COMM2383: Asian Cybercultures

Mid-Semester Assessment

Student Name
Chau Thi Minh Trang- S3210047

Cao Thuy Trang- S3220744

Date of Submission: 18August, 2010

Lecturer: Patrick Sharbaugh

Part I
1.1 The initial phase of Indonesian liberation (May 1945)

Background knowledge: In 1942, German occupied Netherland that cause uncertainty

of the Dutch army in Dutch Indonesia (‘War posters 1940-1945’ 2010). Then, due to the support
from Hitler – Germany, Japanese army grew significantly. During that time, Dutch Government
had launched many mobilized programs to improve Dutch’s morale. In March 1942, the Dutch
completely occupied Indonesia. From 1942 to 1945, Japanese also had launched the propaganda
with the idea: establishing the 'Great Asian sphere of prosperity' (‘War posters 1940-1945’
2010). The images about ‘invincible’ Japanese army were illustrated in propaganda posters, in
order to expulse western influences in Indonesia.

The event: In May 1945, German ended its occupation in the Netherlands, hence, taking
this advantage, Indonesian decided to raise an army for their liberation. Learning form pervious
successful Japanese posters, Indonesian leaders used propaganda posters with the image about
the Indonesian army and the message “And now Indonesia, enlist as a Volunteer”, thus, the
liberation army was recruited noticeably (‘War posters 1940-1945’ 2010).

1. 2 Apollo 11-the first flight landed the first human on the Moon (1969)

On July 16, 1969, Apollo 11 was launched into space. There were three astronauts
onboard including Michael Collins, Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin and Neil Armstrong. The space rocket
had been launched successfully from Cape Kennedy, Florida aiming at the Moon. According to
the estimate, millions of people around the America were watching this event. After an intensive
roar, the spaceflight took off into the sky, taking the hopes of “landing the first man on the
moon” with it (BBC News, 1969). Two hours and forty four minutes after the take off, the space
rocket speed up and reached 24,545 Mph, taking the astronauts out of the orbit and coming
straight to the Moon. According to the US Vice President Spiro Agnew, this event opens a "new
era of civilization".

On July 20, 1969, the first human put the first step on the moon surface. This moment has
been watching by tens of millions of viewers so far. On July 24, 1969, after crashing through out
the earth’s atmosphere at 25,000 Mph, bearing the heat nearing 4000i F, the space rocket fell to
the Pacific, several miles from the recovery ship. The first trip attempting to land the first human
on the Moon was successful (Time, 1969).

By broadcasting this event through BBC TV, audience was able to see the scene, and had
strong feeling about the first man landing on the Moon.

1. 3 Typhoon Babs, Philippine (1998)

Typhoon Babs, one of the worst natural disaster occurred in October 1998, went through
the center of Philippines (Los Angles Times, 1998a). Usually, Philippines is truck by tens of
cyclones every year, however, at that time, due to a phenomenon called La Nina, it had to suffer
one of the worst storms in its history. Babs destroyed everything from houses to people. In
Manila, many public facilities such as schools, offices, hospitals, roads were closed. Babs’
devastation caused extremely bad effects to the power and communication lines, many regions
near the center lost the electricity and phone lines (Los Angles Times, 1998b). Also, according to
the President Joseph Estrada, it caused floods and landslides, which destroyed crops, including
coconut plantation and rice fields, the value of which could be up to a hundred million USD
(BBC News, 1998a). Urgent evacuation had been executed immediately; more than 300,000
people were being forced to leave their homes. After destroying the center of Philippines, leaving
more than 124 deaths, most of who were buried deeply under the mudslides, 100,000 homeless
people, thousands of collapsed houses and buildings, Babs now was heading toward southern
China and Hong Kong (BBC News, 1998b)

Online newspaper was used as the most significant tool to circulate disaster’s
information to viewers.

1. 4 Nuclear accident in Tokaimura, Japan (1999)

On 30 September 1999, at 10.35 AM, the nuclear accident occurred in small nuclear plant
in Tokaimura, about 130km northeast of Tokyo, Japan (BBC News 1999). The accident was
caused by mistake of three workers when they enrich the radium batch to 18.8% - U235, much
higher than previous using –less than 5%. These workers had a lack of training and proper
qualification, hence, they do not understand to the damaging effects of the 18.8% enrichment
application (‘Tokai-mura Criticality Accident’ 2007). There is no explosion, even the amount of
nuclear fission released over control. Three workers were contamination radiation poison and
other 46 workers suffered less contamination after uncontrolled nuclear chain reaction (Los
Angeles Times 1999). After 58 minutes of the incident, local authorities had received an
informing form the plant (Los Angeles Times 1999). The Kyodo News had broadcasted
frequently the news and warning from the Government (BBC News 1999). At least 160 people
within 350 meter radius of the facility were ordered to evacuate. Further, within a radius of
10km, residents were asked to stay in home, shut all windows and limit using fan or air condition
in order to avoid substance from the air. If they have to go out, make sure that the car windows
are closed. The restriction was launched for more than a day until official news declared danger
had passed in Tokaimura (Los Angeles Times 1999).

1. 5 Protest of Daewoo workers at Pupyong (2001)

The collapse of Daewoo Motor Co in November 2000 led to the largest lay offs ever in
Korea since South Korean President Kim- Dae Jung carried (World Socialist Website 2001a).
There were many struggles during 9 months ago, but the strike reached its peak on 16 th February,
2001 because of the announcement of management’s official to fire 1750 workers (Archives of
global protest 2001).
More than 1,000 striking workers and their families occupied the plant at Pupyong in the
western city of Inchon. The police sent 2,000 riot police to Pupyong factory to stop this strike
(Indymedia 2001). In the morning, the Inchon District Court had asked Daewoo Company to
allow their workers located inside the plant. Although the lawyer who represented the Daewoo
union and the court bailiff gave the court decision letter to the police chief, he did not allow the
workers to enter plant. After that, a National Assembly member who supported for the workers
had a negotiation with the police chief, but this is not effective. Then, the Daewoo workers
decided to do a peaceful protest - lying down on the street. However, a few minutes later, the
police chief ordered an attack over workers. Within 30 minutes, fifty workers were injured by
police’s shields and batons. More than 80 workers were arrested on 19th February including
union delegates and officials of the Korean Confederation of Trade Unions (KCTU) (World
Socialist Website 2001b). Dozens of workers were injured and arrested (World Socialist Website
2001c).
After the suppression at the Pupyong plant, the strike continued out on the street with the
demand of the release of those arrested. Two empty police buses were burned, and petrol bomb
was hurled at police lines on 24th February (World Socialist Website 2001b). The importance of
Daewoo case was underlined in AsiaWeek that “This one is about more than just a car company.
It marks a crucial test of President Kim Dae-jung's resolve to push through the corporate
restructuring Korea urgently needs.” (cited in World Socialist Website, 2001b).
The cell-phone video that recorded the attack of riot police over Daewoo workers who
were lying on the street was propagandized on the internet. This was used as the most
communication technology through the event (Hadl, 2001).

1.6 India Terrorist Attack (2008)

On 26 November, 2008, Mumbai, India’s commercial capital was under attacked in at
least six different locations. Gun fire, blasts, and grenade blasts were used in this attack (Global
Voices, 2008). Boats were used to be their transportation to reach the urban peninsula, and the
attacker’s targets were destinations that are popular with tourists (Sengupta, 2008). The main
train station, a restaurant and two luxury hotels that usually presented by foreigners, leader and
businessmen were among those places caught up in the violence. According to Mumbai police, at
least 101 people were killed, 287 people were injured, and many hostages were holding till 27
November (BBC News, 2008). Some people who had escaped said that the assailants “single out
American and British passport holders” (BBC News, 2008). There was an unknown group
asserted responsibility, although it could not be confirmed. The attacker, a man who realized as
Sahadullah said that release of all mujahedeen held in India, he will release the people (Kennedy,
2008). This attack was not likely previous attacks in India this year. The assailants were well-
prepared and “very confrontational” (Sengupta, 2008).
After almost 59 hours, the longest terror nightmare of Indian ended with the help of
National Security Guard (NSG), the Indian Army and the Indian Navy. Hostages finally walked
out of the two hotels and the Jewish center (China View, 2008).
The social media tool Twitter played an important role to deliver and report constantly
the information about this attack.
1. 7 Mysterious boat in Khammuan province, Lao (2009)

On 18 June 2009, fishermen in Khammuan province, Laos had discovered an ancient

boat in Mekong River. According to Sangsomboun – the journalist of Vientiane Times (2009),
the boat is approximately 20m long, 60cm wide and was found in 7m lower compared with the
water surface. Nobody knows exactly the age of this boat, but the villagers believe that it’s over
a hundred years old. The boat is made from khaen wood– one of the best woods for racing boats
in Laos. Therefore, people guess the boat were made for local racing festivals and carved
carefully by ancient tools of skillful carpenters. Besides the boat’s discovery story, there are
many ‘bizarre’ details (Sangsomboun 2009). The indigenous people said that several days before
the discovery, nets of many local fishermen were torn on a tree or snag, being near a place they
found a boat. One night, a fisherman had a dream, he saw a person come and say to him “if you
don’t want me to damage your nets why don’t you take me from the river?” (Sangsomboun
2009). Then, the fishermen decided to dive into the certain part where his nets were damaged,
and surprisingly, he found the boat. He called his friends to help him pull the boat onto land. The
native people said that when the boat is under water, it was soft, rotten and easy to push, but
when it was on land, it is quickly hardened (Sangsomboun 2009). The boat was found by the
same day when the statue of King Sikhottabong was paraded around the province. The boat was
moved to the Chomdaeng temple. The Abbot had suspicion that if it is a boat or just a big tree
being cut down and having a shape like boat by water flow’s impacts; other visitors thought that
the boat's head is shaped like a crocodile's. Another bizarre incident happens in the province in
the recent time when a cow gave birth to a two-heads calf. The calf’s owner try to sell it but
nobody buy, then, he offer it to the temple. “At first I didn't want to accept the offering, because
of the unpleasant smells from a dead calf. But strangely it smells quite pleasant,” the abbot
answered in the interview (Samsomboun 2009). Nobody can explain exactly the origin of the
boat or why a dead calf has a nice smell. By word of mouth approvals, a hundred people were
flocking to temple to see by themselves these “strange sacrifice” (Samsomboun 2009).

1. 8 School attack in Shengshui Temple kingdergarten, China (2010)

On 12 May 2010, there is a catastrophic attack in Shengshui Temple kindergarten,

Shaanxi province, China (BBC News 2010). The attacker is Wu Huanming, a 48-year-old local
man. At 8.00 AM, he entered to a private way of the school with a meat cleaver and then, attack
pupils along with adults. After that, he went home and committed suicide. There are seven
children and two adults – a school’s owner and her 80-yer-old mother being hacked to death.
Other 11 children were injured and brought to a local hospital immediately, in which there were
two serious cases. Xinhua – news agency said that all of children in this attack were thought
under six years old.
The state media reported that from March to May 2010, five shocking school attacks had
occurred in Shandong, Jiangsu, Guangdong and Fujian province, China. In the past, the violent
crime rate is low, meaning the current school attack series cause extreme shock to parents and
public (BBC News 2010).
The number of media reports for the attack in Shengshui Temple kindergarten is minimal.
There is no TV report on this evening (Macleod 2010). Also, the information about the attack
was removed from Chinese web sites or moved from prominent sites to less prominent ones, in
which the details about the attack were filtered in order to discourage the copycat attacks
(Macleod & CNN 2010).

Part II

2.1 The initial phase of Indonesian liberation (May 1945) – Poster

During the war, propaganda is considered as a key tool to encourage entire nation support
to the war effort (Aulich 2010). “A picture is worth a thousand words”. Indeed, words are
powerful but sometimes the images are better when they can reach the viewers’ attention and
touch their emotion. Therefore, a poster with an impressive image and simple and direct message
through the war can struggle for “heart” and “mind” (Aulich 2007). In the first phase of
liberation process on May 1945, the propaganda poster “And now Indonesia, enlist as a
Volunteer” with the image of Indonesian army is considered as the “weapon of mass
communication” (Aulich 2007). It takes an important role in not just call more volunteers, but
also encourage the Indonesian morale to be ready their liberation (‘War posters 1940-1945’
2010). At that moment, the communication technologies in Indonesia were very limited; hence,
the propaganda poster is the most popular media by the flow from urban to rural areas.
 Later, a thousand posters were continuing used in next phases of the liberation. On 17
August 1945, Indonesia has a complete liberation, ending 60-year occupation of the Netherlands
(Viet Bao 2005). This is claimed that the propaganda posters contributed practically to the
victory of Indonesian in 1945 (‘War posters 1940-1945’ 2010).

2.2 Apollo 11-the first flight landed the first human on the Moon (1969)-Broadcast TV
BBC TV officially broadcasted live the event of Man’s first landing on the moon from
Lime Grove Studios in London in July, 1969 (Gilmour, 2009). The producers created a program
named Apollo 11 consisting of 27 hours coverage the moon landing from start to the end. Patrick
Moore, a presenter said that this was the “most exciting event” he has ever reported and it’s great
to be here to contribute on this superb documentary (Harvison, 2009). TV broadcast gave
audience the feeling that they were able to see the truth. Also, according to Harvison 2009, this
program already made an “awe-inspiring story, arresting, and intelligent” to viewers. However,
live broadcast of the first moon landing had its disadvantages. The quality of the video was not
good enough because of the limitation of the signal. Thus, it could not transmit accurately
images to audiences. Compared to other communication technologies, TV broadcast really gave
the audience the impression about this event.

2.3 Typhoon Babs, Philippine (1998) –Newspaper online

Because of the strong destruction of Typhoon Babs, many remote areas of the central
Philippines already lost communication (Los Angles Times, 1998b). With the widely circulation
of newspaper online such as BBC, CNN, and Los Angles Times, the information about this
natural disaster was sent to people around the world. Immediately, any newspaper online from
many countries started with the big headline about this event, and the number of victims,
homeless people were updated frequently. Newspaper online already played an important role in
delivering news to victim’s families, but also calling for supports. Beside that, newspaper online
was considered as useful data for searching, and storing easily.

2. 4 Nuclear accident in Tokaimura, Japan (1999) –TV report

 Kyodo is a nonprofit cooperative organization which established in 1945 in Japan. By
covering all news about Japan, Asia and around the world, Kyodo aims to be leading news in
Asia. Most Japanese newspaper, radio and TV stations have subscribed to Kyodo (Kyodo News
2010). In Japan, Kyodo has a reputation basing on the most immediate and reliable stories,
photos, audios and videos. In the case of nuclear accident in Tokai-mura, many media report the
news, such as Asahi Shimbun, Japan Times, The Associated Press on the first day of the
accident, however, only the Kyodo News updated information frequently and report this every
moment (‘The Reports of the Tokai-mura Criticality’ 2000). They have the largest amount of
broadcasting reports – 9 ones at 10.35 AM, 11.15 AM, 11.33 AM, 12.41 AM, 3.18 PM, 5PM, 7
PM, 8.30 PM and 11.00PM (‘The Reports of the Tokai-mura Criticality’ 2000). The Kyodo
News station took a main roles in announce the restriction of the government for local residents
nearby the plant, report immediately what occur in the plant, and also the broadcast
government’s forces to duel with the incident (‘Japan's Nuclear Criticality Accident at a Fuel
Conversion Facility’1999). As a dominant official TV station, the Kyodo News reach millions
household view for the “very serious accident” that whole Japan have to face to (The BBC news
1999).

2.5 Protest of Daewoo workers at Pupyong (2001) - cell-phone video

The cell-phone allowed people in the strike and those were not presented in this struggle
stay in touch. Because of technology’s development, people around the world can interact faster
now (Malek, 2005). Video camera is connected to live net-casting devices, so the circulation of
these video will be quick, and authentic. Also, video can persuade people even the president the
fact that the violence of the police to striking workers, despite their claims to the contrary (Hadl,
2001). It allowed the message to be communicated more effectively to people by using visual aid
to create a unified, emotional atmosphere. It called for supports, solidarity not only in Pupyong,
but also in Korea, and even around the world. By using the video instead of other communication
technologies such as word of mouth, print media, the violent action of the government,
especially the police has been visually depicted.

2.6 India Terrorist Attack (2008) -Twitter

 Twitter nowadays is used as a good tool to cover breaking news beside newspaper online
such as The New York Times, BBC News, and TV station. “Twitter isn’t the place for solid facts
yet. But it’s where the news is breaking” (Arrington, 2008). Twitter is a micro- blogging service,
where people can text short message within 140 characters using cell-phone or over the internet.
This social media become “the fastest source of information” compared to other communication
technologies (Ahmed, 2008). Although Twitter is considered as a source that is not accurate, and
reliable, this tool used to deliver quick short message such as “I’m fine” to relieve their family,
and their friends. Also, many useful messages which supported the Indian authorities and
citizens were sent through Twitter (Ahmed 2008).

2. 7 Mysterious boat in Khammuan province, Lao (2009) -word of mouth

The majority of public outside Vientiane – capital of Laos does not access the internet or
read national daily newspapers, such as Vientiane Times or Vientiane Mai (Lao Voices 2007).
Even national newspapers are sold in towns but most Laotian does not choose to buy newspapers
when they have to afford the lives’ cost (Lao Voices 2007). There is no local newspaper, most
accidents are spread by word of mouth, sometimes are posted in national news sites, Prabang , a
blogger in Travel blog said (Travel Blog 2010). Be similar with internet and newspaper, mobile
and land line phone also are available in provinces, but not popular because of its cost.
Therefore, in provinces, the information usually is spread by word of mouth practice among
public every day (Lao Voices 2007). Word of mouth is doubted about its accuracy compared
with the national news, however, due to its free cost and high speed, word of mouth is still used
significantly in the case in Khammuan province. There are no photo along with many bizarre and
unclear details around the boat’s story, such as an unknown fisherman and his dream, a boat
becoming quick hardened when pull onto the land, and strange pleasant smell from dead body of
two-head calf. People still believe it, and flock to the temple to see the boat. “I was surprised to
see a big crowd surrounding the boat,” said the abbot (Samsomboun 2009). This event is a
striking example for effective worth of mouth practice in Lao in the current.

2. 8 School attack in Shengshui Temple kingdergarten, China (2010) -prominent websites

 In this case, the report aims to analyze how Chinese government managed
communication technologies by using the less prominent websites. The internet is one of the
most controversy issues in China. The Government has tight control all Chinese web sites,
internet access and the keywords in searching tools (French 2005). Many foreigner websites,
such as BBC, CNN and social networking, such Facebook and YouTube are blocked (Richburg
2010). The attack in Shengshui Temple kindergarten is the fifth one in China since March 2010.
In this case, no media state reports, no available foreigner websites for Chinese, there is just a
few information in Chinese unwell-known websites and not on homepages, just in inside
sections; because previously, some experts have already claimed that prominent media coverage
can increase the copycats (CBS news 2010). Less prominent websites has a disadvantage when it
does not reach a lot of publicity, but in this case this disadvantage turn into an advantage for the
government. “Mostly silent” for all communication technologies is the way the Government
choose to respond in the fifth attack (Booden 2010).

The question raised in here is that “Indeed, Chinese authorities removed all information
about this attack in media coverage for opposing the copycat or hiding the truth about the
Chinese society under governing of Communist Party?”. The state reports through five school
attacks ignored the wider causes of the attacks and illustrating them as “isolated incidents”
caused by mental-illness individuals (BBC news 2010). Some Chinese commentators suggested
that it might be the revenge on society which heavily controlled by authorities of Communist
Party. Besides that, others think that the big gap between rich and poor in the “rat-race” of
Chinese economy can be a possible factor behind the attack series within only two months (CNN
news 2010).

Part III
Analysis of a Digital Communication Technology: Online video in the protest of Daewoo
workers at Pupyong (2001)
The protest of Daewoo workers in 2001 is the striking example for unfair application of
labor laws that caused many dispute and conflicts with the workers, trade unions and the Korean
government. There are many traditional communication technologies, such as TV, newspaper,
worth of mouth and also digital techs, such as online newspapers, pictures and forums used
during this event, however, this paper aims to analyze the roles of cell-phone video – the
propaganda technology and also compare its features with other technologies. Finally, the paper
discusses about the way Korean government used to duel with the problems caused by the video.
Firstly, the paper examines broadly the prominent characteristic of cell-phone in order to explain
why cell-phone video used significantly in the protest. If in the past, cell-phone is essential as
‘battery-powered microprocessor’ with one transmitter and receiver cell-phone now might
dominate the future internet (Keshav 2010). By feature of high speed and convenience, cell-
phone helps people around the world interacting efficiently (Malek, 2005). In the ‘bloody’
protest, the cell-phone allowed people in the strike and those were not presented in this struggle
stay in touch. Thank to camera application of cell-phone, a participant in this strike had recorded
a video about the police’s attack over Daewoo workers. This video was sent to the mass public as
a message that the protester wanted to transmit.
The cell-phone video was made by an activist witness, not famous journalist corporation
like BBC, CNN or New York Times. This video opened a new kind of media war - Daewoo
protesters had successfully used videos against the police….”since then, everybody comes armed
with camera” (Kyoto journal 2005). Every citizen can be a reporter. They had their own
appropriate technologies following their movements (Kyoto journal 2005).
Right away the attack, this ‘amateur’ video was sent to Korean publics and upload on alternative
websites in Korea (Kyoto journal 2005). The highlighted feature of video camera is connected to
live net-casting devices, so the circulation of these video will be quick, inexpensive and
authentic. At this point, the cell-phone video is more effective than word of mouth which is
doubt about the accuracy, limited by the distance and takes time for physical communication. In
addition, this video is more reliable than the information on traditional television and newspapers
which is censored by the government.

Another benefit of cell-phone video is that it allowed the message to be communicated

more effectively by using visual and audio aids to create a unified and emotional atmosphere.
The video only lasts for 8 minutes and 30 seconds illustrating the attack of police on the
‘innocent’ workers along with the sound of violent beating and workers’ screaming. Perhaps, the
video, itself could create heavier conflict between the civil and the government in Korea. Or, it
reached large publicity for the mobilization of the justice policy for workers and human rights.

South Korea is the only nation whose online alternative newspapers had impact on the
government’s election. Since the video was broadcasted widely, Korean government had to duel
with the noticeable increase of anti-government waves. Dan Byong-ho, the head of the militant
Korea Confederation of Trade Unions also had a speech against the government. Dan said “the
workers are the only victims of the government's wrong economic policy” (BBC News 2001a).
The government is demanded an apology, clear explanation and responsibility for their ‘brutal’
action (BBC News 2001b & Dwtubon 2001 ). Not just in Korea, online communities around the
world were shocked by the video from South Korea, whose the President – Kim Dae-jung was
received the Nobel Peace Prize award recently (The Human Right Feature 2001). The video is an
evident for the economic crisis and the conflict between labor unions and the government in
Korea. Also, it revealed the truth about brutality of Kim government who lay with “sweet
advertises of democracy” for his Nobel Prize (The Nadir 2001).

Be different from China and India, Korean Government do not solve problems by
filtering or ban the online sources. In the case of Daewoo workers’ protest, the video was still
widely circulated on next days, until now, it still exists on many alternative webs in Korea
(Dwtubon 2001). Perhaps, they did not care about the public opinions. Despite the existence of
anti-government waves in this protest, the police of Kim government were continued to suppress
the workers. On 19th February, the number of participants grew up to 3,000 including students,
workers and activists for denouncing the government’s attacks (The Nadir 2001). To duel with
this problem, the government had severer actions responding the protesters. The case is
prominent example for the open and equal access to the internet in South Korea, the nation with
‘un-open’ and ‘un-equal’ political democracy.
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