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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................................1
FOREWORD................................................................................................................. 2
CHAPTER I...................................................................................................................4
CASTLES IN ENGLAND.............................................................................................4
1.1 Warwick Castle...............................................................................................4
1.1.1 Location...................................................................................................4
1.1.2 Short history.............................................................................................5
1.1.3 Layout, grounds and park........................................................................8
1.2 Bodiam Castle................................................................................................9
1.2.1 Architecture...........................................................................................10
1.2.3 Popular culture.......................................................................................11
1.3 Windsor Castle.............................................................................................12
1.3.1 Layout....................................................................................................... 12
1.3.2 Short History.............................................................................................14
CHAPTER II ............................................................................................................... 15
PALACES IN ENGLAND...........................................................................................15
2.1 Tower of London...........................................................................................15
2.1.1 Construction history...............................................................................16
2.1.1.1. White Tower...................................................................................16
2.1.1.2 Inmost Ward....................................................................................16
2.1.1.3 Inner Ward......................................................................................17
2.1.1.4 Outer Ward.....................................................................................18
2.1.1.5 Western Entrance and Moat............................................................19
2.2 Hampton Court Palace..................................................................................19
2.2.1 Short History..........................................................................................20
2.2.1.1 Tudor Period.....................................................................................20
2.2.1.2 Stuart period....................................................................................23
2.2.1.3 Grounds...........................................................................................25
2.3 Kensington Palace........................................................................................26
2.3.1 Short history...........................................................................................26

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BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................................................................................... 29

FOREWORD

What is a castle? A castle is a properly fortified military residence. Why were castles
built? Initially, y were designed and built to hold down conquered territory. y also served to
intimidate and strike fear into local peoples, were places of refuge, and places for lords to live.
y were also impressive symbols of power and wealth of ir owners. When were castles
built? Norman castles were built from 11th to 13th centuries.
Castles were brought to Britain by William Conqueror, when he invaded England from
his homeland in France. Known as Duke of Normandy, William invaded England in 1066 and,
due to his victory in Battle of Hastings, William was crowned King of England, and became
King William I.
One of most powerful ways for William to take control of his new kingdom, which
included England, Scotland and Wales, was to have castles built throughout land. At first, he
ordered construction of very simple castles, called motte and bailey castles.
y consisted of an earn mound, called a motte, topped by a tower (first built of wood, and
soon rebuilt in stone to make towers more sturdy). bailey was a large area of land enclosed by a
shorter mound, placed next to motte. Inside bailey were main activities of castle (workshops,
stables and livestock, household activities, etc.), while tower on motte was used as lord's
residence and as an observation post.
se earth and wood castles were not very sturdy, because wood would rot fairly quickly
and was easy for an enemy to burn. So, William king ordered construction of stone castles.
Stone castles were much more sturdy, did not rot like wood, and also were much more able to
withstand any attack by an invader. Over centuries after William was king, or kings ordered
elaborate castles to be built.
Castles were not just used by king. Most castles, in fact, were granted by a king to ir
most loyal subjects, knights or barons who fought valiantly in battle and supported ir king. king,
starting with William Conqueror, gave his loyal knights vast estates and permission to build

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castles. In return, he expected se men (most of whom were given titles of earl or lord) to control
ir lands as king's representative, to keep local population from rebelling, and to force m to work
and pay rent to lord (who n passed it onto king).
Many of people who lived in Britain before it was conquered did not like being
controlled by king's barons, and wanted to keep control of ir own lands mselves. But that was
not possible, because William and later kings (and queens) demanded y pay homage. refore,
castles were built to establish power of king and his followers, and to keep people from
regaining control of ir own lands.
se first knights and barons, followers of William Conqueror, were known as Normans,
and were a very powerful lot. y built castles almost everywhere in Britain, hundreds of which
still survive.
Stone castles were built for stability and to symbolize power of lords of kingdom. Even
if king did not order a particular castle to be built for his use, he still retained ability to seize
any of his lords' castles if y displeased him or if king had a special reason to want to use it.

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CHAPTER I
CASTLES IN ENGLAND

1.1 Warwick Castle

Warwick Castle is a medieval castle in Warwick, county town of Warwickshire,

England. It sits on a cliff overlooking a bend in River Avon. Warwick Castle was built
by William Conqueror in 1068 within or adjacent to Anglo-Saxon burgh of Warwick. It was
used as a fortification until early 17th century, when Sir Fulke Greville converted it to a country
house. It was owned by Greville family, who became earls of Warwick in 1759, until 1978.
From 1088, castle traditionally belonged to Earl of Warwick, and it served as a symbol
of his power. castle was taken in 1153 by Henry of Anjou, later Henry II. It has been used to
hold prisoners, including some from Battle of Poitiers in 14th century. Under ownership
of Richard Neville – also known as "Warwick Kingmaker" – Warwick Castle was used in 15th
century to imprison English king, Edward IV. Warwick Castle has been compared with Windsor
Castle in terms of scale, cost, and status.
Since its construction in 11th century, castle has undergone structural changes with
additions of towers and redesigned residential buildings. Originally a wooden motte-and-bailey,
it was rebuilt in stone in 12th century. During Hundred Years War, facade opposite town was
refortified, resulting in one of most recognizable examples of 14th century military architecture.
In 17th century grounds were turned into a garden. Warwick Castle was purchased by
Tussauds Group in 1978 and opened as a tourist attraction. It is protected as a Scheduled Ancient
Monument and a Grade I listed building.

1.1.1 Location

Warwick Castle is situated on a sandstone bluff at a bend of River Avon. river, which
runs below castle on east side, has eroded rock castle stands on, forming a cliff. river and cliff

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form natural defenses. castle is in town of Warwick; when construction began in 1068 four
houses belonging to Abbot of Coventry were demolished to provide room. castle's position
made it strategically important in safeguarding Midlands against rebellion. During 12th
century, King Henry I was suspicious of Roger de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Warwick. To counter
earl's influence, Henry bestowed Geoffrey de Clinton with a position of power rivaling that of
earl. lands he was given included Kenilworth – a castle of comparative size, cost, and
importance, and rebuilt in stone by Clinton – which is about 8 kilometers (5 mi) to north.
Warwick Castle is about 1.6 kilometers (1 mi) from Warwick railway station and less than
3.2 kilometers (2.0 mi) from junction 15 of M40 motorway; it is also close to Birmingham
International Airport.

1.1.2 Short history

An Anglo-Saxon burh was established on site of future Warwick Castle in 914; legend
has it that construction of fortifications was instigated by Elfleda, daughter of Alfred Great.
burh she established was one of ten which defended Mercia against marauding Danes. Its
position allowed it to dominate Fosse Way, as well as river valley and crossing over River
Avon. Although motte in south west of Warwick Castle is called "Elfleda's Mound" it is in fact
part of later Norman fortifications, rar than an Anglo-Saxon relic.
After Norman conquest of England, William Conqueror established a motte-and-
bailey castle at Warwick in 1068 to maintain control of Midlands as he advanced northwards. A
motte-and-bailey castle consists of a mound – on which usually stands a keep or tower – and a
bailey, which is an enclosed courtyard. William appointed Henry de Beaumont, son of a
powerful Norman family, as constable of castle. In 1088, Henry de Beaumont was made
first Earl of Warwick. He founded Church of All Saints within castle walls by 1119; Bishop of
Worcester, believing that a castle was an inappropriate location for a church, removed it in
1127–28. In 1153, wife of Roger de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Warwick, was tricked into believing
that her husband was dead, and surrendered control of castle to invading army of Henry of
Anjou, later King Henry II. According to Gesta Regis Stephani, a 12th-century historical text,
Roger de Beaumont died on hearing news that his wife had handed over castle. Henry later

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returned castle to Earls of Warwick as y had been supporters of his mor, Empress Matilda, in
Anarchy of 1135–54.
During reign of King Henry II (1154–89), motte-and-bailey was replaced with a stone
castle. This new phase took form of a shell keep with all buildings constructed against curtain
wall. During barons' rebellion of 1173–74, Earl of Warwick remained loyal to King Henry II,
and castle was used to store provisions. castle and lands associated with earldom passed down
in Beaumont family until 1242. When Thomas de Beaumont, 6th Earl of Warwick, died castle
and lands passed to his sister, Lady Margery, countess of Warwick in her own right. Her husband
died soon after, and while she looked for a suitable husband, castle was in ownership of King
Henry III. When she married John du Plessis in December 1242, castle was returned to her.
During Second Barons' War of 1264–67, William Maudit, 8th Earl of Warwick, was an inactive
supporter of King Henry III. castle was taken in a surprise attack by forces of Simon de
Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, from Kenilworth Castle in 1264. walls along norastern side of
castle were slighted so that it would be useless to king. Maudit and his countess were taken to
Kenilworth Castle and held until a ransom was paid. After death of William Mauduit in 1267,
title and castle passed to his nephew William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick. Following
William's death, Warwick Castle passed through seven generations of Beauchamp family, who
over next 180 years were responsible for most of additions made to castle. In 1312,Piers
Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall, was captured by Guy de Beauchamp, 10th Earl of Warwick, and
imprisoned in Warwick Castle until his execution on 9 June 1312. A group of magnates lead by
Earl of Warwick and Thomas Plantagenet, 2nd Earl of Lancaster, accused Gaveston of stealing
royal treasure.
Under Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl, castle defences were
significantly enhanced in 1330–60 on north eastern side by addition of
a gatehouse, a barbican (a form of fortified
gateway), and a tower on eir side of
reconstructed wall, named Caesar's Tower and
Guy's Tower. Watergate Tower also dates from
this period.
Caesar's and Guy's Towers are residential and may have been inspired
by french models (for example Bricquebec). Both towers

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are machicolated and Caesar's Tower features a unique double parapet. two towers are also
vaulted in stone on every storey. Caesar's Tower contained a "grim" basement dungeon;
according to local legend dating back to at least 1644 it is also known as Poitiers Tower eir
because prisoners from Battle of Poitiers in 1356 may have been imprisoned re or because
ransoms raised from battle helped to pay for its construction. gatehouse features murder holes,
two drawbridges, a gate, and portcullises – gates made from wood or metal. towers of
gatehouse were machicolated.
façade overlooking river was designed as a symbol of power and wealth of Beauchamp
earls and would have been "of minimal defensive value"; this followed a trend of 14th-century
castles being more statements of power than designed exclusively for military use.
line of Beauchamp earls ended in 1449 when Anne de Beauchamp, 15th Countess of
Warwick, died. Richard Neville became next Earl of Warwick through his wife's inheritance of
title. During summer of 1469, Neville rebelled against King Edward IV and imprisoned him in
Warwick Castle. Neville attempted to rule in king's name; however, constant protests by king's
supporters forced Earl to release king. Neville was subsequently killed in Battle of Barnet,
fighting against King Edward IV in 1471 during Wars of Roses. Warwick Castle n passed from
Neville to his son-in-law, George Plantagenet. George Plantagenet was executed in 1478 and his
lands passed onto Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick; however, Edward Plantagenet was
only two when his far died so his lands were taken in custody of Crown. He had a claim to
throne and was imprisoned first by Edward IV, n Richard III, and finally by Henry VII. He was
held in Tower of London until he was executed for high treason by Henry VII in 1499; Edward
was last Earl of Warwick of title's first creation.
In early 1480s King Richard III instigated building of two gun towers, Bear and
Clarence Towers, which were left unfinished on his death in 1485; with ir own well and ovens,
towers were an independent stronghold from rest of castle, possibly in case of mutiny by
garrison. With advent of gunpowder position of Keeper of Artillery was created in 1486.
When antiquary John Leland visited castle some time between 1535 and 1543, he noted
that:
... dungeon now in ruin standeth in west-north-west part of castle. re is also a tower west-north-
west, and through it a postern-gate of iron. All principal lodgings of castle with hall and chapel

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lie on south side of castle, and here king doth much cost in making foundations in rocks to
sustain that side of castle, for great pieces fell out of rocks that sustain it.
While in care of Crown, Warwick Castle underwent repairs and renovations using about
500 loads of stone. castle, as well as lands associated with earldom, was in Crown care from
1478 until 1547, when y were granted to John Dudley with second creation of title Earl of
Warwick. When making his appeal for ownership of castle Dudley said of castle's condition: "...
castle of its self is not able to lodge a good baron with his train, for all one side of said castle
with also dungeon tower is clearly ruinated and down to ground".
Warwick Castle had fallen into decay due to its age and neglect, and despite his remarks
Dudley did not initiate any repairs to castle. Queen Elizabeth I visited castle in 1566 during
a tour of country, and again 1572 for four nights. A timber building was erected in castle for her
to stay in, and Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick, left castle to Queen during her visits.
When Ambrose Dudley died in 1589 title of Earl of Warwick became extinct for second time.
A survey from 1590 recorded that castle was still in a state of disrepair, noting that lead had
been stolen from roofs of some of castle's buildings including chapel. In 1601 Sir Fulke
Greville remarked that " little stone building re was, mightily in decay ... so as in very short time
re will be nothing left but a name of Warwick".

1.1.3 Layout, grounds and park

current castle, built in stone during reign of King Henry II, is on same site as earlier
Norman motte-and-bailey castle. A keep used to stand on motte which is on south west of site,
although most of structure now dates from post-medieval period. In 17th century motte was
landscaped with addition of a path. bailey was incorporated into new castle and is surrounded
by stone curtain walls.
When Warwick Castle was rebuilt in reign of King Henry II it had a new layout with
buildings against curtain walls. castle is surrounded by a dry moat on norrn side where re is no
protection from river or old motte; perimeter of walls is 130 meters (140 yd) long by
82 meters (90 yd) wide. two entrances to castle are in north and west walls. re was originally
a drawbridge over moat in north east. In centre of north west wall is a gateway with Clarence
and Bears towers on eir side; this is a 15th century addition to fortifications of castle.
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residential buildings line eastern side of castle, facing River Avon. se buildings include great
hall, library, bedrooms, and chapel.
Formal gardens belonging to Warwick Castle were first recorded in 1534. Landscaping in
17th century added spiral paths to castle motte during Fulke Greville's program of restoration.
Francis Greville commissioned Lancelot Brown to relandscape castle grounds; he began
working on grounds and park in 1749 and had completed his work by 1757, having spent about
£2,293 (£250 thousand as of 2009). on project. gardens cover 2.8 square kilometers (690 acres).
Robert Marnock created formal gardens in castle's grounds in 1868–69.
Started in 1743 and originally known as Temple Park, Castle Park is located to south of
castle. Its original name derived from Knights Templar, who used to own a manor in Warwick.
Houses around perimeter of park were demolished and land y
stood on incorporated into park. Attempts to make profits from
park in late 18th century included leasing it for grazing, growing
wheat, and keeping sheep.
A water-powered mill in castle grounds was probably
built under Henry de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Warwick. By 1398
mill had been relocated to just outside eastern castle walls, on west bank of River Avon. Both
mills were subject to flooding. By 1644, an engine house had been added to mill. mill was
reused as an electricity generating plant after it had stopped being used to grind, but once
Warwick Castle was fitted with mains electricity in 1940, mill was no longer required and was
dismantled in 1954.

1.2 Bodiam Castle

Bodiam Castle is a quadrangular castle located near Robertsbridge in East

Sussex, England (grid reference TQ785256). It is said to be a perfect example of a late medieval
moated castle. While not large enough to garrison many soldiers, castle was ideally suited for
defense against a militant rural populace after English Peasants' Revolt and for entertainment of
foreign merchants or dignitaries.
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It was built in 1385 by Sir Edward Dalyngrigge, a former knight of Edward III,
supposedly at request of Richard II in order to defend surrounding area from French invasion.
By 1434 Sir Edward Dalyngrigge's nephew Richard was living in castle. Recent research
suggests that castle was built more for show than as an effective defence. re is evidence
supporting that research, as walls of Bodiam Castle are only a couple of feet thick.

1.2.1 Architecture

castle is completely surrounded by a moat with approaches

from north and south. castle itself is rectangular in shape, being
longer in north-south, and has large round towers at all of four
corners, and a square tower defending centre of each side. castle
well is located in one of corner towers, chapel in anor.
main gatehouse is on centre of North wall of quadrangle for protection, while sourn
square tower has a postern gate too. Both gateways had long bridges leading over moat, of
which norrn one turns at right angles on an octagonal bastion before reaching shore. This
provided furr defence to main gate by exposing any attackers approaching along bridge to
arrow fire (and, by this time, gunfire) from defenders in north-west tower. re were also
machicolations in gatehouse and in postern to drop scalding water and tar on invaders.
Within bailey is a ruined range of domestic buildings which were probably once very
grand. To right of postern tower is castle's great
hall. Most of castle interior was destroyed
by parliamentary forces during English Civil War,
following ir policy of slighting potentially threatening fortifications.
castle is typical of later-medieval castles in that much
attention was placed on comfortable living quarters, and as such
its value as a military fortification has been doubted. Though
moat is a good barrier, walls of castle are not very thick, and re
is only one line of defence (unlike a concentric castle). When it
was built, early cannons were already in use, but castles were still valuable as bases for troops
even if y were becoming more vulnerable to direct attack.

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At time of building, England and France were fighting Hundred Years' War, which had
been going on since 1337. south coast of England, where Bodiam was to be built, was in
constant threat of French invasion. castle defends upper reaches of a river that was navigable
to Bodiam in medieval times. But no invasion from France ever came and Bodiam was never
involved in an official siege.
Indeed, castle was well positioned for shipment of untaxed wool directly to norrn Italy
where contemporaries of Sir Edward like John Hawkwood were successful mercenaries. With
collapse of Florence-based Peruzzi Bank (bankers to Edward III), traditional finance for export
of wool was limited. And as Canterbury had lost wool staple to north Kent port
of Queenborough in 1368, opportunities for exporters of wool from East Sussex had been
enhanced given a hefty export tax of fifty shillings a sack.
Sir Edward died childless around 1395 and castle passed to his bror's children, including
William Dallingridge, before passing to Sir Thomas Lewknor and family in late fifteenth
century. During centuries since its building, castle was owned by a succession of powerful
Sussex families, including Bosvilles and Levett family, for whom lane in front of castle today
is named. After slighting in 1664 it fell into decay until 20th Century, at one point its stones
even looted by local builders.
castle was acquired and restored by Lord Curzon and bequead by him to National
Trust in September 1926.

1.2.3 Popular culture

Picturesque, castle has been seen in several films and videos. se include Monty Python
and Holy Grail , in an establishing shot identifying it as "Swamp Castle" in "Tale of Sir
Lancelot" sequence, music video for Saxon's 1983 single "Power and Glory", and music video
for Enya's song " Celts". It also appeared in Doctor Who episode, King's Demons . Bodiam
Castle was also used for exteriors of Huntington Castle in third season of Robin of Sherwood in
two-part episode "Herne's Son", and as an unnamed rural castle in Joe's Palace. castle was also
featured in several episodes of cult ITV series Knightmare, being used as both a background
setting and a VR background in which dungeoneers walked in. castle was also featured in an
aerial shot in Mannheim Steamrollers "God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen" video, often being
shown on huge screens when on tour.

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1.3 Windsor Castle

Windsor Castle, in Windsor in English county of Berkshire, is largest inhabited castle in

world and, dating back to time of William Conqueror, is oldest in continuous occupation.
castle's floor area is approximately 484,000 square feet (44,965 square metres).
Toger with Buckingham Palace in London and Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, it is one of
principal official residences of British monarch. Queen Elizabeth II spends many weekends of
year at castle, using it for both state and private entertaining. Her or two
residences, Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle, are Royal Family's private homes.
Most of Kings and Queens of England, later Kings and Queens of Great Britain, and later still
kings and queens of Commonwealth realms, have had a direct influence on construction and
evolution of castle, which has been ir garrison fortress, home, official palace, and sometimes ir
prison. castle's history and that of British monarchy are inextricably linked. Chronologically
history of castle can be traced through reigns of monarchs who have occupied it. When
country has been at peace, castle has been expanded by additions of large and grand apartments;
when country has been at war, castle has been more heavily fortified. This pattern has
continued to present day.

1.3.1 Layout

Key to plan

 A: round tower
 B: Upper Ward,
Quadrangle (as this courtyard
is known)
 C: State Apartments
 D: Private Apartments,
overlooking East terrace

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 E: South Wing, overlooking Long Walk

 F: Lower Ward
 G: St George's Chapel
 H: Horseshoe Cloister
 K: King Henry VIII Gate (principal entrance)
 L: Long Walk
 M: Norman Gate
 N: North Terrace
 O: Edward III Tower
 T: Curfew Tower

Throughout its 900-year history, design of Windsor Castle has changed and evolved
according to times, tastes, requirements and finances of successive Monarchs. Neverless,
positions of main features have remained largely fixed and modern plan below is a useful guide
to locations. castle today, for example, remains centred on motte or artificial hill ("A" on plan)
on which William Conqueror built first wooden
castle between 1070 to 1086 AD. Castle was
later rebuilt in stone, and grew in importance
over years. Henry II constructed Round Tower
and original stone outer wall.
highly visible landmark of castle, Round
Tower ("A"), is in reality far from cylindrical, its
shape being dictated by irregular, but seemingly
round, man-made hill on which it sits. castle's layout dates back to medieval fortifications.
Round Tower divides castle into two distinct sections known as wards. Lower Ward ("F") is
home to St George's Chapel ("G"), while upper ward ("B") contains private Royal Apartments
("D") and more formal state rooms ("C"), which include St George's Hall, a vast room which
has a ceiling decorated with coats of arms of past and present members of Order of Garter.

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1.3.2 Short History

King Edward III was born in castle on 13 November 1312, and was often referred to as
"Edward of Windsor". Beginning in 1350, he initiated a 24-year rebuilding program by
demolishing existing castle, with exception of Curfew Tower ("T") and some or minor
outworks. He placed William of Wickham in overall charge of rebuilding and design of new
castle. Henry II's keep ( Round Tower) was replaced by present keep, although it was not raised
to its present height until 19th century. fortifications too were furr increased.
castle's chapel was substantially enlarged, but plans to build a new church were not executed,
probably due to scarcity of manpower and resources following Black Death. Also dating from
this time is Norman Gate ("M"). This large and imposing gate at foot of Round Tower is last
bastion of defense before Upper Ward ("B") where Royal Apartments are situated.

In 1348 King Edward III established Order of Garter, whose annual ceremony still takes
place in St George's Chapel, principal chapel of castle. In 1353–1354, he had Aerary Porch
built.

In 1390, during reign of Richard II, it was

found that St George's chapel was close to
collapse, and a restoration process was
undertaken. clerk of works was one of King
Richard's favorites, Geoffrey Chaucer, who
served as a diplomat and Clerk of King's
Works. Whatever his skills as a surveyor and
builder were, within 50 years of his restoration
chapel was again ruinous.

King Edward IV (1461–1483), first Yorkist King, who was said to be addicted to "
advauncement of vaine pompe" (sic), began construction of present St. George's Chapel. In
reality chapel, begun in 1475, is more a miniature cadral and royal mausoleum than a chapel. Its
architecture is an exercise in Perpendicular Gothic style. During reign of Henry VII, some of
original chapel of St. George was demolished to make way for Lady Chapel, which King n
abandoned. building was one of first truly grand pieces of architecture within castle precincts.

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construction of chapel marked a turning point in architecture of castle. more stable

political climate following end of Wars of Roses meant that future building tended to be more
considerate of comfort and style than of fortification. In this way castle's role changed from that
of royal bastion to that of a royal palace. One example of this is "Horseshoe Cloister" ("H")
from 1480, built near chapel to house its clergy. This curved brick building is said to be in
shape of a fetlock: one of badges used by Edward IV. Restoration work in 1871 was heavy, and
little of original building remains.

CHAPTER II
PALACES IN ENGLAND

2.1 Tower of London

Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as Tower of
London (and historically as Tower), is a historic monument in central London, England, on
north bank of River Thames. It is located within London Borough of Tower Hamlets and is
separated from eastern edge of City of London by open space known as Tower Hill.
Tower of London is often identified with White Tower, original stark square fortress
built by William Conqueror in 1078. However, tower as a whole is a complex of several
buildings set within two concentric rings of defensive walls and a moat.
tower's primary function was a fortress, a royal palace, and a prison (particularly for high
status and royal prisoners, such as Princes in Tower and future Queen Elizabeth I). This last
use has led to phrase "sent to Tower" (meaning "imprisoned"). It has also served as a place
of execution and torture, an armoury, a treasury, a zoo, Royal Mint, a public records office,
an observatory, and since 1303, home of Crown Jewels of United Kingdom.

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2.1.1 Construction history

2.1.1.1. White Tower

At centre of Tower of London stands Norman White Tower built

in 1078 by William Conqueror (reigned 1066-87) inside souast
angle of city walls, adjacent to Thames. This was as much to
protect Normans from people of City of London as to protect
London from outside invaders. William appointed Gundulf, Bishop of Rochester, as architect.
Fine Caen stone, imported from France, was used for corners of building and as door and
window dressings, though Kentish ragstone was used for bulk of edifice. According to legend
mortar used in its construction was tempered by blood of beasts. Anor legend ascribed Tower
not to William but to Romans. William Shakespeare in his play Richard III stated that it was
built by Julius Caesar.
White Tower is 90 feet (27 m) high and walls vary from 15 feet (4.5 m) thick at base to
almost 11 feet (3.3 m) in upper parts. Above battlements rise four turrets; three of m are square,
but one on norast is circular, in order to accommodate a spiral staircase. This turret was briefly
used as first royal observatory in reign of Charles II. Completing defences to south of Tower
was bailey.
In 1190s, King Richard Lionheart (reigned 1189-99) enclosed White Tower with
a curtain wall, and had a moat dug around it filled with water from Thames. Richard utilised
pre-existing Roman city wall, to east, as part of circuit. Part of wall he built was incorporated
into later circuit wall of Henry III and is still extant, running between Bloody Tower and Bell
Tower, latter of which also dates to his reign. In 1240 Henry III had exterior of building
whitewashed, which is how it got its name.

2.1.1.2 Inmost Ward

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In early thirteenth century Henry III (reigned 1216-72) transformed Tower into a major
royal residence and had palatial buildings constructed within Inner Bailey to south of White
Tower. This Inmost Ward was entered by now ruined Coldharbour Gate to NW and bounded by
a wall, fortified by Wakefield Tower to SW, Lanthorn Tower to SE, and now ruined
Wardrobe Tower to NE. well appointed Wakefield Tower and Lanthorn Tower were integral
parts of this new royal palace, and adjoined now demolished Great Hall situated between m.
Tower remained a royal residence until time of Oliver Cromwell, who demolished some of old
palatial buildings.

2.1.1.3 Inner Ward

White Tower and Inmost Ward are situated in Inner Ward,

defended by a massive curtain wall, built by Henry III from 1238
onwards. In order to extend circuit city wall to east was broken down, despite protests of
citizens of London and even supernatural warnings, according to chronicler Matw Paris. wall
has thirteen towers:
Wakefield Tower - largest of towers in curtain wall. According to tradition this was
where imprisoned King Henry VI was murdered as he knelt at prayer.
• Lanthorn Tower
• Salt Tower
• Broad Arrow Tower
• Constable Tower
• Martin Tower. Crown Jewels were kept here from 1669 until 1842. This was scene of
attempted ft of jewels by Colonel Blood in 1671.
• Brick Tower
• Bowyer Tower
• Flint Tower
• Devereux Tower

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• Beauchamp Tower (pronounced 'Beecham')

• Bell Tower - oldest tower in circuit, built in 1190s as part of fortification of Richard I
and later incorporated into that of Henry III. Named after curfew bell which has been
rung from this tower for over 500 years.
• Bloody Tower (or Garden Tower), so named after a legend that Princes in Tower were
murdered re.

2.1.1.4 Outer Ward

Between 1275 and 1285 by Edward I (reigned 1272-1307) built an outer curtain wall,
completely enclosing inner wall and thus creating a concentric
double defence. He filled in moat and built a new moat around
new outer wall. space between walls is called Outer Ward. wall
has five towers facing river:
• Byward Tower
• St Thomas's Tower, built between 1275-1279 by Edward I to provide additional royal
accommodation for King.
• Cradle Tower
• Well Tower
• Develin Tower
On north face of outer wall are three semicircular bastions, Brass Mount, North Bastion
and Legge's Mount.
water entrance to Tower is often referred to as Traitor's Gate because prisoners accused of
treason such as Queen Anne Boleyn and Sir Thomas More are said to have passed through it.
Traitor's Gate cuts through St Thomas's Tower and replaced Henry III's watergate in Bloody
Tower behind it. Behind Traitors Gate in pool was an engine used to raise water to a cistern
located on roof of White Tower. engine was originally powered by force of tide or by

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horsepower and eventually by steampower; this was adapted around 1724 to drive machinery for
boring gun barrels. It was removed in 1860s. Tudor Timber Framing seen above great arch of
Traitor's Gate dates from 1532 and was restored in 19th century.

2.1.1.5 Western Entrance and Moat

A ditch or moat, now dry, encircles whole, crossed at southwestern angle by a stone
bridge, leading to Byward Tower from Middle Tower - a gateway which had formerly an
outwork, called Lion Tower.
Tower today is principally a tourist attraction. Besides buildings mselves, British
Crown Jewels, a fine armour collection from Royal Armouries, and a remnant of wall of
Roman fortress are on display.
tower is manned by Yeomen Warders (known as Beefeaters), who act as tour guides,
provide security, and are a tourist attraction in ir own right. Every evening, warders participate
in Ceremony of Keys as Tower is secured for night.

2.2 Hampton Court Palace

Hampton Court Palace is a royal palace in London Borough of Richmond upon

Thames in south west London; it has not been lived in by British royal family since 18th
century. palace is located 11.7 miles (18.8 km) south west of Charing Cross and upstream
of Central London on River Thames. It was originally built for Cardinal Wolsey,
a favourite of King Henry VIII, circa 1514; in 1529, as Wolsey fell from favour, palace was
passed to King, who enlarged it.
following century, William III's massive rebuilding and expansion project intended to
rival Versailles was begun. Work halted in 1694, leaving palace in two distinct contrasting
architectural styles, domestic Tudor and Baroque. While palace's styles are an accident of fate, a
unity exists due to use of pink bricks and an, albeit vague, symmetrical balancing of successive
low wings.

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Today, palace is open to public, and is a major tourist attraction. palace's Home Park is
site of annual Hampton Court Palace Festival and Hampton Court Palace Flower Show. Along
with St. James's Palace, it is one of only two surviving palaces out of many owned by Henry
VIII.

2.2.1 Short History

2.2.1.1 Tudor Period

Thomas Wolsey, Archbishop of York, Chief Minister and favourite of King Henry VIII,
took over site of Hampton Court Palace in 1514. It had previously been a property of Order of
St John of Jerusalem. Over following seven years, Wolsey spent lavishly to build finest palace
in England at Hampton Court, a figure of 200,000 gold crowns. Wolsey rebuilt existing manor
house to form nucleus of present palace. Today, little of Wolsey's building works remains
unchanged . first courtyard, Base Court, (B on plan), was his creation, as was second, inner
gatehouse (C) which leads to Clock Court (D) (Wolsey's seal remains visible over entrance arch
of clock tower) which contained his private rooms (O on plan). Base Court contained forty-four
lodgings reserved for guests, while second court (today, Clock Court) contained very best
rooms— state apartments—reserved for King and his family. Henry VIII stayed in state
apartments as Wolsey's guest immediately after ir completion in 1525. At this time, Hampton
Court was more magnificent than King's own palace, York Place, as Palace of Whitehall was n
known. fact did not escape King's notice.
In building his palace, Wolsey was attempting to create a Renaissance cardinal's palace
featuring rectilinear symmetrical planning with grand apartments on a raised piano noble, all
rendered with classical detailing. Jonathan Foyle has suggested that it is likely that Wolsey had
been inspired by Paolo Cortese's De Cardinalatu, a manual for cardinals that included advice on
palatial architecture, published in 1510. architectural historian Sir John Summerson asserts that
palace shows " essence of Wolsey— plain English churchman who neverless made his sovereign
arbiter of Europe and who built and furnished Hampton Court to show foreign embassies that
Henry VIII's chief minister knew how to live as graciously as any cardinal in Rome." Whatever
concepts were, architecture is an excellent and rare example of a thirty-year era when English

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architecture was in a harmonious transition from domestic Tudor, strongly influenced

by perpendicular Gothic, to Italian Renaissance classical style. Perpendicular Gothic owed
nothing historically to Renaissance style, yet harmonized well with it. This blending of styles
was realized by a small group of Italian craftsmen working at English court in second and third
decades of sixteenth century. y specialized in adding of Renaissance ornament to orwise
straightforward Tudor buildings. It was one of se, Giovanni da Maiano who was responsible for
set of eight relief busts of Roman emperors which were set in Tudor brickwork.
In 1528, knowing that his enemies and King were
engineering his downfall, he passed palace to King as a gift.
Wolsey died following year.
Within six months of coming into ownership, King
began his own rebuilding and expansion. Henry VIII's court
consisted of over one thousand people, while King owned over
sixty houses and palaces. Few of se were large enough to hold
assembled court, and thus one of first of King's building works
(in order to transform Hampton Court to a principal residence)
was to build vast kitchens. se were quadrupled in size in 1529.
architecture of King Henry's new palace followed design precedent set by Wolsey:
perpendicular Gothic-inspired Tudor with restrained Renaissance ornament. This hybrid
architecture was to remain almost unchanged for nearly a century, until Inigo Jones introduced
strong classical influences from Italy to London palaces of first Stuart kings.
Between 1532 and 1535 Henry added Great Hall ( last medieval great hall built for
English monarchy) and Royal Tennis Court. Great Hall features a carved hammer-beam roof.
During Tudor times, this was most important room of palace; here, King would dine in state
seated at a table upon a raised dais. hall took five years to complete, so impatient was King for
completion that masons were compelled to work throughout night by candlelight.
gatehouse to second, inner court was adorned in 1540 with an early example of a post-
Copernican astronomical clock. Still functioning, clock shows time of day, phases of moon,
month, quarter of year, date, sun and star sign, and high water at London Bridge. latter
information was of great importance to those visiting this Thames-side palace from London, as
preferred method of transport at time was by barge, and at low water London Bridge created

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dangerous rapids. This gatehouse is also known today as Anne Boleyn's gate, after Henry's
second wife. Work was still underway on Anne Boleyn's apartments above gate when King,
having tired of her, had her executed.
During Tudor period, palace was scene of
many historic events. In 1537, King's much
desired male heir, future Edward VI, was born at
palace and child's mor, Jane Seymour, died re
two weeks later. Four years afterwards, while
attending mass in palace's chapel, King was
informed of his next wife's adultery.
Queen, Carine Howard, was dragged away,
screaming, from a gallery leading to chapel. Her ghost is said to haunt it.
double height chapel was begun by Wolsey and completed under Henry VIII. Its timber
and plaster ceiling, a Gothic vault with Renaissance pendants completed by trumpeting boys, is
considered "most important and magnificent in Britain." altar is framed by a massive
oak reredos in Baroque style carved by Grinling Gibbons during reign of Queen Anne. Opposite
altar, at first floor level, is royal pew where royal family would attend services apart from
general congregation seated below.
King Henry died in January 1547 and was succeeded first by his son Edward VI, and n by
both his daughters in turn. It was to Hampton Court that Queen Mary I (Henry's eldest daughter)
retreated with King Philip II of Spain to spend her honeymoon, after ir wedding at Winchester.
marriage, politically expedient rar than a love match, proved childless, and Mary was succeeded
by her half-sister, Elizabeth I. It was Elizabeth who had Eastern kitchen built; today, this is
palace's public tea room.

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2.2.1.2 Stuart period

On death of Elizabeth I in 1603, Tudor

period came to an end. Queen was
succeeded by her cousin-once-removed,
Scottish King, James VI, who became
known in England as James I of House
of Stewart.
In 1604, palace was site of King
James' meeting with representatives of
English Puritans, known as Hampton
Court Conference; while agreement with Puritans was not reached, meeting led to James's
commissioning of King James Version of Bible.
King James was succeeded in 1626 by his son, ill-fated Charles I. For this king,
Hampton Court was to become both his palace and his prison. It was also setting for his
honeymoon with his fifteen year old bride, Henrietta Maria in 1625. Following King Charles'
execution in 1647, palace became property of Commonwealth presided over by Oliver
Cromwell. Unlike some or former royal properties, palace escaped relatively unscad. While
government auctioned much of contents, building was ignored.
After Restoration, King Charles II and his successor James II, visited Hampton Court,
but largely preferred to reside elsewhere. By this time, by current French court standards
Hampton Court appeared old-fashioned. It was in 1689, shortly after Louis XIV's court had
moved permanently to Versailles, that palace's antiquated state was addressed. England had two
new joint monarchs, William of Orange and his wife, daughter of James II, Queen Mary II.
Within months of ir accession y embarked on a massive rebuilding project at Hampton Court.
intention was to demolish Tudor palace a section at a time, while replacing it with a huge
modern palace in Baroque style retaining only Henry VIII's Great Hall. country's most eminent
architect, Sir Christopher Wren, was called upon to draw plans, while master of works was to
be William Talman. plan was for a vast palace constructed around two courtyards at right angles
to each or. Wren's design for a domed palace bore resemblances to work of Jules Hardouin
Mansart and Louis Le Vau, both architects employed by Louis XIV at Versailles. It has been

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suggested, though, that plans were abandoned because resemblance to Versailles was too subtle
and not strong enough; at this time, it was impossible for any sovereign to visualize a palace that
did not emulate Versailles' repetitive Baroque form. However, resemblances are re: while
facades are not so long as those of Versailles, y have similar seemingly unstoppable repetitive
rhythms beneath a long flat skyline. monotony is even repeated as facade turns corner from
east to south fronts. However, Hampton Court, unlike Versailles, is given an extra dimension by
contrast between pink brick and pale Portland stone quoins, frames and banding. Furr diversion
is added by circular and decorated windows of second floor mezzanine. This me is repeated in
inner Fountain Court, but rhythm is faster and windows, unregimented on outer facades, are
given pointed pediments in courtyard; this has led courtyard to be described as "Startling, as of
simultaneous exposure to a great many eyes with raised eyebrows."
During this work, half Tudor palace was replaced and Henry VIII's state rooms were lost; new
wings around Fountain Court contained new state
apartments and private rooms, one set for King and
one for Queen. Each suite of state rooms was accessed
by a state staircase. royal suites were of completely
equal value in order to reflect William and Mary's
unique status as joint sovereigns. King's Apartments
face south over Privy Garden, Queen's east over
Fountain Garden. suites are linked by a gallery
running length of east facade, anor reference to
Versailles, where King and Queen's apartments are linked by Galerie des Glaces. However, at
Hampton Court linking gallery is of more modest proportions and decoration. King's staircase
was decorated with frescos by Antonio Verrio and delicate ironwork by Jean Tijou. Or artists
commissioned to decorate rooms included Grinling Gibbons, Sir James Thornhill and Jacques
Rousseau; furnishings were designed by Daniel Marot.
After death of Queen Mary, King William lost interest in renovations, and work ceased.
However, it was in Hampton Court Park in 1702 that he fell from his horse, later dying from his
injuries at Kensington Palace. He was succeeded by his sister-in-law Queen Anne who continued
decoration and completion of state apartments. On Queen Anne's death in 1714 Stuart dynasty
came to an end.

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Queen Anne’s successor was George I; he and his son George II were last monarchs to
reside at Hampton Court. Under George I six rooms were completed in 1717 to design of John
Vanbrugh. Under George II and his Queen, Caroline, furr refurbishment took place, with
architect William Kent employed to design new furnishings and decor including Queen's
Staircase, (1733) and Cumberland Suite (1737) for Duke of Cumberland. Today, Queen's
Private Apartments are open to public and include her bathroom and bedroom.

2.2.1.3 Grounds

grounds as y appear today were laid out in grand style in late 17th century. re are no
auntic remains of Henry VIII's gardens, merely a small knot, planted in 1924 which hints at
gardens' 16th century appearance. Today, dominating feature of grounds is great landscaping
scheme constructed for Sir Christopher Wren's intended new palace. From a water-bounded
semicircular parterre, length of east front, three avenues radiate in crow's foot pattern. central
avenue containing not a walk or a drive, but great canal, known as Long Water, excavated
during reign of Charles II, in 1662. design, radical at time, is anor immediately recognizable
influence from Versailles, and was indeed laid out by pupils of Andre Le Nôtre, Louis XIV's
landscape gardener.
On south side of palace is Privy Garden bounded by semi-circular wrought iron gates by Jean
Tijou. This garden, originally William III's private garden, was replanted in 1992 with
manicured hollies and yews along a geometric system of paths.
On a raised site overlooking Thames, is a small pavilion, Banqueting House. This was
built circa 1700, for pleasurable and informal picnics and entertainments in gardens rar than for
larger state dinners which would have taken place inside palace itself. A nearby conservatory
houses "Great Vine", planted in 1769; by 1968 it had a trunk 81 inches thick and has a length of
100 feet. It still produces an annual crop of grapes.
A well known curiosity of palace's grounds is Hampton Court Maze; planted sometime
during 1690s by George London and Henry Wise for William III of Orange. maze covers a
third of an acre and contains half a mile of paths. It is possible that current design replaced an
earlier maze planted for Thomas Cardinal Wolsey. It was originally planted with hornbeam; it
has been repaired latterly using many different types of hedge.
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2.3 Kensington Palace

Kensington Palace is a royal residence set in Kensington Gardens in Royal Borough of

Kensington and Chelsea in London, England. It has been a residence of British Royal
Family since 17th century. Today it is official residence of Duke and Duchess of Gloucester;
Duke and Duchess of Kent; and Prince and Princess Michael of Kent. Kensington Palace is also
used on an unofficial basis by Prince Henry, as well as his cousin Zara Phillips. It is Grade
I listed.
It was official residence of Diana, Princess of Wales (until 1997), of Princess
Margaret (until 2002) and of Princess Alice (until 2004).

2.3.1 Short history

original early 17th-century building was constructed in village of Kensington as

Nottingham House for Earl of Nottingham. It was acquired from his heir, who was Secretary of
State to William III, in 1689, because King wanted a residence near London but away from
smoky air of capital, because he was asthmatic. At that time Kensington was a suburban village
location outside London, but more accessible than Hampton Court, a water journey on Thames.
A private road was laid out from Palace to Hyde Park Corner, broad enough for several
carriages to travel abreast, part of which survives today as Rotten Row. Palace was improved
and extended by Sir Christopher Wren with pavilions attached to each corner of central block,
for it now needed paired Royal Apartments approached by Great Stairs, a council chamber, and
Chapel Royal. n, when Wren re-oriented house to face west, he built north and south wings to
flank approach, made into a proper cour d'honneur that was entered through an archway
surmounted by a clock tower. Neverless, as a private domestic retreat, it was referred to
as Kensington House, rar than 'Palace'. walled kitchen gardens at Kensington House supplied
fruits and vegetables for Court of St. James's.

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For seventy years, Kensington Palace was favored residence of

British monarchs, although official seat of Court was and remains
at St. James's which has not been actual royal residence in London
since 17th century. Queen Mary died of smallpox in Kensington
Palace in 1694. In 1702 William suffered a fall from a horse
at Hampton Court and was brought to Kensington Palace, where
he shortly died. After William III's death, palace became residence of Queen Anne. Sir John
Vanbrugh designed Orangery for her in 1704, and a magnificent baroque parterre 30 acre
(121,000 m²) garden was laid out by Henry Wise, whose nursery was nearby at Brampton
George I spent lavishly on new royal apartments from 1718. William Kent painted a
staircase and some ceilings. In 1722 he designed Cupola Room, principal state room, with
feigned coffering in its high coved ceiling; in 1819 Cupola Room was site of christening
of Princess Alexandrina Victoria, who had been born at Kensington, in apartments of Duke and
Duchess of Kent ( actual room being what is now North Drawing Room).
last reigning monarch to use Kensington Palace was George II. For his consort, Charles
Bridgeman swept away outmoded parterres and redesigned Kensington Gardens in a form that is
still recognizable today: his remaining features are Serpentine, basin called Round Pond, and
Broad Walk. After George II's death in palace in 1760, Kensington Palace was only used for
more minor Royalty, including young daughter of Duke of Kent who was living in Palace with
her widowed mor when she was told of her accession to throne as Queen Victoria. Queen
Mary (grandmor of present Queen) was born at Kensington Palace in 1867. Her parents, Duke
and Duchess of Teck, were living at palace.

In 1981 apartments 8 and 9 were combined to create

London residence of newly married Prince and Princess of
Wales, Charles and Diana, and it remained official residence of
Diana, Princess of Wales after her divorce until her death. Her
sons, Prince William and Prince Harry, went to local nursery and
pre-preparatory schools in Notting Hill, which is a short drive
away.

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nearest tubes are in Queensway, Bayswater, High Street Kensington, or (slightly

furr) Gloucester Road.
State Rooms are managed by charity Historic Royal Palaces. offices and private
accommodation areas of Palace remain responsibility of Royal Household and are maintained
by Royal Household Property Section.
It is a notable feature that since senior members of Royal family no longer reside at
palace, both state of art security systems and cameras and presence of armed or unarmed
metropolitan police officers are no longer utilized at palace. This was a decision to reinforce
reality that palace is open to public. main gate of palace is also now a major thoroughfare into
palace and its exhibitions and displays.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Bailety Brian, Romantic Ruins of England and Wales, Peerage Books, 1984

• Bely Lucien, English castles, Quest, 1985

• Chokebore, Petrel, Castles around world, New York, Olimpia 1991

• Cornmack Patrick, Castles of Britain, London, Artus Publishing, 1995

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