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MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
ANALYSIS (MSA)
BY CHINTAMANI KULKARNI

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K A measurement system is a process by which
we assign a number to a characteristic of a
product / service.
A measurement system includes
 Standard

 Item of interest (Work piece)

 Measurement equipment (Instrument)

 Personnel / Procedure to use the equipment

 Environment under which to conduct the

measurement
 i.e. SWIPE

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K A wrong decision may
be taken whenever any
part of the
measurement
distribution overlaps a
specification limit.
K A ³Good´ part will
sometimes be called as
³Bad´ (type I error,
producer¶s risk or false
alarm)

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K A ³Bad´ part will
sometimes be called as
³Good´ (type II error,
consumer¶s risk or miss
rate)
K This is most risky as
Consumer will be
suffering as ³Bad´ part
will be delivered to him
as ³Good´ part.

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Measurement System Analysis (MSA)

K reals with analyzing the effect of the
Measurement system on the measured value
K Emphasis is on the effect due to equipment &
personnel
K We test the system to determine numerical
values of its statistical properties and
compare them to Accepted Standards

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Measurement system variation affects

K Individual measurements

K recisions based on data

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K Ëariation in measurements obtained with one

„
 „ „  when used
several times by one assessor while
measuring identical characteristic on same
part.

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K Reproducibility is variation in average of

measurements made by different assessors
using 
„ „
 „  when
measuring identical characteristic on same
part.

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K Stability (or drift) is total variation in

measurements obtained with a measurement
system on same master or parts when
measuring a single characteristic over an
extended time period.
(a time period is days, not hours)

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K rifference in bias values through expected

operating range of gage.

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K rifference between observed average of

measurements and 
  value.
Reference value, also known as accepted
reference value or master value, is a value
that serves as an agreed-upon reference for
measured values. A reference value can be
determined by averaging several
measurements with a higher level of
measuring equipment.

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Sr. Measurement MSA Elements of system Planned

No. System Type in

1 Thickness R&R Equipment ± Micrometer April

measurement 0.01 L.C. 2006
Component ± rial 2 +/-
0.08
Environmental conditions
± Ambient
Appraiser / Trial ± 3 / 2

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Gage R&R is conducted for

K Ëariable measurements

K Attribute measurements

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K Sample of Ten units are selected from

manufacturing process.
K Three assessors who usually do
measurements are selected to conduct study.
K Each part is measured Two / Three times at
random by three assessors and results are
collected & tabulated.
K Equipment variation & Appraiser variation is
calculated
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K Calculations R = 0.3417, n = 10, r = 3, Xdiff = 0.4446, Rp = 3.511
K Repeatability = Equipment variation (EË) = R * K1
K = 0.3417*0.5908 = 0.20188
K Reproducibility = Appraiser variation (AË) = Sq. root {(Xdiff * K2) ±
(EË*EË / nr)}
K = 0.22963
K n = parts, r = trials

Trials 2 3
K1 0.8862 0.5908
Appraisers 2 3
K2 0.7071 0.5231

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K Repeatability & Reproducibility (GRR) = Sq. root (EË*EË + AË*AË)
K GRR = 0.30375
K Part variation (PË) = Rp*K3 = 1.10456
K Total variation (TË) = Sq. root (GRR*GRR + PË*PË)
K = 1.14610
K % EË = 100 [EË / TË = 17.62 %
K % AË = 100 [AË / TË = 20.04 %
K % GRR = 100 [GRR / TË = 26.68 %
K % PË = 100 [PË / TË = 96.38 %

Parts 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

K3 0.7071 0.5231 0.4467 0.4030 0.3742 0.3534 0.3375 0.3249 0.3146

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K Select 20 parts
K Include some parts that are marginal on
upper & lower specification limits
K Select two / three assessors who regularly
use the gage as part of their daily work
K Take two / three measurements by each
assessor on each part at random

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If Repeatability is large compared to

Reproducibility
K The instrument needs maintenance

K The gage may need to be redesigned to be

more rigid
K The clamping or location for gaging needs to
be improved
K There is excess within part variation

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If Reproducibility is large compared to

Repeatability
K The Appraiser needs to be better trained in
how to use & read gage instrument
K Calibrations on the gage dial are not clear

K A fixture of some sort may be needed to help

the Appraiser use the gage more consistently

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K —btain sample & establish its reference value
relative to traceable standard, identify as master
sample for stability analysis
K If not possible select production part in mid range
of process / tolerance
K Measure master(s) three to five times (based on
knowledge of measurement system) at different
times of the day for a week
K Plot data on X bar & R chart
K Compare standard deviation for measurements
with process to determine suitability for the
application

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K —btain accepted reference value for part

K Use tool room or layout inspection equipment
K Measure same part minimum 10 times using
gage under evaluation
K Calculate average of readings
K Bias = observed average ± reference value
K % Bias = 100 [Bias / Process variation (or
tolerance)

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K Select 5-8 parts that can be measured at different

operating ranges of measurement system
K retermine reference value for each part using layout
inspection
K Use one appraiser to measure parts
K Take 10-12 repeated measurements on each part
K Calculate part¶s bias
K Bias = observed average ± reference value

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K Plot bias average against reference values

K Linearity represented by slope of best fit line
of these points
K Gage linearity index = Slope X Process
variation or Tolerance
K % Linearity = 100 [Linearity / Process
variation or Tolerance

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