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Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University MECH 321 lecture 10/1 Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University MECH 321 lecture 10/2
• use standard sized bar specimens with • Primary function of Charpy test
a central notch • at high temperature, CVN for steel
• weighted pendulum released from a is relatively high but drops with Impact
height, h decrease in temperature Energy Transition Ductile fracture
• impacts the specimen behind the notch • at low temperature steel can be
(stress concentration) brittle
• fracture of specimen occurs and • the sudden drop in impact energy is
energy is absorbed the ductile-to-brittle transition
• the pendulum travels to point, h´, (DBT) Brittle fracture
where h´< h • steels should always be used above
• obtain the amount of absorbed energy their DBT Temperature
from scale
• ceramics and polymers also
– ………..….. and ……………. test experience DBT
method
• Aluminum and copper alloys show Al and Cu have FCC structure
………………
Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University MECH 321 lecture 10/3 Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University MECH 321 lecture 10/4
Ductile to Brittle Transition Behavior Ductile to Brittle Transition Behavior
Notch
• actual DBT is ………. to define, 9 Like tensile specimen, the fractured
surface of an impact specimen also
instead minimum requirement Fibrous zone
a
contains fibrous, radial (crystallization
of CVN = 20J (15ft.lb) is used
zone) and shear lip zones. Radial zone
a
• DBT changes with carbon 9 Fibrous zones occur during the process
content in steel of crack propagation in ……… materials. Shear lip zone
• Steels: 0.01-0.67%carbon 9 The proportions of fibrous zone, radial
A sketch of the appearance of fractured
zone and shear lip zone vary with temp.
surface of impact specimen after Charpy test
resulting in different test results.
Can use fracture surface
appearance to estimate the DBT
¾ When temp. drops to a certain value, the area of the fibrous zone ………..
and the area of crystallization zone …………. sharply. Î The fracture
Brittle, shiny, Fibrous, grey, behavior of the material transforms from ductile to brittle.
faceted, bright, dull, possibly
ridged. Sides ¾ Usually is determined (as the temp. at which the failure surface is 50% shiny)
flat overall, no
or little may be pulled as the area of crystallization zone accounts for 50% of whole fractured surface,
deformation in. Hinged. and it is denoted by FATT50 (Fracture Appearance Transition Temp.)
Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University MECH 321 lecture 10/5 Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University MECH 321 lecture 10/6
Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University MECH 321 lecture 10/7 Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University MECH 321 lecture 10/8
Metallurgical Factors Affecting TT Metallurgical Factors Affecting TT
Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University MECH 321 lecture 10/9 Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University MECH 321 lecture 10/10
Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University MECH 321 lecture 10/11 Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University MECH 321 lecture 10/12
Cyclic Stresses Fatigue Testing and S-N Curves
• Mean stress, σm is defined as:
σ max+σ min
σ =m
2
• range of stresses (σr) is the
difference between σmax and σmin:
σr = σ max −σ min
Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University MECH 321 lecture 10/13 Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University MECH 321 lecture 10/14
Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University MECH 321 lecture 10/15 Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University MECH 321 lecture 10/16
Types of Fatigue Low-Cycle Fatigue
low cycle fatigue
• high loads → short Nf (104-105 cycles)
• high stress environment with high
• This type of cycling is more likely in nuclear pressure-vessels, steam
design stress and small safety factor,
turbines, and similar components where repeated stresses are created
DS ≈ σys
by thermal fluctuations.
• scheduled inspection and maintenance
of parts (aircraft) • e.g If material is constrained and then heated, thermal stresses are
• most common cause of fatigue …… generated; If it is not constrained we have cyclic thermal strains (i.e.
…….. heating and cooling of vessels).
cracking and failure
high cycle fatigue - Fatigue results from cyclic stress: this is induced by the restraint of the
– low loads → long Nf (>105) dimensional expansion and/or contraction occurring due to varying the
temperature.
– typically involves low design
stresses, DS << σys
– less common cause of failure,
results from poor design or
environmental effects
Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University MECH 321 lecture 10/17 Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University MECH 321 lecture 10/18
Low-Cycle Fatigue
Δε p
= ε ′f (2 N )
C
Coffin-Mason relationship:
2
where Δεp/2 = plastic strain amplitude
εf’= fatigue ductility coefficient ≈ true strain at fracture, εf
C = fatigue ductility exponent
(-0.5 to -0.7 for most metals; lower C value = longer life)
Next time:
N = no. of cycles
2N = no. of strain reversals to failure
Continue Fatigue
(1 cycle is 2 reversals)
Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University MECH 321 lecture 10/19 Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University MECH 321 lecture 10/20