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Independent stress and rotation system design.
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INTROTION
Just as the name of this report, we are going to design an independent stress and
rotation system within axiom theory. Before the formal opening it is necessary give
Design is interplay between what we want to achieve and how we want to achieve it.
Therefore, a rigorous design approach must begin with an explicit statement of µµwhat
we want to achieve¶¶ and end with a clear description of µµhow we will achieve it.¶¶
requirements (FRs), that describe µµwhat we want to achieve¶¶ to satisfy the customers¶
needs. The descriptor of µµhow to achieve it¶¶ may be in the form of design parameters
5. Check the resulting design solution to see if it meets the original customer needs.
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Before the definition of axiom we should know that the design world consists of four
between µµwhat we want to achieve¶¶ and µµhow we choose to satisfy the need (i.e., the
The figure above is about four domains of the design world, in which CA represents
parameter and PV represents process variable. The {XX} are the characteristic vectors
of each domain. During the design process we go from the domain on the left to the
domain on the right. The process is iterative in the sense that the designer can go back
to the domain on the left based on the ideas generated in the right domain.
The mapping from the FRs to DPs is the µµproduct¶¶ design. Then, we may go to the
The mapping process between the domains can be expressed mathematically in terms
of the characteristic vectors that define the design goals and design solutions. FRs
constitutes the DP vector. The relationship between these two vectors can be written
as
The independence axiom maintains the independence of the FRs.
The information axiom minimizes the information content of the design.
are significantly improved when these axioms are satisfied. Conversely, design
axioms can be used to analyze why machines and processes are not working well and
to solve the problems by coming up with alternate designs. Obviously, we are going to
To satisfy the independence axiom, the design matrix must be either diagonal or
triangular. When the design matrix [A] is diagonal, each of the FRs can be satisfied
When the matrix is triangular, the independence of FRs can be guaranteed if and only
if the DPs are determined in a proper sequence. Such a design is called a decoupled
design. Any other form of the design matrix is called a full matrix and results in a
coupled design. Therefore, when several FRs must be satisfied, we must develop
designs that will enable us to create either a diagonal or a triangular design matrix.
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We want to develop an environmental station for the beam line at CLS (Canadian
Light Source), which can give required tensile stress and rotation to the specimen
displacements, and avoid any axial displacement of the geometric center of the
which is aimed to obtain images of the deformation process of the specimen; therefore,
this device will only offer rotation and stress tensile as a component of the image
testing system. The system will take 900 images by synchrotron radiation x-ray
imaging method at the CLS around 180 degree of the specimen by 0.2 degree step.
Then the rotation is stopped and the specimen will be pulled by 1mm by the lead
screw. After stopping the pulling again we will take 900 images around 180 degree of
the specimen by 0.2 degree step and so on«This device we are now proposing will
only offer rotation and stress tensile as a component of the image testing system.
The significance of this design is that we know every material goes under stress from
µ0¶ to its ultimate strength before failure and deformed. This is so much related to the
safety in using material which goes under stress in any environment. So, we have to
know the internal structure and the behavior of the material after deformation. For
doing these tasks we are taking images of the material specimen by passing
synchrotron radiation through the specimen at CLS and then analyzing the image
contrasts by software. But CLS beam line does not have any facility to give stress on
the specimen. It needs an environmental station for the beam line which can give
stress and rotation independently on the specimen. This project will open a new world
We will give tensile stress to the specimen by pulling it by using lead screw which
will be run by a high torque stepper motor. The force will be applied to the specimen
in both directions so that any axial displacement of the center of the specimen could
not occur. For doing this task the two halves of the lead screws will be threaded in
opposite directions (i.e. one half will be right handed and other half will be left
handed). The specimen will be rotated independently by another stepper motor so that
we can take the images from all directions. At all bearing supports thrust bearing will
be used so that all shafts could rotate freely under axial load.
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FR3 = Avoiding any axial displacement of the center of the specimen after deforming
it.
È 1 È 0 0 È 1
U 0 0
2 2
0 0 3
3
This is an uncoupled design and of course this is the best design at level of decision
making.
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DP11 = Attaching two ends of the specimen with two different plates.
DP12 = Attach two lead-screws with the two plates in such way that when lead-screw
È 11 È 0 È 11
U 12
12
DP121 = Making internal thread at specific location in the plate and meshing it with
the lead-screw.
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È È 0 È 121
0
121
122
122
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FR22 = Hold the specimen such that it can rotate smoothly under loading condition.
È 21 È 0 0 È 21
0 0
22 22
0 23
23
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DP31 = Using smooth guide ways for moving the end support.
DP32 = Making the thread in opposite direction (right handed and left handed) in the
each half of the lead screw and also in the meshing plates.
È 31 È 0 È 31
U0 32
32
As what seen above we finished the ADT (Axiomatic Design Theory) function
decomposition and there is a concrete design steps based on the decomposition in the
following parts.
Stress system
This is the top-slider. It slides on the guide ways with the help of two sliding holes. It
also has two holes with internal left hand threads which will mesh with the lead-screw
left handed threading part. In the center of the slider there is a hole for mounting the
specimen and space for mounting a thrust bearing which will hold the specimen
during experiment and ensure the smooth rotation of the specimen under loading
condition. The sliding and threading holes are located at the same distance from the
on the guide ways. Bushing is used along with the hole of the slider to increase the
surface contact area with the guide ways which decreases the tilting possibility of the
slider so that slider can move smoothly on the guide ways. The material of the
bushing has lower friction co-efficient so that it can slide smoothly on the guide ways.
This is the sliding part with rotational arrangement.
Guide ways is used to facilitate sliding mechanism of the top and bottom slider and
also support the whole system. The material of the guide ways is so chosen that it has
minimum frictional co-efficient so that slider can slide smoothly on the guide ways.
This is the lead-screw. Upper half of the lead-screw is threaded left handed which will
mesh with the internal thread of the top-slider and lower half is threaded right handed
which will mesh with the internal thread of the bottom slider. This is done for pulling
the specimen from both sides to avoid any axial displacement of the center of the
specimen.
This is the top support. It holds the guide ways and lead screw. At the lead-screw
conjunction there is a thrust bearing to support if there any axial load exerted by the
specimen. There are also small holes with internal thread to attach the left and right
support by using screws. Fastening by using screw is easier than other method but the
This is the bottom support of the system. It is totally similar to the top support.
This is left and right support of the system. It holds all of the weight of the top support
and motor which is mounted on the top support and also makes the system stable. It
has small holes with internal thread on the top and bottom side to mount it with the
Stepper motors provide very precise, extremely cost-effective motion control. The
2-phase motors inherently move in small, precise, 1.8 degree increments at 200 steps /
revolution and are brushless and maintenance free. Stepping action is simple to
control and does not require complicated, expensive feedback devices. uational
Instruments also offers encoders matched to the motors for applications where
different uational Electrical Manufacturers Association (uEMA) frame sizes and with
either a single or a dual shaft. The motors provide optimum performance and easy
connectivity when matched with the P7000 series stepper drives available from uI.
Àtepper Motor Drive
5 A continuous, 7.1 A peak current output, 20 to 75 V bus voltage
` Precision motion with encoder less stall detection, anti-resonance filtering, and
dynamic smoothing
` Ability to match with uI stepper motors and motion controllers for best performance
precision motion with micro stepping and anti-resonance filters for smooth motion
flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount
office machines, appliances, power tools, and toys. By reducing the size and cost
features:
ë central processing unit - ranging from small and simple 4-bit processors to
ë discrete input and output bits, allowing control or detection of the logic state of an
ë ROM, EPROM, EEPROM or Flash memory for program and operating parameter
storage
ë clock generator - often an oscillator for a quartz timing crystal, resonator or RC
circuit
This integration drastically reduces the number of chips and the amount of wiring
and circuit board space that would be needed to produce equivalent systems using
separate chips. Furthermore, and on low pin count devices in particular, each pin may
interface to several internal peripherals, with the pin function selected by software.
This allows a part to be used in a wider variety of applications than if pins had
dedicated functions.
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In our design we keep all the functional requirements independent to follow the
out easier solutions. We used Micro-controller for controlling the motor drive which
makes the design cost effective and less complex and lighter because micro-controller
has different controlling capability in a single small chip. We used Atmel ATtiny861
micro-controller and we use µC¶ programming language to make the commands and
give the required pulses to diver to drive the motor as the requirement.
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