go to the centre. (= it doesn’t matter which bus you take) ‘sing song’ ‘Which song shall | sing?’ ‘Any song. !don't mind. (=it doesn't matter which song) Come and see me any time you want. We use anybody/anyone/anything/anywhere in the same way: We forgot to lock the door. Anybody could have come in Let's go out somewhere.’ ‘Where shall we go?” ‘Anywhere. | just want to go out” Compare something and anything: (x: I'm hungry. | want something to eat. 8: What would you like? x: [don’t mind. Anything. (= it doesn’t matter what) ‘Somebody/someone/anybody/anyone are singular words (Someone is here to see you. But we use they/them/their after these words: Someone has forgotten their umbrella. (= his or her umbrella) ©. Fanybody wants to leave early, they can. 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No = not a or not any: (We had to walk home because there was no bus. (= there wasn't a bus) Sue will have no trouble finding a job. (= Sue won't have any trouble ... There were no shops open. (=There weren't any shops open.) You can use no + noun at the beginning of a sentence: No reason was given for the change of plan We use none without a noun How much money do you have?’ ‘None.’ (=no money) Allthe tickets have been sold. There are none left. (=o tickets left) Or we use none of ©) This money is all yours. None of it is mine. Compare none and any: How much luggage do you have?" ‘None:'/| don’t have any.” After none of + plural (none of the students, none of them etc.) the verb can be singular or plural ‘A plural verb is more usual None of the shops were (or was) open. Nothing — nobody/no-one nowhere You can use these words at the beginning of a sentence or alone (as answers to questions) © ‘What's going to happen?” ‘Nobody (or No-one) knows.” “What happened?’ ‘Nothing, “Where are you going?’ ‘Nowhere. |'m staying here. You can also use these words after a verb, especially after be and have: (©. The house is empty. There's nobody living there. CO We had nothing to eat Nothing/nobody etc. = not + anything/anybody etc. © Isaid nothing. = | didn't say anything © Jane told nobody about her plans. = Jane didn't tell anybody about her plans © They have nowhere to live. = They don't have anywhere to live With nothing/nobody etc., do not use a negative verb (isn't, didn't tc) © Isaidnothing. (not | didn't say nothing) After nobody/no-one you can use they/them/their (see also Unit 85E} CO. Nobody is perfect, are they? (= is he or she perfect) ) No-one did what | asked them to do. (=him or her) Nobody in the class did thelr homework. (= his or her homework) Sometimes any/anything/anybody etc. means ‘it doesn’t matter which/what/who' (see Unit 85D). Compare no- and any- O_There was no bus, so we walked home. You can take any bus. They all go to the centre, (=it doesn't matter which) ‘What do you want to eat?” ‘Nothing, I'm not hungry. Vm so hungry. | could eat anything. (= it doesn’t matter what) The exam was extremely difficult. Nobody passed. (= everybody failed) ‘The exam was very easy. Anybody could have passed. (=it doesn’t matter who) (Someandany-> Unit 85 None of. 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