PACIFIC EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

RESEARCH CENTER

PACIFIC EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Simulating the Inelastic Seismic Behavior of
Steel Braced Frames
Including the Effects of Low-Cycle Fatigue

Yuli Huang
and
Stephen A. Mahin

University of California, Berkeley

PEER 2010/104
APRIL 2010
 !"#$%&'"() '*+ ,(+%&-'". !+"-#". /+*&0"12
13 !'++% /2&.+4 52&#+-
,(.%$4"() '*+ 633+.'- 13 7189:;.%+ 5&'")$+

<$%" =$&()
!"#$%&'"(& )* +,-,. $(/ 0(-,%)('"(&$. 0(1,(""%,(1
2(,-"%3,&4 )* +$.,*)%(,$5 6"%7"."4

!'+>*+( ?@ A&*"(
!"#$%&'"(& )* +,-,. $(/ 0(-,%)('"(&$. 0(1,(""%,(1
2(,-"%3,&4 )* +$.,*)%(,$5 6"%7"."4

8009 9"#)%& :;<;=<;>

8$?,*,? 0$%&@AB$7" 0(1,(""%,(1 9"3"$%?@ +"(&"%
+).."1" )* 0(1,(""%,(1
2(,-"%3,&4 )* +$.,*)%(,$5 6"%7"."4
C#%,. :;<;
 ?/!BC?:B

!"#$ %&'(%) *&$+%#,&$ $#-./0)#(1$ (2 )"& #1&/0$)#+ $&#$-#+ ,&"03#(% (2 $)&&/ ,%0+&* 2%0-&$4 #1+/.*#15
)"& &22&+)$ (2 /(67+8+/& 20)#5.&9 :(% $)&&/ ,%0+&* 2%0-&$ .1*&% +(-'/&; /(0*#15 +(1*#)#(1$4 0 6#*&
30%#&)8 (2 ,&"03#(% -&+"01#$-$ 01* 20#/.%& -(*&$ -08 (++.% 2(% &0+" )8'& (2 -&-,&% 01* +(17
1&+)#(19 !".$4 1.-&%#+0/ -(*&/$ )"0) 0$$&$$ )"& #1#)#0)#(1 01* '%('050)#(1 (2 20#/.%& *.%#15 +8+/#+
/(0*#15 1&&* )( 0++(.1) 2(% -./)#70;#0/ $)0)&$ (2 -0)&%#0/ 1(1/#1&0%#)84 /(+0/ 01* 5/(,0/ ,.+</#154
01* )"& &;"0.$)#(1 (2 )"& 0,#/#)8 (2 )"& -0)&%#0/ )( *&2(%- #1&/0$)#+0//8 +0.$&* ,8 /(67+8+/& 20)#5.&9
:(//(6#15 0 %&3#&6 (2 &;#$)#15 -0)&%#0/ -(*&/$ 2(% $#-./0)#15 $)%.+).%0/ $)&&/ *&)&%#(%0)#(14
0 $&%#&$ (2 #13&$)#50)#(1$ 0%& +(1*.+)&* .$#15 2#1#)& &/&-&1) -(*&/#15 )&+"1#=.&$9 > 1&64 1.-&%#7
+0//8 &22#+#&1) +(1)#1..- *0-05& -&+"01#+$ -0)&%#0/ -(*&/ +0'0,/& (2 $#-./0)#15 #1&/0$)#+ ,&"037
#(% 01* *&)&%#(%0)#(1 (2 -&+"01#+0/ '%('&%)#&$ ,&+0.$& (2 /(67+8+/& 20)#5.& "0$ ,&&1 *&3#$&* 01*
#-'/&-&1)&* #1 0 2#1#)& &/&-&1) $(2)60%& ?@7ABC>9 D(-'.)0)#(10/ %&$./)$ (,)0#1&* 6#)" )"#$ 1&6
-0)&%#0/ -(*&/ +(%%&/0)& 6&// 6#)" )&$) %&$./)$ 2(% $&3&%0/ ,&0-7)(7+(/.-1 +(11&+)#(1$4 #1*#3#*.0/
,%0+&$4 01* ,%0+&* 2%0-& $.,0$$&-,/#&$9 E&+(--&1*0)#(1$ 2(% +"0%0+)&%#F#15 -0)&%#0/ '%('&%)#&$
2(% )"&$& )8'&$ (2 010/8$&$ 0%& *&3&/('&* 01* '%&$&1)&*9 > $&%#&$ (2 010/8$&$ 0%& '%&$&1)&* )"0)
&30/.0)& 01* %&2#1& $&3&%0/ %&=.#%&-&1)$ 2(% *&)0#/#15 01* 010/8F#15 $'&+#0/ +(1+&1)%#+0//8 ,%0+&*
$)&&/ 2%0-& ,.#/*#15$9

###
 ?:DEFG76HIA6EB!

!"& 6(%< '&%2(%-&* #1 )"#$ #13&$)#50)#(1 60$ 2.1*&* #1 '0%) ,8 )"& D(1$(%)#.- (2 G1#3&%$#)#&$ 2(%
E&$&0%+" #1 H0%)"=.0<& H15#1&&%#154 0$ '0%) (2 )"& DGEHH7I0J#-0 K(#1) E&$&0%+" L%(5%0- (1
H0%)"=.0<& H15#1&&%#159 !"& 0.)"(%$ 5%0)&2.//8 0+<1(6/&*5& )"& 2.1*#15 2(% )"#$ '%(J&+) 2%(- )"&
I0J#-0 D(%'(%0)#(14 K0'014 01* )"& /&0*&%$"#' (2 )"& K(#1) M3&%$#5") D(--#))&& #1 "&/'#15 *&2#1&
)"& *#%&+)#(1 01* $+('& (2 )"& %&$&0%+" &22(%)$ .1*&%)0<&19 :.1*#15 60$ 0/$( '%(3#*&* ,8 )"& C07
)#(10/ @+#&1+& :(.1*0)#(1 .1*&% N%01)$ DO@7PQPPQRS 01* DO@7PQTUTQT4 01* ,8 )"& G1#3&%$#)8
(2 D0/#2(%1#0 0) V&%<&/&8 )"%(.5" )"& V8%(1 01* H/3#%0 C#$"<#01 D"0#% L%(2&$$(%$"#' (2 @)%.+).%0/
H15#1&&%#159
!"& 0.)"(%$ 6#$" )( 0+<1(6/&*5& )"& +(//0,(%0)#(1 (2 A%9 B($"#<0F. @060-()( (2 I0J#-0
D(%'(%0)#(1 (1 )"#$ 6(%< )"%(.5" $"0%#15 (2 )&$) *0)04 '%(3#*#15 0*3#+&4 01* 2(% )"(%(.5"/8 %&3#&67
#15 )"& -(*&/$ 01* )"& %&$./)$ (,)0#1&*9 !"& 0$$#$)01+& (2 A%9 L0);# G%#F #1 '%(3#*#15 *0)0 (1 ,%0+&*
2%0-&$ 01* "&/'#15 #1)&%'%&) '%#(% )&$) %&$./)$ #$ 5%0)&2.//8 0+<1(6/&*5&*9 !"& 0.)"(%$ 0''%&+#0)&
)"& 0$$#$)01+& (2 A%9 K("1 W0//=.#$)4 A%9 ?&(10%* @+"6&%4 01* O%9 K#- A08 (2 ?#3&%-(%& @(2)60%&
!&+"1(/(58 D(%'(%0)#(19
!"& 2#1*#15$4 +(1+/.$#(1$4 01* (,$&%30)#(1$ +(1)0#1&* "&%&#1 0%& )"($& (2 )"& 0.)"(%$9 !"&8
*( 1() 1&+&$$0%#/8 %&'%&$&1) )"& '(/#+84 %&+(--&1*0)#(1$4 (% 2#1*#15$ (2 )"& D(1$(%)#.- (2 G1#7
3&%$#)#&$ 2(% E&$&0%+" #1 H0%)"=.0<& H15#1&&%#154 )"& I0J#-0 D(%'(%0)#(14 )"& C0)#(10/ @+#&1+&
:(.1*0)#(14 (% )"& G1#3&%$#)8 (2 D0/#2(%1#0 0) V&%<&/&89

#3
 :FEB6EB!

!"#$%!&$ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' (((

!&)*+,-./01.*$# ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' (2

$!"-. +3 &+*$.*$# ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 2

-4#$ +3 3405%.# ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' (6

-4#$ +3 $!"-.# ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 62

7 4*$%+/5&$4+* ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 7
T9T V0+<5%(.1* 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 T
T9R M,J&+)#3&$ 01* @+('& (2 E&$&0%+" 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 X

8 %.94., +3 .:4#$4*0 .:;.%41.*$!- 4*9.#$40!$4+*# ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' <
R9T Y13&$)#50)#(1$ (2 D(13&1)#(10/ V%0+&$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 U
R9R Y13&$)#50)#(1$ (2 N.$$&) L/0)&$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TR
R9Z Y13&$)#50)#(1$ (2 V%0+&* :%0-& @.,0$$&-,/#&$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TZ
R9[ Y13&$)#50)#(1$ (2 V&0-7D(/.-1 D(11&+)#(1$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TS
R9S D(1+/.*#15 E&-0%<$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TQ

= #$%5&$5%!- #$..- /.$.%4+%!$4+* ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 8>
Z9T L/0$)#+ V&"03#(% 01* O(*&/$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 RQ
Z9R A0-05& 01* :%0+).%& .1*&% O(1()(1#+ ?(0*#15 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 RU
Z9R9T ?(+0/ >''%(0+"&$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 RU
Z9R9R N/(,0/ >''%(0+"&$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ZP
Z9R9Z E&/0)#(1 ,&)6&&1 ?(+0/ 01* N/(,0/ >''%(0+"&$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ZT
Z9Z A0-05& 01* :%0+).%& .1*&% D8+/#+ ?(0*#15 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ZR
Z9Z9T O01$(17D(22#1 E./& 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ZR
Z9Z9R D(1)#1.(.$ A0-05& O(*&/$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ZZ
Z9Z9Z @#-'/& D(-'0%#$(1 (2 D(1)#1.(.$ A0-05& O(*&/$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ZS
Z9[ D(1+/.*#15 E&-0%<$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ZQ

? &@&-4& /!1!0. ;-!#$4&4$@ 1+/.- ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' =<

3
 [9T !"&(%8 (2 L/0$)#+#)8 01* A0-05& H3(/.)#(1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ZU
[9T9T @)%0#1 E0)& A&+(-'($#)#(1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ZU
[9T9R H/0$)#+ V&"03#(% 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ZU
[9T9Z L/0$)#+ V&"03#(% 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 [P
[9T9[ C(1/#1&0% Y$()%('#+\I#1&-0)#+ W0%*&1#15 O(*&/ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 [T
[9T9S A0-05& H3(/.)#(1 O(*&/ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 [T
[9R Y-'/&-&1)0)#(1 (2 )"& L/0$)#+#)8 O(*&/ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 [R
[9R9T V0+<60%* H./&% A#22&%&1+& @+"&-& 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 [R
[9R9R H/0$)#+7L/0$)#+ M'&%0)(% @'/#) 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 [R
[9R9Z D.))#157L/01& >/5(%#)"- 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 [Z
[9R9[ D/($&$)7L(#1) L%(J&+)#(1 >/5(%#)"- 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 [S
[9Z Y-'/&-&1)0)#(1 (2 )"& A0-05& O(*&/ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 [X
[9[ !#-&7Y1)&5%0)#(1 H;0-'/&$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 []
[9[9T Y1)&5%0)#(1 L%(+&*.%& 2(% V%#+< H/&-&1)$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 []
[9[9R Y1)&5%0)#(1 L%(+&*.%& 2(% @"&// H/&-&1)$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 SP
[9S D(1+/.*#15 E&-0%<$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 SP

> &!-4"%!$4+*A 9!-4/!$4+*A !*/ !;;-4&!$4+* ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' >7
S9T O0)&%#0/ D0/#,%0)#(1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ST
S9T9T D0/#,%0)#(1 G$#15 O(1()(1#+ A0)0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ST
S9T9R D0/#,%0)#(1 G$#15 D8+/#+ A0)0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 SR
S9R ^0/#*0)#(1 01* >''/#+0)#(1 )( D(-'(1&1)$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 Q[
S9R9T @#15/& V%0+& 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 QS
S9R9R @#15/& V&0-7D(/.-1 D(11&+)#(1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 X[
S9Z ^0/#*0)#(1 01* >''/#+0)#(1 )( @.,0$$&-,/#&$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ]R
S9Z9T @.,0$$&-,/8 @.,J&+)&* )( _.0$#7@)0)#+ ?(0*#15 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ]R
S9Z9R @.,0$$&-,/8 @.,J&+)&* )( A810-#+ ?(0*#15 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ]S
S9[ D(1+/.*#15 E&-0%<$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ]S

B #$5/4.# +3 #$..- "%!&./ 3%!1. ".C!94+% ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' D<
Q9T V%0+& L%('(%)#(1$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 UT
Q9R D(11&+)#(1 A&)0#/$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TTP

3#
 Q9Z ?0)&%0/ V%0+#15 2(% V&0-$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TT]
Q9[ H$)#-0)& (2 Y1)&%$)(%8 A%#2) A&-01*$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TR[
Q9S D(1+/.*#15 E&-0%<$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TR]

E &+*&-5#4+*# ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 7==

%.3.%.*&.# ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 7=>

!;;.*/4: !F !;;-@4*0 ;%+;+%$4+*!- -+!/# 5#4*0 &+*#$%!4*$# ' ' ' ' ' !'7
>9T Y1)%(*.+)#(1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 >9T
>9R H;'&%#-&1)$ 6#)" L%('(%)#(10/ ?(0*#15 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 >9R
>9Z C.-&%#+0/ L%('(%)#(10/ ?(0*#15 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 >9[
>9[ ?#1&0% H;0-'/& 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 >9Q
>9S C(1/#1&0% @(2)&1#15 H;0-'/&$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 >9X
>9S9T C(1/#1&0% @'%#15$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 >9]
>9S9R V#0;#0/ !&1$#(1 (2 0 @"&// H/&-&1) 6#)" C(1/#1&0% O0)&%#0/ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 >9TP
>9Q L%0+)#+0/ H;0-'/& 2(% L.$"(3&% >10/8$#$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 >9TT
>9X > @'&+#0/ D0$& 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 >9T[
>9] D(1+/.*#15 E&-0%<$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 >9TS

!;;.*/4: "F /4#&5##4+* +* 4*#$!"4-4$@ +3 *.,1!%) 4*$.0%!$+% ' ' ' "'7
V9T Y1)%(*.+)#(1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 V9T
V9R ?#1&0% @)0,#/#)8 >10/8$#$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 V9T
V9Z A&-(1$)%0)#(1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 V9Z
V9[ A#$+.$$#(1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 V9[
V9[9T @(.%+& (2 Y1#)#0/ C.-&%#+0/ H%%(% 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 V9[
V9[9R M)"&% ^0/.&$ (2 L0%0-&)&% β 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 V9S
V9S D(1+/.*#15 E&-0%<$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 V9S

3##
 7,!B F5 5,IJC6!

T9T @+"&-0)#+ $)&&/ ,.#/*#15 +(-'%#$#15 ,%0+&* 01* -(-&1)7%&$#$)#15 2%0-&$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 S

R9T H;'&%#-&1)0/ $&).' 2(% +(13&1)#(10/ ,%0+& )&$) `B015 01* O0"#14 RPPSa 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TX
R9R N.$$&) '/0)& *0-05& `E(&*&% !" #$%& RPPQa 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 T]
R9Z !&$) $&).' 2(% @DV: `G%#F4 RPPSa 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TU
R9[ !0%5&) %((2 *#$'/0+&-&1) "#$)(%8 (2 @DV: )&$) `G%#F4 RPPSa 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TU
R9S V%0+& ,.+</#15 `G%#F4 RPPSa 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 RP
R9Q V%0+& 20#/.%& `G%#F4 RPPSa 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 RT
R9X V&0-7+(/.-1 +(11&+)#(1 20#/.%& `G%#F4 RPPSa 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 RR
R9] V0$& $"&0% 3&%$.$ %((2 /0)&%0/ *#$'/0+&-&1) `G%#F4 RPPSa 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 RR
R9U !&$) $&).' 2(% VbTP ,&0-7+(/.-1 +(11&+)#(1 `!010<0 !" #$%& RPPPa 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 RZ
R9TP !&$) $&).' 2(% C[ ,&0-7+(/.-1 +(11&+)#(1 `@.#)0 !" #$%& RPPPa 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 RZ

Z9T ^(#* 0++.-./0)#(1 #1 0 )&1$#/& $'&+#-&1 `L.))#+<4 TUSUa 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 RX

Z9R ^(#* 1.+/&0)#(14 5%(6)"4 01* +(0/&$+&1+& #1 *.+)#/& -&)0/$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 RX
Z9Z C(1/#1&0% V0.$+"#15&% &22&+) 01* +8+/#+ "0%*&1#15 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 R]
Z9[ E0)+"&)#15 .1*&% 0$8--&)%#+ $)%&$$ "#$)(%8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 R]
Z9S H=.#30/&1) '/0$)#+ $)%0#1 )( 20#/.%& 3&%$.$ $)%&$$ )%#0;#0/#)8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ZT
Z9Q A0-05& &3(/.)#(1 (2 D^NO -(*&/ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ZX
Z9X A0-05& &3(/.)#(1 (2 DAO -(*&/ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ZX
Z9] O01$(17D(22#1 '/() (2 D^NO -(*&/ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 Z]
Z9U O01$(17D(22#1 '/() (2 DAO -(*&/ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 Z]

S9T Y//.$)%0)#(1 (2 <#1&-0)#+ "0%*&1#15 '0%0-&)&%$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 SR

S9R H;'&%#-&1)0/ 3&%$.$ 1.-&%#+0/ %&$./)$ `@O[UP +8+/#+ )&$) Ta 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 SS
S9Z H;'&%#-&1)0/ 3&%$.$ 1.-&%#+0/ %&$./)$ `@O[UP +8+/#+ )&$) Ra 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 SQ
S9[ H;'&%#-&1)0/ 3&%$.$ 1.-&%#+0/ %&$./)$ `@O[UP +8+/#+ )&$) Za 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 SX
S9S H;'&%#-&1)0/ 3&%$.$ 1.-&%#+0/ %&$./)$ `@O[UP +8+/#+ )&$) [a 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 S]

#;
S9Q H;'&%#-&1)0/ 3&%$.$ 1.-&%#+0/ %&$./)$ `@@[[P +8+/#+ )&$) Ta 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 SU
S9X H;'&%#-&1)0/ 3&%$.$ 1.-&%#+0/ %&$./)$ `@@[[P +8+/#+ )&$) Ra 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 QP
S9] H;'&%#-&1)0/ 3&%$.$ 1.-&%#+0/ %&$./)$ `@@[[P +8+/#+ )&$) Za 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 QT
S9U H;'&%#-&1)0/ 3&%$.$ 1.-&%#+0/ %&$./)$ `@@[[P +8+/#+ )&$) [a 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 QR
S9TP H;'&%#-&1)0/ 3&%$.$ 1.-&%#+0/ %&$./)$ `-(1()(1#+ /(0*#15a 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 QZ
S9TT N/(,0/ ,.+</#15 (2 ,%0+& $'&+#-&1 S `02)&% B015 01* O0"#14 RPPSa 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 QX
S9TR ?(+0/ ,.+</#15 (2 ,%0+& $'&+#-&1 S `02)&% B015 01* O0"#14 RPPSa 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 QX
S9TZ D%0+< #1#)#0)#(1 (2 ,%0+& $'&+#-&1 S `02)&% B015 01* O0"#14 RPPSa 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 Q]
S9T[ D%0+< '%('050)#(1 (2 ,%0+& $'&+#-&1 S `02)&% B015 01* O0"#14 RPPSa 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 Q]
S9TS W8$)&%&$#$ /(('$ (2 ,%0+& $'&+#-&1 S `02)&% B015 01* O0"#14 RPPSa 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 QU
S9TQ W8$)&%&$#$ /(('$ (2 ,%0+& $'&+#-&1 X `02)&% B015 01* O0"#14 RPPSa 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 XP
S9TX W8$)&%&$#$ /(('$ (2 ,%0+& $'&+#-&1 ] `02)&% B015 01* O0"#14 RPPSa 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 XT
S9T] L&0< /(0*$ (2 ,%0+& $'&+#-&1 S `02)&% B015 01* O0"#14 RPPSa 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 XR
S9TU L&0< /(0*$ (2 ,%0+& $'&+#-&1 X `02)&% B015 01* O0"#14 RPPSa 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 XR
S9RP L&0< /(0*$ (2 ,%0+& $'&+#-&1 ] `02)&% B015 01* O0"#14 RPPSa 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 XZ
S9RT H3(/.)#(1 01* -&$" $&1$#)#3#)8 (2 '/0$)#+ $)%0#1 `$"&// )"#+<1&$$ ta 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 XZ
S9RR :#1#)& &/&-&1) -(*&/#15 (2 VbTP $'&+#-&1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 XS
S9RZ W8$)&%&)#+ /((' (2 VbTP $'&+#-&1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 XS
S9R[ VbTP ,&"03#(% +(-'0%#$(1 T 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 XQ
S9RS VbTP ,&"03#(% +(-'0%#$(1 R 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 XX
S9RQ VbTP ,&"03#(% +(-'0%#$(1 Z 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 X]
S9RX :#1#)& &/&-&1) -(*&/#15 (2 C[ $'&+#-&1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ]P
S9R] W8$)&%&)#+ /((' (2 C[ $'&+#-&1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ]P
S9RU L%&*#+)&* /(+0/ ,.+</#15 01* *0-05& 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ]T
S9ZP L%&*#+)&* 2%0+).%& #1 )(' 2/015& 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ]T
S9ZT A0-05& 01* 2%0+).%& (2 ,%0+& 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ]Z
S9ZR A0-05& 01* 2%0+).%& (2 ,&0-7+(/.-1 +(11&+)#(1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ]Z
S9ZZ H;'&%#-&1)0/ %&$./) 2(% ,%0+&* 2%0-& 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ][
S9Z[ C.-&%#+0/ %&$./) 2(% ,%0+&* 2%0-& 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ][
S9ZS @.,0$$&-,/8 -(*&/ 01* 5%(.1* -()#(1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ]Q

;
S9ZQ :0#/.%& -(*& 0) )#-& t c TZ9] $&+4 5/(,0/ 3#&6 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ]Q
S9ZX :0#/.%& -(*& 0) )#-& t c TZ9] $&+4 /(+0/ 3#&6 T 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ]X
S9Z] :0#/.%& -(*& 0) )#-& t c TZ9] $&+4 /(+0/ 3#&6 R 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ]X
S9ZU V0$& $"&0% 3&%$.$ 2#%$)7$)(%8 *%#2) 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ]]
S9[P :#%$)7$)(%8 *%#2) )#-& "#$)(%8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ]]

Q9T A&2(%-0)#(1 "#$)(%8 2(% %&2&%&1+& ,%0+& 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TPP

Q9R Y1)&%$)(%8 *%#2) %0)#($ )( 20#/.%& 3&%$.$ 6#*)"7)"#+<1&$$ %0)#($ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TPP
Q9Z Y12/.&1+& (2 6#*)"7)"#+<1&$$ %0)#($ b/t `KL/r = 51a 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TPT
Q9[ Y12/.&1+& (2 $/&1*&%1&$$ %0)#( KL/r `b/t = 14.2a 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TPR
Q9S Y12/.&1+& (2 1.-,&% (2 +8+/&$ '&% *&2(%-0)#(1 /&3&/ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TPZ
Q9Q Y12/.&1+& (2 )&1$#(1\+(-'%&$$#(1 0$8--&)%8 %0)#( 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TP[
Q9X A&2(%-0)#(1 "#$)(%#&$ `!%&-,/08 01* V(.0)084 RPPRa 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TPS
Q9] D%#)#+0/ 6#*)"7)"#+<1&$$ %0)#($ b/t 2(% &0$) +%.$)0/ &3&1)$ 0) *#$)01+& 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TPQ
Q9U D%#)#+0/ 6#*)"7)"#+<1&$$ %0)#($ b/t 2(% 6&$) +%.$)0/ &3&1)$ 0) *#$)01+& 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TPX
Q9TP D%#)#+0/ 6#*)"7)"#+<1&$$ %0)#($ b/t 2(% 6&$) 1&0%72#&/* &3&1)$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TP]
Q9TT D%#)#+0/ 6#*)"7)"#+<1&$$ %0)#($ b/t 2(% 6&$) $.,*.+)#(1 &3&1)$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TPU
Q9TR A0-05& &3(/.)#(1 2(% *#22&%&1) $)%&15)"&1#15 -&)"(*$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TTR
Q9TZ A&)0#/$ (2 +(/.-1d %&2&%&1+& 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TTZ
Q9T[ A&)0#/$ (2 +(/.-1d %&*.+&* *&')" 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TTZ
Q9TS A&)0#/$ (2 +(/.-1d )"#+<&1&* 6&, 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TT[
Q9TQ A&)0#/$ (2 +(/.-1d )"#+<&1&* 2/015& 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TT[
Q9TX A&)0#/$ (2 %&#12(%+&-&1)d %&2&%&1+& 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TTS
Q9T] A&)0#/$ (2 %&#12(%+&-&1)d $)#22&1&% 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TTS
Q9TU A&)0#/$ (2 %&#12(%+&-&1)d %&#12(%+#15 '/0)&$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TTQ
Q9RP A&)0#/$ (2 %&#12(%+&-&1)d !7$"&0% )0, 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TTQ
Q9RT A&)0#/$ (2 %&#12(%+&-&1)d 6&/*&* 2/015&$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TTX
Q9RR A&)0#/$ (2 %&#12(%+&-&1)d $)#22&1&% 01* 6&/*&* 2/015&$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TTX
Q9RZ @+"&-0)#+$ (2 )6( /0)&%0/ ,%0+#15 +(12#5.%0)#(1$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TRP
Q9R[ D(-'0%#$(1 (2 2#%$)7$)(%8 "8$)&%&)#+ /(('$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TRP

;#
Q9RS A0-05& -(*&$ 2(% *%#2) )( )"& %#5") 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TRT
Q9RQ A0-05& -(*&$ 2(% *%#2) )( )"& /&2) 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TRR
Q9RX A&)0#/ .$&* )( #1*.+& #17'/01& ,.+</#15 (2 ,%0+&$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TRZ
Q9R] >10/8$#$ %&$./) (2 #17'/01& ,.+</#15 (2 ,%0+&$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TRZ
Q9RU O(*&/ ,.#/*#15 2/((% '/01 01* ,%0+&* 2%0-& &/&30)#(1$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TRS
Q9ZP :#1#)& &/&-&1) -(*&/ 01* %&2#1&* %&5#(1$ (2 )"& ,.#/*#15 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TRS
Q9ZT D(13&%$#(1 )( n)"7-(*& @A: $8$)&- 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TRQ
Q9ZR O(1()(1#+ 01* +8+/#+ '.$"(3&% +.%3&$ 2(% O(*& T 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TRU
Q9ZZ Y1)&%$)(%8 *%#2)$ ,8 &/0$)#+ $'&+)%0/ 01* %&$'(1$& "#$)(%8 010/8$#$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TZP
Q9Z[ Y1)&%$)(%8 *%#2)$ ,8 -(*0/ '.$"(3&% 01* %&$'(1$& "#$)(%8 010/8$#$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TZT

>9T b"#22/&7!%&& /(0* $8$)&- `W0%%#$ 01* O.$<#3#)+"4 TU]Pa 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 >9Z

>9R >%)#+./0)&* $8$)&- (2 )"& b"#22/&7!%&& 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 >9[
>9Z Y1)&%'(/0)#(1 %&/0)#(1 2(% *#$'/0+&-&1)$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 >9S
>9[ > /#1&0% &;0-'/& 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 >9Q
>9S C(1/#1&0% $'%#15$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 >9]
>9Q ?(0* 3&%$.$ *#$'/0+&-&1) 2(% 1(1/#1&0% $'%#15$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 >9U
>9X A#$'/0+&-&1) "#$)(%#&$ (2 1(1/#1&0% $'%#15$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 >9U
>9] ?(0* "#$)(%#&$ (2 1(1/#1&0% $'%#15$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 >9TP
>9U V#0;#0/ )&1$#(1 (2 0 $"&// &/&-&1) 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 >9TT
>9TP @)%0#1 "#$)(%#&$ (2 1(1/#1&0% -0)&%#0/ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 >9TR
>9TT @)%&$$ "#$)(%#&$ (2 1(1/#1&0% -0)&%#0/ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 >9TR
>9TR L.$"(3&% 010/8$#$ -(*&/ (2 ,%0+&* 2%0-& 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 >9TZ
>9TZ @)(%8 $"&0%$ 3&%$.$ %((2 *#$'/0+&-&1) (2 ,%0+&* 2%0-& 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 >9TZ
>9T[ > )6(7$'%#15 $8$)&- 01* 0 e*.--8f $'%#15 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 >9TS

V9T @8$)&- 2(% *&-(1$)%0)#(1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 V9Z

V9R >++&/&%0)#(1$ 0) C(*& R `.1*0-'&*4 γ = 1/24 β = 1/4a 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 V9Q
V9Z >++&/&%0)#(1$ 0) C(*& Z `.1*0-'&*4 γ = 1/24 β = 1/4a 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 V9X
V9[ >++&/&%0)#(1$ 0) C(*& R `*0-'&*4 γ = 1/24 β = 1/4a 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 V9]
V9S >++&/&%0)#(1$ 0) C(*& Z `*0-'&*4 γ = 1/24 β = 1/4a 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 V9U

;##
V9Q >++&/&%0)#(1$ 0) C(*& R `γ = 1/24 β = 1/4 + 0.01a 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 V9TP
V9X >++&/&%0)#(1$ 0) C(*& Z `γ = 1/24 β = 1/4 + 0.01a 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 V9TT

;###
 7,!B F5 B?/76!

Z9T L%&*#+)#(1$ (2 20#/.%& 2(% 01 #*&0/ O01$(17D(22#1 &;'&%#-&1) 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ZQ

Q9T C.-&%#+0/ &;'&%#-&1) -0)%#; 2(% ,%0+& '%('(%)#(1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 UU

Q9R C.-&%#+0/ %&$./)$ (2 e'0$$ (% 20#/f )8'& /(0*#15 "#$)(%#&$ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 UU
Q9Z H/0$)#+ -(*0/ '%('&%)#&$ (2 )"& )"%&&7$)(%8 @DV: $.,0$$&-,/8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TR]

;3
K ,('214$.'"1(

7'7 "!&)0%+5*/

H15#1&&%$ 2%&=.&1)/8 .$& 30%#(.$ )8'&$ (2 +(-'.)&% 010/8$#$ )( 0$$&$$ )"& $02&)8 (2 &15#1&&%&*
$)%.+).%&$9 @#-'/#2#&* 010/8$#$ -&)"(*$ 0%& (2)&1 &-'/(8&* #1 )"& *&$#51 (2 $)01*0%* $)%.+).%&$9
O(*&/#15 5.#*&/#1&$ 01* 0++&')01+& +%#)&%#0 .$&* #1 +(1J.1+)#(1 6#)" $.+" $#-'/#2#&* -&)"(*$ 0%&
#1)&1*&* )( '%(3#*& 0++&')0,/& +(1$&%30)#$- %&/0)#3& )( )"& $02&)8 01* $&%3#+&0,#/#)8 (2 )"& $)%.+).%&9
Y1 $(-& +0$&$4 "(6&3&%4 -(%& %&2#1&* 010/8$#$ -&)"(*$ 0%& %&=.#%&*9 @.+" %&2#1&* 010/8$#$ #$ .$&*
#1 $#).0)#(1$ 6"&%&d

T9 H;#$)#15 $)%.+).%&$ 0%& )( ,& &30/.0)&* 2(% /(0*#15 (% &13#%(1-&1)0/ +(1*#)#(1$ -(%& $&3&%&
)"01 #1#)#0//8 +(1$#*&%&* #1 *&$#519 @#-'/#2#&* 010/8$#$ -&)"(*$ 1() *#%&+)/8 %&/0)&* )( )"&
&;'&+)&* ,&"03#(% (2 0$7,.#/) $)%.+).%0/ &/&-&1)$ -08 1() ,& 0,/& )( =.01)#28 0*&=.0)&/8 )"&
)%.& +0'0,#/#)8 (2 0 $)%.+).%& )( 6#)"$)01* -(%& $&3&%& /(0*#15 +(1*#)#(1$4 %0#$#15 =.&$)#(1$
%&50%*#15 )"& 1&&* )( %&)%(2#) (% .'5%0*& 0 $)%.+).%& 2(% )"& 1&6 +%#)&%#09

R9 >1 &;#$)#15 $)%.+).%& #$ )( ,& 0%+"#)&+).%0//8 (% 2.1+)#(10//8 %&-(*&/&*4 %&=.#%#15 %&-(30/

(% $"#2)#15 (2 $)%.+).%0/ -&-,&%$4 +"015#15 )"& (3&%0// $#F& (2 )"& ,.#/*#154 (% 0/)&%#15 )"&
)8'& 01* +(12#5.%0)#(1 (2 )"& $)%.+).%0/ $8$)&-9

Z9 C&6 $)%.+).%0/ $8$)&-$ &-'/(8 .1.$.0/ 2&0).%&$4 *&)0#/$4 (% +(12#5.%0)#(1$ 6"&%& $#-'/#2#&*
010/8$#$ -&)"(*$ -08 1() ,& 0*&=.0)& (% 6"&%& )"& #1+(%'(%0)#(1 (2 )"&$& 1&6 $)%.+).%0/
&/&-&1)$ #1)%(*.+& $#51#2#+01) .1+&%)0#1)#&$ %&50%*#15 )"& 0*&=.0+8 (2 )"& '%('($&* *&$#519
O(*&%1 0%+"#)&+).%& (2)&1 *(&$ 1() +(12(%- )( '0$) '%0+)#+&$ %&50%*#15 5%03#)8 01* /0)&%0/
/(0* %&$#$)#15 $8$)&-$ 01* )&1*$ )( #1+(%'(%0)& .1.$.0/ *&)0#/$ (% -&-,&% '%('(%)#(1$9

[9 > '%&+#$& &30/.0)#(1 (2 )"& $02&)8 (% '&%2(%-01+& (2 0 $)%.+).%& #$ %&=.#%&* 2(% "8'()"&)#+0/
-017-0*& (% 10).%0/ "0F0%*$9 !(*084 30%#(.$ $)0<&"(/*&%$ `(61&%$4 (++.'01)$4 5(3&%1-&1)
 (22#+#0/$4 #1$.%01+& +(-'01#&$4 2#101+#0/ #1$)#).)#(1$a 0%& %&=.&$)#15 0$$&$$-&1) (2 )"& $02&)8
01* )"& '%(,0,/& /($$&$ )"0) -#5") (++.% 0$ 0 %&$./) (2 0 30%#&)8 (2 10).%0/ 01* -017-0*&
"0F0%*$9

Y1 +0$&$ $.+" 0$ )"&$&4 +(--(1/8 .$&* $#-'/#2#&* 010/8$#$ -&)"(*$ -08 1() ,& 0,/& )(
5#3& 0 )%.& '#+).%& (2 0+).0/ *0-05& (% /($$&$9 !".$4 0 -(%& +(-'/&; 010/8$#$ #$ 1&&*&* )"0) +01
$#-./0)& )"& 30%#(.$ ,&"03#(% -(*&$ )"0) +01 (++.% 0) )"& &/&-&1) 01* $)%.+).%0/ /&3&/ 01* )%0+< )"&
&3(/.)#(1 (2 *0-05& 2%(- (1$&) )( &3&1).0/ -&-,&% 01* $)%.+).%0/ 20#/.%&9 V&+0.$& $&3&%0/ -(*&$
(2 ,&"03#(% +01 '()&1)#0//8 (++.% #1 0// -&-,&%$ 01* +(11&+)#(1$4 )"& -(*&/$ -.$) $#-./0)& )( 0
20#% *&5%&& (2 0++.%0+8 )"($& -(*&$4 01* +(%%&+)/8 #*&1)#28 )"($& -(*&$ )"0) +(1)%(/ ,&"03#(% 01*
./)#-0)& 20#/.%&9
>/)"(.5" )"#$ 6(%< 2(+.$&$ (1 )"& ,&"03#(% (2 +(-'(1&1)$4 #) #$ %&+(51#F&* )"0) )"& /(+0/
20#/.%& (2 0 '0%) (2 (1& -&-,&% -08 1() /&0* )( )"& /($$ (2 $)%.+).%0/ #1)&5%#)8 (2 )"0) -&-,&% (%
(2 )"& $)%.+).%& 0$ 0 6"(/&9 b"&%& +(//0'$& *(&$ (++.%4 #) -08 #13(/3& (1& (% $&3&%0/ /(+0/ %&5#(1$
(2 )"& $)%.+).%&9 Y1 $(-& +0$&$4 )"& 20#/.%& (2 (1& &/&-&1) -08 ,& +%#)#+0/ )( )"& (3&%0// $)0,#/#)8 (2
)"& $)%.+).%&9 !"& +(-'/&)& $)%.+).%&4 (% 0 $.,$)01)#0/ '(%)#(1 (2 )"& $)%.+).%& 0,(3& `01* ,&/(6a
)"& &/&-&1) (% %&5#(1 )"0) #1#)#0//8 20#/$4 -08 +(//0'$&9 @#).0)#(1$ 6"&%& 0 /(+0/ 20#/.%& /&0*$ )(
*#$'%('(%)#(10)& *0-05& (% +(//0'$& (2 /0%5& '(%)#(1$ (2 0 $)%.+).%& 0%& <1(61 0$ e'%(5%&$$#3&
+(//0'$&9f
L%&*#+)#15 )"& (1$&) (2 *0-05& 6#)"#1 0 /0%5& 01* +(-'/&; $)%.+).%&4 01* )"& +(1$&=.&1+&
(2 $.+" /(+0/ *0-05& (1 ()"&% &/&-&1)$ 01* )"& $)%.+).%& 0$ 0 6"(/&4 %&=.#%&$ 010/8)#+0/ -(*&/$ )"0)
$#-./0)& )( 0 20#% *&5%&& (2 0++.%0+8 )"& ,&"03#(% (2 $)%.+).%0/ &/&-&1)$ 01* $8$)&-$ .1*&%5(#15
/0%5& #1&/0$)#+ *&2(%-0)#(1$9 >$ $.+"4 030#/0,/& 010/8$#$ '%(+&*.%&$ 01* -(*&/$ 6#// ,& %&3#&6&*
01* &30/.0)&* )( 0$$&$$ )"&#% 0,#/#)8 )( '%&*#+) )"& ,&"03#(% 01* 20#/.%& (2 &/&-&1)$ 01* $)%.+).%0/
$8$)&-$9
:(% $)%.+).%&$ $.,J&+)&* )( &0%)"=.0<&$4 -0)&%#0/ -(*&/$ 1&&* )( 0++(.1) 2(% +8+/#+ '/0$7
)#+#)84 #1+/.*#15 *&)&%#(%0)#(1 01* &3&1).0/ 20#/.%& ,&+0.$& (2 /(67+8+/& 20)#5.&9 !"& *&)&%#(%0)#(1
(2 0 -&-,&% -08 0/)&% 1() (1/8 )"& *#$)%#,.)#(1 (2 2(%+&$ 01* *0-05& 6#)"#1 0 $)%.+).%0/ $8$)&-4
,.) 0/$( )"& %&$'(1$& "#$)(%89 V&+0.$& %&$'(1$& "#$)(%8 #12/.&1+&$ )"& *&5%&& (2 *&)&%#(%0)#(14 0+7
+.%0)& -0)&%#0/ 01* +(-'(1&1) -(*&/$ )"0) '%&*#+) )"& %&$'(1$& (2 $)%.+).%&$ $.,J&+)&* )( $&3&%&
&0%)"=.0<& $"0<#15 (% ()"&% )%01$#&1) *810-#+ &;+#)0)#(1$ 0%& +%#)#+0/9

R
 Y1 $&#$-#+7%&$#$)01) *&$#514 &=.#30/&1) $)0)#+ (% *810-#+ 010/8$#$ ,0$&* (1 &/0$)#+ %&'%&7
$&1)0)#(1$ (2 -&-,&% '%('&%)#&$ 0%& +(--(1/8 &-'/(8&*4 &3&1 )"(.5" $#51#2#+01) #1&/0$)#+ 0+)#(1
#$ &;'&+)&*9 H15#1&&%$ 0%& #1+%&0$#15/8 #1)&%&$)&* #1 '%&*#+)#15 #1&/0$)#+ %&$'(1$& .$#15 1(1/#1&0%
$)0)#+ (% 1(1/#1&0% *810-#+ 010/8$#$ '%(+&*.%&$9 :(% 1(1/#1&0% $)0)#+ -&)"(*$4 0 %&0/#$)#+ $)%.+).%0/
-(*&/ #$ $.,J&+)&* )( 0 2#;&* *#$)%#,.)#(1 (2 /0)&%0/ 2(%+&$4 6"#+" -(1()(1#+0//8 #1+%&0$& #1 #1)&1$#)8
6#)" )#-&9 @.+" $)0)#+ #1&/0$)#+ e'.$"(3&%f 010/8$&$4 20#%/8 +(--(1 #1 *&$#51 '%0+)#+&4 '%(3#*& 0
*&$#51 &15#1&&% 6#)" 0 5&1&%0/ #1*#+0)#(1 (2 )"& *#$)%#,.)#(1 (2 #1&/0$)#+ *&2(%-0)#(1$ `01* #1)&%10/
2(%+&$a 6#)"#1 )"& $)%.+).%&4 )"& 5/(,0/ /(0* +0'0+#)8 (2 )"& $)%.+).%&4 01* )"& /0)&%0/ *#$'/0+&-&1)
0) 6"#+" +&%)0#1 <&8 &3&1)$ (++.% `#1#)#0/ 8#&/*#154 #1#)#0)#(1 (2 -&-,&% 20#/.%&4 /($$ (2 5/(,0/ $)07
,#/#)84 !"'%a9 C(1/#1&0% *810-#+ )#-& "#$)(%8 010/8$#$ 0%& +(-'.)0)#(10//8 -(%& *&-01*#154 ,.)
'%(3#*& 0 -(%& %&0/#$)#+ '%&*#+)#(1 (2 )"& %&$'(1$& =.01)#)#&$ (2 #1)&%&$)9
C(1/#1&0% )#-& "#$)(%8 010/8$#$ (2 $)%.+).%&$ *.%#15 *&$#51 .$.0//8 0$$.-& #*&0/ *.+)#/&
-&-,&% ,&"03#(%9 !"& +(-'.)&% -(*&/ &$)#-0)&$ 5/(,0/ %&$'(1$& =.01)#)#&$ `#1)&%$)(%8 *%#2)4 $)(%8
$"&0%$4 !"'%a 01* /(+0//8 %&=.#%&* '/0$)#+ *&2(%-0)#(1 *&-01*$ `'/0$)#+ "#15& %()0)#(1$4 '/0$)#+
$)%0#1$4 !"'%a ,0$&* (1 #*&0/ *.+)#/& ,&"03#(%9 >/)"(.5" )"#$ 0$$.-')#(1 #$ =.#)& ,%(0*4 #) #$ 5&1&%0//8
0++&')&* ,&+0.$& )"& &/&-&1)$ 01* +(11&+)#(1$ +01 $.,$&=.&1)/8 ,& *&)0#/&* )( *&3&/(' '%&*#+)&*
#1&/0$)#+ *&-01*$4 (% #2 )"& %&$./)#15 *&)0#/$ 0%& (,J&+)#(10,/& (% )"& $)%.+).%& *(&$ 1() -&&) 0++&'7
)01+& +%#)&%#0 2(% )"& (3&%0// $8$)&- ,&"03#(%4 )"& +(12#5.%0)#(14 )"& '%('(%)#(1$4 01* )"& *&)0#/$ (2
)"& $)%.+).%0/ $8$)&- 01* &/&-&1)$ +01 ,& +"015&*9
O&-,&%$ 01* +(11&+)#(1$ #1 1&6 01* &$'&+#0//8 &;#$)#15 $)%.+).%&$ "03& 2#1#)& *.+)#/#)8
+0'0+#)#&$4 "(6&3&%4 01* ,&+0.$& 0 +&%)0#1 *&5%&& (2 *&)&%#(%0)#(1 (2 '%('&%)#&$ -#5") ,& &;'&+)&*
5&1&%0//84 #12#1#)&/8 *.+)#/& -(*&/$ -08 1() ,& 0*&=.0)& 2(% $&#$-#+ (% ()"&% 0,1(%-0/ /(0*#15
+(1*#)#(1$4 0$ #1&/0$)#+ *&-01*$ 6#// /#<&/8 /&0* )( *&)&%#(%0)#(1 01* '($$#,/& 20#/.%& (2 -&-,&%$9
!"&$& 6&0<&1&* -&-,&%$ 6#//4 #1 ).%14 #12/.&1+& *810-#+ %&$'(1$& 01* (3&%0// $8$)&- $)0,#/#)89
Y1 (%*&% )( 0$$&$$ ,&"03#(% (2 01 &/&-&1) (% $)%.+).%& 0$ #) 0''%(0+"&$ 20#/.%& .1*&% &0%)"7
=.0<& (% ()"&% &;+#)0)#(1$4 $&3&%0/ )8'&$ (2 1(1/#1&0% ,&"03#(% 1&&* )( ,& +(1$#*&%&*9 !"&$& %&/0)&
)( -0)&%#0/ #1&/0$)#+#)84 2%0+).%&4 /(67+8+/& 20)#5.&4 01* /(+0/ 01* 5/(,0/ 5&(-&)%#+ 1(1/#1&0%#)#&$9
Y1 )"#$ %&$&0%+"4 )"& &22&+)$ (2 $.**&1/8 $)0%)&*4 =.0$#7,%#))/& 2%0+).%& 0%& 1() +(1$#*&%&*9
b"&%& #$$.&$ (2 2%0+).%& -&+"01#+$ 1&&* )( ,& )0<&1 #1)( 0++(.1)4 0 /0%5& 1.-,&% (2 $-0//7$#F&*
2#1#)& &/&-&1)$ 0%& %&=.#%&*9 @.+" 010/8$#$ -(*&/$ 01* -&)"(*$ *( 1() /&1* )"&-$&/3&$ )( )"& 010/7

Z
8$#$ (2 0 +(-'/&)& $)%.+).%0/ $8$)&- .1*&% *810-#+ /(0*#159 !".$4 #) #$ 0$$.-&* #1 )"#$ %&$&0%+" )"0)
0 $&'0%0)& 2%0+).%&7-&+"01#+$7,0$&* 010/8$#$ $"(./* ,& +0%%#&* (.) (1 #1*#3#*.0/ 2%0+).%& +%#)#+0/
%&5#(1$9 b"&%& ,&"03#(% #$ 2(.1* )( ,& 3./1&%0,/& )( =.0$#7,%#))/& (% *.+)#/& 2%0+).%&4 )"#$ %&'(%)
0$$.-&$ )"0) `Ta 0 $#-'/#2#&* -0)&%#0/ (% *0-05& -(*&/ #$ *&3#$&* )"0) 6(./* -#-#+ )"& -(*& (2
2%0+).%& *&)&+)&* (% `Ra '%(,/&-0)#+ *&)0#/$ 6(./* ,& +"015&* )( -#)#50)& )"& 3./1&%0,#/#)89 E&7
50%*/&$$4 )"& %&$&0%+" '%&$&1)&* "&%&#1 #1+/.*&$ $+&10%#($ 6"&%& -&-,&%$ %.').%& ,&+0.$& (2 )"&
-0)&%#0/$ %&0+"#15 01* &;+&&*#15 )"&#% 0,#/#)8 )( *&3&/(' 2.%)"&% #1&/0$)#+ *&2(%-0)#(1$4 &#)"&% .1*&%
-(1()(1#+ (% +8+/#+ /(0*#159 @.+" %.').%&$ -08 0''&0% $#-#/0% )( 01* "03& $#-#/0% +(1$&=.&1+&$
0$ 2%0+).%&4 ,.) )"&8 0%& *#22&%&1) '"8$#+0/ '"&1(-&10 01* %&=.#%& *#22&%&1) 010/8$#$ 0''%(0+"&$9
@)&&/ ,%0+&* 2%0-&$ 0%& )"& 2(+.$ (2 )"#$ #13&$)#50)#(19 :(% $.+" $)%.+).%&$ `$&& )"& 2%0-&
*&$#510)&* 0$ 0 ,%0+&* 2%0-& #1 :#59 T9Ta4 /0)&%0/ /(0* %&$#$)01+& #$4 #1 /0%5& '0%)4 ,&+0.$& (2 )"&
,%0+&* 2%0-& 0+)#15 0$ 0 3&%)#+0//8 (%#&1)&* )%.$$9 !"& ,%0+&$4 +(/.-1$4 ,&0-$4 01* +(11&+)#(1$ 0%&
$.,J&+)&* )( $#51#2#+01) 0;#0/ /(0*$9 V%0+&$ 0%& 5&1&%0//8 &;'&+)&* )( %&$'(1* #1 )"& #1&/0$)#+ %015&
*.%#15 -(*&%0)& 01* $&3&%& &0%)"=.0<&$9 >) *#$'/0+&-&1) /&3&/$ 0$$(+#0)&* 6#)" ,%0+& 8#&/*#15 (%
,.+</#154 $#51#2#+01) ,&1*#15 01* $"&0% *&-01*$ +01 0/$( *&3&/(' #1 0// -&-,&%$ 01* +(11&+)#(1$9
G1*&% )"&$& +(-'/&;7/(0*#15 +(1*#)#(1$4 0 6#*& 30%#&)8 (2 ,&"03#(% -&+"01#$-$ 01* 20#/.%& -(*&$
-.$) ,& )0<&1 #1)( 0++(.1) 2(% &0+" )8'& (2 -&-,&% 01* +(11&+)#(19 !"& '0%)#+./0% ,&"03#(% )"0)
(++.%$ 01* )"& +(1$&=.&1+& (2 #)$ (++.%%&1+& *&'&1* (1 -0)&%#0/ '%('&%)#&$4 -&-,&% '%('(%)#(1$4
/(+0/ *&)0#/$4 01* )"& 0''/#&* /(0*#15 (% *&2(%-0)#(1$ `6"#+" 6#// *&'&1* 1() (1/8 (1 )"& &;)&%10//8
0''/#&* /(0*$4 ,.) 0/$( (1 )"& ,&"03#(% (2 0*J0+&1) -&-,&%$ 01* +(11&+)#(1$a9 !".$4 -(*&/$ )"0)
0$$&$$ )"& '()&1)#0/ 2(% 20#/.%& )( '%('050)& )"%(.5"(.) )"& $)%.+).%& 1&&* )( 0++(.1) 2(% -./)#70;#0/
$)0)&$ (2 -0)&%#0/ 1(1/#1&0%#)84 /(+0/ 01* 5/(,0/ ,.+</#154 01* /(67+8+/& 20)#5.&9
!"#$ #13&$)#50)#(1 +(1$#*&%$ &/&-&1)$ )"0) -0<& .' )8'#+0/ +(1+&1)%#+0//8 ,%0+&* $)&&/ 2%0-&$9
!"&$& #1+/.*& +(13&1)#(10/ ,%0+#15 -&-,&%$ )"0) -08 ,.+</& /0)&%0//8 01* /(+0//8 *.%#15 /(0*#15
#1 +(-'%&$$#(19 V&+0.$& ,%0+&* 2%0-&$ 0%& (2)&1 .$&* 0$ '0%) (2 0 *.0/ $8$)&-4 $(-& 0))&1)#(1 6#//
,& 5#3&1 )( )"& -(*&/#15 (2 +(13&1)#(10/ $)&&/ ,&0-7)(7+(/.-1 +(11&+)#(1$9 >**#)#(10/ #$$.&$
%&/0)&* )( -(*&/#15 01* 010/8$#$ #1 -(-&1)7%&$#$)#15 2%0-& +(-'(1&1)$ 01* +(11&+)#(1$ 0%& )"&
2(+.$ (2 0 '0%0//&/ $).*8 +0%%#&* (.) 0) @)012(%* G1#3&%$#)8 `?#51($ 01* I%06#1</&%4 RPPXa9
N&1&%0//8 $'&0<#154 )"%&& ,0$#+ 0''%(0+"&$ 6#// ,& )0<&1 )( -(*&/#15 $)%.+).%0/ -&-,&%$
(2 )"& )8'& &;0-#1&* #1 )"#$ %&'(%)9 !"&$& 0%& %&2&%%&* )( 0$ `Ta '"&1(-&1(/(5#+0/ -(*&/$4 `Ra

[
 Moment Frame Braced Frame

Rigid Beam-Column
Connection Brace
Beam Gusset plate
Column connection
Pinned connection

3(GHIJ 7'7 #KLJMNO(K POJJQ RH(QS(TG KUMVI(P(TG RINKJS NTS MUMJTOWIJP(PO(TG XINMJP

'"8$#+0/ )"&(%8 -(*&/$4 01* `Za 2#1#)& &/&-&1) -(*&/$9

g ;LJTUMJTUQUG(KNQ 1USJQP' L"&1(-&1(/(5#+0/ -(*&/$ .$& 0 $#-'/#2#&* '"8$#+0/ %&'%&7

$&1)0)#(1 (2 )"& -&-,&% #1 =.&$)#(19 :(% &;0-'/&4 0 '"&1(-&1(/(5#+0/ -(*&/ 2(% 0 ,%0+&
.$.0//8 +(1$#$)$ (2 0 $#-'/& .1#0;#0/4 '#17&1*&* )%.$$ &/&-&1) 6#)" 0 "8$)&%&)#+ 0;#0/ 2(%+&7
0;#0/ *&2(%-0)#(1 %&/0)#(1 *&2#1&* ,8 0 $&) (2 5&1&%#+ %./&$ )"0) $#-'/8 -#-#+ )"& "8$)&%&)#+
%&$'(1$& (,$&%3&* 2(% 0 ,%0+&9 !"& .$&% #$ %&$'(1$#,/& 2(% #1'.))#15 *0)0 )"0) &10,/&$ )"&
5&1&%#+ ,%0+& -(*&/ )( %&'%&$&1) )"& '0%)#+./0% *&$#51 ,&#15 010/8F&*9 Y1 )"& +0$& (2 0 2/&;7
.%0//8 *(-#10)&* ,&0-4 0 +(--(1 '"&1(-&1(/(5#+0/ -(*&/ %&'%&$&1)$ )"& -&-,&% 0$ 01
&/0$)#+ ,&0- +(11&+)&* 0) &0+" &1* )( )"& &/&-&1)h$ 1(*&$ ,8 -&01$ (2 #1&/0$)#+ %()0)#(10/
$'%#15$9 !"& %()0)#(10/ $'%#15$ 0%& $#-'/#2#&* #1 )&%-$ (2 %./&$ )"0) *&2#1& )"& "8$)&%&)#+
10).%& (2 )"& -(-&1)7%()0)#(1 +"0%0+)&%#$)#+$ (2 )"& '/0$)#+ "#15& %&5#(1 0) )"& &1* (2 )"&
-&-,&%9 !( -(*&/ )"& &22&+)$ (2 $'0//#15 (2 +(1+%&)&4 01* 8#&/*#154 ,.+</#154 01* 2%0+).%&
(2 $)&&/4 -(%& 01* -(%& +(-'/&; %./&$ 0%& &-'/(8&*9 N&1&%0//84 )"&$& %./&$ *( 1() *&'&1*
(1 (% 0))&-') )( )%0+< )"& 0+).0/ (++.%%&1+& (2 +(1+%&)& $'0//#154 (% $)&&/ 8#&/*#154 ,.+</#154

S
 (% 2%0+).%&9 !"&$& -(*&/$ *&'&1* (1 "03#15 01 &;)&1$#3& *0)0,0$& (2 &;'&%#-&1)0/ %&$./)$
6#)" 6"#+" )"& 1.-&%#+0/ -(*&/#15 '0%0-&)&%$ +01 ,& #*&1)#2#&*9 b"&%& 30%#(.$ ,&"037
#(% -(*&$ +01 (++.% `,&1*#15 '/.$ 0;#0/ ,.+</#154 2/&;.%& '/.$ $"&0%4 (% 2/&;.%& '/.$ 0;#0/
/(0*#15a )"& %./&$ ,&+(-& &3&1 -(%& +(-'/&; (% 0%& .1+(.'/&*4 /&0*#15 )( =.&$)#(10,/&
%&$./)$9

g ;LYP(KNQ $LJUIY 1USJQP' Y1 -018 +0$&$4 -&-,&% ,&"03#(% +01 ,& 6&// %&'%&$&1)&* ,8
+&%)0#1 &$)0,/#$"&* ,.) $#-'/#2#&* %./&$ (2 -&+"01#+$9 :(% &;0-'/&4 #1 0 ,&0- 6#)" /(6
0;#0/ /(0* 01* $"&0%4 '/0$)#+ "#15&$ (++.% 0) &0$#/8 #*&1)#2#&* /(+0)#(1$9 M.)$#*& (2 )"&$&
%&5#(1$4 )"#$ ,&0- 6#// ,&"03& #1 0 1&0%/8 &/0$)#+ -011&%9 b#)"#1 )"& '/0$)#+ "#15& %&5#(14
)"& -0)&%#0/ -08 8#&/* 01* .1*&%5( 30%#(.$ 0+)#(1$ )"0) 6#// 022&+) #)$ '%('&%)#&$9 Y1 $.+"
+0$&$4 #) -08 ,& 0++&')0,/& )( -0<& +&%)0#1 0$$.-')#(1$ %&50%*#15 )"& *#$)%#,.)#(1 (2 $)%0#1$
0+%($$ 0 $&+)#(1 01* )"& *#$)%#,.)#(1 (2 +.%30).%&$ 0/(15 )"& -&-,&%4 01* )%0+< )"& 0+).0/
$)%&$$7$)%0#1 "#$)(%8 #1 #1*#3#*.0/ -0)&%#0/ 2#,&%$ /(+0)&* 0+%($$ )"& $&+)#(19 Y1 )"#$ 6084 +&%7
)0#1 )8'&$ (2 '"8$#+0/ ,&"03#(% +01 ,& )%0+<&* 0.)(-0)#+0//8 #1 )"& 010/8$#$4 $( )"0) +(-'/&;
&-'#%#+0//8 +0/#,%0)&* %./&$ 0%& 1() 1&&*&*9 >$ $"(61 /0)&%4 )"#$ +01 ,& 0''/#&* )( 0 30%#&)8
(2 ,&0-$4 +(/.-1$4 01* ,%0+&$i "(6&3&%4 $(-& (2 )"& 0$$.-')#(1$ -08 1() ,& 30/#*4 0$
)"& )8'#+0/ 2#,&%7,0$&* -(*&/ #1+(%'(%0)&$ (1/8 .1#*#%&+)#(10/ -0)&%#0/ '%('&%)#&$9 D(1$&7
=.&1)/84 -./)#70;#0/ $)%&$$ $)0)&$ 01* )"%&&7*#-&1$#(10/ '"&1(-&10 j$.+" 0$ /(+0/ ,.+</#154
$&+)#(1 60%'#154 (% *#$)(%)#(1 `,&+0.$& (2 $"&0% (% )(%$#(1a4 ,0% '.// (.)4 !"'%k +011() ,& &0$7
#/8 %&'%&$&1)&*9

g 3(T(OJ .QJMJTO 1USJQP' >/)"(.5" )"& '"&1(-&1(/(5#+0/ 01* '"8$#+0/ )"&(%8 -(*&/$ *&7
$+%#,&* 0,(3& 0%& $'&+#0/ 2(%-$ (2 2#1#)& &/&-&1)$4 )"& -(%& 5&1&%0/ +0$&4 6"&%& 0 -&-,&%
01* $)%.+).%& #$ *#3#*&* .' #1)( 0 30%#&)8 (2 $-0// $"&// (% $(/#* &/&-&1)$4 0//(6$ )"& %&7
$'(1$& (2 )"& $)%.+).%& #1 30%#(.$ -(*&$ )( ,& $#-./0)&*9 @.+" 2#1#)& &/&-&1) 2(%-./0)#(1$
+01 0++(.1) 2(% -./)#70;#0/ $)%&$$ $)0)&$4 1(1/#1&0% -0)&%#0/ '%('&%)#&$4 01* +"015&$ #1 5&7
(-&)%8 )"0) (++.% *.%#15 /(0*#159 V&+0.$& (2 )"& /0%5& 1.-,&% (2 &/&-&1)$ 01* )"& 0,$&1+&
(2 $#-'/#28#15 0$$.-')#(1$4 )"&$& -(*&/$ 0%& (2)&1 +(-'.)0)#(10//8 &;'&1$#3& 01* )#-&7
+(1$.-#15 )( *&3&/(' 01* &;&+.)&i "(6&3&%4 )"&8 .$.0//8 '%(*.+& %&$./)$ +/($& )( )"($&
&;'&+)&* (2 %&0/ $)%.+).%&$9 C&3&%)"&/&$$4 )"&$& -(*&/$ +011() %&'%(*.+& ,&"03#(% )"0) #$

Q
 1() #1+(%'(%0)&* #1 )"& -(*&/ `!%(%& ,.+</#15 ,&+0.$& (2 /0%5& *#$'/0+&-&1)$4 -0)&%#0/ 20#/7
.%&4 !"'%a4 01* )"&8 '.) -.+" -(%& %&/#01+& (1 "03#15 6&//7*&2#1&* -./)#7*#%&+)#(10/ -0)&7
%#0/ '%('&%)8 -(*&/$9 >$ $.+"4 +0%&2./ +0/#,%0)#(1 (2 )"&$& -(*&/$ )( )&$) %&$./)$ #$ 1&&*&*4
01* )"& *&5%&& (2 #-'%(3&-&1) #1 %&$'(1$& '%&*#+)#(1 +(-'0%&* )( )"& #1+%&0$&* /&3&/ (2
&22(%) )( '&%2(%- )"&$& -(*&/$ $"(./* ,& +0%&2.//8 +(1$#*&%&*9

!"#$ #13&$)#50)#(1 $).*#&$ )"& 0,#/#)8 (2 2#1#)& &/&-&1) 2(%-./0)#(1$ )( $#-./0)& 0++.%0)&/8
)"& ,&"03#(% -(*&$ (2 #1)&%&$) #1 ,%0+&$4 ,&0-$4 ,&0-7)(7+(/.-1 +(11&+)#(1$4 01* ,%0+&*72%0-&
$.,0$$&-,/#&$9 D(-'0%&* )( '"&1(-&1(/(5#+0/ -(*&/$4 )"&$& -(*&/$ %&=.#%& -(%& +(-'.)0)#(10/
&22(%)4 ,.) #1+(%'(%0)& -(%& %&0/#$)#+ '"8$#+0/ %&'%&$&1)0)#(1$ (2 -&-,&%$ 01* -0)&%#0/$4 #1+/.*#15
)"& #1#)#0)#(1 01* &3(/.)#(1 (2 *0-05& .' )( 01* #1+/.*#15 +(-'/&)& 20#/.%&9

7'8 +"Z.&$49.# !*/ #&+;. +3 %.#.!%&C

!"& (,J&+)#3&$ (2 )"& %&$&0%+" '%&$&1)&* #1 )"#$ %&'(%) 0%& 0$ 2(//(6$d `Ta )( %&3#&6 030#/0,/& #17
2(%-0)#(1 (1 )"& ,&"03#(% 01* 010/8$#$ (2 -&-,&%$ 01* $.,0$$&-,/#&$ 2%(- $)&&/ +(1+&1)%#+0//8
,%0+&* 2%0-&$ 6"&%& &/&-&1)$ 0%& $.,J&+)&* )( *&)&%#(%0)#(1i `Ra )( *&3&/(' #-'%(3&* 1.-&%#+0/
-(*&/$ )"0) $#-./0)& 0*&=.0)&/8 )"& ,&"03#(% (2 0 $)&&/ ,%0+&* 2%0-&$ .' )( 01* #1+/.*#15 20#/7
.%&i `Za )( .$& )"& #-'%(3&* -(*&/$ )( &30/.0)& 01* %&2#1& $&3&%0/ %&=.#%&-&1)$ 2(% *&)0#/#15 01*
010/8F#15 $'&+#0/ +(1+&1)%#+0//8 ,%0+&* $)&&/ 2%0-& ,.#/*#159
!"& %&-0#1#15 +"0')&%$ (2 )"#$ %&'(%) *&%#3& 2%(- )"& (,J&+)#3&$ /#$)&* 0,(3&9 D"0')&% R
%&3#&6$ &;#$)#15 &;'&%#-&1)0/ #13&$)#50)#(19 D"0')&% Z %&3#&6$ 01* &30/.0)&$ -0)&%#0/ -(*&/$ (1
$)%.+).%0/ $)&&/ *&)&%#(%0)#(19 D"0')&% [ *&3&/('$ 01 #-'%(3&* +8+/#+ *0-05& '/0$)#+#)8 -(*&/9
D"0')&% S *#$+.$$&$ +0/#,%0)#(14 30/#*0)#(1 01* 0''/#+0)#(1 (2 )"& 1&6 *0-05& -0)&%#0/ -(*&/ .$#15
)&$) %&$./)$ 2%(- ,&0-7)(7+(/.-1 +(11&+)#(1$4 #1*#3#*.0/ ,%0+&$4 01* ,%0+&*72%0-& $.,0$$&-,/#&$9
D"0')&% Q '%(3#*&$ $).*#&$ (2 $)&&/ ,%0+&* 2%0-& ,&"03#(%4 #1+/.*#15 ,%0+& '%('(%)#(1$4 +(11&+)#(1
*&)0#/$4 /0)&%0/ ,%0+#15 2(% ,&0-$4 01* &$)#-0)& (2 #1)&%$)(%8 *%#2) *&-01*$9 D(1+/.*#15 %&-0%<$ 01*
%&+(--&1*0)#(1$ 0%& *#$+.$$&* #1 D"0')&% X9 >1 0''&1*#; #1+/.*&$ 0 +(1$)%0#1) -&)"(* *&3&/('&*
#1 )"#$ %&$&0%+" 2(% '.$"(3&% 010/8$#$ 01* 0 *#$+.$$#(1 (1 #1$)0,#/#)8 (2 )"& C&6-0%< #1)&5%0)(%9
L0%) (2 )"& %&$&0%+" '%&$&1)&* #1 )"#$ %&'(%) 60$ .1*&%)0<&1 0$ 0 $.,'%(J&+) (2 )"& L"0$& ^Y
DGEHH\I0J#-0 D(//0,(%0)#3& E&$&0%+" L%(J&+) (1 20+)(%$ /&0*#15 )( )"& '%(5%&$$#3& +(//0'$& (2

X
$)%.+).%&$9 Y1 )"#$ %&$&0%+"4 )"& +8+/#+ ,&"03#(% 01* -(*&/#15 (2 $)&&/ $)%.+).%0/ &/&-&1)$ 01* +(17
1&+)#(1$4 6#)" &-'"0$#$ (1 )"($& $.,J&+)&* )( "#5" 0;#0/ /(0*$4 0%& &;0-#1&* 0$ )"&8 0''%(0+" 01*
%&0+" 20#/.%&9 !"#$ 6(%< +(-'/&-&1)$ '0%0//&/ 6(%< 0) @)012(%* G1#3&%$#)8 .1*&% )"& $.'&%3#$#(1
(2 L%(2&$$(% W9 I%06#1</&% (1 $)&&/ 01* %&#12(%+&* +(1+%&)& &/&-&1)$ 01* +(11&+)#(1$ 6"&%& 0;#0/
/(0*$ *( 1() *(-#10)& )"& &;'&+)&* -(*& (2 ,&"03#(% `?#51($ 01* I%06#1</&%4 RPPXa4 01* 6(%<
0) )"& G1#3&%$#)8 (2 V.220/( .1*&% )"& $.'&%3#$#(1 (2 L%(2&$$(% >9 E&#1"(%1 (1 /0%5& *#$'/0+&-&1)
010/8$#$ (2 $)%.+).%0/ $8$)&-$ `@#30$&/301 !" #$%& RPPXa9

]
L C+0"+8 13 6M"-'"() 6M>+2"#+('&% ,(0+-'")&'"1(-

!"#$ %&$&0%+" 2(+.$&$ (1 ,%0+&$4 ,&0-$4 +(/.-1$4 01* +(11&+)#(1$ )"0) 0%& '0%) (2 ,%0+&* $)&&/
2%0-&$4 6"&%& -&-,&%$ 0%& $.,J&+)&* )( "#5" 0;#0/ /(0*$ 0/(1& (% #1 +(-,#10)#(1 6#)" ,&1*#15 01*
$"&0%9 @(-& 0$'&+)$ (2 +(13&1)#(10/ -(-&1) 2%0-& +(1$)%.+)#(1 6#// 0/$( ,& 0**%&$$&*4 0$ )"&$&
&/&-&1)$ -08 ,& .$&* #1 +(-,#10)#(1 6#)" ,%0+&* 2%0-&$ 0$ 0 5%03#)8 /(0* %&$#$)#15 $8$)&- (% 0
,0+<.' /0)&%0/ /(0* %&$#$)#15 $8$)&-9 V()" $)0)#+ 01* *810-#+ /(0*#15 $#).0)#(1$ 6#// ,& +(1$#*&%&*4
0/)"(.5"4 )"& 2(+.$ 6#// 1() ,& (1 +0$&$ 6"&%& $)%0#1 %0)& &22&+)$ (% 6"&%& /(+0/ #1&%)#0/ 2(%+&$ 0/(15
)"& /&15)" (2 0 -&-,&% 1&&* )( ,& +(1$#*&%&*9 !"& 010/8$#$ -(*&/$ +(1$#*&%&* 6#// #1+/.*& )"&
&22&+)$ (2 -0)&%#0/ #1&/0$)#+#)84 /(+0/ 01* 5/(,0/ ,.+</#154 01* /(67+8+/& 20)#5.& (1 )"& ,&"03#(% 01*
20#/.%& (2 30%#(.$ &/&-&1)$ 01* $)%.+).%0/ $8$)&-$9 !".$ &;'&%#-&1)0/ %&$./)$ )"0) #13&$)#50)& $.+"
,&"03#(% 0%& (2 #1)&%&$)9 !"#$ +"0')&% %&3#&6$ &;'&%#-&1)0/ *0)0 2%(- #13&$)#50)#(1$ (2 +(13&1)#(10/
,%0+&$4 5.$$&) '/0)&$4 ,%0+&*72%0-& $.,0$$&-,/#&$4 01* ,&0-7+(/.-1 +(11&+)#(1$9

8'7 4*9.#$40!$4+*# +3 &+*9.*$4+*!- "%!&.#

!%&-,/08 `RPPRa +(-'#/&* 01* #1)&%'%&)&* )"& %&$./)$ (2 -(%& )"01 TPP )&$)$ (2 $)&&/ ,%0+&$ 030#/0,/&
0) )"0) )#-&9 !"&$& )&$)$ #1+/.*& ,%0+&$ 20,%#+0)&* 2%(- $=.0%& "(//(6 $)%.+).%0/ $&+)#(1 `W@@a
$&+)#(1$4 '#'&$4 6#*& 2/015& $&+)#(1$4 *(.,/& +"011&/$4 $#15/& 01* *(.,/& 015/&$4 01* $)%.+).%0/ e!f
$&+)#(1$9 !"#$ +(-'#/0)#(1 *(&$ 1() #1+/.*& %&+&1) )&$)$ ,8 !%&-,/08 !" #$% `RPPZa4 H/+"0/0<01# !"
#$% `RPPZa4 N(55#1$ !" #$% `RPPSa4 B015 01* O0"#1 `RPPSa4 :&// !" #$% `RPPQa4 W01 !" #$% `RPPXa4
!%&-,/08 !" #$% `RPP]a4 01* ?&"-01 !" #$% `RPP]a9
!%&-,/08 `RPPRa .$&* )"#$ *0)0,0$& )( 0$$&$$ $&3&%0/ .$&2./ &15#1&&%#15 %&/0)#(1$"#'$ .$&*
#1 *&$#519 :(% &;0-'/&4 )"& #1#)#0/ ,.+</#15 /(0* 60$ +(-'0%&* 2(% )"& ,%0+&$ #1 )"& *0)0,0$& )(
)"&(%&)#+0/ '%&*#+)#(1$ 01* )( &=.0)#(1$ #1+/.*&* #1 G1#)&* @)0)&$ 01* D010*#01 ,.#/*#15 +(*&$4
*&-(1$)%0)#15 )"0) +(*& 30/.&$ 0%& (2)&1 +(1$&%30)#3&i )"&8 )&1* )( .1*&%&$)#-0)& )"& ,.+</#15
+0'0+#)8 (2 ,%0+&$4 &$'&+#0//8 2(% $/&1*&% ,%0+&$9
Y-'(%)01)/84 !%&-,/08 0/$( &;0-#1&* $&3&%0/ ()"&% $#-'/#2#&* %&/0)#(1$ )"0) -08 ,& .$&* )(
*&3&/(' 01* #1)&%'%&) '"&1(-&1(/(5#+0/ -(*&/$ 2(% ,%0+&$9 :(% &;0-'/&4 %&/0)#(1$ &;#$) )"0) '%&*#+)
)"& (.)7(27'/01& *#$'/0+&-&1) (2 ,.+</#15 ,%0+&$ 01* )"& *&)&%#(%0)#(1 (2 )"& +(-'%&$$#3& ,.+<7
/#15 +0'0+#)8 (2 ,%0+&$9 :(% )"#$ /0)&% +0$&4 0 %&/0)#(1 60$ *&3&/('&* ,&)6&&1 )"& +(-'%&$$#3& /(0*
+0'0+#)#&$ (2 ,%0+&$ )"0) "03& ,&&1 $"(%)&1&* ,8 0 *#$'/0+&-&1) &=.0/ )( 2#3& )#-&$ )"& *#$'/0+&7
-&1) 0) )"& (1$&) (2 ,.+</#159 @#-#/0% %&/0)#(1$ 6&%& *&3&/('&* 2(% /(6&% 01* "#5"&% 1(%-0/#F&*
*#$'/0+&-&1)$9
!%&-,/08 0/$( '%(3#*&* #12(%-0)#(1 (1 )"& +8+/#+ *.+)#/#)8 )"0) 0 ,%0+& -08 *&3&/(' 0$ 0
2.1+)#(1 (2 /(0*#15 "#$)(%8 01* ,%0+& $/&1*&%1&$$9 !"#$ *.+)#/#)8 20+)(% $"(6$ +(1$#*&%0,/& 30%#7
0,#/#)8 01* $&1$#)#3#)8 )( /(0*#15 "#$)(%89 !"#$ 30%#0,#/#)8 -.$) ,& +(1$#*&%&* 6"&1 &30/.0)#15 )"&
0,#/#)8 (2 %&2#1&* 010/8$#$ -(*&/$ )( '%&*#+) -&-,&% 20#/.%&9 !"& %&2#1&* 010/8$#$ -08 $.55&$) 0
"#5"&% /&3&/ (2 +(12#*&1+& #1 )"& '%&*#+)&* *&2(%-0)#(1 +0'0+#)#&$ )"01 )"0) +01 ,& $.''(%)&* ,8
)&$) *0)09
>/$( (2 $#51#2#+01+& #$ )"0) )"& *.+)#/#)8 30/.&$ '%&$&1)&* ,8 !%&-,/08 0%& +8+/#+ 30/.&$4
*&2#1&* 0$ )"& $.- (2 )"& '&0< &/(150)#(1 *#$'/0+&-&1) 01* +(-'%&$$#3& *#$'/0+&-&1) *#3#*&* ,8
)"& *#$'/0+&-&1) 0) 2#%$) ,.+</#159 !".$4 2(% 0 /(0*#15 "#$)(%8 6"&%& )"& 0-'/#).*&$ (2 *#$'/0+&-&1)
0%& &=.0/ #1 ,()" )&1$#(1 01* +(-'%&$$#(14 )"& *.+)#/#)8 30/.&$ $"(./* ,& *#3#*&* ,8 )6( )( &$)#-0)&
)"& -0;#-.- $"(%)&1#15 (2 )"& ,%0+& '%#(% )( 20#/.%&9 !"& +8+/#+ *.+)#/#)#&$ %015& 2%(- 0,(.) Q )(
-(%& )"01 RP4 +(%%&$'(1*#15 )( .1#*#%&+)#(10/ *.+)#/#)#&$ 2(% $8--&)%#+ +8+/&$ (2 0,(.) Z )( -(%&
)"01 TP9 !".$4 )"& ,%0+&$ +(1$#*&%&* #1 )"& *0)0,0$& 0%& 1() )(( *.+)#/&4 6#)" )"& $)(+<#&% ,%0+&$
"03#15 /&$$ *.+)#/#)8 +0'0+#)89
> $#-#/0% &-'#%#+0/ #13&$)#50)#(1 (2 0 1&0%/8 #*&1)#+0/ *0)0,0$& "0$ &;0-#1&* )"& &1&%58
*#$$#'0)#(1 +0'0+#)8 (2 ,%0+&$ 01* )"& *&)&%#(%0)#(1 (2 &1&%58 *#$$#'0)#(1 &22#+#&1+8 01* +(-'%&$7
$#(1 +0'0+#)8 6#)" +.-./0)#3& '/0$)#+ $"(%)&1#15 0$ 0 2.1+)#(1 (2 -&-,&% )8'& 01* $/&1*&%1&$$ %0)#(
`?&& 01* V%.1&0.4 RPPSa9 !"#$ %&$&0%+" '(#1)$ (.) -018 *#22#+./)#&$ #1 *&2#1#15 .$&2./ '0%0-&)&%$
2(% *&$#51 (% 010/8$#$ '.%'($&$9
H0%/#&% $).*#&$ (2 ,%0+& )&$) *0)0 ,8 ?&& 01* N(&/ `TU]Xa 01* Y<&*0 !" #$% `TU][a "03&
'%(*.+&* $'&+#2#+ %&+(--&1*0)#(1$ 2(% )6( *#22&%&1) )8'&$ (2 '"&1(-&1(/(5#+0/ -(*&/ .$&* 2(%
,%0+&$ `K0#1 01* N(&/4 TUX]i Y<&*0 !" #$%& TU][a9 b#)" '0%0-&)&%$ &$)#-0)&* &-'#%#+0//84 "8$)&%&)#+

TP
/(('$ +01 ,& '%&*#+)&* .$#15 )"& 010/8)#+0/ -(*&/$9 >$ 1()&* '%&3#(.$/84 )"&$& /(('$ *( 1() *#%&+)/8
0++(.1) 2(% 018 '"&1(-&10 0$$(+#0)&* 6#)" 8#&/*#15 (% ,.+</#15 (2 )"& ,%0+&9 !"&8 (1/8 2(//(6 )"&
5&1&%0/ $"0'& (2 )"& "8$)&%&)#+ /(('$ ,0$&* (1 &-'#%#+0//8 *&%#3&* '0%0-&)&%$9 Y<&*0 !" #$% `TU][a
$.55&$)&* )"0) )"& '0%0-&)&%$ 0%& 1() 6&// +(1*#)#(1&*4 "(6&3&%4 01* 0%&4 #1 20+)4 3&%8 $&1$#)#3& )(
-0)&%#0/$4 $&+)#(1 $"0'&4 /(0*#15 "#$)(%84 !"'% Y<&*0 01* O0"#1 `TU][a $.,$&=.&1)/8 *&3&/('&* 0
'"8$#+0/ )"&(%8 -(*&/ 2(% ,%0+& ,.+</#15 )"0) 60$ 0/$( +0/#,%0)&* )( 030#/0,/& )&$) *0)09 !"#$ -(*&/
.)#/#F&* 0 5&1&%0/#F&* '/0$)#+ "#15& ,0$&* (1 +/0$$#+ '/0$)#+#)8 0) )"& +&1)&% (2 )"& -&-,&% 01* 0
/0%5& *#$'/0+&-&1) 2(%-./0)#(1 2(% )"& #1)&%10/ /0)&%0/ *#$'/0+&-&1)$ 6#)"#1 )"& ,%0+&9 Y) '%(3&*
*#22#+./) )( '%('&%/8 -(*&/ )"& ,&"03#(% (2 ,%0+&$ #1 )"& %&7$)%0#5")&1#15 '"0$& 2%(- 0 '%&3#(.$/8
,.+</&* +(12#5.%0)#(14 01* 0 30%#&)8 (2 &-'#%#+0/ 0*J.$)-&1)$ 6&%& #-'($&* )( #-'%(3& 0++.%0+89
!&$) *0)0 0%& 1&&*&* )( &30/.0)& &;#$)#15 ,%0+& -(*&/$ 01* +0/#,%0)& 1&6 (1&$9 V&+0.$& (2
)"&#% 030#/0,/8 0) )"& ,&5#11#15 (2 )"#$ #13&$)#50)#(14 )"& '%#-0%8 &;'&%#-&1) $(.%+& (2 *0)0 .$&* #$
0 $&%#&$ (2 &#5") 1&0%/8 #*&1)#+0/ W(//(6 @)%.+).%0/ @&+)#(1 `W@@a ,%0+&$ )&$)&* 0) )"& G1#3&%$#)8
(2 D0/#2(%1#0 0) V&%<&/&8 `B015 01* O0"#14 RPP[i G%#F4 RPPSa9 !"& ,%0+&$ `$&& :#59 R9Ta +(1$#$)&*
(2 $=.0%& 6 × 6 × 3/8 W@@ $&+)#(1$ 20,%#+0)&* 2%(- >@!O >SPP N%0*& V $)&&/ "03#15 $'&+#2#&*
-#1#-.- $)%&15)"$ (2 Fy c [Q <$# 01* Fu c S] <$#9 O#// +&%)#2#+0)&$ $"(6&* )"0) )"& $'&+#-&1$
6&%& +(1$#*&%0,/8 $)%(15&%4 6#)" Fy c QP <$# 01* Fu c QS <$#9 !"& &1*$ (2 )"& W@@ $&+)#(1$ 6&%&
$/())&* 01* 6&/*&* )( 5.$$&) '/0)&$ 0) &0+" &1*9 !"& 2%0-#15 -&-,&%$ l )( 6"#+" )"& 5.$$&) '/0)&$
6&%& 0))0+"&* 0) ,()" &1*$ l 6&%& 2#;&* 050#1$) %()0)#(14 ,.) 0;#0/ &/(150)#(1 (% $"(%)&1#15 (2 )"&
,%0+& 60$ '&%-#))&*9 @(-& $'&+#-&1$ 6&%& %&#12(%+&* /(+0//8 1&0% )"&#% &1*$ 6"&%& )"&%& 60$ 0
%&*.+)#(1 (2 )"& 1&) 0%&0 (2 )"& ,%0+& ,&+0.$& (2 )"& $/()$ .$&* )( 20$)&1 )"& ,%0+&$ )( )"& 5.$$&)
'/0)&$9 !"& KL/r %0)#( 2(% )"& ,%0+&$4 +(1$#*&%#15 K = 1 01* )"& /&15)" L &;)&1*#15 2%(- )"& 20+&$
(2 )"& 2%0-#15 -&-,&%$ )( 6"#+" )"& 5.$$&) '/0)&$ 6&%& 0))0+"&*4 60$ ST 2(% 0// $'&+#-&1$9
!"%&& *#22&%&1) )8'&$ (2 0;#0/ *#$'/0+&-&1) "#$)(%#&$ 6&%& #-'($&* 0/(15 )"& /(15#).*#10/
0;#$ (2 )"& ,%0+&9 M1& (2 )"& /(0*#15 '%()(+(/$ +(1$#$)&* (2 0 +8+/#+ *#$'/0+&-&1) "#$)(%8 ,0$&* (1 0
1(1/#1&0% 010/8$#$ (2 0 @'&+#0/ D(1+&1)%#+0//8 V%0+&* :%0-& `@DV:a )"0) 60$ $.,$&=.&1)/8 )&$)&*
`G%#F4 RPPSa9 !"#$ 6(./* 20+#/#)0)& +(-'0%#$(1 (2 "8$)&%&)#+ /(('$ 2(% #1*#3#*.0/ ,%0+&$ 01* ,%0+&$
)&$)&* 0$ '0%) (2 0 $)%.+).%&9 > $&+(1* /(0*#15 '%()(+(/ +(1$#$)&* (2 0 1&0%720./) )8'& "#$)(%84 6"&%&
)"&%& 60$ 0 -(*&$) +8+/& 6#)" +(-'%&$$#3& /(0*#15 2(//(6&* ,8 0 /0%5& &;+.%$#(1 #1 )&1$#(14 2(/7
/(6&*4 #1 ).%14 ,8 0 $&%#&$ (2 $-0//&% +8+/&$ 0,(.) 01 (22$&) '($#)#(19 > $#-#/0% )&$) 60$ *(1& 6"&%&

TT
)"& $#51$ (2 )"& *#$'/0+&-&1) &;+.%$#(1$ 6&%& %&3&%$&* `)%!%& )"& /0%5& *#$'/0+&-&1) &;+.%$#(1 60$
#1 +(-'%&$$#(1a9 :#10//84 0 )"#%* )8'& (2 '%()(+(/ 60$ .$&* 6"&%& 0 $&%#&$ (2 $8--&)%#+4 +(1$)01)
0-'/#).*& *#$'/0+&-&1) +8+/&$ 0) $&3&%0/ /&3&/$ 6&%& #-'($&* .1)#/ )"& ,%0+& 20#/&*9 !"&$& )&$)
%&$./)$ 6&%& '%&3#(.$/8 .$&* )( 0$$&$$ *0-05& 0++.-./0)#(1 -(*&/$ 01* )"& $&1$#)#3#)8 (2 20#/.%&
)( )"& /(0*#15 "#$)(%8 `G%#F4 RPPSa9

8'8 4*9.#$40!$4+*# +3 05##.$ ;-!$.#

> +(-'%&"&1$#3& )"%&&78&0% /#)&%0).%& %&3#&6 (1 )"& ,&"03#(% (2 5.$$&) '/0)&$ 60$ +(-'/&)&* #1
RPPS `D"0-,&%$ 01* H%1$)4 RPPSa9 Y1+/.*#15 -(%& )"01 RPP '0'&%$ 01* %&'(%)$4 )"#$ %&3#&6 &30/.7
0)&$ )"& %&$./)$ #1 )&%-$ (2 )"& +0'0,#/#)8 (2 -(*&%1 +(*&$ 01* 010/8$#$ -&)"(*$ )( '%&*#+) ,&"037
#(%9 !"& +(1+/.$#(1$ $)0)& )"0) )"& 0-(.1) (2 #12(%-0)#(1 030#/0,/& (1 5.$$&) '/0)&$ 2(% +(1*#)#(1$
$#-#/0% )( )"($& 2(.1* #1 +.%%&1) *&$#51 '%0+)#+&4 01* 2(% /(0*$ %&'%&$&1)0)#3& (2 $&#$-#+ /(0*#15
+(1*#)#(1$4 0%& )(( 2&6 )( -0<& 01 0*&=.0)& 0$$&$$-&1)9
!( "&/' 0**%&$$ )"#$ #$$.&4 0 $&%#&$ (2 )&$)$ 0%& +.%%&1)/8 .1*&% 608 0) )"& G1#3&%$#)8 b0$"7
#15)(14 @&0))/&4 .1*&% )"& $.'&%3#$#(1 (2 L%(2&$$(%$ D9 E(&*&% 01* A9 ?&"-01 `E(&*&% !" #$%& RPPQi
?&"-01 !" #$%& RPP]a9 !"&$& )&$)$ '/0+& )"& ,%0+&$ 0/(15 )"& *#05(10/ (2 0 $#15/& $)(%84 $#15/&
,08 2%0-&9 !"& ,%0+&$ #1+/.*& ,.+</#15 %&$)%0#1&* ,%0+&$ 0$ 6&// 0$ +(13&1)#(10/ ,%0+&$ )"0) 0%&
0//(6&* )( ,.+</&9
> 30%#&)8 (2 5.$$&) '/0)& *&)0#/$ 0%& .$&*9 Y1#)#0//84 5.$$&) '/0)& +(11&+)#(1$ 6&%& *&$#51&*
,8 +(1$#*&%#15 )"& +(13&1)#(10/ b"#)-(%& $&+)#(1 `&22&+)#3& 6#*)"4 b"#)-(%&4 TUSRa 01* )"& .1#7
2(%- 2(%+& -&)"(* `!"(%1)(14 TUUTi >Y@D4 RPPS0a4 6"#+" 0%& ,0$#+0//8 $)%&15)"7,0$&* *&$#51
-&)"(*$ 01* *( 1() +(1$#*&% )"& #1&/0$)#+ *&2(%-0)#(1 *&-01*$ &;'&+)&* *.%#15 $&#$-#+ /(0*#15
2%(- ,%0+& ,.+</#15 (% 2%0-& %()0)#(1$9 D.%%&1)/84 )"& #13&$)#50)#(1 "0$ &;'01*&* )( #1+/.*& 0 1.-7
,&% (2 +(12#5.%0)#(1$ 01* 0/)&%10)#3& *&$#51 -&)"(*$ 2(% )"& 5.$$&) '/0)&$9 L%&3#(.$ )&$) %&$./)$ "03&
$"(61 )"0) +.%%&1) 5.$$&) '/0)& *&)0#/$ )&1* )( 20#/ '%&-0).%&/8 0/(15 )"& 6&/* +(11&+)#15 )"& '/0)&
)( )"& $.''(%)#15 ,&0- 01* +(/.-14 (% #1#)#0)& 2%0+).%& #1)( )"& ,&0- (% +(/.-19 E&'%&$&1)0)#3&
*0-05& (,$&%3&* #1 )"&#% )&$)$ #$ $"(61 #1 :#5.%& R9R9
> $&%#&$ (2 $#-'/& 5.$$&) '/0)& )&$)$ 6&%& +0%%#&* (.) 0) )"& G1#3&%$#)8 (2 D0/#2(%1#0 0) V&%<&7
/&8 ,8 O0%<0%#01 01* O0"#1 `RPP[a9 Y1 )"&$& )&$)$4 (1/8 2%0-& 2/&;.%0/ *&2(%-0)#(1$ 6&%& #-'($&*4

TR
6#)" 1( 0;#0/ )&1$#/& (% +(-'%&$$#(1 /(0*$9 !"& ,&0-$7+(/.-1 +(11&+)#(1$ 6&%& '#11&*4 +(1$#$)7
#15 (2 0 $#-'/& $"&0% )0, +(11&+)#(1 2%(- )"& ,&0- )( )"& +(/.-19 !"& 0**#)#(1 (2 )"& 5.$$&)
'/0)& %&$./)&* #1 +(1$#*&%0,/& -(-&1) )%01$2&% 01* $)%&$$ $)0)&$ )"0) *( 1() 0''&0% #1 )8'#+0/ *&$#51
(% 010/8$#$ '%0+)#+&$9 !"&$& )&$)$ *&-(1$)%0)&* 0 )&1*&1+8 2(% )"& ,&0-$ 01* +(/.-1$ )( &;"#,#)
+(-'/&; $)0)&$ (2 $)%&$$4 01* 2(% )"& +(11&+)#(1 )( 20#/ #1 0 ,%#))/& 20$"#(19
O(%& %&+&1) )&$)$ "03& ,&&1 +(1*.+)&* (1 5.$$&) '/0)& +(11&+)#(1$ #1 0 ,.+</#157%&$)%0#1&*
,%0+&* 2%0-& `VEV:a $8$)&- ,8 I#$"#<# !" #$% `RPP]a9 Y1 )"&$& )&$)$4 #1)&%0+)#(1 ,&)6&&1 2%0-#15
+(-'(1&1)$ 01* )"& 5.$$&) '/0)& 60$ +(1$#*&%&*4 ,.) )"& #12/.&1+& (2 ,%0+#15 2(%+&$ 60$ #51(%&*9
V&0-7+(/.-1 2%0-& $.,0$$&-,/#&$ 6#)" )"& 5.$$&) '/0)& 6&%& $.,J&+)&* )( +8+/#+ /0)&%0/ /(0*#159
Y) 60$ 2(.1* )"0) )"& &22&+)#3& /&15)" (2 )"& ,&0- 60$ $"(%)&1&* ,8 )"& '%&$&1+& (2 )"& 5.$$&) '/0)&
+(11&+)#(1$4 #1*#+0)#15 )"0) )"& +%#)#+0/ $&+)#(1 (2 )"& ,&0- 60$ -(3&* )( )"& )(& (2 )"& 5.$$&) '/0)&9
M1 )"& ()"&% "01*4 )"& &22&+)#3& /&15)" (2 )"& +(/.-1 60$ "0%*/8 022&+)&* ,8 )"& 5.$$&)7'/0)& 6"&1
0 %&+)015./0% "(//(6 $&+)#(1 `EW@a 60$ .$&* 2(% )"& +(/.-19

8'= 4*9.#$40!$4+*# +3 "%!&./ 3%!1. #5"!##.1"-4.#

O($) )&$)$ (2 ,%0+&* 2%0-&$ "03& .$&* $-0//7$+0/& -(*&/$ (% "03& &-'/(8&* *&)0#/$ )"0) 0%& 1()
+.%%&1)/8 #1 .$&9 ^0/.0,/& *0)0 6&%& (,)0#1&* 2%(- K0'01&$& '$&.*(7*810-#+ )&$)$ (2 0 2.//7$+0/&4
$#;7$)(%8 $'&+#0/ +(1+&1)%#+0//8 ,%0+&* 2%0-& 01* &++&1)%#+0//8 ,%0+&* 2%0-&9 !"&$& )&$)$ 6&%&
'&%2(%-&* 0) )"& V.#/*#15 E&$&0%+" Y1$)#).)&4 !$.<.,04 K0'014 #1 )"& -#*7TU]P$ `O#*(%#<060 !"
#$%& TU]]i :(.)+" !" #$%& TU]Qa9 M1&7)"#%* $+0/& -(*&/$ (2 )"& $0-& $)%.+).%&$ 6&%& )&$)&* (1 )"&
G1#3&%$#)8 (2 D0/#2(%1#0 0) V&%<&/&8 $"0<#15 )0,/& `b"#))0<&% !" #$%& TU]Ua9
E&/0)#3&/8 2&6 %&+&1) )&$)$ "03& ,&&1 +(1*.+)&* (1 -./)#$)(%8 $.,0$$&-,/#&$ (2 +(1+&1)%#7
+0//8 ,%0+&* 2%0-&$9 M1& %&+&1) &;0-'/& 60$ +0%%#&* (.) ,8 G%#F `RPPSa9 !"& 2%0-& #$ $"(61 #1
:#5.%& R9Z4 01* )"& *#$'/0+&-&1) "#$)(%8 #-'($&* 0) )"& %((2 (2 )"& $)%.+).%& #$ $"(61 #1 :#5.%&
R9[9 !"& 2%0-& $.22&%&* &;)&1$#3& *0-05& )( )"& ,%0+&$ #1 )"& /(6&% /&3&/4 )"& +(/.-1$ 0) )"& ,0$&
(2 )"& ,.#/*#154 01* #1 )"& ,&0-7+(/.-1 +(11&+)#(1$ 0) )"& 2#%$)7$)(%8 /&3&/9 > 6#*& 30%#&)8 (2 ,&7
"03#(% 60$ (,$&%3&*4 2%(- 8#&/*#154 /(+0/ ,.+</#154 /(+0/ )&0%#154 ,%0+& 2%0+).%&4 01* +(/.-1 /(+0/
,.+</#15 01* +(11&+)#(1 2%0+).%& `G%#F4 RPPSa9 :(//(6#15 ,%0+& ,.+</#154 )"& $)%&15)" (2 )"& 2%0-&
*&5%0*&* $#51#2#+01)/8 2%(- +8+/& )( +8+/&9 !"#$ $'&+#-&1 '%(3#*&$ 0 5((* )&$) (2 )"& 0,#/#)8 (2

TZ
30%#(.$ -&)"(*$ )( '%&*#+) ,&"03#(% 0$$(+#0)&* 6#)" -&-,&%$ .1*&%5(#15 ,&1*#15 01* 0;#0/ /(0*4
/0)&%0/ ,.+</#154 01* /(+0/ ,.+</#159
G%#F `RPPSa %&'(%)&* )"0) )"& *#$)%#,.)#(1 (2 /0)&%0/ *%#2) 60$ 1&0%/8 &=.0/ 2(% )"& )(' 01*
,())(- $)(%#&$ 0) )"& ,&5#11#15 (2 )&$)9 V()" /&3&/$ *&3&/('&* $/#5") 0-(.1)$ (2 ,.+</#154 ,.) 2.//
/0)&%0/ ,.+</&$ 2(%-&* #1 )"& /(6&% /&3&/4 6#)" /(+0/ ,.+</#15 (++.%%#15 0/-($) #--&*#0)&/8 `:#59
R9Sa9 V&+0.$& (2 )"& %&*.+&* /(0* +0'0+#)8 (2 )"& ,.+</&* ,%0+&$4 )"& 2(%+&$ #1 )"& .''&% `01* /(6&%a
/&3&/ *&+%&0$&*4 01* 1( 2.%)"&% )&1*&1+#&$ 6&%& (,$&%3&* 2(% )"& .''&% /&3&/ )( ,.+</&9 !"#$ %&7
$./)&* #1 0 6&0<7$)(%8 %&$'(1$&4 6#)" 1&0%/8 0// (2 )"& #1&/0$)#+ ,&"03#(% 01* *0-05& +(1+&1)%0)&*
#1 )"& /(6&% /&3&/9 !"#$ /&* )( )"& +(-'/&)& 2%0+).%& (2 )"& ,%0+&$ *.%#15 )"& 2#%$) *&$#51 /&3&/ *#$7
'/0+&-&1) &;+.%$#(1 `:#59 R9Qa4 6#)" 20#/.%& (2 )"& /(6&%7/&3&/ ,&0-7+(/.-1 +(11&+)#(1$ (++.%%#15
$((1 )"&%&02)&% `:#59 R9Xa9
!"& "8$)&%&)#+ /((' %&/0)#15 )"& %((2 /0)&%0/ 2(%+& 3&%$.$ ,0$& $"&0% #$ $"(61 #1 :#5.%& R9]9
!"& '(#1)$ -0%<&* >4 V4 D4 01* A %&'%&$&1) )"& #1#)#0/ )&0%#15 01* 2#10/ +(-'/&)& 2%0+).%& (2 )"&
,%0+&$ #1 )"& /(6&% $)(%89 L(#1)$ H 01* : %&'%&$&1) )"& 2%0+).%& (2 )"& /(6&% ,&0- )( +(/.-1 +(17
1&+)#(14 2#%$) (1 (1& $#*& (2 )"& $)%.+).%& 01* )"&1 (1 )"& ()"&%9 !"& #1#)#0/ ,.+</#15 (2 )"& ,%0+&$
#$ &0$#/8 #*&1)#2#&* ,8 )"& $.**&1 1(1/#1&0%#)8 (2 )"& $8$)&-4 6#)" $/#5") 1&50)#3& '($)7,.+</#15
)015&1) $)#221&$$9 @.,$)01)#0/ *&)&%#(%0)#(1 (2 )"& $'&+#-&1 /(0* +0'0+#)8 (++.%%&* .'(1 +8+/#15 0)
)"& /&3&/ )"0) #1*.+&* 2#%$) ,.+</#15 (2 )"& /(6&% /&3&/ ,%0+&$9 !"#$ ,.+</#15 (++.%%&* 0) %&/0)#3&/8
$-0// *%#2)$ +(-'0%&* )( *%#2)$ +(1$#*&%&* 2(% *&$#51 '.%'($&$ #1 )"& G1#)&* @)0)&$9 !"& ,%0+&$
+(-'/&)&/8 2%0+).%&* *.%#15 $.,$&=.&1) +8+/&$ 0) )"#$ *%#2) /&3&/ (% *.%#15 )"& 2#%$) &;+.%$#(1 )( )"&
*&$#51 /&3&/9
> $&%#&$ (2 2(.% 2.//7$+0/&4 )6(7$)(%84 $#15/&7,084 ,%0+&*72%0-& )&$)$ 6&%& '&%2(%-&* 0) )"&
C0)#(10/ D&1)&% 2(% E&$&0%+" (1 H0%)"=.0<& H15#1&&%#15 `CDEHHa #1 !0#601 `L(6&// !" #$%& RPP]a9
!"& 2#%$) )&$) 60$ 0 ,%0+&* 2%0-& 6#)" W@@ ).,& ,%0+&$ #1 0 -./)#7$)(%8 m7,%0+& +(12#5.%0)#(19 Y)
'%(3#*&* 01 &;'&%#-&1)0/ &;0-#10)#(1 (2 )"& -./)#7$)(%8 m7,%0+& $8$)&- 01* (2 )"& -#*7$'01 5.$$&)
'/0)& +(11&+)#(1$9 >) )"& $0-& )#-&4 #) 60$ 0 +(12#%-0)#(1 $).*8 2(% '0$) %&$&0%+" (1 +(%1&% 5.$$&)
'/0)& +(11&+)#(1$ '&%2(%-&* 0) )"& G1#3&%$#)8 (2 b0$"#15)(19
@&3&%0/ )&$)$ (2 VEV:$ "03& %&+&1)/8 ,&&1 +0%%#&* (.) 0) G1#3&%$#)8 (2 D0/#2(%1#0 0) V&%<&/&8
`G%#F4 RPPSa9 !"& )&$)&* $.,0$$&-,/#&$ +(1$#$) (2 0 '(%)#(1 (2 0 $&3&17$)(%8 VEV:9 !6( +(12#5.%07
)#(1$ (2 ,%0+&$ 6&%& +(1$#*&%&*9 !"&$& #1+/.*&* 0 +"&3%(1 +(12#5.%0)#(1 6#)" &0+" .1,(1*&* ,%0+&

T[
"03#15 0 $#15/& 2/0) '/0)& 2(% )"& 8#&/*#15 +(%&i #1 (1& ,%0+& )"& +(%& 60$ (%#&1)&* "(%#F(1)0//8 01*
#1 )"& ()"&% #) 60$ (%#&1)&* 3&%)#+0//89 !"& $&+(1* +(12#5.%0)#(1 .)#/#F&* 0 $#15/& .1,(1*&* ,%0+&
(%#&1)&* 0+%($$ )"& *#05(10/ (2 )"& 2%0-&9 !6( ,%0+& $#F&$ 6&%& +(1$#*&%&*d (1& 6"&%& )"& +(%&
60$ )"& $0-& $#F& 0$ .$&* 2(% )"& +"&3%(1 +(12#5.%0)#(1 01* 01()"&% 6"&%& )"& 0%&0 60$ *(.,/&*
`01* )"& +(%& 60$ +%.+#2(%- #1 $"0'&a9
!"& ,.+</#15 %&$)%0#1&* ,%0+&$ `VEV$a '&%2(%-&* =.#)& 6&// #1 )"&$& )&$)$ +(-'0%&* )(
+(13&1)#(10/ ,%0+&$i "(6&3&%4 +(1$#*&%0,/& 8#&/*#15 60$ 1()&* )"%(.5"(.) )"& $.%%(.1*#15 2%0-&9
!"#$ #1+/.*&* $"&0% 8#&/*#15 (2 )"& +(/.-1 6&,$4 8#&/*#15 (2 )"& +(/.-1$ 01* 5.$$&) '/0)&$4 01*
8#&/*#15 (2 )"& ,&0- )( +(/.-1 +(11&+)#(1 %&5#(1$9 Y1 0**#)#(14 5.$$&) '/0)& ,.+</#15 60$ 1()&*9
Y1)&%&$)#15/84 )"#$ ,.+</#15 (++.%%&* 6"&1 )"& 0))0+"&* ,%0+& 60$ #1 )&1$#(19 !"& ,.+</#15 60$ 0
%&$./) (2 )"& <#1&-0)#+ *#$)(%)#(1 (2 )"& 5.$$&) '/0)& )"0) (++.%%&* 0$ 0 %&$./) (2 2%0-& 0+)#(1 `)"&
5.$$&) '/0)& #$ $=.&&F&* 0$ )"& ,%0+& #$ /(0*&* #1 )&1$#(1a9 H3&1).0//84 2%0+).%& 60$ 1()&* #1 )"&
,&0-$ 0*J0+&1) )( )"& 5.$$&) '/0)&9 !"#$ 2%0+).%& 0''&0%&* )( ,& #1*.+&* 0$ 0 +(1$&=.&1+& (2 2%0-&
,&1*#15 ,&"03#(%9
> $&%#&$ (2 )&$)$ (1 VEV:$ "03& ,&&1 +0%%#&* (.) 0) )"& CDEHH #1 !0#601 `!$0# !" #$%&
RPPQa9 !"& ,0$#+ *#22&%&1+&$ ,&)6&&1 )"&$& )&$)$ 01* )"& $#15/& *#05(10/ ,%0+& )&$) +(1*.+)&* ,8
G%#F `RPPSa #$ 0$ 2(//(6$d `Ta 0 *#22&%&1) )8'& (2 VEV #$ .$&*i `Ra 0 +(1+%&)&7(3&%7-&)0/7*&+< 2/((%
$8$)&- #$ .$&*i 01* `Za )"& 2%0-& #$ $.,J&+)&* )( )6( "(%#F(1)0/ +(-'(1&1)$ (2 -()#(1 .$#15 )"&
'$&.*(7*810-#+ )&$) -&)"(*4 /&0*#15 )( ,#*#%&+)#(10/7,&1*#15 &22&+)$ #1 )"& +(/.-1$9 !"& $'&+#7
-&1 60$ 0,/& )( .1*&%5( 0 $.,$)01)#0/ 1.-,&% (2 $#-./0)&* &0%)"=.0<&$9 A.%#15 0 -(*&%0)& /&3&/
)&$)4 0 2%0+).%& #1 )"& 6&/*$ (2 )"& 5.$$&) '/0)& )( )"& +(/.-1 60$ 1()&* 01* %&=.#%&* %&'0#% ,&2(%&
+(1*.+)#15 )"& $.,$&=.&1) )&$)$9 !"& CDEHH "0$ 0/$( )&$)&* VEV:$ #1 0 )"%&&7$)(%8 +(12#5.%0)#(1
6"&%& )"& +(/.-1$ 6&%& +(1+%&)& 2#//&* $)&&/ ).,&$ `!$0# !" #$%& RPP[a9

8'? 4*9.#$40!$4+*# +3 ".!1W&+-51* &+**.&$4+*#

!"& $)&&/ -(-&1) +(11&+)#(1 *0)0 .$&* "&%&#1 0%& 2%(- )6( $(.%+&$9 M1& #$ 0 $&%#&$ (2 6&/*&*
$)&&/ ,&0-7+(/.-1 +(11&+)#(1 )&$)$ `!010<0 !" #$%& RPPPa +(1*.+)&* ,8 I0J#-0 D(%'(%0)#(14 K0'019
!"&$& )&$)$ #1+(%'(%0)&* ,(; +(/.-1$ 01* ,&0-$ 6#)" "(%#F(1)0//8 )0'&%&* "0.1+"&$ $( )"0) )"&
,&0- 2/015&$ 6#*&1&* )( +(12(%- )( )"& 6#*)" (2 )"& +(/.-19 !"& +(/.-1$ 6&%& -0*& (2 6&/*&*

TS
$=.0%& ).,& $&+)#(1 (2 400×400×19 `--a 01* $)&&/ 5%0*& (2 @@[PP `Fy c R]P OL04 Fu c [ZP OL0a9
V&0-$ 6&%& -0*& (2 %(//&* 6#*&72/015& $&+)#(1 (2 500×200×10×16 `--a 01* $)&&/ 5%0*& (2 @@[PP
`Fy c RXP OL04 Fu c [RP OL0a9 !"& *#$)01+& 2%(- )"& +(/.-1 0;#$ )( )"& /(0* '(#1) 0) ,&0- #$ RPPP
--9 ^0%#(.$ 2(%-$ (2 *.+)#/& ,&"03#(% 6&%& (,$&%3&* 6#)" )"& $'&+#-&1$ &3&1).0//8 *&3&/('#15
2%0+).%&$9 @'&+#-&1 VbTP4 6"#+" *&3&/('&* $#51#2#+01) /(+0/ ,.+</#15 '%#(% )( )&%-#10)#15 )"&
)&$)4 #$ $).*#&* "&%&#19 !"& )&$) $&).' 2(% $'&+#-&1 VbTP #$ $"(61 #1 :#5.%& R9U9
!"& ()"&% $&) (2 *0)0 .$&* "&%& #$ 2%(- @.#)0 !" #$%& `RPPPa4 6"&%& 0 30%#&)8 (2 K0'01&$&
'($)7I(,& $)8/& 01* G9@9 '($)7C(%)"%#*5& $)8/& 6&/*&* ,&0-7)(7+(/.-1 +(11&+)#(1$ 6&%& )&$)&*9
!"#$ &;'&%#-&1)0/ $).*8 +(-'0%&* ,&0-$ "03#15 .1#2(%- $&+)#(1$ 01* %&*.+&* ,&0- $&+)#(1$ #1
)"& '/0$)#+ "#15& %&5#(19 A.'/#+0)& $'&+#-&1$ 20,%#+0)&* ,8 )6( -01.20+).%&%$ 6&%& )&$)&* )( #*&17
)#28 30%#0,#/#)8 #1 '&%2(%-01+& 6#)" *#22&%&1) "&0)$ (2 $)&&/ 01* -01.20+).%&9 !"& ,&0-7+(/.-1
+(11&+)#(1$ 6#)" 0 .1#2(%- 2/015& $&+)#(1 01* 1( 6&/* 0++&$$ "(/& `Cb>Wa 20#/&* ,&+0.$& (2 /(67
+8+/& 20)#5.&9 !"&8 0%& .$&* #1 +.%%&1) %&$&0%+"9 !"& +(/.-1$ 6&%& -0*& (2 +(/*72(%-&* $=.0%&
).,& $&+)#(1$ (2 350 × 350 × 12 `--a 01* $)&&/ 5%0*& (2 VDERUS `Fy c RUS OL04 Fu c [PP OL0a9
!"& ,&0-$ 6&%& -0*& (2 %(//&* 6#*&72/015& $&+)#(1$ (2 500 × 200 × 10 × 16 `--a 01* $)&&/ 5%0*&
(2 @C[PPV `Fy c RZS OL04 Fu c [PP OL0a9 !"& *#$)01+& 2%(- )"& +(/.-1 0;#$ )( )"& /(0* '(#1)
0) ,&0- #$ ZPPP --9 !"& )&$) $&).' 2(% $'&+#-&1 C[ $).*#&* "&%&#1 #$ $"(61 #1 :#5.%& R9TP9
>1 &;)&1$#3& *0)0,0$& (2 %&$./)$ (2 $)&&/ ,&0-7)(7+(/.-1 +(11&+)#(1 )&$)$ "0$ %&+&1)/8 ,&&1
+(-'#/&* ,8 ?#51($ 01* I%06#1</&% `RPPXa9

8'> &+*&-5/4*0 %.1!%)#

D(1$#*&%0,/& &;'&%#-&1)0/ *0)0 &;#$)$ (1 +(-'(1&1)$ $.+" 0$ +(13&1)#(10/ ,%0+&$4 ,&0-$4 +(/.-1$4
01* +(11&+)#(1$4 01* (1 $.,0$$&-,/#&$ #1+/.*#15 )"&$& +(-'(1&1)$9 @(-& (2 )"#$ 6&//7*(+.-&1)&*
*0)0 6#// ,& .$&* )( +0/#,%0)& (% 30/#*0)& )"& 1.-&%#+0/ -(*&/$ *&3&/('&* #1 )"#$ %&$&0%+"9

TQ
 `0a @'&+#-&1

`,a H1* +(11&+)#(1

3(GHIJ 8'7 .6VJI(MJTONQ PJOHV XUI KUT2JTO(UTNQ RINKJ OJPO [@NTG NTS 1NL(TA 8\\>]

TX
 `0a D%0+< #1#)#0)#(1 01* '%('050)#(1

`,a D(-'/&)& %.').%&

3(GHIJ 8'8 0HPPJO VQNOJ SNMNGJ [%UJSJI !" #$%& 8\\B]

T]
 3(GHIJ 8'= $JPO PJOHV XUI #&"3 [5I(^A 8\\>]

3(GHIJ 8'? $NIGJO IUUX S(PVQNKJMJTO L(POUIY UX #&"3 OJPO [5I(^A 8\\>]

TU
 `0a N/(,0/ ,.+</#15

`,a ?(+0/ ,.+</#15

3(GHIJ 8'> "INKJ RHK_Q(TG [5I(^A 8\\>]

RP
 `0a D%0+< '%('050)#(1

`,a D(-'/&)& %.').%&

3(GHIJ 8'B "INKJ XN(QHIJ [5I(^A 8\\>]

RT
 3(GHIJ 8'E "JNMWKUQHMT KUTTJKO(UT XN(QHIJ [5I(^A 8\\>]

600
C
400

D
200
Load (kips)

E
-200

B
-400
F
A
-600

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Displacement (in.)

3(GHIJ 8'D "NPJ PLJNI 2JIPHP IUUX QNOJINQ S(PVQNKJMJTO [5I(^A 8\\>]

RR
3(GHIJ 8'< $JPO PJOHV XUI ",7\ RJNMWKUQHMT KUTTJKO(UT [$NTN_N !" #$%& 8\\\]

175 3000
1050 1200 750
radius cut RBS

410 350

410 diaphragm beam: WF-500×200×10×16, SN400B

guide for lateral brace

CJP groove weld
500

500

500
column: RHS-350×350×12, BCR295

unit:mm

3(GHIJ 8'7\ $JPO PJOHV XUI *? RJNMWKUQHMT KUTTJKO(UT [#H(ON !" #$%& 8\\\]

RZ
N !'2$.'$2&% !'++% H+'+2"12&'"1(

:(% $)%.+).%0/ $)&&/ $.,J&+)&* )( 0 $&3&%& +8+/#+ /(0*#15 "#$)(%84 $.+" 0$ )"0) &;'&%#&1+&* *.%#15
0 $)%(15 &0%)"=.0<&4 $&3&%0/ $)05&$ (2 ,&"03#(% +(--(1/8 &;#$) *.%#15 )"& +(.%$& (2 -0)&%#0/ *&7
)&%#(%0)#(19 Y1#)#0//84 #) #$ 0$$.-&* )"&%& 0%& 1( -0+%($+('#+ +%0+<$ (% *&2&+)$4 )".$ 1( $)%&$$ (%
$)%0#1 $#15./0%#)#&$ 0%& 0$$(+#0)&* 6#)" )"& -0)&%#0/9 !"& -0)&%#0/ #$ )"&1 /(0*&* 1(17'%('(%)#(10//8
01* +8+/#+0//8 #1)( )"& #1&/0$)#+ %&5#-& .1*&% 0$8--&)%#+ $)%&$$ 01* $)%0#1 "#$)(%#&$ (2 30%8#15 0-7
'/#).*&9 A&)&%#(%0)#(1 )"&1 *&3&/('$ ,&+0.$& (2 #-'($#)#(1 (2 /0%5& '/0$)#+ *&2(%-0)#(14 %&$./)#15
#1 $.,$)01)#0/ &1&%58 *#$$#'0)#(19 !"#$ +0.$&$ '%(5%&$$#3& 20#/.%& (2 )"& -0)&%#0/ 3(/.-& )"%(.5"
*.+)#/& *0-05& 01* 2%0+).%& 0$$(+#0)&* 6#)" -#+%(3(#* 1.+/&0)#(14 5%(6)"4 01* +(0/&$+&1+&9 >2)&%
+(-'/&)& 20#/.%& (2 0 /(+0/ -0)&%#0/ 3(/.-&4 0 -0+%($+('#+ +%0+< #$ #1#)#0)&* &3&1).0//89
A0-05& %&$./)#15 2%(- '/0$)#+ *&2(%-0)#(1 #1 *.+)#/& -&)0/$ #$ -0#1/8 ,&+0.$& (2 )"& 2(%7
-0)#(1 (2 -#+%(3(#*$4 6"#+" #1#)#0)& `1.+/&0)&a &#)"&% 0$ 0 %&$./) (2 2%0+).%#15 (% *&,(1*#15 (2
#1+/.$#(1$ $.+" 0$ +0%,#*&$ 01* $./2#*&$ 2%(- )"& *.+)#/& -0)%#;9 !"& 5%(6)" 01* +(0/&$+&1+& (2
-#+%(3(#*$ .1*&% #1+%&0$#15 '/0$)#+ $)%0#1 '%(5%&$$#3&/8 %&*.+&$ )"& -0)&%#0/h$ +0'0,#/#)8 )( +0%%8
/(0*$ 01* +01 %&$./) #1 +(-'/&)& 20#/.%&9 :#5.%& Z9T $"(6$ )"& $&+)#(1 (2 0 )&1$#/& $'&+#-&1 *.%7
#15 )"& 1&+<#15 '%(+&$$ `*&2#1&* 0$ 0 -(*& (2 )&1$#/& *&2(%-0)#(1 6"&%& %&/0)#3&/8 /0%5& 0-(.1)$
(2 $)%0#1 /(+0/#F& *#$'%('(%)#(10)&/8 #1 0 $-0// %&5#(1 (2 )"& -0)&%#0/4 V%#*5-014 TUSRa4 +/&0%/8
*&-(1$)%0)#15 3(#* 0++.-./0)#(1 0) )"& $'&+#-&1 +&1)&% `L.))#+<4 TUSUa9 :#5.%& Z9R $+"&-0)#+0//8
#//.$)%0)&$ )"& 1.+/&0)#(14 5%(6)"4 01* +(0/&$+&1+& (2 $.+" -#+%(3(#*$ `>1*&%$(14 TUUSa9 Y2 )"&
#1#)#0/ 3(/.-& 2%0+)#(1 (2 3(#*$ #$ /(64 &0+" 3(#* +01 ,& 0$$.-&* )( 5%(6 #1*&'&1*&1)/8i .'(1
2.%)"&% 5%(6)"4 1&#5",(%#15 3(#*$ #1)&%0+)9 L/0$)#+ $)%0#1 &3&1).0//8 +(1+&1)%0)&$ 0/(15 0 $"&&) (2
3(#*$4 01* /(+0/ 1&+<#15 #1$)0,#/#)#&$ *&3&/(' 0$ $"(61 $+"&-0)#+0//8 #1 )"& 2#5.%&9
> '%('&% -(*&/#15 (2 )"#$ -#+%(3(#* 1.+/&0)#(1 01* 5%(6)" -&+"01#$- #$ 1&&*&* )( '%&*#+)
*.+)#/& 20#/.%& #1 $)&&/ -&-,&%$ 01* $)%.+).%&$9 Y1 )"& +(1)&;) (2 +(1)#1..- -&+"01#+$4 '/0$)#+#)8
01* *0-05& -(*&/$ 0%& &$$&1)#0/ 2(% )"& $#-./0)#(19 L/0$)#+4 *0-05&4 01* 2%0+).%& ,&"03#(% (2
$)%.+).%0/ $)&&/ .1*&% -(1()(1#+ 01* +8+/#+ /(0*#15 0%& *#$+.$$&* #1 )"& 2(//(6#15 $&+)#(1$9

='7 ;-!#$4& ".C!94+% !*/ 1+/.-#

Y$()%('#+ "0%*&1#15 01*\(% <#1&-0)#+ "0%*&1#15 0%& +(--(1/8 .$&* )( *&$+%#,& )"& '/0$)#+ ,&"037
#(% (2 -&)0/7/#<& -0)&%#0/$ .1*&% +(-'/&; /(0*#15 +(1*#)#(1$9 L%05&% `TUSQa 01* n#&5/&% `TUSUa
#1#)#0)&* )"& 2.1*0-&1)0/ 2%0-&6(%< .$&* 2(% <#1&-0)#+ "0%*&1#15 %./&$9 >%-$)%(15 01* :%&*&%#+<
`TUQQa *&3&/('&* 0 1(1/#1&0% <#1&-0)#+ "0%*&1#15 %./& )"0) 5&1&%0/#F&* #)$ /#1&0% '%&*&+&$$(%9 Y1
)"#$ -(*&/4 )"& <#1&-0)#+ "0%*&1#15 +(-'(1&1) #$ *&2#1&* )( ,& 01 0**#)#3& +(-,#10)#(1 (2 0 '.%&/8
<#1&-0)#+ )&%- `)%!%& )"& /#1&0% L%05&%\n#&5/&% "0%*&1#15 /06a 01* 0 *810-#+ %&+(3&%8 )&%-4 6"#+"
#1)%(*.+&$ )"& 1(1/#1&0%#)89 b"&1 +(-,#1&* )(5&)"&% 6#)" #$()%('#+ "0%*&1#154 $.+" 0 -(*&/ +01
0++(.1) 2(% )"& 2(//(6#15 (,$&%3&* '"&1(-&10d `Ta !"& 1(1/#1&0% V0.$+"#15&% &22&+) `:#59 Z9Zai
`Ra +8+/#+ "0%*&1#15 `:#59 Z9Zai 01* `Za %0)+"&)#15 `:#59 Z9[a9
!"& >%-$)%(15 01* :%&*&%#+<h$ %./& 60$ 2.%)"&% &;)&1*&* ,8 D"0,(+"& `TU]Q4 TU]Ua4 6"&%&
01 0**#)#3& *&+(-'($#)#(1 (2 )"& ,0+< $)%&$$ 60$ '($)./0)&*9 !"& &3(/.)#(1 &=.0)#(1 (2 &0+" ,0+<
$)%&$$ +(-'(1&1) #$ $#-#/0% )( )"& 6(%< *(1& ,8 >%-$)%(15 01* :%&*&%#+< `TUQQa9 !"& 0*301)05&$
(2 )"#$ $.'&%'($#)#(1 0%& )"0) 0 /0%5&% $)%0#1 %015& +01 ,& %&0/#$)#+0//8 -(*&/&*4 01* 0 -(%& 0++.%0)&
*&$+%#')#(1 (2 %0)+"&)#15 #$ '%(3#*&*9 !"&$& 2&0).%&$ 0//(6 -(*&/#15 (2 #1&/0$)#+ ,&"03#(%$ (2 -&)0/$
)"0) 0%& $.,J&+)&* )( +8+/&$ (2 /(0*4 %&$./)#15 #1 $#51#2#+01) #1&/0$)#+ *&2(%-0)#(1 01*4 '($$#,/84 /(67
+8+/& 20)#5.& 20#/.%&9 A#$+.$$#(1 (2 )"&$& '/0$)#+#)8 -(*&/$ +01 ,& 2(.1* #1 ?&-0#)%& 01* D"0,(+"&
`TUUPa9

RQ
 3(GHIJ ='7 9U(S NKKHMHQNO(UT (T N OJTP(QJ PVJK(MJT [;HOO(K_A 7<><]

(a) Inclusions in a ductile matrix (b) Void nucleation

(c) Void growth (d) Strain localization between voids

(e) Necking between voids (f) Void coalescence and fracture

j02)&% >1*&%$(1 `TUUSak

3(GHIJ ='8 9U(S THKQJNO(UTA GIU`OLA NTS KUNQJPKJTKJ (T SHKO(QJ MJONQP

RX
 3
2

Stress

1
2

Strain

3(GHIJ ='= *UTQ(TJNI "NHPKL(TGJI JXXJKO NTS KYKQ(K LNISJT(TG

ratchet strain

1 2 3

mean stress
Stress

1 2

Strain

3(GHIJ ='? %NOKLJO(TG HTSJI NPYMMJOI(K POIJPP L(POUIY

R]
='8 /!1!0. !*/ 3%!&$5%. 5*/.% 1+*+$+*4& -+!/4*0

!6( 0/)&%10)#3& 0''%(0+"&$ 0%& 5&1&%0//8 +(1$#*&%&* 2(% -(*&/#15 -0)&%#0/ 20#/.%&d /(+0/ 0''%(0+"&$
01* 5/(,0/ 0''%(0+"&$9 ?(+0/ 0''%(0+"&$ 2(+.$ (1 #$$.&$ %&/0)&* )( -#+%(-&+"01#+$4 6"&%&0$
5/(,0/ 0''%(0+"&$ 0**%&$$ #$$.&$ (2 2%0+).%& -&+"01#+$9

='8'7 -UKNQ !VVIUNKLJP

!"& /(+0/ 0''%(0+" )( 2%0+).%& +01 ,& *&2#1&* 3&%8 5&1&%0//8 0$ )"& +(-,#10)#(1 (2 )"& 2(//(6#15
)6( 20+)(%$d `Ta )"& +(-'.)0)#(1 (2 /(+0/ $)%&$$ 01* *&2(%-0)#(1 30/.&$ #1 )"& -($) /(0*&* F(1&$
(2 0 +(-'(1&1) (% $)%.+).%&i 01* `Ra )"& .$& (2 '%&*&2#1&* &-'#%#+0/ -(*&/$ +(%%&$'(1*#15 )( 30%7
#(.$ 2%0+).%& -&+"01#$-$4 $.+" 0$ +/&0305&$4 *.+)#/& 2%0+).%&4 20)#5.&4 +%&&'4 $)%&$$7+(%%($#(14 !"'%
`E(.$$&/#&%4 TU]Xa9 !"& '0%0-&)&%$ 1&&*&* 2(% )"&$& &-'#%#+0/ -(*&/$ 0%& (,)0#1&* ,8 +0/#,%0)#(1
)( &;'&%#-&1)0/ *0)09
O018 *0-05& -(*&/$ "03& ,&&1 *&3&/('&* $#1+& )"& #1#)#0/ -#+%(-&+"01#+$ $).*#&$ (2 O+7
D/#1)(+< `TUQ]a 01* E#+& 01* !%0+&8 `TUQUa9 !"& -(*&/$ +01 ,& +0)&5(%#F&* #1)( )6( +/0$$&$d `Ta
3(#* 3(/.-& 2%0+)#(1 -(*&/$ 01* `Ra +(1)#1..- *0-05& -&+"01#+$ -(*&/$9 Y1 )"& 2#%$) 5%(.'4
20#/.%& #$ '%&*#+)&* 6"&1 3(#* 3(/.-& 2%0+)#(1 %&0+"&$ 0 +%#)#+0/ 30/.&9 Y1 )"& $&+(1* 5%(.'4 )"&
-0)&%#0/ #$ +(1$#*&%&* 2%0+).%&* 6"&1 )"& %&*.+)#(1 (2 )"& &22&+)#3& 0%&0 &;+&&*$ 0 +%#)#+0/ 30/.&9
V()" )8'&$ (2 -(*&/$ +01 ,& 6%#))&1 #1 )"& 2(%- (2 $)%&$$7-(*#2#&* +%#)#+0/ '/0$)#+ $)%0#1d
!
A0-05& &3(/.)#(1 D= F (σ) G ("˙ p ) *t `Z9T0a

:0#/.%& +%#)&%#0 D = Dc `Z9T,a

6"&%& σ #$ )"& $)%&$$ )&1$(%4 F #$ )"& $)%&$$ -(*#2#+0)#(1 2.1+)#(14 "˙ p #$ )"& '/0$)#+ $)%0#1 %0)& )&1$(%4
G #$ )"& '/0$)#+ $)%0#1 %0)& 2.1+)#(14 D %&'%&$&1)$ )"& *0-05& (2 )"& -0)&%#0/4 01* Dc #$ )"& 30/.&
(2 )"& +%#)#+0/ *0-05& '0%0-&)&% 0) 20#/.%&9 :(% &;0-'/&4 )"& E#+& 01* !%0+&8 `TUQUa -(*&/ +01 ,&
6%#))&1 0$
F (σ) = &;' (1.5σm /σeq ) G ("˙ p ) = ε̄˙ p `Z9Ra
"
6"&%& σm = σ : 1/3 #$ )"& -&01 $)%&$$4 σeq = 3/2"σ" #$ )"& &=.#30/&1) $)%&$$4 σm /σeq #$ )"&
$)%&$$ )%#0;#0/#)84 01* ε̄˙ p #$ )"& &=.#30/&1) '/0$)#+ $)%0#1 %0)&4 *&2#1&* 0$
#
p 2 p p
ε̄˙ = "˙ : "˙ `Z9Za
3

RU
:(% )"& '(%(.$ -&)0/ '/0$)#+#)8 -(*&/ `N!C -(*&/a *&3&/('&* ,8 N.%$(1 `TUXXa4 01* !3&%500%*
01* C&&*/&-01 `TU][a4 0 $('"#$)#+0)&* 8#&/* 2.1+)#(1 #$ *&3&/('&* 01* )"& 3(#* 5%(6)" '0%) #$ 5#3&1
,8
F (σ) = 1 G ("˙ p ) = ε̇vp = "˙ p : 1 `Z9[a

6"&%& ε̇vp #$ )"& 3(/.-&)%#+ '/0$)#+ $)%0#1 %0)&4 01* 1 #$ )"& $&+(1*7(%*&% #*&1)#)8 )&1$(% 1 = δi j ei ⊗e j 9
:(% )"& *.+)#/& *0-05& -(*&/ '%('($&* ,8 ?&-0#)%& `?&-0#)%&4 TUURi A.20#//8 01* ?&-0#)%&4
TUUSa4 6"#+" #$ ,0$&* (1 +(1)#1..- *0-05& -&+"01#$-$ `DAOa #1)%(*.+&* ,8 I0+"01(3 `TUS]a4
)"& *0-05& &3(/.)#(1 2.1+)#(1 ,&+(-&$
$ Y %t
F (σ) = G ("˙ p ) = ε̄˙ p `Z9Sa
S

6"&%& S #$ 0 -0)&%#0/ +(1$)01) #1 &1&%58 *&1$#)8 .1#)$4 t #$ 0 *#-&1$#(1/&$$ -0)&%#0/ +(1$)01)4 01*
Y #$ )"& #1)&%10/ &1&%58 *&1$#)8 %&/&0$& %0)&4 +0/+./0)&* 0$

1
Y = σ : [De ]−1 : σ `Z9Qa
2

6"&%& De %&'%&$&1)$ )"& 2(.%)"7(%*&% &/0$)#+#)8 )&1$(%

1
De = κ1 ⊗ 1 + 2G(I − 1 ⊗ 1) `Z9Xa
3

6"&%& λ 01* G 0%& )"& ?0-o +(1$)01)$4 01* I #$ )"& 2(.%)"7(%*&% $8--&)%#+ #*&1)#)8 )&1$(%9

1
I= [δik δ jl + δil δ jk ] ei ⊗ e j ⊗ ek ⊗ el `Z9]a
2

!"& E#+& 01* !%0+&8 `TUQUa -(*&/ 01* )"& ?&-0#)%& `TUURa -(*&/ '%&*#+) 3&%8 $#-#/0% )%&1*$ #1
)"& +0$& (2 '%('(%)#(10/ /(0*#154 0$ $&&1 #1 :#5.%& Z9S4 6"&%& )"& &=.#30/&1) '/0$)#+ $)%0#1 )( 20#/.%&
ε̄ pf 3&%$.$ $)%&$$ )%#0;#0/#)8 σm /σeq #$ '/())&* 2(% )"& )6( -(*&/$9 Y1 )"& +0$& (2 1(1'%('(%)#(10/
/(0*#154 O0%#1# !" #$% `TU]Sa $"(6&* )"0) )"& )6( -(*&/$ 0/$( 5#3& $#-#/0% %&$./)$9 E&+&1)/84
@)&5/#+" !" #$% `RPPSa #13&$)#50)&* )"& %&/0)#(1$"#' ,&)6&&1 )"& DAO 01* )"& N!C -(*&/$9

='8'8 0QURNQ !VVIUNKLJP

N/(,0/ 0''%(0+"&$ 0%& ,0$&* (1 0$8-')()#+ +(1)#1..- -&+"01#+$ 010/8$#$9 G1*&% $(-& $#).0)#(1$4
$#15/&7 (% *.0/7'0%0-&)&%$ +01 .1#=.&/8 +"0%0+)&%#F& )"& +%0+< )#' +(1*#)#(19 b&//7<1(61 $#15/&7
'0%0-&)&% 30%#0,/&$ 0%& $)%&$$ #1)&1$#)8 K4 J7#1)&5%0/4 01* D!MA `+%0+< )#' ('&1#15 *#$'/0+&-&1)a9

ZP
 1.8

1.5 Rice and Tracey (1969)

p
Equivalent plastic strain to failure εf
Lemaitre (1992) ν = 0.3

1.2

0.9

0.6

0.3

0.0
0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2

Stress triaxiality σm / σeq

3(GHIJ ='> .aH(2NQJTO VQNPO(K POIN(T OU XN(QHIJ 2JIPHP POIJPP OI(N6(NQ(OY

> 6&//7<1(61 *.0/7'0%0-&)&% 2(%-./0)#(1 #$ ,0$&* (1 )"& 0**#)#(1 (2 0 T 7$)%&$$ '0%0-&)&% )"0)
+"0%0+)&%#F&$ )"& +%0+< )#' +(1$)%0#1)9
>// )"&$& '0%0-&)&%$ 0%& *&2#1&* 0) )"& 5/(,0/ /&3&/ (2 )"& +%0+< -&*#.-4 6#)"#1 )"& 2%0-&7
6(%< (2 2%0+).%& -&+"01#+$9 !"&8 0%& 0''/#+0,/& )( 0 1.-,&% (2 $#).0)#(1$ 6"&%& #) #$ 1() 1&+&$$0%8
)( <1(6 )"& &;0+) $)0)& (2 $)%&$$ (% *0-05& #1 )"& 3#+#1#)8 (2 )"& +%0+< )#' `%015#15 2%(- 0 )6(7
*#-&1$#(10/4 0/-($) &/0$)#+ -&*#.-4 6#)" (1/8 0 $-0// '/0$)#+ F(1& %&/0)#3& )( )"& +%0+< $#F&i )(
0 )"%&&7*#-&1$#(10/ -&*#.- $.,J&+)&* )( '%('(%)#(10/ /(0*#15 (% +8+/#+ /(0*#15 #1 20)#5.&a9 M1
)"& ()"&% "01*4 )"#$ 0''%(0+" -08 '%(3& *&2#+#&1) #1 $(-& +0$&$4 ,&+0.$& (2 )"& $#F& (2 )"& +%0+<$4
'%(1(.1+&* (3&%0// '/0$)#+#)8 *.%#15 *.+)#/& 2%0+).%&4 (% /(0*#15 "#$)(%8 &22&+)$9

='8'= %JQNO(UT RJO`JJT -UKNQ NTS 0QURNQ !VVIUNKLJP

> $8$)&-0)#+ +(-'0%0)#3& 01* '0%0-&)%#+ $).*8 (2 /(+0/ 01* 5/(,0/ -(*&/$ 60$ %&'(%)&* ,8 m#0
01* @"#" `TUUSa .$#15 )"& %&'%&$&1)0)#3& 3(/.-& &/&-&1) `E^Ha -&)"(*(/(589 W&%&4 )"& $#F& (2
)"& &/&-&1)$ #1 )"& 2%0+).%& '%(+&$$ /08&% `)"& 2%0+).%& &/&-&1)$ %&'%&$&1)#15 )"& +%0+<a #1 )"& /(+0/
0''%(0+" #$ )"& <&8 '0%0-&)&% /#1<#15 )"& /(+0/ 01* 5/(,0/ 0''%(0+"&$4 01* 01 0''%(;#-0)& &=.0/#)8

ZT
&;#$)$d
JIc = µdσ0 `Z9Ua

6"&%& JIc #$ )"& +%#)#+0/ J7#1)&5%0/ .1*&% )"& O(*& Y +(1*#)#(14 d #$ )"& $#F& (2 )"& &/&-&1)$4 σ0
#$ )"& 2/(6 $)%&$$4 01* µ #$ 0 20+)(% (2 (%*&% .1#)84 $.55&$)#15 )"0) )"& &/&-&1) $#F& #1 /(+0/ 0'7
'%(0+"&$ $"(./* ,& (1 )"& (%*&% (2 JIc /σ0 (% D!MA )( (,)0#1 +(1$#$)&1) %&$./)$9 !"#$ -08 -0<&
/(+0/ 0''%(0+"&$ #12&0$#,/& 2(% /0%5& $)%.+).%0/ $8$)&-$ (% $.,0$$&-,/#&$9

='= /!1!0. !*/ 3%!&$5%. 5*/.% &@&-4& -+!/4*0

Y1 )"#$ $&+)#(14 /(+0/ 0''%(0+"&$ `0$ *&2#1&* #1 '%&3#(.$ $&+)#(1a )( -(*&/#15 *0-05& 01* 2%0+7
).%& .1*&% +8+/#+ /(0*#15 0%& &;0-#1&* #1 -(%& *&)0#/9 !"#$ 0''%(0+" #$ +(-'0%&* )( )"& '('./0%
O01$(17D(22#1 %./& 2(% /(67+8+/& 20)#5.&9 !"& )%0*#)#(10/ O01$(17D(22#1 %./& e#1+%&-&1)$f )"&
*0-05& $)0)& (1/8 0) )"& &1* (2 &0+" +8+/&9 Y1 +(1)%0$)4 )"& -#+%(-&+"01#+$ 01* *0-05& '/0$)#+#)8
0''%(0+" e%0-'$f )"& *0-05& +(1)#1.(.$/8 *.%#15 +8+/#159

='='7 1NTPUTW&UXX(T %HQJ

!"& O01$(17D(22#1 %./& #$ 0 '('./0% -(*&/ 2(% /(67+8+/& 20)#5.& ,&+0.$& (2 #)$ $#-'/#+#)89 N&1&%7
0//84 #) #$ 6%#))&1 #1 )"& 2(%-
∆ε p
= ε%f (2N f )c `Z9TPa
2
6"&%& ∆ε p /2 #$ )"& 0-'/#).*& (2 '/0$)#+ $)%0#14 N f #$ )"& 1.-,&% (2 +8+/&$4 ε%f #$ )"& *.+)#/#)8
+(&22#+#&1)4 01* c #$ )"& *.+)#/#)8 &;'(1&1)9 Y1 TUSZ4 O01$(14 %&+(51#F#15 )"& 2(%- (2 H=.0)#(1
`Z9TPa %&/0)#15 20)#5.& /#2& 01* '/0$)#+ $)%0#1 %015&4 $.55&$)&* )"0) )"& -051#).*& (2 1/c 60$ e#1
)"& 1&#5",(%"((* (2 )"%&&f `O01$(14 TUSZa9 D(22#1 `TUS[a $"(6&* )"0) 2(% '%0+)#+0/ '.%'($&$ )"&
20)#5.& '%('&%)8 c #$ 0''%(;#-0)&/8 &=.0/ )( −1/24 01* )"0) ε%f #$ %&/0)&* )( )"& -(1()(1#+ 2%0+).%&
*.+)#/#)8 ε f `!3&%1&//# 01* D(22#14 TUSUa9 >+).0//84 c +(--(1/8 %015&$ 2%(- −0.5 )( −0.7 2(% -($)
-&)0/$4 6#)" −0.6 0$ 0 %&'%&$&1)0)#3& 30/.&9
A&$'#)& 0 /0%5& 0-(.1) (2 6(%< )( 5&1&%0/#F& )"#$ /06 )( -./)#70;#0/ $)0)&$ (2 $)%&$$ `!%(%&
O(%%(64 TUQ[a 01* )( +(-'/&; "#$)(%#&$ (2 /(0*#15 `O01$(1 !" #$%& TUXTa4 #) %&-0#1$ 0 -(*&/
5&1&%0//8 (1/8 0''/#&* )( .1#0;#0/ '&%#(*#+ /(0*#15$9 @)#//4 0 6#*& 30%#&)8 (2 )&$)$ (2 $)%.+).%&4
+(-'(1&1)4 01* -0)&%#0/ $'&+#-&1$ "03& *&-(1$)%0)&* )"& 5&1&%0/ 30/#*#)8 (2 )"& O01$(17D(22#1

ZR
%&/0)#(14 01* )"& %015& 2(% )"& +(&22#+#&1) c +#)&* 0,(3&9
E&+&1)/84 G%#F `RPPSa .)#/#F&* )"& O01$(17D(22#1 %./& )(5&)"&% 6#)" )"& L0/-5%&17O#1&%
/#1&0% "8'()"&$#$ 2(% *0-05& 0++.-./0)#(1 `L0/-5%&14 TUR[i O#1&%4 TU[Sa 01* )"& %0#12/(6 +8+/&
+(.1)#15 -&)"(* `O0)$.#$"# 01* H1*(4 TUQ]a )( '%&*#+) )"& /(67+8+/& 20)#5.& ,&"03#(% (2 .1#0;7
#0//8 /(0*&* $)%.)$9 !"#$ 0''%(0+" -#-#+$ )"& %.').%& (2 .1#0;#0//8 /(0*&* -0)&%#0/ 2#,&%$ .$&* )(
%&'%&$&1) )"& +%($$ $&+)#(1 (2 0 -&-,&%9 !"& %0#12/(6 +8+/& +(.1)#15 -&)"(* 60$ $#-'/#2#&* $(
)"0) (1/8 $&3&%0/ %&+&1) +8+/&$ 6&%& +(1$#*&%&*9 !"#$ 0//(6$ +(-'.)0)#(1 (2 *0-05& *.%#15 )"&
%&$'(1$& %0)"&% )"01 J.$) 0) )"& &1*9 >2)&% '0%0-&)&% +0/#,%0)#(1 #) 60$ $"(61 )"0) )"& '%&*#+)#(1
-0)+"&* )"& &;'&%#-&1) =.#)& 6&//9 C()& )"0) )"& +(1)#1.(.$ *0-05& -(*&/$ *#$+.$$&* #1 )"#$ +"0'7
)&% *( 1() %&/8 (1 +8+/& +(.1)#15 0/5(%#)"-$4 ,.) %0)"&% *0-05& +(1)#1.(.$/8 0++.-./0)#15 ,0$&*
(1 )"& *0-05& -&+"01#+$ -(*&/$ '%&$&1)&*9

='='8 &UTO(THUHP /NMNGJ 1USJQP

C() -.+" 0))&1)#(1 "0$ ,&&1 5#3&1 )( )"& '($$#,#/#)8 (2 #1+(%'(%0)#15 *0-05& #1)( +8+/#+ '/0$)#+#)8
,8 -&01$ (2 -#+%(-&+"01#+$9 E&+&1) 6(%<$ (1 '(%(.$ -&)0/ '/0$)#+#)8 0%& )"($& (2 ?&,/(1* !" #$%
`TUUSa4 V&$$(1 01* N.#//&-&%7C&&/ `RPPZa4 01* D&*&%5%&1 !" #$% `RPP[a9 !"&$& -(*&/$ #1)%(*.+&
1(1/#1&0% <#1&-0)#+ "0%*&1#15 #1)( )"& N!C -(*&/9 >$ 20% 0$ +(1)#1..- *0-05& -&+"01#+$ #$
+(1+&%1&*4 L#%(1*# 01* V(1(%0 `RPPZa #1)%(*.+&* .1#0;#0/ +(1*#)#(1$ )( -(*&/ $)#221&$$ %&+(3&%8
*.%#15 )&1$#(17+(-'%&$$#(1 +8+/#+ /(0*#159 I013#1*& 01* A&#&%/&#1 `RPP[a &;)&1*&* )"& E#+& 01*
!%0+&8 `TUQUa 2(%-./0)#(1 )( #1+(%'(%0)& 0 +8+/#+ 3(#* 5%(6)" -(*&/ `D^NOa9 !"&8 %&3#$&* )"&
-0)&%#0/ +"0%0+)&%#$)#+ Dc #1 H=.0)#(1 `Z9Ta9

Dc = Dc0 &;'(λε̄ p ) `Z9TTa

$( )"0) )"& +%#)#+0/ 3(#* 3(/.-& 2%0+)#(1 *&+%&0$&$ 0$ )"& &=.#30/&1) '/0$)#+ $)%0#1 #1+%&0$&$4 01*
)"&1 %&3#$#15 )"& $)%&$$ -(*#2#+0)#(1 2.1+)#(1 0$

|σm |
F(σ) = &;'(1.5σm /σeq ) `Z9TRa
σm

$( )"0) )"& 3(#* 3(/.-& 2%0+)#(1 *&+%&0$&$ `"&0/$a #1 +(-'%&$$#(19

?&-0#)%& `TUURa #1)%(*.+&* 0 %&/0)#3& $#-'/& -(*#2#+0)#(1 2(% *0-05& &3(/.)#(1 #1 +8+/#+

ZZ
/(0*#15  $ %t


 Y p
 ˙
 S ε̄ σ1 > 0

Ḋ = 
 `Z9TZa



 0 ()"&%6#$&
6"&%& σ1 #$ )"& -0;#-.- '%#1+#'0/ $)%&$$9 W&%&4 *0-05& *(&$ 1() 0++.-./0)& 6"&1 0// '%#1+#'/&
$)%&$$&$ 0%& #1 +(-'%&$$#(19 Y1 )"& '%&$&1) #13&$)#50)#(14 )"#$ #$ 2.%)"&% %&3#$&* 2(% $#-'/&% #-'/&7
-&1)0)#(1 0$d  $ %t

 Y p σm 1


 ε̄˙ >−
 S σeq 3
Ḋ = 
 `Z9T[a



 0 ()"&%6#$&
!"#$ $#-'/#2#+0)#(1 "0$ 1&5/#5#,/& &22&+) 2(% -($) $)0)&$ (2 $)%&$$9
!( $+"&-0)#+0//8 #//.$)%0)& )"& *#22&%&1+& ,&)6&&1 )"& D^NO 01* DAO -(*&/$4 '%&/#-#7
10%8 %&$./)$ (2 01 010/8$#$ (2 01 #1*#3#*.0/ ,%0+& `'%&$&1)&* /0)&% #1 -(%& *&)0#/ #1 @&+)#(1 S9R9Ta 0%&
$"(61 #1 :#5.%&$ Z9Q 01* Z9X9 :%(- :#5.%& Z9Q #) +01 ,& $&&1 )"0) 2(% )"& +8+/#+ 3(#* 5%(6)" -(*&/4
)"& *0-05& D #1+%&0$&$ *.%#15 $(-& '(%)#(1$ (2 )"& *&2(%-0)#(1 +8+/& 01* )"&1 "&0/$ #1 ()"&%
'(%)#(1$4 01* )"& +%#)#+0/ *0-05& '0%0-&)&% Dc *&+%&0$&$ 6#)" '$&.*(7)#-& j0++(%*#15 )( H=.0)#(1
`Z9TTak9 Y1 +(1)%0$)4 2(% )"& $0-& &;0-'/&4 )"& +(1)#1..- *0-05& -(*&/ 5#3&1 ,8 H=.0)#(1 `Z9T[a
(1/8 #1+%&0$&$ 6#)" #1+%&0$#15 '$&.*(7)#-&4 01* )"& +%#)#+0/ *0-05& '0%0-&)&% Dc #$ 0 +(1$)01)9
!"& 1.-&%#+0/ 30/.&$ (2 )"& +%#)#+0/ *0-05& '0%0-&)&%$4 Dc0 2(% )"& D^NO 01* Dc 2(% )"& DAO
-(*&/$ 6#//4 #1 5&1&%0/4 *#22&%9 :(% )"& $0<& (2 )"#$ #//.$)%0)#(14 )"&8 "03& ,&&1 /(($&/8 +0/#,%0)&*
)( )0#/ 0) 0,(.) )"& $0-& )#-&9
Y) #$ 0/$( 6(%)" -&1)#(1#15 )"0) 0/)"(.5" )"& +%#)#+0/ &=.#30/&1)7'/0$)#+7$)%0#1 0''%(0+"
`F (σ) = 14 G ("˙ p ) = ε̄˙ p a +01 ,& .$&* #1 '%('(%)#(10/ /(0*#15 +0$&$ 6"&%& )"& )%#0;#0/#)8 #$ +(17
$)01) 01* <1(614 #) #$ .1$.#)0,/& 2(% 0%,#)%0%8 +0$&$ (2 +8+/#+ /(0*#159 >$ #//.$)%0)&* #1 !0,/& Z9T
`01* 0''%(;#-0)&/8 #1 :#5$9 Z9] 01* Z9Ua4 20)#5.& /#2& `1.-,&% (2 +8+/&$ )( 20#/.%&a 6#// )&1* )( ,&
.1*&%&$)#-0)&* #2 /0%5& $)%0#1 0-'/#).*& *0)0 0%& .$&* )( +0/#,%0)& )"& '0%0-&)&%$ `,8 0 20+)(% (2
[ #1 )"& )0,/&ai +(13&%$&/84 )"& 20)#5.& /#2& 6#// )&1* )( ,& (3&%&$)#-0)&* #2 $-0// $)%0#1 0-'/#).*&
*0)0 0%& .$&* )( +0/#,%0)& )"& '0%0-&)&%$9 !"#$ #$ 01 #1"&%&1) 01* #-'(%)01) *%06,0+< (2 0''/8#15
)"& +%#)#+0/ &=.#30/&1)7'/0$)#+7$)%0#1 +%#)&%#(1 )( +8+/#+ /(0*#159 !"#$ *%06,0+< #$ (1& (2 )"& %&07
$(1$ 6"8 e$)%&$$7-(*#2#&*f +%#)#+0/ '/0$)#+ $)%0#1 +%#)&%#04 $.+" 0$ D^NO 01* DAO4 0%& )8'#+0//8
.$&* )( $#-./0)& /(67+8+/& 20)#5.& 20#/.%& ,&"03#(% .1*&% 0%,#)%0%#/8 30%8#15 $)%0#1 "#$)(%#&$9 !"&
()"&% %&0$(1 #$ )"& )%#0;#0/#)87#1*&'&1*&1+& (2 +%#)#+0/ &=.#30/&1) '/0$)#+ $)%0#1 +%#)&%#(1i )"& &22&+)

Z[
(2 )%#0;#0/ +(1$)%0#1) (1 )"& #1#)#0)#(1 (2 %.').%& #$ 0 6&//7<1(61 '"&1(-&1(19

='='= #(MVQJ &UMVNI(PUT UX &UTO(THUHP /NMNGJ 1USJQP `(OL 1NTPUTW&UXX(T %HQJ

>/)"(.5" )"& ,0$#+ )%&1*$ '%&*#+)&* ,8 )"& O01$(17D(22#1 %./& "03& ,&&1 3&%#2#&* ,8 +(1$#*&%0,/&
/(67+8+/& 20)#5.& *0)04 )"& %./& #1+%&-&1)$ )"& *0-05& $)0)& (1/8 0) )"& &1* (2 &0+" +8+/&9 !"#$ %./&
#$ 1() $.#)0,/& 2(% )"& +0$& 6"&%& )"& 1.-,&% (2 +8+/&$ )( 20#/.%& #$ /&$$ )"01 10 ,&+0.$& )"#$ 6#//
1() 0//(6 0 '(#1) #1 0 -0)&%#0/ )( 2%0+).%& .1)#/ )"& &1* (2 0 2.// +8+/&9 D(1)#1.(.$ *0-05& -(*&/$
%&$(/3& )"#$ *#22#+./)89 !".$4 #) #$ .$&2./ )( .$& )"& O01$(17D(22#1 %./& 0$ 0 %&2&%&1+& 01* )( +(-'0%&
)"& %&$./)$ (2 *#22&%&1) +(1)#1.(.$ *0-05& -(*&/$ )( )"& %&$./)$ '%&*#+)&* ,8 )"& O01$(17D(22#1
%./&9
:(% )"#$ +(-'0%#$(14 )"& +8+/#+ 3(#* 5%(6)" -(*&/ #1 H=.0)#(1 `Z9TTa 01* `Z9TRa 01* )"&
$#-'/#2#&* +(1)#1..- *0-05& -&+"01#+$ -(*&/ #1 H=.0)#(1 `Z9T[a 0%& &30/.0)&* 2(% /(67+8+/& 207
)#5.& 01* +(-'0%&* 050#1$) )"& O01$(17D(22#1 %./&9 > .1#0;#0/ $)%&$$ +(1*#)#(1 -(*&/ #$ $.,J&+)&*
)( 0 $&%#&$ (2 +(1$)01)70-'/#).*& $)%0#1 +8+/&$ +(1$#*&%#15 $&3&%0/ 0-'/#).*&$ (2 -0;#-.- $)%0#19
!"&$& +8+/#+ *&2(%-0)#(1 "#$)(%#&$ 0%& #-'($&* .1)#/ %.').%& (2 )"& -0)&%#0/ (++.%$9 Y1 )"#$ 6084
$)01*0%* O01$(17D(22#1 )8'& '/()$ +01 ,& '%&'0%&* 2(% )"& 010/8$#$ %&$./)$4 01* )"&$& +01 ,& +(-7
'0%&* *#%&+)/8 6#)" )"& -($) ,0$#+ O01$(17D(22#1 +%#)&%#0 2(% 01 #*&0/ &;'&%#-&1)4 0$ $"(61 #1
:#5.%&$ Z9] 01* Z9U9 V()" -(*&/$ '%&*#+) %&$./)$ )"0) 05%&& 6#)" )"($& +(-'.)&* 6#)" )"& O01$(17
D(22#1 %./&4 6#)" )"& *.+)#/#)8 &;'(1&1) c %015#15 2%(- −0.5 )( −0.7i )%!%& +(%%&$'(1*#15 )( )8'#+0/
30/.&$ 2(% -&)0/$9
C()& )"0) )"& /(67+8+/& 20)#5.& +%#)&%#(1 ,0$&* (1 +%#)#+0/ &=.#30/&1) '/0$)#+ $)%0#1 %&$./)$
#1 0 2#;&* *.+)#/#)8 &;'(1&1) c &=.0/ )( −19 >$ $.+"4 #) +011() '%&*#+) )"& +(%%&+) )%&1* (2 /(67
+8+/& 20)#5.& 2(% -&)0/$9 !".$4 0/)"(.5" )"& &22&+)#3& '/0$)#+ $)%0#1 +%#)&%#(1 +01 ,& +0/#,%0)&* 2(%
0 '0%)#+./0% -0)&%#0/ 01* $'&+#-&1 +(12#5.%0)#(1 $.,J&+)&* )( 0 $'&+#2#+ /(0*#15 '%()(+(/4 )"& $0-&
20#/.%& +%#)&%#(1 -#5") ,& #10''%('%#0)& 2(% *#22&%&1) /(0*#15 "#$)(%#&$ 0) ()"&% /(+0)#(1$ 6#)"#1 )"&
$0-& $)%.+).%&9
D(1$#*&%#15 )"0) )"& DAO %&$./) #1 :#5.%& Z9U #$ -(%& 0++.%0)& )"01 )"& D^NO %&$./) #1
:#5.%& Z9]4 01* )"0) )"& DAO #$ +(-'0%0)#3&/8 &0$8 )( #-'/&-&1) 01* 1.-&%#+0//8 -(%& &22#+#&1)4
)"& $#-'/#2#&* DAO -(*&/ #1 H=.0)#(1 `Z9T[a #$ +"($&1 "&%&#1 0$ )"& *0-05& &3(/.)#(1 -(*&/
2(% 2.%)"&% #13&$)#50)#(19 Y) #$ ,&/#&3&* )"0) $(-& .1*&%/8#15 %&/0)#(1$"#' $"(./* ,& $0)#$2#&* 6"&1

ZS
+(1)#1.(.$ *0-05& -(*&/$ -0)+" )"& O01$(17D(22#1 %&/0)#(14 $.55&$)#15 )"0) *&&'&% #13&$)#50)#(1
#$ 1&&*&*9

='? &+*&-5/4*0 %.1!%)#

!"#$ +"0')&% $8$)&-0)#+0//8 %&3#&6$ -0)&%#0/ -(*&/$ 2(% $)%.+).%0/ $)&&/ $.,J&+) )( '/0$)#+#)84 *0-7
05&4 01* 20#/.%&4 01* $.,J&+) )( +8+/#+ /(0*#15 "#$)(%89 >-(15 $&3&%0/ -(*&/$ %&3#&6$4 )"& $(7
'"#$)#+0)&* /(67+8+/& 20)#5.& -(*&/ ,0$&* (1 *0-05& -&+"01#+$ #$ +"($&1 ,&+0.$& (2 #)$ 0,#/#)8 )(
%&'%(*.+& )"& O01$(17D(22#1 %&/0)#(1 6#)" %&0$(10,/& 0++.%0+89

$NRQJ ='7 ;IJS(KO(UTP UX XN(QHIJ XUI NT (SJNQ 1NTPUTW&UXX(T J6VJI(MJTO

D0/#,%0)&* )( /0%5& $)%0#1 0-'/#).*& *0)0

@)%0#1 0-'/#).*& :0#/.%& D8+/& !&$)\HL@
!&$) R
0.20 T9PP
HL@∗ 2
!&$) ZR
0.05 [9PP
HL@ 8

D0/#,%0)&* )( $-0// $)%0#1 0-'/#).*& *0)0

@)%0#1 0-'/#).*& :0#/.%& D8+/& !&$)\HL@
!&$) R
0.20 P9RS
HL@ 8
!&$) ZR
0.05 T9PP
HL@ 32

∗ HL@ l +%#)#+0/ &=.#30/&1)7'/0$)#+7$)%0#1 +%#)&%#(1

ZQ
 4.0

3.5 Cyclic Void Growth Model

Damage Evolution D
3.0
Critical Damage Dc
Fatigue life exhausted
2.5
Damage D

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Pseudo Time

3(GHIJ ='B /NMNGJ J2UQHO(UT UX &901 MUSJQ

1.0
Continuum Damage Mechanics Model
Damage Evolution D
0.8 Critical Damage Dc = 0.5
Fatigue life exhausted

0.6
Damage D

0.4

0.2

0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Pseudo Time

3(GHIJ ='E /NMNGJ J2UQHO(UT UX &/1 MUSJQ

ZX
 1

Plastic strain amplitude Δεp/ 2

0.1

CVGM λ = 0.2
CVGM λ = 0.4
Equivalent Plastic Strain
Manson-Coffin c = -0.55
Manson-Coffin c = -0.62
0.01
0.1 1 10 100
Number of cycles to failure N

3(GHIJ ='D 1NTPUTW&UXX(T VQUO UX &901 MUSJQ

CDM t=1
1 CDM t=2
CDM t=3
Equivalent Plastic Strain
Plastic strain amplitude Δεp/ 2

Manson-Coffin c = -0.65
Manson-Coffin c = -0.55
Manson-Coffin c = -0.50

0.1

0.01
1 10 100 1000
Number of cycles to failure N

3(GHIJ ='< 1NTPUTW&UXX(T VQUO UX &/1 MUSJQ

Z]
O :;.%". H&#&)+ P%&-'"."'; A14+%

!"#$ +"0')&% *&3&/('$ 0 +8+/#+ *0-05& '/0$)#+#)8 -(*&/ ,0$&* (1 )"& %&3#&6 (2 -0)&%#0/ -(*&/$ #1
)"& '%&3#(.$ +"0')&%9 :#%$)4 )"& )"&(%8 (2 '/0$)#+#)8 01* *0-05& &3(/.)#(1 #$ '%&$&1)&*9 C&;)4 #-'/&7
-&1)0)#(1 (2 '/0$)#+#)8 01* *0-05& -(*&/$ .$#15 )"& +.))#157'/01& 0/5(%#)"- (% )"& +/($&$)7'(#1)
0/5(%#)"- #$ *#$+.$$&*9 :#10//84 &;0-'/&$ (2 )"& )#-&7#1)&5%0)#(1 '%(+&*.%& 2(% ,%#+< 01* $"&// &/&7
-&1)$ #$ $"(619 !"& +8+/#+ *0-05& '/0$)#+#)8 -(*&/ #$ .$&* #1 )"& 1&;) )6( +"0')&%$ 2(% +0/#,%0)#(14
30/#*0)#(14 0''/#+0)#(14 01* $).*#&$ (2 $)&&/ ,%0+&* 2%0-& +(-'(1&1)$ 01* $.,0$$&-,/#&$9

?'7 $C.+%@ +3 ;-!#$4&4$@ !*/ /!1!0. .9+-5$4+*

D(-'(1&1)$ (2 )"& *0-05& '/0$)#+#)8 -(*&/4 #1+/.*#15 $)%0#1 %0)& *&+(-'($#)#(14 8#&/* +%#)&%#(14
#$()%('#+ 01* <#1&-0)#+ "0%*&1#15 ,&"03#(%4 01* *0-05& &3(/.)#(1 0%& $.--0%#F&* #1 )"#$ $&+)#(19

?'7'7 #OIN(T %NOJ /JKUMVUP(O(UT

!"& %0)&7(27*&2(%-0)#(1 )&1$(% "˙ #$ 6%#))&1 #1 )"& 0**#)#3& 2(%- (2 )"& &/0$)#+ 01* '/0$)#+ $)%0#1 %0)&
+(-'(1&1)$ 0$
"˙ = "˙ e + "˙ p `[9Ta

?'7'8 .QNPO(K "JLN2(UI

!"& &/0$)#+ ,&"03#(% #$ -(*&/&* 0$ #$()%('#+ "8'(&/0$)#+#)84 )%!%& )"& +(%()0)#(10/ %0)& (2 )"& D0.+"8
$)%&$$ )&1$(% σ̇ #$ +0/+./0)&* 2%(- )"& &/0$)#+ $)%0#1 %0)& )&1$(% "˙ e 0$

σ̇ = De : "˙ e `[9Ra

6"&%& De %&'%&$&1)$ )"& 2(.%)"7(%*&% &/0$)#+#)8 )&1$(%

1
De = κ1 ⊗ 1 + 2G(I − 1 ⊗ 1) `[9Za
3
6"&%& λ 01* G 0%& )"& ?0-o +(1$)01)$4 1 #$ )"& $&+(1*7(%*&% #*&1)#)8 )&1$(%4 01* I #$ )"& 2(.%)"7(%*&%
$8--&)%#+ #*&1)#)8 )&1$(%9

1 = δi j ei ⊗ e j `[9[0a
1
I= [δik δ jl + δil δ jk ] ei ⊗ e j ⊗ ek ⊗ el `[9[,a
2

?'7'= ;QNPO(K "JLN2(UI

!"& '/0$)#+ ,&"03#(% #$ -(*&/&* 0$ '%&$$.%&7#1*&'&1*&1) '/0$)#+#)89 Y2 )"& W.,&%73(1 O#$&$ 8#&/*
+(1*#)#(1 #$ 0*(')&*4 )"& 8#&/* $.%20+& #$ *&2#1&* ,8 )"& 2.1+)#(1

F = σ̄ − σy = 0 `[9Sa

6"&%& σy #$ .1#0;#0/ 8#&/* $)%&$$4 01* σ̄ #$ )"& &22&+)#3& 3(1 O#$&$ $)%&$$4 6#)" %&$'&+) )( )"& &22&+)#3&
*&3#0)(%#+ $)%&$$ )&1$(%
se = *&3[σ] − α = s − α `[9Qa

6"&%& s #$ *&3#0)(%#+ $)%&$$ )&1$(% 01* α #$ )"& ,0+< $)%&$$ )&1$(%4 6"#+" #$ *&+(-'($&* #1)( -./)#'/&
)&1$(% +(-'(1&1)$
*
α= αj `[9Xa
j

!"& &22&+)#3& 3(1 O#$&$ $)%&$$ #$ *&2#1&* 0$

# #
3 3
σ̄ (se ) = se : se = "se " `[9]a
2 2

!"& -(*&/ 2(//(6$ )"& 0$$(+#0)&* ?&387@0#1) ^&101) '/0$)#+ 2/(6 %./&4 )%!%& )"& '/0$)#+ $)%0#1
%0)& )&1$(% #$ *&2#1&* 0$
∂F 3 se 3
"˙ p = λ̇ = λ̇ = nλ̇ `[9Ua
∂σ 2 σ̄ 2
6"&%& λ̇ #$ )"& '/0$)#+ +(1$#$)&1+8 '0%0-&)&%4 01* n #$ )"& 2/(6 *#%&+)#(1

se
n= `[9TPa
σ̄

C()& )"0) 2(% )"& $0<& (2 #-'/&-&1)0)#(1 $#-'/#+#)84 n #$ *+" 0 .1#) 3&+)(%i #)$ 1(%- #$
#
2
"n" = `[9TTa
3

[P
 >*(')#(1 (2 )"& 0,(3& 2(%- (2 3(1 O#$&$ 8#&/* +%#)&%#(1 %&$./)$ #1 λ̇ = ε̄˙ p 4 6"&%& ε̄˙ p #$ )"&
&=.#30/&1) '/0$)#+ $)%0#1 %0)& *&2#1&* 0$
#
2 p p
ε̄˙ p = "˙ : "˙ `[9TRa
3

?'7'? *UTQ(TJNI 4PUOIUV(Kb)(TJMNO(K CNISJT(TG 1USJQ

!"& $#F& (2 )"& 8#&/* $.%20+& σy #$ 0 2.1+)#(1 (2 )"& &=.#30/&1) '/0$)#+ $)%0#1 ε̄ p 2(% -0)&%#0/$ )"0)
&#)"&% +8+/#+0//8 "0%*&1 (% $(2)&19
σy = σy (ε̄ p ) `[9TZa

6"&%& )"& &=.#30/&1) '/0$)#+ $)%0#1 #$ *&2#1&* 0$ 01 0++.-./0)#(1

! t
p
ε̄ (t) = ε̄˙ p (τ) *τ `[9T[a
0

!"& &3(/.)#(1 (2 )"& ,0+< $)%&$$ )&1$(% +(-'(1&1)$ 0%& (2 )"& >%-$)%(157:%&*&%#+< )8'&
`>%-$)%(15 01* :%&*&%#+<4 TUQQa4 *&2#1&* 0$
2
α̇ j = C j "˙ p − γ j α j ε̄˙ p = [C j n − γ j α j ] ε̄˙ p `[9TSa
3
6"&%& Ci 01* γi 0%& -0)&%#0/ '0%0-&)&%$9 !"& %&+0// )&%- γ j α j ε̄˙ p #1)%(*.+&$ )"& 1(1/#1&0%#)8 #1 )"&
&3(/.)#(1 /069 !"& /06 +01 ,& *&5&1&%0)&* #1)( )"& /#1&0% <#1&-0)#+ (1& ,8 $'&+#28#15 (1/8 (1& α
+(-'(1&1) 6#)" γ = 09

?'7'> /NMNGJ .2UQHO(UT 1USJQ

V0$&* (1 )"& '%#1+#'/& (2 $)%0#1 &=.#30/&1+& `?&-0#)%&4 TUXTad e>18 $)%0#1 +(1$)#).)#3& &=.0)#(1
2(% 0 *0-05& -0)&%#0/ -08 ,& *&%#3&* #1 )"& $0-& 608 0$ 2(% 0 3#%5#1 -0)&%#0/ &;+&') )"0) )"&
.$.0/ $)%&$$ #$ %&'/0+&* ,8 )"& &22&+)#3& $)%&$$4f )"& $)%&$$ )&1$(% `#1 )"& *0-05&* -0)&%#0/a σD #$
+0/+./0)&* 2%(- )"& &22&+)#3& $)%&$$ )&1$(% σ 0$

σD = σ(1 − D) `[9TQa

6"&%& D #$ )"& *0-05& 30%#0,/&4 6"($& %0)& #$ 5#3&1 ,8 ?&-0#)%&h$ -(*&/ `?&-0#)%&4 TUURi A.20#//8
01* ?&-0#)%&4 TUUSa  $ %t

 Y p σm 1


 ε̄˙ ε̄ p > ε̄dp 01* >−
 S σeq 3
Ḋ = 
 `[9TXa



 0 ()"&%6#$&

[T
 "
6"&%& σm = σ : 1/3 #$ )"& -&01 $)%&$$4 σeq = 3/2"σ" #$ )"& &=.#30/&1) $)%&$$4 σm /σeq #$ )"&
$)%&$$ )%#0;#0/#)84 ε̄dp #$ *0-05& )"%&$"(/*4 S #$ 0 -0)&%#0/ +(1$)01) #1 &1&%58 *&1$#)8 .1#)$4 t #$ 0
*#-&1$#(1/&$$ -0)&%#0/ +(1$)01)4 01* Y #$ )"& #1)&%10/ &1&%58 *&1$#)8 %&/&0$& %0)&4 +0/+./0)&* 0$

1 −1
Y = σ : [De ] : σ `[9T]a
2

?'8 41;-.1.*$!$4+* +3 $C. ;-!#$4&4$@ 1+/.-

Y1 1.-&%#+0/ 010/8$#$4 )"& $)0)& 30%#0,/&$ (2 0 -0)&%#0/ -(*&/ $.+" 0$ $)%&$$4 01* &/0$)#+ 01* '/0$)#+
$)%0#1 0%& .'*0)&* 2%(- (1& *#$+%&)& )#-& )( )"& 1&;)4 <1(61 0$ e)#-& #1)&5%0)#(1f (2 $)0)& 30%#0,/&$9
!"& +(%%&$'(1*#15 *#$+%&)#F0)#(1 01* )"& .'*0)& '%(+&*.%& (2 )"&$& $)0)& 30%#0,/&$4 )%!%& #-'/&-&17
)0)#(1 (2 )"& '/0$)#+#)8 -(*&/ #$ '%&$&1)&* #1 )"#$ $&+)#(19

?'8'7 "NK_`NIS .HQJI /(XXJIJTKJ #KLJMJ

:#%$)4 )"& $)0)& 30%#0,/&$ 0%& *#$+%&)#F&* .$#15 0 ,0+<60%* H./&% *#22&%&1+& $+"&-&9 @.,$+%#') i
%&'%&$&1) )"& $)&' 1.-,&%i (•)i h$ 0%& 30%#0,/&$ 0) )#-& ti

p
ε̄i+1 = ε̄ip + ∆λ `[9TU0a

σi+1 = σi + De : (∆" − ∆" p ) `[9TU,a

3
∆" p = ni+1 ∆λ `[9TU+a
2
∆α j = [C j ni+1 − γ j (α j )i+1 ] ∆λ `[9TU*a

?'8'8 .QNPO(KW;QNPO(K +VJINOUI #VQ(O

C&;)4 )"& $)0)& 30%#0,/&$ 0%& .'*0)&* .$#15 0 )6(7$)&' 0/5(%#)"-d `Ta 01 &/0$)#+ )%#0/ '%&*#+)(% 2(/7
/(6&* ,8 `Ra 0 '/0$)#+ +(%%&+)(% )"0) '&%2(%-$ '%(J&+)#(1 (2 )"& )%#0/ $)0)&$ (1)( )"& 8#&/* $.%20+&9
!"& &/0$)#+ '%&*#+)(% (,)0#1$ )"& )%#0/ &/0$)#+ $)0)&$ ,8 2%&&F#15 '/0$)#+ 2/(6 *.%#15 )"& )#-& $)&' 0$

p,trial
ε̄i+1 = ε̄ip `[9RP0a

σtrial e
i+1 = σi + D : ∆" `[9RP,a

∆" p,trial = 0 `[9RP+a

∆αtrial
j =0 `[9RP*a

[R
 !"& '/0$)#+ %&).%17-0''#15 +(%%&+)(% )"&1 .'*0)&$ )"& $)0)&$ 0$

p
ε̄i+1 = ε̄ip,trial + ∆λ `[9RT0a

σi+1 = σtrial e
i+1 − D : ∆"
p
`[9RT,a
3
∆" p = ni+1 ∆λ `[9RT+a
2
∆α j = [C j ni+1 − γ j (α j )i+1 ] ∆λ `[9RT*a

!"& '/0$)#+ +(%%&+)(% +01 ,& #-'/&-&1)&* &#)"&% .$#15 )"& +.))#157'/01& 0/5(%#)"- (% )"&
+/($&$)7'(#1) 0/5(%#)"-9 :(% )"& )"&(%8 (2 )"&$& )6( 0/5(%#)"-$4 $&& @#-( 01* W.5"&$ `TUU]a9 !"&
*&3&/('-&1) (2 )"&$& )6( 0/5(%#)"-$ 2(% )"& *0-05& '/0$)#+#)8 -(*&/ #$ $"(61 ,&/(69

?'8'= &HOO(TGW;QNTJ !QGUI(OLM

:(% )"& +.))#157'/01& 0/5(%#)"-4 #1 )"& k7)" #)&%0)#(14 )"& $)0)&$ 0%& #1)&5%0)&* 2%(- (•)(k) )( (•)(k+1) 4
6#)" /#1&0%#F0)#(1 0,(.) (•)(k) d

p,(k+1) p,(k)
ε̄i+1 = ε̄i+1 + ∆2 λ(k) `[9RR0a
(k+1) (k) (k)
σi+1 = σi+1 − 3Gni+1 ∆2 λ(k) `[9RR,a
(k+1) (k)
+ (k) (k)
,
(α j )i+1 = (α j )i+1 + C j ni+1 − γ j (α j )i+1 ∆2 λ(k) `[9RR+a
- p,(k+1) . - p,(k) . ∂σy - p,(k) .
σy ε̄i+1 ≈ σy ε̄i+1 + p ε̄i+1 ∆2 λ(k) `[9RR*a
∂ε̄
@(/.)#(1 (2 )"& 8#&/* 2.1+)#(1

(k+1) (k) ∂F (k) 2 (k) ∂F (k) 2 (k) ∂F (k) 2 (k)

0= Fi+1 ≈Fi+1 + ∆ σi+1 + ∆ αi+1 + ∆ σy,i+1
∂σ ∂α ∂σy
(k) 3 (k) - (k)
. ∂σy - p,(k) .
`[9RZa
=Fi+1 + ni+1 : −3Gni+1 ∆2 λ(k) + p ε̄i+1 ∆2 λ(k)
2 ∂ε̄
3 (k) + (k) (k)
,
− ni+1 : C j ni+1 − γ j (α j )i+1 ∆2 λ(k)
2
(,)0#1$
(k)
2 (k)
Fi+1
∆λ =   `[9R[a
∂σy - p,(k) . * 3 (k) * (k) 

3G + p ε̄i+1 + C j − ni+1 :  γ j (α j )i+1 
∂ε̄ j
2 j

V&+0.$& /#1&0%#F0)#(1 #$ .$&* )( .'*0)& )"& $)0)& &;+&') 2(%

- p,(k+1) . - p,(k) . ∂σy - p,(k) .
σy ε̄i+1 ≈ σy ε̄i+1 + p ε̄i+1 ∆2 λ(k) `[9RSa
∂ε̄

[Z
)"& 8#&/* 2.1+)#(1 +01 ,& +0/+./0)&* )"0)

(k+1)
- p,(k) . ∂σy - p,(k) . - p,(k+1) .
Fi+1 = σy ε̄i+1 + p ε̄i+1 ∆2 λ(k) − σy ε̄i+1 `[9RQa
∂ε̄
Y2 )"& #$()%('#+ "0%*&1#15 2.1+)#(1 σy (ε̄ p ) #$ *&2#1&* .$#15 0 '#&+&6#$& /#1&0% +.%3&4 01*
(1)
∆2 λ(0) #$ $-0// &1(.5"4 )"& /#1&0%#F0)#(1 (2 σy #$ 0++.%0)&9 !"&14 )"& &%%(% (2 Fi+1 0,(3& -08 ,&
#51(%&*9 !"#$ /&0*$ )( 0 1(17#)&%0)#3& 0/5(%#)"-d
trial
Fi+1
∆λ = ∆2 λ(0) = `[9RXa
k
6"&%&  
∂σy - . * 3 * 
k = 3G + p ε̄ip + C j − ntrial :  γ j (α j )i  `[9R]a
∂ε̄ j
2 i+1 j

6"&%&,8 )"& $)0)&$ 0%& .'*0)&* 0$

p
ε̄i+1 = ε̄ip + ∆λ `[9RU0a

σi+1 = σtrial trial

i+1 − 3Gni+1 ∆λ `[9RU,a
+ ,
(α j )i+1 = (α j )i + C j ntrial
i+1 − γ j (α j ) i ∆λ `[9RU+a

>1* ,&+0.$&
  
∂∆λ 1

 3 ∂ntrial
i+1
* 


=  3Gntrial
+ ∆λ :  γ j (α j )i  `[9ZPa
∂" i+1 k
 i+1
2 ∂" i+1 j



6"&%&
3
∂ntrial ∂ntrial ∂strial I − ntrial trial $
i+1 ⊗ ni+1 8 1 9%
i+1
=
i+1
:
e,i+1
= 2 : 2G I − 1 ⊗ 1
∂" i+1 ∂strial
e,i+1
∂" i+1 σ̄trial
i+1
3 `[9ZTa
2G 8 1 3 trial 9
trial
= trial I − 1 ⊗ 1 − ni+1 ⊗ ni+1
σ̄i+1 3 2
)"&1 2%(-

σi+1 = σtrial trial

i+1 − 3Gni+1 ∆λ `[9ZR0a

*σi+1 = De : *" i+1 − 3G[ntrial trial

i+1 *∆λ + *ni+1 ∆λ] `[9ZR,a
 
 e trial ∂∆λ ∂ntrial
i+1 

= D − 3Gni+1 ⊗ − 3G∆λ  : *" i+1 `[9ZR+a
∂" i+1 ∂" i+1
)"& 0/5(%#)"- +(1$#$)&1) )015&1) -(*./# +01 ,& (,)0#1&* 0$
∂σi+1 1
= Di+1 = κ1 ⊗ 1 + 2Gθi+1 (I − 1 ⊗ 1) − 3Gθ̃i+1 ntrial trial
i+1 ⊗ ni+1 − D̃i+1 `[9ZZa
∂" i+1 3

[[
6"&%&
3G∆λ
θi+1 = 1 − `[9Z[0a
σ̄trial
i+1
3G
θ̃i+1 = − (1 − θi+1 ) `[9Z[,a
k $  
9G2 ∆λ trial   3 % *  
 trial trial  
D̃i+1 = ni+1 ⊗ 
 I − ni+1 ⊗ ni+1 : 
 γ j (α j ) i 
 `[9Z[+a
kσ̄trial
i+1
 2 j


?'8'? &QUPJPOW;U(TO ;IUcJKO(UT !QGUI(OLM

:(% )"& +/($&$)7'(#1) '%(J&+)#(1 0/5(%#)"-4 #1 #)&%0)#(1 1.-,&% k4 )"& $)0)&$ 0%& #1)&5%0)&* 2%(- (•)(0)
)( (•)(k) 4 6#)" /#1&0%#F0)#(1 0,(.) (•)(k) d
p,(k)
ε̄i+1 = ε̄ip + ∆λ(k) `[9ZS0a

si+1 = strial
(k) (k)(k)
i+1 − 3Gni+1 ∆λ `[9ZS,a
(k)
+ (k) (k)
,
(α j )i+1 = (α j )i + C j ni+1 − γ j (α j )i+1 ∆λ(k) `[9ZS+a

%&$./)#15 #1
(k) (k) (k)
se,i+1 = si+1 − αi+1
   
 * (α j ) i
  * C j

=  strial −  − 3G +
 
 ∆λ(k) n(k)
i+1
j
1 + γ j ∆λ (k)
j
1 + γ j ∆λ 
(k) i+1
`[9ZQa
 


 * C j

= ξi+1 − 3G +  ∆λ(k) n(k)
(k)
1 + γ ∆λ (k)   i+1
j j

6"&%&
* (α j )i
ξi+1 = strial
(k)
i+1 − `[9ZXa
j
1 + γ j ∆λ(k)
:%(- )"& 8#&/* 2.1+)#(1
(k) (k)
- p,(k) .
0 = Fi+1 = σ̄i+1 − σy ε̄i+1 `[9Z]a

(,)0#1
(k) (k) (k)
- p,(k) . (k)
se,i+1 = σ̄i+1 ni+1 = σy ε̄i+1 ni+1 `[9ZUa
(k) (k)
W&1+&4 )"& *#%&+)#(1 ni+1 #$ *&)&%-#1&* &;+/.$#3&/8 #1 )&%-$ (2 ξi+1
# :
3 :: (k) :::
(k)
(k) ξi+1 (k)
ni+1 = (k) 6"&%& σ̃i+1 = :ξ : `[9[Pa
σ̃i+1 2 i+1

[S
 !"&%&2(%&4
 
- .  * C j

p,(k)
− 3G +  ∆λ(k) n(k)
(k) (k) (k)
σy ε̄i+1 ni+1 = σ̃i+1 ni+1 `[9[Ta
1 + γ ∆λ 
(k)
j j
i+1

01* )"& 2(//(6#15 1(1/#1&0% $+0/0% &=.0)#(1 #$ (,)0#1&*

 
- .  * Cj  - .
0 = g ∆λ(k)
=σ̃i+1 − 3G +
(k)  ∆λ(k) − σy ε̄ p,(k) `[9[Ra
j
1 + γ j ∆λ(k)  i+1

01*
 
∂g - (k) . 3 (k) * γ j (α j )i 
∆λ = ni+1 :  2


∂∆λ 2 (1 + γ j ∆λ(k) )
j
* `[9[Za
Cj ∂σy - p,(k) .
− 3G − − ε̄
j (1 + γ j ∆λ(k) )
2 ∂ε̄ p i+1

>*301+#15 )( )"& 1&;) #)&%0)#(1 ,8 C&6)(1h$ -&)"(*

; <−1 -
∂g - (k) . .
∆λ (k+1)
= ∆λ (k)
− ∆λ g ∆λ(k) `[9[[a
∂∆λ

>2)&% +(13&%5&1+&4 )"& $)0)&$ 0%& .'*0)&* 0$

p
ε̄i+1 = ε̄ip + ∆λ(k+1) `[9[S0a

si+1 = strial (k+1) (k+1)

i+1 − 3Gni+1 ∆λ `[9[S,a
(k+1)
(α j )i + C j ∆λ(k+1) ni+1
(α j )i+1 = `[9[S+a
1 + γ j ∆λ(k+1)

V&+0.$& " i+1 #$ 2#;&* #1 )"& '/0$)#+ +(%%&+)(%

∂g ∂g ∂∆λ ∂g ∂strial
i+1
0= = (∆λ) + trial :
∂" i+1 ∂∆λ ∂" i+1 ∂si+1 ∂" i+1
∂g ∂∆λ 3 8 1 9
= (∆λ) + ni+1 : 2G I − 1 ⊗ 1 `[9[Qa
∂∆λ ∂" i+1 2 3
∂g ∂∆λ
= (∆λ) + 3Gni+1
∂∆λ ∂" i+1

∂∆λ 3G ∂g
@( = ni+1 4 6"&%& k = − (∆λ)9
∂" i+1 k ∂∆λ

[Q
 !"&1 2%(-
∂ni+1 ∂ni+1 ∂ξi+1
= :
∂" i+1 ∂ξi+1 ∂" i+1
3  
I − ni+1 ⊗ ni+1  8 1 9 * γ (α ) ∂∆λ 
2 j j i
= : 2G I − 1 ⊗ 1 + 2
⊗ 

σ̃i+1 3 j (1 + γ j ∆λ)
∂" i+1

3  
I − ni+1 ⊗ ni+1  8 1 9 3G * γ (α ) ⊗ n  `[9[Xa
2  j j i i+1 
= : 2G I − 1 ⊗ 1 + 
σ̃i+1 3 k j (1 + γ j ∆λ)2 
2G 8 1 3 9
= I − 1 ⊗ 1 − ni+1 ⊗ ni+1
σ̃i+1 3 2
 
3G $ 3 % * γ (α ) ⊗ n 
 j j i i+1 
+ I − ni+1 ⊗ ni+1 :  2 


kσ̃i+1 2 j (1 + γ j ∆λ)

01*

σi+1 = σtrial
i+1 − 3Gni+1 ∆λ `[9[]0a

*σi+1 = Del : *" i+1 − 3G[ni+1 *∆λ + *ni+1 ∆λ] `[9[],a

; <
el ∂∆λ ∂ni+1
= D − 3Gni+1 ⊗ − 3G∆λ : *" i+1 `[9[]+a
∂" i+1 ∂" i+1

)"& 0/5(%#)"- +(1$#$)&1) )015&1) -(*./# #$ (,)0#1&* 0$

∂σi+1 1
= Di+1 = κ1 ⊗ 1 + 2Gθi+1 (I − 1 ⊗ 1) − 3Gθ̃i+1 ni+1 ⊗ ni+1 − D̃i+1 `[9[Ua
∂" i+1 3

6"&%&

3G∆λ
θi+1 = 1 − `[9SP0a
σ̃i+1
3G
θ̃i+1 = − (1 − θi+1 ) `[9SP,a
k  
9G2 ∆λ $ 3 % * γ (α ) ⊗ n 
 j j i i+1 

D̃i+1 = I − ni+1 ⊗ ni+1 :  2 
`[9SP+a
kσ̃i+1 2 j (1 + γ j ∆λ) 

?'= 41;-.1.*$!$4+* +3 $C. /!1!0. 1+/.-

!"& *0-05& $)0)& #$ .'*0)&* .$#15 0 )%0'&F(#*0/ $+"&-&

; <
1 8 Yi 9t 8 Yi+1 9t
∆Di = + ∆ε̄ip `[9STa
2 S S

[X
6"&%&
1
Yi = σi : [De ]−1 : σi `[9SRa
2
!"& $)%&$$ #1 )"& *0-05&* -0)&%#0/ #$ )"&1 .'*0)&* 0$

σD,i+1 = σi+1 (1 − Di+1 ) `[9SZa

V&+0.$& (2 )"& -0J(% $8--&)%8 (2 )"& &/0$)#+ -(*./#4 )"& 0/5(%#)"- +(1$#$)&1) )015&1) -(*7
./# 2(% )"& $)%&$$ `#1 )"& *0-05&* -0)&%#0/a #$ *&%#3&* 0$ 2(//(6$d
∂Yi+1 1 −1 ∂σi+1 1 ∂σi+1 −1
= σi+1 : [De ] : + : [De ] : σi+1
∂" i+1 2 ∂" i+1 2 ∂" i+1
`[9S[a
∂σ i+1
= σi+1 : [De ]−1 :
∂" i+1
)"&1 ; <
∂∆Di 1 8 Yi 9t 8 Yi+1 9t ∂∆λ t 8 Yi+1 9t−1 1 ∂Yi+1
= + + ∆λ
∂" i+1 2 S S ∂" i+1 2 S S ∂" i+1
;8 9t 8 9 t
< 8 9t−1
`[9SSa
1 Yi Yi+1 ∂∆λ t∆λ Yi+1 ∂σi+1
= + + σi+1 : [De ]−1 :
2 S S ∂" i+1 2S S ∂" i+1
01* 2#10//8
∂σD,i+1 ∂σi+1 ∂∆Di
= (1 − Di+1 ) − σi+1 ⊗ `[9SQa
∂" i+1 ∂" i+1 ∂" i+1

?'? $41.W4*$.0%!$4+* .:!1;-.#

!"& '$&.*(7+(*& 2(% )"& )#-&7#1)&5%0)#(1 '%(+&*.%& .$#15 0 1(17#)&%0)#3& +.))#157'/01& 0/5(%#)"-
2(% ,%#+< 01* $"&// &/&-&1)$ #$ /#$)&* $)&'7,87$)&' ,&/(69 :(% )"& $0<& (2 $#-'/#+#)8 01* +/0%#)84 )"&%&
#$ (1/8 (1& ,0+< $)%&$$ )&1$(% +(-'(1&1) 01* #$()%('#+ "0%*&1#15 #$ 1() #1+/.*&*9 !"& +(-'/&)&
+8+/#+ *0-05& '/0$)#+#)8 -(*&/ 6#)" )6( ,0+< $)%&$$ )&1$(% +(-'(1&1)$4 '#&+&6#$& /#1&0% #$()%('#+
"0%*&1#154 01* *0-05& &3(/.)#(1 60$ #-'/&-&1)&* 0$ ?@7ABC> -0)pTSZ `-0)p*0-05&pZ4 ?@!D4
RPPXa9 > $#-'/#2#&* 3&%$#(1 6#)" (1& ,0+< $)%&$$ )&1$(% +(-'(1&1)4 /#1&0% #$()%('#+ "0%*&1#154
01* +%#)#+0/ &=.#30/&1) '/0$)#+ $)%0#1 *0-05& +%#)&%#(1 60$ #-'/&-&1)&* 0$ ?@7ABC> -0)pTQS
`-0)p'/0$)#+p1(1/#1&0%p<#1&-0)#+4 ?@!D4 RPPXa9

?'?'7 4TOJGINO(UT ;IUKJSHIJ XUI "I(K_ .QJMJTOP

T9 D(-'.)& #1+%&-&1)0/ 03&%05& $)%0#1

∆ε1 + ∆ε2 + ∆ε3
∆εavg = `[9SXa
3

[]
 R9 D(-'.)& #1+%&-&1)0/ "8*%($)0)#+ $)%&$$

∆p = 3K∆εavg `[9S]a

Z9 D(-'.)& )%#0/ $)%&$$ σtrial

σtrial
i = σi + ∆p + 2G (∆εi − ∆εavg ) (i = 1, 2, 3) `[9SU0a

σtrial
i = σi + ∆p + G∆εi (i = 4, 5, 6) `[9SU,a

[9 D(-'.)& )%#0/ "8*%($)0)#+ $)%&$$

σtrial + σtrial + σtrial
ptrial = 1 2 3
`[9QPa
3

S9 D(-'.)& )%#0/ *&3#0)(%#+ &22&+)#3& $)%&$$ strial

e

strial trial
e,i = σi − ptrial − αi (i = 1, 2, 3)
`[9QTa
strial
e,i = σtrial
i − αi (i = 4, 5, 6)

Q9 D(-'.)& $&+(1* #130%#01) (2 )%#0/ &22&+)#3& *&3#0)(%#+ $)%&$$

- .2 - .2 - .2
strial
e,1 + strial
e,2 + strial
e,3 - .2 - . - .
trial 2 trial 2
J2trial = + strial
e,4 + se,5 + se,6 `[9QRa
2

X9 D(-'.)& )%#0/ O#$&$ $)%&$$

=
trial
σ̄ = 3J2trial `[9QZa

]9 D(-'.)& 2/(6 *#%&+)#(1 n

strial
e,i
ni = (i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) `[9Q[a
σ̄trial

U9 D(-'.)& &=.#30/&1) '/0$)#+ $)%0#1 #1+%&-&1)

p σ̄trial − σy
∆ε̄ =  3  `[9QSa
3 * *
6

3G + C − γ  ni αi + 2ni αi 
2 i=1 i=4

TP9 G'*0)& )()0/ &=.#30/&1) '/0$)#+ $)%0#1

ε̄ p = ε̄ p + ∆ε̄ p `[9QQa

[U
 TT9 G'*0)& ,0+< $)%&$$ α

αi = αi + (Cni − γαi ) ∆ε̄ p (i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) `[9QXa

TR9 G'*0)& $)%&$$ σ

σi = σtrial
i − 3Gni ∆ε̄ p (i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) `[9Q]a

?'?'8 4TOJGINO(UT ;IUKJSHIJ XUI #LJQQ .QJMJTOP

T9 :(% '/01& $)%&$$ #)&%0)#(1 1.-,&% j = 14 +(-'.)& 2.//8 &/0$)#+ 1(%-0/ $)%0#1

(1) ν
ε3 = − (ε1 + ε2 ) `[9QUa
1−ν
(i)
R9 :(//(6 )"& '%(+&*.%& (2 ,%#+< &/&-&1) 01* +(-'.)& 1(%-0/ $)%&$$ σ3 i

Z9 :(% #)&%0)#(1 1.-,&% j = 24 +(-'.)& 2.//8 '/0$)#+ 1(%-0/ $)%0#1

(2)
ε3 = − (ε1 + ε2 ) `[9XPa

(i)
[9 :(//(6 )"& '%(+&*.%& (2 ,%#+< &/&-&1) 01* +(-'.)& 1(%-0/ $)%&$$ σ3 i

S9 D(-'.)& &$)#-0)&* 1(%-0/ $)%0#1

( j) ( j−1)
( j+1) ( j−1) ε3 − ε3 ( j−1)
ε3 = ε3 − ( j) ( j−1)
σ3 `[9XTa
σ3 − σ3

( j) ( j+1) ( j)
Q9 D(-'0%& ε3 01* ε3 4 +"&+< +(13&%5&1+& 01* +"&+< 1(%-0/ $)%&$$ +(1*#)#(1 σ3 = 0i #2
&#)"&% +"&+< *(&$ 1() $0)#$28 #)$ )(/&%01+&4 #1+%&0$& j4 01* 5( )( $)&' [9

X9 G'*0)& $)0)&9

?'> &+*&-5/4*0 %.1!%)#

!"& )"&(%84 #-'/&-&1)0)#(14 01* &;0-'/&$ (2 )"& +8+/#+ *0-05& '/0$)#+#)8 -(*&/$ 0%& *#$+.$$&*
#1 *&)0#/9 !"& -(*&/ 60$ #-'/&-&1)&* ,8 )"& 0.)"(%$ #1 2#1#)& &/&-&1) $(2)60%& ?@7ABC> 0$
O0)&%#0/ TSZ `-0)p*0-05&pZ4 ?@!D4 RPPXa9 !"#$ 1&6/8 *&3&/('&* -0)&%#0/ -(*&/ #$ .$&* #1 )"&
2(//(6#15 +"0')&%$9

SP
Q :&%"R2&'"1(S T&%"4&'"1(S &(4 ?>>%".&'"1(

!"#$ +"0')&% 2(+.$&$ (1 +0/#,%0)#(14 30/#*0)#(14 01* 0''/#+0)#(1 (2 )"& 1&6 *0-05& -0)&%#0/ -(*&/
.$#15 &;'&%#-&1)0/ %&$./)$ 2%(- ,&0-7)(7+(/.-1 +(11&+)#(1$4 #1*#3#*.0/ ,%0+&$4 01* ,%0+&*72%0-&
$.,0$$&-,/#&$9 O0)&%#0/ +0/#,%0)#(1 '%(+&*.%&$ .$#15 -(1()(1#+ 01* +8+/#+ &;'&%#-&1)0/ *0)0 #$
*#$+.$$&*4 2(//(6&* ,8 )"& 0''/#+0)#(1 (2 )"& +0/#,%0)&* -0)&%#0/ -(*&/ )( +(-'(1&1)$ 01* $.,7
0$$&-,/#&$ (2 $)&&/ ,%0+&* 2%0-&9

>'7 1!$.%4!- &!-4"%!$4+*

!"& -0)&%#0/ -(*&/ *&3&/('&* #1 D"0')&% [ "0$ $&3&%0/ '/0$)#+#)8 01* *0-05& '%('&%)#&$9 !"&$&
'%('&%)#&$ +01 ,& +0/#,%0)&* .$#15 -(1()(1#+ 01*\(% +8+/#+ &;'&%#-&1)0/ *0)04 *#$+.$$&* 0$ 2(//(6$9

>'7'7 &NQ(RINO(UT 5P(TG 1UTUOUT(K /NON

:(% -(1()(1#+ /(0*#15 #1 .1#0;#0/ )&1$#(1 )&$)4 )"& $)%&$$7'/0$)#+ $)%0#1 +.%3& %&'%&$&1)&* ,8 )"&
-(*&/ #$ 5#3&1 ,8
C1 C2
σ = σy + [1 − &;' (−γ1 ε p )] + [1 − &;' (−γ2 ε p )] + Hε p `S9Ta
γ1 γ2
6"&%& σ #$ )"& .1#0;#0/ $)%&$$4 ε p #$ )"& .1#0;#0/ '/0$)#+ $)%0#14 σy #$ )"& #1#)#0/ 8#&/* $)%&$$4 C1 4 γ1 4
C2 4 01* γ2 0%& <#1&-0)#+ "0%*&1#15 '0%0-&)&%$4 01* H #$ /#1&0% #$()%('#+ "0%*&1#15 '0%0-&)&%9 Y2
Ci
γi = 04 )"& 1(1/#1&0% )&%- [1 − &;' (−γi ε p )] #$ %&*.+&* )( 0 /#1&0% )&%- Ci ε p 9 H=.0)#(1 `S9Ta -08
γi
,& .$&* )( *&)&%-#1& )"& '/0$)#+#)8 '0%0-&)&%$ #2 (1/8 -(1()(1#+ )&1$#(1 )&$) *0)0 #$ 030#/0,/&9
!"& '"8$#+0/ -&01#15 (2 <#1&-0)#+ "0%*&1#15 '0%0-&)&%$ C1 01* γ1 +01 ,& #//.$)%0)&* ,8
$'&+#28#15 C2 = H = 0i )"&1 H=.0)#(1 `S9Ta ,&+(-&$
C1
σ = σy + [1 − &;' (−γ1 ε p )] `S9Ra
γ1
D
∂σ DD
-0<#15 )"& #1#)#0/ $/('& `*&%#30)#3& D a &=.0/ )( C1 4 01* )"& $0).%0)&* 8#&/* $)%&$$ &=.0/ )(
∂ε p Dε p =0
σy + C1 /γ1 `:#59 S9Ta9

σ σ

C1
γ1 C1
1
σy ε p
εp

3(GHIJ >'7 4QQHPOINO(UT UX _(TJMNO(K LNISJT(TG VNINMJOJIP

>'7'8 &NQ(RINO(UT 5P(TG &YKQ(K /NON

:(% .1#0;#0/ $)%&$$ +8+/#+ /(0*#154 )"& &3(/.)#(1 (2 ,0+< $)%&$$ #$ 5#3&1 ,8

α̇i = Ci ε̇ p − γi α |ε̇ p | = − (α − nCi /γi ) nγi ε̇ p `S9Za

6"&%& αi h$ 0%& )"& .1#0;#0/ ,0+< $)%&$$ +(-'(1&1)$4 ε̇ p #$ )"& .1#0;#0/ '/0$)#+ $)%0#1 %0)&4 01* n =
$#51(ε̇ p ) #$ )"& '/0$)#+ 2/(6 *#%&+)#(19 H=.0)#(1 `S9Za #$ )%01$2(%-&* 0$
α̇i
= −nγi ε̇ p `S9[a
αi − nCi /γi
Y2 )"& '/0$)#+ $)%0#1 #1+%&0$&$ (% *&+%&0$&$ -(1()(1#+0//84 *#%&+)#(1 n #$ +(1$)01)9 Y1)&5%0)#(1 (2
H=.0)#(1 `S9[a %&$./)$ #1
αi − nCi /γi - .
/1 = −nγi ε p − ε0p `S9Sa
αi0 − nCi /γi
6"&%& )"& $.,$+%#')$ 0 *&1()& )"& #1#)#0/ 30/.&$9 H=.0)#(1 `S9Sa +01 ,& 6%#))&1 0$
+ - .,
αi = nCi /γi + (αi0 − nCi /γi ) &;' −nγi ε p − ε0p `S9Qa

:(% 0 $)0,#/#F&* $8--&)%#+ +8+/&4 )"& 0-'/#).*& 01* '&0<$ (2 ,0+< $)%&$$ 0%& ∆αi /2 01*
±∆αi /24 %&$'&+)#3&/89 @#-#/0%/84 )"& 0-'/#).*& 01* '&0<$ (2 '/0$)#+ $)%0#1 0%& ∆ε p /2 01* ±∆ε p /24
%&$'&+)#3&/89 @.,$)#).)& )"&- #1)( H=.0)#(1 `S9Sa 01* (,)0#1
∆αi /2 − nCi /γi 1
= `S9Xa
−∆αi /2 − nCi /γi &;' [2 (γi ∆ε p /2)]

SR
6"#+" /&0*$ )( )"& %&/0)#(1 ,&)6&&1 ,0+< $)%&$$ 01* '/0$)#+ $)%0#1 0-'/#).*&$
E F
∆αi Ci ∆ε p
= )01" γi `S9]a
2 γi 2

:(% )"& )&1$#(1 "0/2 +8+/&4 *#%&+)#(1 n = 14 )"&1 H=.0)#(1 `S9Qa ,&+(-&$
; E F < ; E F<
Ci Ci ∆ε p Ci p ∆ε p
αi = − )01" γi + &;' −γi ε + `S9Ua
γi γi 2 γi 2

:(% )"& )&1$#(1 "0/2 +8+/& (2 0 $)0,#/#F&* $8--&)%#+ +8+/&4 6"&1 )"& +8+/#+ "0%*&1#15 #$ $0).%0)&*4
)"& $)%&$$7'/0$)#+ $)%0#1 +.%3& #$ 5#3&1 ,8
; E F < ; E F<
C1 C1 ∆ε p C1 ∆ε p
σ= σ%y + − )01" γ1 + &;' −γ1 ε p +
γ1 γ1 2 γ1 2
; E p
F < ; E F< `S9TPa
C2 C2 ∆ε C2 ∆ε p
+ − )01" γ2 + &;' −γ2 ε p +
γ2 γ2 2 γ2 2

H=.0)#(1 `S9TPa -08 ,& .$&* )( *&)&%-#1& )"& <#1&-0)#+ "0%*&1#15 '0%0-&)&%$ .$#15 +8+/#+ )&$)
*0)09 !"&14 #$()%('#+ "0%*&1#15 '0%0-&)&%$ +01 ,& (,)0#1&* ,8 %&-(3#15 )"& <#1&-0)#+ "0%*&1#15
'0%) (2 )"& $)%&$$7&=.#30/&1) '/0$)#+ $)%0#1 +.%3&9 !"& -0)&%#0/ '%('&%)#&$ -08 ,& 2.%)"&% 0*J.$)&*
,8 %.11#15 1.-&%#+0/ )&$)$ 01* .$#15 0 /&0$)7$=.0%& 1(1/#1&0% 2#))#15 '%(+&$$ )( #-'%(3& 2#*&/#)89
!"& 0,(3& +0/#,%0)#(1 '%(+&$$ -08 %&$./) #1 6#*&/8 *#22&%&1) $&)$ (2 <#1&-0)#+ "0%*&1#15
'0%0-&)&%$ `C1 4 γ1 4 C2 4 01* γ2 a *&'&1*#15 .'(1 )"& $)%0#1 %015& (2 #1)&%&$)9 Y1)&%&$) #1 %&$'(1$&
6#)" 0 /0%5&% %015& (2 $)%0#1 )&1*$ )( %&$./) #1 /(6&% <#1&-0)#+ "0%*&1#15 -(*./&$9 G$#15 0 $&%#&$
(2 -0)&%#0/ )&$)$ (2 K0'01&$& @O[UP $)&&/ `:.J#-()( !" #$%& TU]Sa 01* @@[[P $)&&/ `C#$"#-.%0 !"
#$%& TUU[a 0$ &;0-'/&$4 +0/#,%0)#(1 %&$./)$ #1 )6( $&)$ (2 '0%0-&)&%$9 L0%0-&)&%$ #1 @&) > 0%& C1 =
300004 γ1 = 3004 C2 = 20004 01* γ2 = 154 01* '0%0-&)&%$ #1 @&) V 0%& C1 = 40004 γ1 =
4004 C2 = 5004 01* γ2 = 09 !"& %&$./)$ 0%& $"(61 #1 :#5.%&$ S9R )( S9S 2(% @O[UP $)&&/ 01*
:#5.%&$ S9Q )( S9U 2(% @@[[P $)&&/4 ,()" 2(% +0$&$ (2 +8+/#+ /(0*#159 D(-'0%&* )( )"& &;'&%#-&1)0/
%&$./)$4 )"& 1.-&%#+0/ %&$./)$ '%&*#+)&* ,8 )"& '0%0-&)&%$ #1 @&) > 0%& -(%& 0++.%0)& )"01 )"($& #1
@&) V4 #1 6"#+" )"& %015&$ (2 $)%0#1 0%& %&/0)#3& $-0//9 :(% /0%5&% %015&$ (2 $)%0#14 "(6&3&%4 )"&
1.-&%#+0/ %&$./)$ '%&$&1)&* 6#)" )"& '0%0-&)&%$ #1 @&) > 0%& 1() 0$ 5((* 0$ )"($& #1 @&) V9 !"#$ #$
*&-(1$)%0)&* #1 :#5.%& S9TP4 6"#+" +(-'0%&$ %&$./)$ 2(% -(1()(1#+ )&1$#/& )&$)$9 !".$4 )"&%& 0%&
)6( (')#(1$d 0 .$&% -08 +"(($& @&) > )( (,)0#1 %(.1* +(%1&%$ *.%#15 $-0//&% $)%0#1 +8+/&$4 (% @&)
V 2(% ,&))&% 05%&&-&1) *.%#15 /0%5&% $)%0#1 +8+/&$ (% -(1()(1#+ $)%0#1#159 M)"&% $&)$ (2 '0%0-&)&%$

SZ
-08 ,& *&)&%-#1&* ,8 e)%#0/ 01* &%%(%f )( '%(3#*& 0 ,0/01+& (2 +"0%0+)&%#$)#+$ -(%& 0''%('%#0)& 2(%
0 '0%)#+./0% 0''/#+0)#(19
!"& ,&$) -&)"(* (2 +0/#,%0)#15 *0-05& '0%0-&)&%$ #$ .1<1(61 ,&+0.$& (2 +.%%&1) /0+< (2
*&)0#/&* /(67+8+/& 20)#5.& *0)09 >**#)#(10/ %&$&0%+" 01* -0)&%#0/ )&$)#15 #$ 1&&*&*9
Y2 1( $'&+#2#+ #1'.) #$ '%(3#*&* ,8 )"& .$&%4 e*&20./)f 30/.&$ 0%& '%(3#*&* #1 )"& #-'/&-&17
)0)#(1 (2 )"& *0-05& '/0$)#+#)8 -(*&/ )( -0#1)0#1 ,0+<60%* +(-'0)#,#/#)8 6#)" ?@7ABC> O0)&%#0/
TP[ `?@!D4 RPPXa9 !"& e*&20./)f 30/.&$ 2(% S 01* t 0%& σy /200 01* T4 %&$'&+)#3&/84 6"&%& σy #$
)"& #1#)#0/ 8#&/* $)%&$$9 !"& &22&+) (2 *#22&%&1) 30/.&$ (2 '0%0-&)&% t (1 )"& %0)& (2 *&)&%#(%0)#(1 +01
,& $&&1 #1 )"& $#-./0)&* O01$(17D(22#1 +.%3&$ '/())&* #1 :#5.%& Z9U9

S[
 800

Stress (MPa) 400

-400

Experimental
Numerical

-800
-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10
Strain

`0a L0%0-&)&%$ @&) >

800

400
Stress (MPa)

-400

Experimental
Numerical

-800
-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10
Strain

`,a L0%0-&)&%$ @&) V

jH;'&%#-&1)0/ %&$./)$ ,8 :.J#-()( !" #$% `TU]Sak

3(GHIJ >'8 .6VJI(MJTONQ 2JIPHP THMJI(KNQ IJPHQOP [#1?<\ KYKQ(K OJPO 7]

SS
 800

Stress (MPa) 400

-400

Experimental
Numerical

-800
-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10
Strain

`0a L0%0-&)&%$ @&) >

800

400
Stress (MPa)

-400

Experimental
Numerical

-800
-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10
Strain

`,a L0%0-&)&%$ @&) V

jH;'&%#-&1)0/ %&$./)$ ,8 :.J#-()( !" #$% `TU]Sak

3(GHIJ >'= .6VJI(MJTONQ 2JIPHP THMJI(KNQ IJPHQOP [#1?<\ KYKQ(K OJPO 8]

SQ
 800

Stress (MPa) 400

-400

Experimental
Numerical

-800
-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10
Strain

`0a L0%0-&)&%$ @&) >

800

400
Stress (MPa)

-400

Experimental
Numerical

-800
-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10
Strain

`,a L0%0-&)&%$ @&) V

jH;'&%#-&1)0/ %&$./)$ ,8 :.J#-()( !" #$% `TU]Sak

3(GHIJ >'? .6VJI(MJTONQ 2JIPHP THMJI(KNQ IJPHQOP [#1?<\ KYKQ(K OJPO =]

SX
 800

Stress (MPa) 400

-400

Experimental
Numerical
-800
-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10
Strain

`0a L0%0-&)&%$ @&) >

800

400
Stress (MPa)

-400

Experimental
Numerical
-800
-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10
Strain

`,a L0%0-&)&%$ @&) V

jH;'&%#-&1)0/ %&$./)$ ,8 :.J#-()( !" #$% `TU]Sak

3(GHIJ >'> .6VJI(MJTONQ 2JIPHP THMJI(KNQ IJPHQOP [#1?<\ KYKQ(K OJPO ?]

S]
 600

400

200
Stress (MPa)

-200

-400
Experimental
Numerical
-600
-0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03
Plastic strain

`0a L0%0-&)&%$ @&) >

600

400

200
Stress (MPa)

-200

-400
Experimental
Numerical
-600
-0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03
Plastic strain

`,a L0%0-&)&%$ @&) V

jH;'&%#-&1)0/ %&$./)$ ,8 C#$"#-.%0 !" #$% `TUU[ak

3(GHIJ >'B .6VJI(MJTONQ 2JIPHP THMJI(KNQ IJPHQOP [##??\ KYKQ(K OJPO 7]

SU
 600

400

200
Stress (MPa)

-200

-400
Experimental
Numerical
-600
-0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03
Plastic strain

`0a L0%0-&)&%$ @&) >

600

400

200
Stress (MPa)

-200

-400
Experimental
Numerical
-600
-0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03
Plastic strain

`,a L0%0-&)&%$ @&) V

jH;'&%#-&1)0/ %&$./)$ ,8 C#$"#-.%0 !" #$% `TUU[ak

3(GHIJ >'E .6VJI(MJTONQ 2JIPHP THMJI(KNQ IJPHQOP [##??\ KYKQ(K OJPO 8]

QP
 600

400

200
Stress (MPa)

-200

-400
Experimental
Numerical
-600
-0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Plastic strain

`0a L0%0-&)&%$ @&) >

600

400

200
Stress (MPa)

-200

-400
Experimental
Numerical
-600
-0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Plastic strain

`,a L0%0-&)&%$ @&) V

jH;'&%#-&1)0/ %&$./)$ ,8 C#$"#-.%0 !" #$% `TUU[ak

3(GHIJ >'D .6VJI(MJTONQ 2JIPHP THMJI(KNQ IJPHQOP [##??\ KYKQ(K OJPO =]

QT
 600

400

200
Stress (MPa)

-200

-400
Experimental
Numerical
-600
-0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Plastic strain

`0a L0%0-&)&%$ @&) >

600

400

200
Stress (MPa)

-200

-400
Experimental
Numerical
-600
-0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Plastic strain

`,a L0%0-&)&%$ @&) V

jH;'&%#-&1)0/ %&$./)$ ,8 C#$"#-.%0 !" #$% `TUU[ak

3(GHIJ >'< .6VJI(MJTONQ 2JIPHP THMJI(KNQ IJPHQOP [##??\ KYKQ(K OJPO ?]

QR
 1200

1000

800
Stress (MPa)

600

400

200 Experimental
Numerical Set A
Numerical Set B
0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Strain

`0a @O[UP $)&&/

800

700

600

500
Stress (MPa)

400

300

200 Experimental
Numerical Set A
100 Numerical Set B

0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Plastic strain

`,a @@[[P $)&&/

3(GHIJ >'7\ .6VJI(MJTONQ 2JIPHP THMJI(KNQ IJPHQOP [MUTUOUT(K QUNS(TG]

QZ
>'8 9!-4/!$4+* !*/ !;;-4&!$4+* $+ &+1;+*.*$#

:#1#)& &/&-&1) 010/8$&$ 6&%& *(1& )( 0$$&$$ )"& 0,#/#)8 (2 )"& 1&6/8 *&3&/('&* *0-05& '/0$)#+#)8
-(*&/ )( $#-./0)& )"& "8$)&%&)#+ ,&"03#(% (2 ,%0+&$4 ,%0+&*72%0-& $.,0$$&-,/#&$4 01* ,&0-7)(7
+(/.-1 +(11&+)#(1$9 !"& 2(+.$ (2 )"#$ #13&$)#50)#(1 60$ )( &30/.0)& )"& '%&*#+)#(1 (2 /(+0/ ,.+</#15
01* )"& &3(/.)#(1 (2 *0-05& ,&+0.$& (2 /(67+8+/& 20)#5.&9 Y1*#3#*.0/ ,%0+&$ 01* ,&0-7+(/.-1 +(17
1&+)#(1 $.,0$$&-,/#&$ 0%& *&$+%#,&* #1 )"#$ $&+)#(1 01* ,%0+&*72%0-& $.,0$$&-,/#&$ 0%& *&$+%#,&*
#1 @&+)#(1 S9Z9
>// 2#1#)& &/&-&1) -(*&/$ 6&%& ,.#/) .$#15 2.//8 #1)&5%0)&* $"&// &/&-&1)$ `H15&/-011 !"
#$%& TU]Ui @#-( 01* W.5"&$4 TU]Qi L#01 01* @.-#"0%04 TU]Sa 01* #-'/#+#) )#-& #1)&5%0)#(19 !"#$
)8'& (2 $"&// &/&-&1) #$ ,0$&* (1 0 +(-,#1&* +(7%()0)#(10/ 01* 3&/(+#)87$)%0#1 2(%-./0)#(19 >1
&-,&**&* &/&-&1) +((%*#10)& $8$)&- )"0) *&2(%-$ 6#)" )"& &/&-&1) #$ *&2#1&* #1 )&%-$ (2 )"&
1(*0/ +((%*#10)&$ `?@!D4 RPPXa9 !"& O#1*/#1 )"&(%8 (2 '/0)&$ 01* $"&//$ `O#1*/#14 TUSTa #$ .$&*
)( *&)&%-#1& )"& 3&/(+#)8 (2 018 '(#1) #1 )"& $"&//9
@"&// &/&-&1)$ #1$)&0* (2 $(/#* &/&-&1)$ 6&%& $&/&+)&* 2(% )"&$& $).*#&$ ,&+0.$& )"& (')#-.-
&/&-&1) )8'& *&)&%-#1&* "&%& 2(% $#15/& ,%0+&$ #$ 0*(')&* 2(% $.,$&=.&1) 010/8$&$ (2 ,%0+&*72%0-&
$.,0$$&-,/#&$ 01* ,&0-7+(/.-1 +(11&+)#(1$9 V&+0.$& )"& +(-'.)0)#(10/ &22(%) 2(% 0 +(-'/&)&
,%0+&* 2%0-& #$ $.,$)01)#0//8 5%&0)&% )"01 2(% 01 #1*#3#*.0/ ,%0+&4 &22#+#&1) 2#1#)& &/&-&1) -(*&/$
0%& '%&2&%%&*9 > $"&// &/&-&1) #$ -(%& )#-&7+(1$.-#15 )"01 0 $(/#* &/&-&1) #1 )"0) $"&// &/&-&1)$
%&=.#%& F&%(71(%-0/ $)%&$$ #)&%0)#(1$9 V.) -018 -(%& $(/#* &/&-&1)$ 0%& %&=.#%&* )"%(.5" )"& 60//
)"#+<1&$$ )( +0').%& )"& +(-,#1&* -&-,%01& 01* '/0)& 0+)#(1$9 V&+0.$& $"&// 01* $(/#* &/&-&1)$
"03& )"& $0-& 1.-,&% (2 *&5%&&$7(272%&&*(- '&% &/&-&1)4 -(%& )()0/ DLG )#-& #$ &;'&+)&* 2(%
-(*&/$ *&3&/('&* 6#)" $(/#* &/&-&1)$ )"01 )"($& 6#)" $"&// &/&-&1)$9
!"& +"(#+& (2 $"&// &/&-&1)$ #1$)&0* (2 ,&0- &/&-&1)$ #$ ,0$&* (1 )"& +(1$#*&%0)#(1 )"0)
,&0- &/&-&1)$ 0$$.-& )"0) '/01& $&+)#(1$ %&-0#1 '/01& 01* )"& $&+)#(10/ +((%*#10)&$ (2 #1)&5%0)#(1
'(#1)$ (1 '/01& $&+)#(1$ %&-0#1 +(1$)01) *.%#15 )"& +(.%$& (2 010/8$#$9 !"#$ 0$$.-')#(1 -0<&$ #)
#-'($$#,/& )( -(*&/ /(+0/ ,.+</#15 (2 0 ).,&7$&+)#(1 ,%0+& .$#15 ,&0- &/&-&1)$9 :(% $"&// &/&-&1)$4
0 ).,& $&+)#(1 #$ ,.#/) 6#)" $&3&%0/ &/&-&1)$9 !"&%&2(%&4 )"&%& 0%& $.22#+#&1) *&5%&&$7(272%&&*(-
%&/0)&* )( /(+0/ ,.+</#15 *&2(%-0)#(19
D%0+< #1#)#0)#(1 01* '%('050)#(1 #$ -(*&/&* ,8 &/&-&1) &%($#(1 `&/&-&1) %&-(30/a9 M1+&

Q[
)"& -0)&%#0/ '(#1) *0-05& '0%0-&)&% &;+&&*$ 0 +%#)#+0/ *0-05& $)0)& +(%%&$'(1*#15 )( 2%0+).%&4 #)
#$ +(1$#*&%&* 20#/&* 01* #$ %&-(3&* 2%(- 0 -(*&/9 >/)"(.5" )"& $"&// &/&-&1) $#F& #$ -.+" /0%5&%
)"01 )"& -0)&%#0/ +"0%0+)&%#$)#+ /&15)" (2 *&)&%#(%0)#(1 `∼ 0.01 #194 I013#1*& 01* A&#&%/&#14 RPP[a4
)"& 5%0*#&1)$ (2 &=.#30/&1) '/0$)#+ $)%0#1 01* *0-05& 30%#0,/& +(1)(.%$ 0%& $-0// 6#)" %&$'&+) )( )"&
+"0%0+)&%#$)#+ /&15)" ,&2(%& +%0+< #1#)#0)#(19 !"&%&2(%&4 #) #$ 0++&')0,/& )( "03& $"&// &/&-&1) $#F&$
/0%5&% )"01 )"& +"0%0+)&%#$)#+ /&15)"4 ,.) 0 -&$" +(13&%5&1+& )&$) #$ %&=.#%&*9 O&$" +(13&%5&1+&
2(% 0 $#15/& ,%0+& #$ &;0-#1&* #1 @&+)#(1 S9R9T .$#15 '%(5%&$$#3&/8 %&2#1&* 2#1#)& &/&-&1) -&$"&$9

>'8'7 #(TGQJ "INKJ

> 2#1#)& &/&-&1) -(*&/ 60$ ,.#/) 2(% )"& $#15/&7,%0+& )&$) $'&+#-&1$ *#$+.$$&* '%&3#(.$/8 #1 @&+)#(1
R9T `B015 01* O0"#14 RPPSa9 V&+0.$& )"& 8#&/* $)%&$$ 01* ./)#-0)& $)%&$$ 6&%& )"& (1/8 -0)&%#0/
'%('&%)#&$ <1(61 2(% )"& ,%0+&$4 )"& *0-05& &3(/.)#(1 +(1$)01)$ 2(% )"& $)&&/ -0)&%#0/ 1&&*&* )( ,&
+0/#,%0)&* .$#15 )"& (3&%0// %&$./)$ 2(% #1*#3#*.0/ ,%0+&$9 !"& 0''/#&* *#$'/0+&-&1) "#$)(%8 2(% &0+"
&;'&%#-&1) 60$ &;)%0+)&* 01* '%&$+%#,&* 0$ 0 )#-&730%8#15 *#$'/0+&-&1) ,(.1*0%8 +(1*#)#(1 0) (1&
&1* (2 )"& ,%0+& 01* )"& ()"&% &1* 60$ 2#;&*9 C( #1#)#0/ #-'&%2&+)#(1 60$ #1)%(*.+&* #1 )"& 2#1#)&
&/&-&1) -(*&/9 !"& ,.+</#15 60$ &;'&+)&* )( ,& )%#55&* ,8 '&%).%,0)#(1$ (2 1.-&%#+0/ )%.1+0)#(1
(% %(.1*7(22 &%%(%9
!"& 010/8$#$ %&$./)$ 0%& $"(61 #1 :#5.%&$ S9TT )( S9T[9 N/(,0/ ,.+</#15 `:#59 S9TTa4 /(+0/
,.+</#15 01* *0-05& /(+0/#F0)#(1 `:#59 S9TRa4 +%0+< #1#)#0)#(1 `:#59 S9TZa4 01* +%0+< '%('050)#(1
`:#59 S9T[a 6&%& $.++&$$2.//8 $#-./0)&*4 *&-(1$)%0)#15 )"0) )"& +8+/#+ *0-05& '/0$)#+ -(*&/ #$
$.#)0,/& &3&1 )"(.5" (1/8 ,0$#+ '/0$)#+#)8 01* *0-05& -(*&/$ 6&%& .$&*9 D(-'0%#$(1$ ,&)6&&1
&;'&%#-&1)0/ 01* 1.-&%#+0/ %&$./)$ 2(% )"& 0;#0/ 2(%+& q 0;#0/ *#$'/0+&-&1) "8$)&%&)#+ +.%3&$ 0%&
$"(61 #1 :#5.%&$ S9TS )( S9TX4 01* )"& +(-'0%#$(1$ 2(% '&0< /(0*$ #1 &0+" "0/2 +8+/& 0%& $"(61 #1
:#5.%&$ S9T] )( S9RP9 V8 #1+(%'(%0)#15 )"& *0-05& -(*&/4 )"& 1.-&%#+0/ 010/8$&$ '%&*#+) 6#)" 0
20#% *&5%&& (2 0++.%0+8 )"& $)%&15)" *&)&%#(%0)#(1 01* )"& %&$./)#15 2(%+&7*#$'/0+&-&1) +.%3& (3&%
)"& 6"(/& /(0*#15 "#$)(%89 !"#$ -0<&$ #) %&0$(10,/& )( &;)&1* )"& -(*&/#15 (2 01 #1*#3#*.0/ ,%0+&
)( 0 /0%5&% -(*&/ (2 0 +(-'/&)& ,%0+&*72%0-& $.,0$$&-,/89
!"& -&$" $&1$#)#3#)8 (2 '/0$)#+ $)%0#1 60$ 30/#*0)&* .$#15 -(*&/$ 6#)" $.++&$$#3&/8 $-0//&%
&/&-&1)$9 L/0$)#+ $)%0#1 60$ +"($&1 0$ )"& #1*&; (2 =.0/#)8 ,&+0.$& #) #$ )"& -0J(% $(.%+& (2 *0-7
05&9 :(.% *#22&%&1) &/&-&1) $#F&$ #1 )"& %&2#1&* -&$" %&5#(1 0) ,%0+& -#*7$'01 `:#59 S9TRa 6&%&

QS
&30/.0)&*9 :#5.%& S9RT $"(6$ )"& )#-& "#$)(%8 (2 '/0$)#+ $)%0#1 2(% )"&$& 2(.% &/&-&1) $#F&$9 C()&
)"0) ,()" )"& &=.#30/&1) '/0$)#+ $)%0#1 01* )"& *0-05& $)0)& 0%& $&&1 )( +(13&%5& %&/#0,/8 6"&1 )"&
&/&-&1) $#F& #$ (1 )"& (%*&% (2 $"&// )"#+<1&$$9 M,3#(.$/8 02)&% +%0+< #1#)#0)#(14 )"& 5%0*#&1)$ (2
,()" )"& &=.#30/&1) '/0$)#+ $)%0#1 01* )"& *0-05& $)0)& 0%& -.+" "#5"&%9 O&$" $#F&$ /0%5&% )"01 )"&
-0)&%#0/ +"0%0+)&%#$)#+ /&15)" +(-,#1&* 6#)" &/&-&1) &%($#(1 2(% +%0+<#15 6#// %&$./) #1 0 /0%5&% &17
&%58 %&/&0$& %0)& 0) )"& +%0+< )#' `m#0 01* @"#"4 TUUSa 01* ,/.1) )"& +%0+< 2%(1) )( 01 .1%&0/#$)#+ $#F&4
%&$./)#15 #1 01 &;055&%0)&* *.+)#/& ,&"03#(% (2 )"& +%0+< )#'9 V.) )"#$ #$ 0 /(+0/ ,&"03#(% (2 )"& +%0+<
)#'4 01* ,&2(%& #) ,&"03&$ #1&/0$)#+0//84 )"& $)%&15)" 01* $)#221&$$ (2 0 )8'#+0/ ,%0+& -&-,&% "03& $#57
1#2#+01)/8 *&)&%#(%0)&* ,&+0.$& (2 /0)&%0/ 01* /(+0/ ,.+</#15i )"&%&2(%&4 )"& &;055&%0)&* +%0+< 2%(1)
,/.1)#15 6"&1 .$#15 /0%5&7$#F& $"&// &/&-&1)$ $"(./* "03& /&$$ #12/.&1+& (1 )"& 2(%+&7*&2(%-0)#(1
'&%2(%-01+&9 C()& )"0) -&$" $#F&$ 0) )"& $0-& $+0/& (2 )"& -0)&%#0/ +"0%0+)&%#$)#+ /&15)" -08 ,&
%&=.#%&* 2(% 010/8$&$ (2 /(+0/ +%0+< )#' ,&"03#(%9 Y) #$ ,&/#&3&* )"0) )"& +"(#+& (2 $"&// &/&-&1) 0)
$#F&$ 0%(.1* )"& $"&// )"#+<1&$$ 0+"#&3&$ 01 (3&%0// -(*&/ )"0) #$ 0$ $#-'/& 0$ %&0$(10,/8 '($$#,/&
6#)" %&0$(10,/& 0++.%0+8 2(% 010/8$&$ (2 ,%0+&$ 01* ,%0+&*72%0-& $.,0$$&-,/#&$9 !"#$ +"(#+& (2
$"&// &/&-&1) $#F& #$ 0''/#&* )( 0// 010/8$&$ #1 )"#$ %&$&0%+"9

QQ
 `*0$"&* /#1& 2(% .1*&2(%-&* $"0'&a

3(GHIJ >'77 0QURNQ RHK_Q(TG UX RINKJ PVJK(MJT > [NXOJI @NTG NTS 1NL(TA 8\\>]

3(GHIJ >'78 -UKNQ RHK_Q(TG UX RINKJ PVJK(MJT > [NXOJI @NTG NTS 1NL(TA 8\\>]

QX
 3(GHIJ >'7= &INK_ (T(O(NO(UT UX RINKJ PVJK(MJT > [NXOJI @NTG NTS 1NL(TA 8\\>]

3(GHIJ >'7? &INK_ VIUVNGNO(UT UX RINKJ PVJK(MJT > [NXOJI @NTG NTS 1NL(TA 8\\>]

Q]
 600

400

200
Axial load (kips)

-200

-400

-600
-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Axial displacement (in.)

`0a H;'&%#-&1)0/ %&$./)

600

400

200
Axial load (kips)

-200

-400

-600
-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Axial displacement (in.)

`,a C.-&%#+0/ %&$./)

3(GHIJ >'7> CYPOJIJP(P QUUVP UX RINKJ PVJK(MJT > [NXOJI @NTG NTS 1NL(TA 8\\>]

QU
 600

400

200
Axial load (kips)

-200

-400

-600
-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Axial displacement (in.)

`0a H;'&%#-&1)0/ %&$./)

600

400

200
Axial load (kips)

-200

-400

-600
-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Axial displacement (in.)

`,a C.-&%#+0/ %&$./)

3(GHIJ >'7B CYPOJIJP(P QUUVP UX RINKJ PVJK(MJT E [NXOJI @NTG NTS 1NL(TA 8\\>]

XP
 600

400

200
Axial load (kips)

-200

-400

-600
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Axial displacement (in.)

`0a H;'&%#-&1)0/ %&$./)

600

400

200
Axial load (kips)

-200

-400

-600
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Axial displacement (in.)

`,a C.-&%#+0/ %&$./)

3(GHIJ >'7E CYPOJIJP(P QUUVP UX RINKJ PVJK(MJT D [NXOJI @NTG NTS 1NL(TA 8\\>]

XT
 600

400

200
Peak loads (kips)

-200

Experimental
-400
Numerical

-600
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Cycle number

3(GHIJ >'7D ;JN_ QUNSP UX RINKJ PVJK(MJT > [NXOJI @NTG NTS 1NL(TA 8\\>]

600

400

200
Peak loads (kips)

-200

Experimental
-400
Numerical

-600
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Cycle number

3(GHIJ >'7< ;JN_ QUNSP UX RINKJ PVJK(MJT E [NXOJI @NTG NTS 1NL(TA 8\\>]

XR
 600

400

200
Peak loads (kips)

-200

Experimental
-400
Numerical

-600
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Cycle number

3(GHIJ >'8\ ;JN_ QUNSP UX RINKJ PVJK(MJT D [NXOJI @NTG NTS 1NL(TA 8\\>]

6
Equivalent plastic strain

Element size
5 2.7 t
1.3 t
4 1.0 t
0.5 t
3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Pseudo Time

3(GHIJ >'87 .2UQHO(UT NTS MJPL PJTP(O(2(OY UX VQNPO(K POIN(T [PLJQQ OL(K_TJPP t]

XZ
>'8'8 #(TGQJ "JNMW&UQHMT &UTTJKO(UT

> 2#1#)& &/&-&1) -(*&/ 60$ ,.#/) 2(% )"& 6&/*&* $)&&/ ,&0-7+(/.-1 +(11&+)#(1 $.,0$$&-,/8 )&$)&*
,8 !010<0 !" #$% `RPPPa 01* *#$+.$$&* '%&3#(.$/8 #1 @&+)#(1 R9[9 W0/2 (2 )"& $'&+#-&1 #$ -(*&/&*
01* $8--&)%8 ,(.1*0%8 +(1*#)#(1$ 6&%& 0''/#&*9 !"& 2#1#)& &/&-&1) -(*&/ #$ $"(61 #1 :#5.%&
S9RR9 !"& 1&6/8 *&3&/('&* +8+/#+ *0-05& '/0$)#+#)8 -(*&/ 60$ .$&*9 !"& '0%0-&)&%$ (2 +(-7
,#1&* #$()%('#+ 01* 1(1/#1&0% <#1&-0)#+ "0%*&1#15 6&%& +0/#,%0)&* 050#1$) &;'&%#-&1)0/ *0)0 2%(-
C#$"#-.%0 !" #$% `TUU[a9
:#5.%& S9RZ $"(6$ )"& 1.-&%#+0/ %&$./) (2 )"& /(0*7*#$'/0+&-&1) +.%3& +(-'0%&* 6#)" )"&
&;'&%#-&1)9 O($) (2 )"& "8$)&%&)#+ 2&0).%&$ 0%& 6&// +0').%&* ,8 )"& $#-./0)#(19 @(-& +(-'0%#$(1$
(2 )"& $#-./0)#(1$ 01* )"& &;'&%#-&1)$ 2(% )"& ,.+</#15 $"0'& 0%& $"(61 #1 :#5.%&$ S9R[ )( S9RQ9
!"& $#-./0)#(1 %&$./)$ -0)+" )"& &;'&%#-&1)0/ (1&$ 3&%8 6&//9
!"& /0$) "0/2 +8+/& (2 )"& &;'&%#-&1) *#$'/0+&-&1) "#$)(%8 $)0%)$ 2%(- −60 -- )( ]P--9
Y1 )"& 1.-&%#+0/ 010/8$#$4 )"& *#$'/0+&-&1) "#$)(%8 60$ &;)&1*&* 6#)" TP +8+/&$ (2 *#$'/0+&-&1)
0-'/#).*& 0) ]P --9 :.%)"&% /(+0/ ,.+</#15 60$ (,$&%3&* 01* )"& "8$)&%&)#+ /((' $)0,#/#F&*4 ,.)
1( /(67+8+/& 20)#5.&7#1*.+&* 2%0+).%& 60$ (,$&%3&*9 Y1 (%*&% )( 0''/8 01* 30/#*0)& )"& -0)&%#0/
-(*&/4 )"& ,&0-7+(/.-1 +(11&+)#(1 )&$) ,8 @.#)0 !" #$% `RPPPa 60$ 0/$( $#-./0)&* 01* #$ *#$+.$$&*
,&/(69

X[
 3(GHIJ >'88 3(T(OJ JQJMJTO MUSJQ(TG UX ",7\ PVJK(MJT

600

400

200
Load (kN)

-200

-400 Experiment
Numerical

-600
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Displacement (mm)

3(GHIJ >'8= CYPOJIJO(K QUUV UX ",7\ PVJK(MJT

XS
 `0a H;'&%#-&1)0/ %&$./)

`,a C.-&%#+0/ %&$./)

3(GHIJ >'8? ",7\ RJLN2(UI KUMVNI(PUT 7

XQ
 `0a H;'&%#-&1)0/ %&$./)

`,a C.-&%#+0/ %&$./)

3(GHIJ >'8> ",7\ RJLN2(UI KUMVNI(PUT 8

XX
 `0a H;'&%#-&1)0/ %&$./)

`,a C.-&%#+0/ %&$./)

3(GHIJ >'8B ",7\ RJLN2(UI KUMVNI(PUT =

X]
 !"& ,&0-7+(/.-1 +(11&+)#(1$ &;'&%#-&1) ,8 @.#)0 !" #$% `RPPPa *#$+.$$&* #1 @&+)#(1 R9[
60$ 0/$( 010/8F&*9 !"& $'&+#-&1$ %.').%&* ,&+0.$& (2 /(67+8+/& 20)#5.& #1 0 %&5#(1 (2 )"& ,&0-
2/015&$ 6"&%& /0%5& '/0$)#+ *&2(%-0)#(1 01* /(+0/ ,.+</#15 (++.%%&*9 @'&+#-&1 C[ 60$ 1.-&%#+0//8
$#-./0)&* 01* )"& %&$./)$ 0%& '/())&* #1 :#5.%&$ S9RX )( S9ZP9
!"& 2#1#)& &/&-&1) -(*&/ .$&* #$ $"(61 #1 :#5.%& S9RX9 V&+0.$& )"&%& 60$ 1( 6&/* 0++&$$
"(/&4 )"& $)%.+).%0/ -&$" 60$ &0$#/8 &$)0,/#$"&*9 !( %&*.+& +(-'.)0)#(10/ +($)$4 (1/8 )"& %&5#(1
1&0% )"& 20+& (2 )"& ,&0-7+(/.-1 +(11&+)#(1 #$ %&2#1&*9 V&+0.$& 0 $#15/& ,&0- 2%0-&* #1)( )"&
+(/.-14 01* 0$$.-')#(1$ (2 $8--&)%8 +(./* 1() ,& .$&* 0$ #1 )"& +0$& (2 )"& +(/.-1 )&$)&* ,8
!010<0 !" #$% `RPPPa4 )"& 6"(/& +(/.-1 `#1$)&0* (2 "0/2a 60$ -(*&/&*9
!"& 1&6/8 *&3&/('&* +8+/#+ *0-05& '/0$)#+#)8 -(*&/ 60$ .$&* 2(% )"& $#-./0)#(1$9 !"& #1#7
)#0/ &$)#-0)& .$&* 2(% )"& -0)&%#0/ -(*&/#15 '0%0-&)&%$ 60$ 0/-($) #*&1)#+0/ )( )"0) .$&* #1 VbTP4
&;+&') )"0) )"& #1#)#0/ 8#&/* $)%&$$ 60$ +"015&* )( -0)+" )"($& (,)0#1&* 2%(- +(.'(1 )&$)$ 2(% @'&+7
#-&1 C[9 A0-05& 60$ +0/+./0)&*4 01* )"& &/&-&1)$ &%(*&* *.%#15 )"& 010/8$#$ 0$ *0-05& 0++.7
-./0)&*9
V&+0.$& 1( *&)0#/&* +8+/#+ -0)&%#0/ $)%&$$7$)%0#1 *0)0 60$ 030#/0,/& 2(% )"#$ $'&+#-&1 )(
+0/#,%0)& )"& -(*&/4 )"& *&20./) *0-05& '0%0-&)&% $&) 2(% )"& -0)&%#0/ 60$ .$&* 0$ 01 #1#)#0/ &$)#-0)&9
!"& e*&20./)f *0-05& '0%0-&)&% S #$ 0%(.1* Fy/200 )( Fu /2004 6"&%& Fy 01* Fu 0%& )"& 8#&/* $)%&$$
01* )"& ./)#-0)& $)%&$$ (2 )"& $)&&/4 %&$'&+)#3&/89 :(% )"#$ )&$) $'&+#-&1 `C[4 @&) Va4 )"& %&'(%)&* Fy
2(% )"& 2/015& 60$ RUS OL0 01* )"0) 2(% )"& 6&, 60$ ZRS OL09
:#5.%& S9R] '%&$&1)$ 01* +(-'0%&$ )"& 1.-&%#+0/ /(0*7*#$'/0+&-&1) +.%3&$ 6#)" )"& &;'&%7
#-&1)0/ *0)09 V()" ,.+</#15 01* *0-05& 2&0).%&$ 0%& 6&// +0').%&* ,8 )"& 010/8$#$9 !"& ,.+</&*
$"0'& #$ $"(61 #1 :#5.%& S9RU4 01* )"& 2#10/ 2%0+).%& '0))&%1 #1 )"& 2/015& #$ $"(61 #1 :#5.%& S9ZP9
!"&$& %&$./)$ -0)+" )"& 2#10/ *0-05& *&$+%#')#(1 #1 @.#)0 !" #$% `RPPPa 3&%8 6&//9

XU
 3(GHIJ >'8E 3(T(OJ JQJMJTO MUSJQ(TG UX *? PVJK(MJT

1.5

1.0
Normalized moment Mm / Mp

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0
Experimental
Numerical
-1.5
-0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
Rotation (rad)

3(GHIJ >'8D CYPOJIJO(K QUUV UX *? PVJK(MJT

]P
3(GHIJ >'8< ;IJS(KOJS QUKNQ RHK_Q(TG NTS SNMNGJ

3(GHIJ >'=\ ;IJS(KOJS XINKOHIJ (T OUV XQNTGJ

]T
>'= 9!-4/!$4+* !*/ !;;-4&!$4+* $+ #5"!##.1"-4.#

>'='7 #HRNPPJMRQY #HRcJKOJS OU dHNP(W#ONO(K -UNS(TG

> 2#1#)& &/&-&1) -(*&/ 60$ *&3&/('&* 2(% )"& ,%0+&*72%0-& $.,0$$&-,/8 *#$+.$$&* '%&3#(.$/8 #1
@&+)#(1 R9Z4 0$ 01 &;)&1$#(1 (2 )"& 0''%(0+" .$&* )( -(*&/ 2(% )"& #1*#3#*.0/ ,%0+& *#$+.$$&* #1
@&+)#(1 S9R9T9 A&)0#/$ #1+/.*#15 )"& 5.$$&) '/0)& 01* )"& $"&0% )0, #1 ,&0-7+(/.-1 +(11&+)#(1 0%&
-(*&/&*9 :(% )"& $0<& (2 $#-'/#+#)84 1( (.)7(27'/01& (22$&) (2 )"& $"&0% )0, #$ -(*&/&*9 !"& %((2
/&3&/ *#$'/0+&-&1) 60$ '%&$+%#,&*9 !"& ,0$& 60$ 2#;&* 01* (.)7(27'/01& +(1$)%0#1)$ 6&%& #-'($&*
(1 )"& +(/.-1 &1*$ 01* ,&0- -#*7$'01$ 0$ )"&8 6&%& #1 )"& &;'&%#-&1)9
!"& 010/8$#$ %&$./)$ 0%& $"(61 #1 :#5.%&$ S9ZT 01* S9ZR9 !"& *#$)%#,.)#(1 (2 *0-05& 6#)"#1
)"& $.,0$$&-,/8 #$ 0++.%0)&/8 $#-./0)&* `:#59 S9ZTa9 !"& $&=.&1+& 01* 10).%& (2 5/(,0/ 01* /(+0/
,.+</#15 01* 2%0+).%& (2 ,%0+&$ 0%& 3&%8 $#-#/0% )( )"($& (2 )&$) %&$./)$9 Y1 0**#)#(10/4 )"& *0-05& 01*
2%0+).%& 0) )"& ,&0-7+(/.-1 +(11&+)#(14 %#5") 1&0% )"& +(%1&% (2 )"& $"&0% )0,4 6&%& '%&*#+)&* 0$ 6&//
`:#59 S9ZRa9 D(1$#*&%#15 )"0) )"& -0)&%#0/ '0%0-&)&%$ .$&* 6&%& 0''%(;#-0)&4 )"&$& %&$./)$ $"(6
)"0) )"& +8+/#+ *0-05& '/0$)#+#)8 -(*&/ '%&*#+)$ (3&%0// %&$'(1$& )( 0 %&0$(10,/& *&5%&& 01* $"(./*
,& .$&2./ 2(% *0-05& &30/.0)#(1 (2 )"& $)&&/ $)%.+).%&$4 &$'&+#0//8 #2 )"& -0)&%#0/ '%('&%)#&$ 0%& 6&//
*&2#1&*9 :#5.%&$ S9ZZ 01* S9Z[ $"(6 )"& ,0$& $"&0%7%((2 *#$'/0+&-&1) "8$)&%&$#$ +.%3&$ 2(% )"&
&;'&%#-&1)0/ 01* 1.-&%#+0/ 010/8$#$4 %&$'&+)#3&/89 C()& )"0) $)%&15)"4 $)#221&$$4 01* *&)&%#(%0)#(1
#1 )"& (3&%0// ,&"03#(% (2 )"& ,%0+&* 2%0-& 0%& 6&// $#-./0)&*9

]R
 3(GHIJ >'=7 /NMNGJ NTS XINKOHIJ UX RINKJ

3(GHIJ >'=8 /NMNGJ NTS XINKOHIJ UX RJNMWKUQHMT KUTTJKO(UT

]Z
 600

400

200
Load (kips)

-200

-400

-600

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Roof displacement (in.)

3(GHIJ >'== .6VJI(MJTONQ IJPHQO XUI RINKJS XINMJ

600

400

200
Load (kips)

-200

-400

-600

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Roof displacement (in.)

3(GHIJ >'=? *HMJI(KNQ IJPHQO XUI RINKJS XINMJ

][
>'='8 #HRNPPJMRQY #HRcJKOJS OU /YTNM(K -UNS(TG

!"& '%&3#(.$ $.,$&+)#(1 $#-./0)&* )"& $.,0$$&-,/8 $.,J&+)&* )( =.0$#7$)0)#+ /(0*#159 !( '%&*#+) %&7
$'(1$& .1*&% *810-#+ /(0*#154 -0$$&$ 6&%& 0$$#51&* )( )"& 2/((% /&3&/$4 01* )"& ?>RZ 5%(.1* -(7
)#(1 60$ #-'($&*9 ?>RZ #$ (1& (2 )"& RP 5%(.1* -()#(1$ 0$$&-,/&* 2(% )"& @>D '%(J&+) `@(-&%3#//&
!" #$%& TUUXa %&'%&$&1)#15 01 &;+&&*01+& '%(,0,#/#)8 (2 Rr #1 SP 8&0%$4 *&%#3&* 2%(- )"& 2%&&72#&/*
-()#(1 %&+(%*&* 0) 0 *#$)01+& (2 Z9S <- *.%#15 )"& TU]U ?(-0 L%#&)0 &0%)"=.0<&9 !"& *&$#51 ,0$&
$"&0% +0'0+#)8 (2 )"& $)%.+).%&4 ,0$&* (1 )"& -&)"(*$ .$&* #1 >@DH X7PS4 60$ .$&* )( *&)&%-#1&
)"& 6&#5") (2 0 $)%.+).%& )"0) )"& +(*& 6(./* 0$$.-& +(./* ,& $.''(%)&* ,8 )"& ,%0+&* 2%0-&9 !"&
)()0/ 6&#5") 60$ &=.0//8 *#$)%#,.)&* ,&)6&&1 ,()" 2/((%$9 !"& -(*&/ 01* 5%(.1* -()#(1 0%& $"(61
#1 :#5.%& S9ZS9
!"& 20#/.%& -(*& 0) )#-& t c TZ9] $&+(1* #$ $"(61 #1 :#5.%&$ S9ZQ )( S9Z] 2%(- *#22&%&1)
'(#1)$ (2 3#&69 !"& ,%0+&$ #1 )"& 2#%$) $)(%8 ,.+</&* 01* %&$)%0#5")&1&* %&'&0)&*/84 +0.$#15 )"&
,())(- $)(%8 )( ,&+(-& 0 $(2) $)(%89
:%(- )"& "8$)&%&)#+ /(('$ $"(61 #1 :#5.%& S9ZU 01* 2#%$)7$)(%8 *%#2) )#-& "#$)(%8 $"(61 #1
:#5.%& S9[P4 (1& +01 $&& )"0) &;)%&-&/8 /0%5& #1)&%$)(%8 *%#2)$ (++.% 2(% )"& $&/&+)&* &0%)"=.0<&
-()#(19 D(-'0%#$(1 (2 -(*&/$ 6#)" 01* 6#)"(.) *0-05& #1+(%'(%0)&* 0%& 0/$( $"(61 #1 :#5.%&$
S9ZU 01* S9[P9 :(% )"& -(*&/ 6#)"(.) *0-05&4 )"& $)%.+).%& *(&$ 1() +(//0'$&i 2(% )"& (1& 6#)"
*0-05&4 $.,$)01)#0/ *&)&%#(%0)#(1 (2 $)%&15)" 01* $)#221&$$ (++.%$ 01* )"& $)%.+).%& +(//0'$&$9 !"&
$#51#2#+01) *#22&%&1+& $.55&$)$ )"& #-'(%)01+& (2 +(1$#*&%#15 *0-05& #1 )"& $#-./0)#(19

>'? &+*&-5/4*0 %.1!%)#

D(-'.)0)#(10/ %&$./)$ (,)0#1&* 6#)" )"& 1&6 +8+/#+ *0-05& '/0$)#+#)8 -(*&/ +(%%&/0)& 6&// 6#)" )"&
)&$) %&$./)$ 2(% #1*#3#*.0/ ,%0+&$4 ,&0-7)(7+(/.-1 +(11&+)#(1$4 01* ,%0+&*72%0-& $.,0$$&-,/#&$9
!"&$& 0''/#+0)#(1$ (2 )"& -(*&/ #//.$)%0)& )"& #-'(%)01+& (2 +(1$#*&%#15 -0)&%#0/ 1(1/#1&0%#)84 /(+0/
01* 5/(,0/ ,.+</#154 01* )"& &;"0.$)#(1 (2 )"& 0,#/#)8 (2 )"& -0)&%#0/ )( *&2(%- #1&/0$)#+0//8 +0.$&*
,8 /(67+8+/& 20)#5.&9

]S
 3(GHIJ >'=> #HRNPPJMRQY MUSJQ NTS GIUHTS MUO(UT

3(GHIJ >'=B 3N(QHIJ MUSJ NO O(MJ t e 7='D PJKA GQURNQ 2(J`

]Q
3(GHIJ >'=E 3N(QHIJ MUSJ NO O(MJ t e 7='D PJKA QUKNQ 2(J` 7

3(GHIJ >'=D 3N(QHIJ MUSJ NO O(MJ t e 7='D PJKA QUKNQ 2(J` 8

]X
 800

600

Base shear (kips) 400

200

-200

-400 LA23
With damage
-600 Without damage

-800
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
First story drift (%)

3(GHIJ >'=< "NPJ PLJNI 2JIPHP X(IPOWPOUIY SI(XO

20

LA23
15 With damage
Without damage
First story drift (%)

10

-5
0 4 8 12 16 20
Time (s)

3(GHIJ >'?\ 3(IPOWPOUIY SI(XO O(MJ L(POUIY

]]
U !'$4"+- 13 !'++% /2&.+4 52&#+ /+*&0"12

:(% @'&+#0/ D(1+&1)%#+0//8 V%0+&* :%0-& `@DV:a $8$)&-$4 &1&%58 *#$$#'0)#(1 #$ 0+"#&3&* ,8 )&17
$#(1 8#&/*#15 01* +(-'%&$$#(1 ,.+</#15 (2 )"& ,%0+&$4 01* 0// ()"&% +(-'(1&1)$ 0%& #1)&1*&* )(
%&-0#1 &$$&1)#0//8 &/0$)#+9 !( 0+"#&3& *&$#%0,/& *.+)#/& ,&"03#(% #1 )"& ,%0+&$4 )"& >Y@D @&#$-#+
L%(3#$#(1$ 2(% @)%.+).%0/ @)&&/ V.#/*#15$ `>Y@D4 RPPS,a "03& $&3&%0/ %&=.#%&-&1)$ 2(% '%('(%)#(1$
01* *&)0#/$ (2 @DV: $8$)&-$9 E&=.#%&-&1)$ )"0) 0%& +/($&/8 %&/0)&* )( $).*#&$ (2 $)&&/ ,%0+&* 2%0-&
,&"03#(% #1 )"#$ +"0')&% #1+/.*&d

g #QJTSJITJPP UX RINKJ' V%0+#15 -&-,&% $/&1*&%1&$$ #$ =.01)#2#&* 0$ )"& $/&1*&%1&$$ %07

)#( KL/r4 6"&%& K #$ )"& &22&+)#3& /&15)" 20+)(%4 L #$ )"& /0)&%0//8 .1,%0+&* /&15)" (2 )"&
-&-,&%4 01* r #$ )"& 5(3&%1#15 %0*#.$ (2 58%0)#(19 V%0+& $/&1*&%1&$$ #$ /#-#)&* )( &1$.%&
0*&=.0)& +(-'%&$$#3& $)%&15)" 01* %&$#$)01+& )( )"& +8+/#+ *&5%0*0)#(1 (2 )"& ,%0+&9

g &UMVNKOTJPP UX PJKO(UT' @&+)#(1$ 0%& +/0$$#2#&* 0$ +(-'0+)4 1(1+(-'0+)4 (% $/&1*&%7

&/&-&1) $&+)#(1$9 D(-'0+) $&+)#(1$ 0%& )"($& +0'0,/& (2 *&3&/('#15 0 2.//8 '/0$)#+ $)%&$$
*#$)%#,.)#(1 01* (2 '($$&$$#15 0 %()0)#(1 +0'0+#)8 (2 0''%(;#-0)&/8 )"%&& ,&2(%& )"& (1$&)
(2 /(+0/ ,.+</#15 `>Y@D4 RPPS,a9 D(-'0+)1&$$ (2 $&+)#(1 #$ =.01)#2#&* #1 )&%-$ (2 6#*)"7
)"#+<1&$$ %0)#($ λ = b/t9 :(% 2/015&$ (2 %&+)015./0% "(//(6 $)%.+).%0/ $&+)#(1$4 6#*)" b #$
)"& +/&0% *#$)01+& ,&)6&&1 6&,$ /&$$ )"& #1$#*& +(%1&% %0*#.$ (1 &0+" $#*&4 01* )"& )"#+<7
1&$$ t #$ )"& *&$#51 60// )"#+<1&$$9 !"& '($)7,.+</#15 '&%2(%-01+& (2 )"& ,%0+&$ #$ 0/$(
*&'&1*&1) (1 )"& +(-'0+)1&$$ (2 )"& -&-,&%$9 W#5"&% 6#*)"7)(7)"#+<1&$$ %0)#($ -08 /&0*
)( &0%/#&% 01* -(%& $&3&%& /(+0/ ,.+</#154 6"#+" #1 ).%1 %&$./)$ #1 '%&-0).%& %.').%& (2 )"&
,%0+& 01* /(6&% &1&%58 *#$$#'0)#(1 +0'0+#)89

g &UTTJKO(UTP' D(11&+)#(1$ 0%& %&$'(1$#,/& )( +(-,#1& 01* )%01$-#) 2(%+&$ ,&)6&&1 )"&
,%0+#15 &/&-&1) 01* 2%0-#15 ,&0-$ 01* +(/.-1$9 E&=.#%&-&1)$ 2(% )"&$& +(11&+)#(1 *&7
)0#/$ "&/' %&0/#F& *.+)#/#)8 01* &1&%58 *#$$#'0)#(1 (2 )"& $8$)&- ,8 '%&3&1)#15 '%&-0).%&
 20#/.%& -(*&$9

g "JNMP' :(% ^7)8'& 01* #13&%)&* ^7)8'& 2%0-&$4 ,&0-$ -.$) ,& +(1)#1.(.$ ,&)6&&1 +(/.-1$
01* -.$) ,& *&$#51&* 2(% 3&%)#+0/ .1,0/01+&* /(0*$ 0$$(+#0)&* 6#)" 8#&/*#15 (2 )"& )&1$#/&
,%0+& 01* ,.+</#15 (2 )"& +(-'%&$$#3& ,%0+&9 V&0- )(' 01* ,())(- 2/015&$ -.$) ,& ,%0+&*
0) )"& #1)&%$&+)#(1 (2 )"& ,%0+&$ 01* ,&0-9

!"#$ +"0')&% 2#%$) /((<$ 0) )"& &22&+)$ (2 ,%0+& '%('(%)#(1$ `$/&1*&%1&$$ %0)#( KL/r 01* 6#*)"7
)"#+<1&$$ %0)#($ b/ta (1 )"& 20)#5.& /#2& +0'0+#)8 (2 ,%0+#15 -&-,&%$ $.,J&+)&* )( +8+/#+ *&2(%-0)#(1
"#$)(%#&$9 W&%&4 20)#5.& /#2& *&-01* #$ "(6 -.+" )"& ,%0+& 1&&*$ )( *&2(%- #1&/0$)#+0//8 )( 0+"#&3&
&;'&+)&* $8$)&- '&%2(%-01+&9 Y1 +(1)%0$)4 20)#5.& /#2& +0'0+#)8 #$ "(6 -.+" )"& ,%0+& #$ 0,/& )(
*&2(%- #1&/0$)#+0//8 ,&2(%& 20#/.%& (++.%$ 2%(- /(67+8+/& 20)#5.&9 :0)#5.& /#2& *&-01* +01 2(% &;7
0-'/& ,& $'&+#2#&* 0$ )"& *&-01*&* *&2(%-0)#(1 "#$)(%8 (2 0 ,%0+& +(%%&$'(1*#15 )( )6( #1)&%$)(%8
*%#2) +8+/&$ (2 Rr4 2(//(6&* ,8 )"%&& #1)&%$)(%8 *%#2) +8+/&$ (2 Tr9
> '0%0-&)%#+ $).*8 (2 20)#5.& /#2& *&-01* 2(% @DV: $8$)&-$ 6#)" *#22&%&1) $)%.+).%0/ '&%#(*4
,%0+& $/&1*&%1&$$ 01* +(-'0+)1&$$4 5%(.1* -()#(1 +"0%0+)&%#$)#+$4 01* $( (14 #$ 1() +(1$#*&%&* #1
)"#$ %&$&0%+"9 Y1 )"& +.%%&1) %&$&0%+"4 (1/8 20)#5.& /#2& +0'0+#)8 #$ #13&$)#50)&*9 :0+)(%$ 022&+)#15
20)#5.& /#2& +0'0+#)8 0%& *#$+.$$&* #1 @&+)#(1 Q9T9 >2)&% 20)#5.& /#2& *&-01* 01* +0'0+#)8 0%& ,()"
6&// .1*&%$)((*4 (1& +01 +(-'0%& )"&- 2(% 0 5#3&1 $)%.+).%& 01* )( 03(#* 2%0+).%&4 0*J.$) )"& *&$#51
'0%0-&)&%$ (2 )"& $)%.+).%& $.+" )"0) )"& 20)#5.& /#2& *&-01* #$ $0)#$2#&* ,8 )"& 20)#5.& /#2& +0'0+#)89
D(*& %&=.#%&-&1) (2 ,%0+&$ '%('(%)#(1$ `$/&1*&%1&$$ (2 -&-,&% 01* +(-'0+)1&$$ (2 $&+)#(1a -08
,& $#-#/0%/8 *&)&%-#1&* ,8 $)0)#$)#+0/ +(-'0%#$(1 (2 20)#5.& /#2& *&-01* 01* +0'0+#)8 (2 *#22&%&1)
$)%.+).%&$9
C&;)4 )"& &22&+) (2 +(11&+)#(1 *&)0#/$ (1 *0-05& 0++.-./0)#(1 #1 )"& +(/.-1 #$ $).*#&*9
>/)"(.5" )"& )&1$#/&4 2/&;.%0/4 01* +(-'%&$$#3& $)%&15)" %&=.#%&-&1) 2(% +(11&+)#(1 #1 )"& >Y@D
@&#$-#+ L%(3#$#(1$ "&/'$ 2(%+&$ )%01$2&% 01* &1$.%& $8$)&- #1)&5%#)84 "#5" /(+0/ $)%&$$ 01* /0%5&
'/0$)#+ *&2(%-0)#(1 #1 )"& +(/.-1 /&0*#15 )( 2%0+).%& -08 022&+) )"& '&%2(%-01+&9 @(-& +(11&+)#(1
*&)0#/$ -08 %&$./) #1 +%0+< #1#)#0)#(1 01* '%('050)#(1 #1 )"& +(/.-14 0$ (,$&%3&* #1 G%#F `RPPSa `:#59
R9Xa4 01* $#-./0)&* #1 @&+)#(1 S9Z `:#59 S9ZRa9 V&+0.$& *0-05& +(1)%(/ (2 +(/.-1$ #$ &$$&1)#0/ )(
-0#1)0#1 #1)&5%#)8 (2 )"& 5%03#)8 /(0* %&$#$)#15 $8$)&-4 #) #$ 1&+&$$0%8 )( &30/.0)& 01* +(-'0%&
*0-05& &3(/.)#(1 #1 +(/.-1$ 2(% *#22&%&1) +(11&+)#(1 *&)0#/$9 !( %&*.+& )"& *0-05& 0++.-./0)#(1

UP
#1 )"& +(/.-14 #-'%(3&* +(11&+)#(1 *&)0#/$ 0%& %&+(--&1*&* #1 @&+)#(1 Q9R9
!"& '($#)#(1 (2 /0)&%0/ ,%0+#15 2(% ,&0-$ #1 ^7)8'& 01* #13&%)&* ^7)8'& ,%0+&* 2%0-&$ #$
*#$+.$$&* 1&;)9 !"& -($) +(--(1 '($#)#(1 2(% /0)&%0/ ,%0+#15 #$ 0) )"& #1)&%$&+)#(1 (2 ,%0+&$ 01*
,&0-4 )%!%& ,()" )(' 01* ,())(- 2/015&$ 0%& /0)&%0//8 ,%0+&* 0) )"& $&+)#(1 '0$$#15 )"%(.5" )"& 6(%<7
#15 '(#1) (2 ,%0+&$ 0) ,&0-$9 >$ $"(61 #1 @&+)#(1 Q9Z4 "(6&3&%4 /0)&%0/ ,%0+#15 0) )"#$ '($#)#(1
-08 %&$./) #1 /(+0/ ,.+</#15 (2 5.$$&) '/0)&$9 O(%& 0''%('%#0)& '($#)#(1$ 01* -&)"(*$ )( +(-'&17
$0)& 2(% '%(,/&-$ *&)&+)&* 2(% +.%%&1)/8 %&+(--&1*&* /0)&%0/ ,%0+#15 '($#)#(1$ 0%& $.55&$)&* 01*
&30/.0)&*9
:#10//84 D"&1 !" #$% `RPP]a 2(.1* )"0) 2(% /(67%#$& ,%0+&* 2%0-&$ 6#)" $"(%) 2(.1*0)#(10/
'&%#(*$4 &$)#-0)&$ (2 #1)&%$)(%8 *%#2) ,0$&* (1 &/0$)#+ $'&+)%0 *#3&%5& 2%(- 1(1/#1&0% %&$'(1$& "#$7
)(%8 010/8$#$ %&$./)$ 2(% #1)&1$& 5%(.1* -()#(1$9 >1 0/)&%10)#3& #1)&%$)(%8 *%#2) &$)#-0)#(1 -&)"(*
2(% /(67%#$& ,%0+&* 2%0-&$ )"0) %&$'(1* #1&/0$)#+0//8 *.%#15 $)%(15 &0%)"=.0<& 5%(.1* $"0<#15 #$
$.55&$)&* ,0$&* (1 )"& -(*0/ '.$"(3&% 010/8$#$ '%(+&*.%&9 !"#$ -&)"(* #$ *#$+.$$&* #1 @&+)#(1
Q9[9
!"& 2(//(6#15 =.&$)#(1$ 0%& 01$6&%&* 2(% 0// )"& 2(.% $).*#&$ (2 $)&&/ ,%0+&* 2%0-& ,&"03#(%
#1 )"#$ +"0')&%9

T9 Y$ )"& 20)#5.& /#2& +0'0+#)8 (2 ,%0+&$ 0 2.1+)#(1 (2 )"& $/&1*&%1&$$ %0)#($ KL/r (% )"& 6#*)"7
)"#+<1&$$ %0)#($ b/t4 (% 0 2.1+)#(1 (2 ,()"s

R9 b"#+" +(11&+)#(1 *&)0#/$ -#)#50)& *0-05& 0++.-./0)#(1 #1 )"& +(/.-1$s

Z9 Y$ )"&%& 0 -(%& 0''%('%#0)& '($#)#(1 (2 /0)&%0/ ,%0+#15 2(% ,&0-$ )"01 )"& #1)&%$&+)#(1 (2
,%0+&$ 01* ,&0-s

[9 Y) #$ '($$#,/& )( ,&))&% &$)#-0)& )"& #1)&%$)(%8 *%#2) 2(% /(67%#$& ,%0+&* 2%0-&$s

B'7 "%!&. ;%+;+%$4+*#

!"& '%('(%)#(1$ (2 )"& ,%0+&$ #1 0 @DV: $8$)&-4 #1+/.*#15 )"&#% $/&1*&%1&$$ 01* +(-'0+)1&$$4 0%&
+%#)#+0/ 6"&1 +(1$#*&%#15 +(-'%&$$#3& ,.+</#15 $)%&15)" 01*4 -(%& #-'(%)01)/84 )"& '($),.+<#15
"8$)&%&$#$ '&%2(%-01+& (2 ,%0+& -&-,&%$9 Y) #$ 6&// &$)0,/#$"&* )"0) (3&%0// #1$)0,#/#)8 (2 ,%0+&$4
#1+/.*#15 (3&%0// +(-'%&$$#3& ,.+</#15 $)%&15)" 01* +8+/#+ $)%&15)" *&5%0*0)#(14 0%& -($)/8 *&7

UT
'&1*&1) (1 $/&1*&%1&$$ %0)#($ KL/r `V%.1&0. !" #$%& TUU]i N0/0-,($4 TUU]a9 Y1 0**#)#(14 )"&
6#*)"7)"#+<1&$$ %0)#( b/t "0$ ,&&1 $"(61 )( ,& 0 $#51#2#+01) 20+)(% 2(% 2%0+).%& ,&+0.$& (2 /(+0/
#1$)0,#/#)84 #1+/.*#15 /(+0/ ,.+</#15 01* /(67+8+/& 20)#5.& `N(&/4 TUURi W0$$01 01* N(&/4 TUUTi
!015 01* N(&/4 TU]Ua9 A&$'#)& )"&$& 0*301+&$4 #) #$ $)#// .1+/&0% 6"&)"&% 01* "(6 )"& $/&1*&%1&$$
%0)#($ KL/r 022&+) )"& 20)#5.& /#2& +0'0+#)8 (2 ,%0+&$4 6"#+" #$ +/($&/8 %&/0)&* )( /(+0/ #1$)0,#/#)89
!%&-,/08 `RPPPa *&-(1$)%0)&* )"0) 2%0-&$ 6#)" 3&%8 $/&1*&% ,%0+&$ *&$#51&* 2(% +(-'%&$7
$#(1 $)%&15)" ,&"03#(% ,&"03& 6&// ,&+0.$& (2 )"& $8$)&- (3&%$)%&15)" #1"&%&1) 6#)" )"&#% )&1$#(1
8#&/*#154 6"#+" %&$./)$ #1 0 %&*.+)#(1 #1 )"& 20)#5.& /#2& *&-01*9 W#5"&% (3&%$)%&15)" 20+)(% %&*.+7
#15 )"& *&-01* (2 20)#5.& /#2& +01 ,& &;'/0#1&* #1).#)#3&/8 ,8 C&6-0%< 01* W0//h$ &1&%58 '%&$&%307
)#(1 2(% $"(%)7'&%#(* $8$)&-$ `C&6-0%< 01* W0//4 TU]Rad #2 )"& $)%&15)" #1+%&0$&$4 )"& *&2(%-0)#(1
01* *.+)#/#)8 *&-01* *&+%&0$&$9 V&$#*&$ )"& (3&%$)%&15)" 20+)(%4 #) #$ ,&/#&3&* )"0) 20)#5.& /#2& *&7
-01* 0/$( *&'&1*$ (1 )"& '&%#(* 01* )"& "8$)&%&$#$ (2 )"& $)%.+).%&4 )"& +"0%0+)&%#$)#+$ (2 5%(.1*
-()#(14 01* )"& +(1)%#,.)#(1 (2 2%0-#15 0+)#(1$4 !"'% > $&'0%0)& $8$)&-0)#+ %&$&0%+" (1 20)#5.& /#2&
*&-01* #$ &;'&+)&* )( ,& +0%%#&* (.) 01* 1() +(1$#*&%&* #1 )"#$ %&$&0%+"9
E&50%*#15 )"& 20)#5.& /#2& +0'0+#)84 *&'&1*&1+& (1 *#22&%&1) 20+)(%$ "0$ ,&&1 '%('($&* #1
&;#$)#15 /#)&%0).%&d *&'&1*&1+& (1 $/&1*&%1&$$ %0)#($ KL/r (1/84 *&'&1*&1+& (1 6#*)"7)"#+<1&$$
%0)#($ b/t (1/84 01* *&'&1*&1+& (1 ,()"9 N(&/ 01* "#$ +(//&05.&$ $"(6&* )"0) )"& 20)#5.& /#2&
+0'0+#)8 (2 0 ,%0+& -&-,&% *&'&1*$ (1 ,()" $/&1*&%1&$$ %0)#($ KL/r 01* 6#*)"7)"#+<1&$$ %0)#($
(b% −2t)/t `&=.#30/&1) )( b/t #1 >Y@D @'&+#2#+0)#(1$a9 !"& 20)#5.& /#2& +0'0+#)8 #$ 5&1&%0//8 +(1$)01)
6"&1 $/&1*&%1&$$ %0)#($ KL/r 0%& $-0//&% )"01 QP ,.) #1+%&0$&$ 6#)" 01 #1+%&0$& #1 $/&1*&%1&$$
%0)#($ KL/r 6"&1 #) #$ /0%5&% )"01 QP `!015 01* N(&/4 TU]X4 TU]Ua9 !"&8 5#3&d


 (b% /d% ) (60)


 262 (KL/r ≤ 60)


 [(b% − 2t)/t]2
Nf =  `Q9Ta


 (b% /d% ) (KL/r)


 262 (KL/r > 60)
[(b% − 2t)/t]2
6"&%& N f #$ )"& 0++.-./0)&* )&1$#/& *&2(%-0)#(1 1(%-0/#F&* ,8 )"& )&1$#/& 8#&/* *&2(%-0)#(14 )"&
6#*)" b% #$ )"& +/&0% *#$)01+& ,&)6&&1 6&,$4 01* )"& *&')" d% #$ )"& +/&0% *#$)01+& ,&)6&&1 2/015&$9
V0$&* (1 )"& )&$) %&$./)$ (2 ?&& 01* N(&/ `TU]Xa 01* ?#. 01* N(&/ `TU]Xa4 !015 01* N(&/ `TU]X4
TU]Ua (,$&%3&* )"0) 0 /0%5&% $/&1*&%1&$$ %0)#( KL/r %&$./)&* #1 /&$$ $&3&%& /(+0/ ,.+</#15 01* '%(7
'($&* )"0) (3&%0// ,.+</#15 0/$( 022&+)$ )"& 2%0+).%& /#2& +0'0+#)8 (2 )"& ,%0+#15 -&-,&%$9 V0$&* (1
$).*8 (2 )"& "8$)&%&)#+ ,&"03#(% (2 ,%0+#15 -&-,&%$ #1 K0#1 01* N(&/ `TUX]a4 !015 01* N(&/ `TU]X4

UR
TU]Ua 0/$( '%('($&* )"0) )"& &22&+) (2 )"& $/&1*&%1&$$ %0)#( KL/r #$ 1() +(1$#*&%&* #1 )"& 20)#5.&
/#2& +0'0+#)8 6"&1 #) #$ /&$$ )"01 QP9
?&& 01* N(&/ `TU]Xa '%('($&* 0 %&2#1&* 20)#5.& /#2& +0'0+#)8 2(%-./04 $.55&$)#15 )"0) )"&
*.+)#/#)8 *&'&1*$ (1 (1/8 +(-'0+)1&$$d
E F
(46/Fy )1.2 4b% /d% + 1
∆ f = 1335 `Q9Ra
[(b% − 2t)/t]1.6 5

6"&%& ∆ f #$ )"& 0++.-./0)&* &22&+)#3& )&1$#(1 &;+.%$#(1 (2 ,%0+&$4 *&2#1&* 0$

*
∆f = (0.1∆1 + ∆2 ) `Q9Za

Y1 0 )&1$#(1 "0/2 +8+/& (2 )"& /(0*7*&2(%-0)#(1 /(('$ (2 )"& ,%0+&$4 ∆1 #$ )"& )&1$#(1 *&2(%-0)#(1
2%(- )"& /(0* %&3&%$0/ '(#1) )( (1& )"#%* (2 )"& )&1$#(1 8#&/* $)%&15)" (2 )"& ,%0+& Py /34 01* ∆2 #$
)"& )&1$#(1 *&2(%-0)#(1 2%(- (1& )"#%* (2 )"& )&1$#(1 8#&/* $)%&15)" (2 )"& ,%0+& Py /3 )( )"& &1*
'(#1) (2 )"& )&1$#(1 "0/2 +8+/&9
!%&-,/08 `RPPRa 010/8F&* &;#$)#15 &;'&%#-&1)0/ *0)0 2(% ,%0+&$ 6#)" 30%#(.$ $/&1*&%1&$$
01* +(-'0+)1&$$ %0)#($9 W& '%('($&* )"0) )"& 1(%-0/#F&* %015& #1 0 +8+/& *&2(%-0)#(1 "#$)(%8 #$ 0
/#1&0% 2.1+)#(1 (2 )"& $/&1*&%1&$$ %0)#( KL/r9
#
kL Fy
µ f = 2.4 + 8.3 `Q9[a
r π2 E
6"&%& µ f #$ )"& '&0<7)(7'&0< *&2(%-0)#(1 %015& 1(%-0/#F&* ,8 )&1$#/& 8#&/* *&2(%-0)#(19 !%&-,/08
!" #$% `RPPZa /0)&% '%('($&* )"0)
 E F−0.1 8 
2L  bd KL 90.3 
µf = 1 + 0.0455  `Q9Sa
Dy t t r
6"&%& Dy #$ )"& )&1$#/& 8#&/* *&2(%-0)#(1 (2 )"& ,%0+&$9 !"&$& )6( &=.0)#(1$ $.55&$) &#)"&% 1( (%
/#))/& *&'&1*&1+& (1 6#*)"7)"#+<1&$$ %0)#($ b/t9
E&+&1)/84 :&// `RPP]a 010/8F&* 0/-($) )"& $0-& $&) (2 &;'&%#-&1)0/ *0)0 2(% ,%0+&$4 ,.)
'%('($&* )"0) )"& -0;#-.- %015& #1 0 +8+/#+ *&2(%-0)#(1 "#$)(%8 #$ 0 2.1+)#(1 (2 6#*)"7)"#+<1&$$
%0)#($ b/td
 E F E F β 2
L  b% /2 + md% b 
∆%f = α  `Q9Qa
2 d% t
6"&%& ∆%f #$ )"& '&0<7)(7'&0< *&2(%-0)#(1 %015& (2 ,%0+&$4 )"& 6#*)" b% #$ )"& +/&0% *#$)01+& ,&)6&&1
6&,$4 01* )"& *&')" d% #$ )"& +/&0% *#$)01+& ,&)6&&1 2/015&$9 V0$&* (1 &;'&%#-&1)0/ *0)04 :&//

UZ
`RPP]a $.55&$)&* )"& '/0$)#+ "#15& /&15)" #$ 5#3&1 ,8 Lh = b% /2 + md% 4 m = 0.54 α = 0.94 01*
β = −0.539
!"&$& +(12/#+)#15 ('#1#(1$ %&50%*#15 20+)(%$ +(1)%(//#15 20)#5.& /#2& +0'0+#)8 0%#$& 2%(- $&37
&%0/ %&0$(1$4 )"& '%#-0%8 (1& ,&#15 )"& +"0%0+)&%#$)#+$ (2 )"& &;'&%#-&1)0/ *0)09 > +(-'0%#$(1 (2
)"& $)0)#$)#+0/ *0)0 #1 !%&-,/08 `RPPRa 01* :&// `RPP]a *&-(1$)%0)&$ )"0) )"& $'&+#-&1$ 6#)" "#5"&%
*.+)#/#)8 "03& /0%5&% $/&1*&%1&$$ %0)#($ 01* $-0//&% 6#*)"7)"#+<1&$$ %0)#($4 01* )"& $'&+#-&1$ 6#)"
/(6&% *.+)#/#)8 "03& $-0//&% $/&1*&%1&$$ %0)#($ 01* /0%5&% 6#*)"7)"#+<1&$$ %0)#($9
Y) #$ *#22#+./) )( *#$)#15.#$" )"& +(1)%#,.)#(1$ (2 )"&$& )6( '0%0-&)&%$d *(&$ )"& *.+)#/#)8
+(-&$ 2%(- /0%5&% $/&1*&%1&$$ %0)#($ (% $-0//&% 6#*)"7)"#+<1&$$ %0)#($s !"& *#$'&%$#(1 (2 *.+)#/#)8
-08 0/$( ,& 0))%#,.)&* )( 30%#0)#(1 (2 )"& *.+)#/#)8 -&0$.%&4 30%#0)#(1 (2 )"& *&2(%-0)#(1 "#$)(%#&$4
01* '%(,0,/& 30%#0)#(1$ (2 )"& $)&&/ 20)#5.& '%('&%)#&$9 D/&0%/84 -(%& %&$&0%+" #$ 1&&*&* (1 )"#$
#$$.&9
Y1 $.--0%84 #1 (%*&% )( 5&) 0 ,&))&% .1*&%$)01*#15 (2 "(6 '%('(%)#(1$ 01* *&2(%-0)#(1
"#$)(%#&$ &22&+) *.+)#/#)84 &;'&%#-&1)$ 6#)" (1& '0%0-&)&% 0/)&%&* 0) &0+" $)&' #1 )"& $).*8 6(./*
,& 1&+&$$0%89 !"#$ )8'& (2 &;'&%#-&1) #$ +(1*.+)&* 1.-&%#+0//8 01* '%&$&1)&* #1 )"#$ $&+)#(19 !"&
1.-&%#+0/ '0%0-&)&% -0)%#; #$ $"(61 #$ !0,/& Q9T9 !"& 2#%$) )6( '0%0-&)&%$ 0%& 6#*)"7)"#+<1&$$
%0)#($ b/t 01* $/&1*&%1&$$ %0)#($ KL/r9 :(% )"& "(//(6 $=.0%& $&+)#(14 )"& %0*#.$ (2 58%0)#(1 #$
'%('(%)#(10/ )( )"& 6#*)" b9 !".$ ,8 +"015#15 )"#+<1&$$ t 01* 2#;#15 6#*)" b4 #) #$ '($$#,/& )( 30%8
b/t 6"#/& <&&'#15 KL/r +(1$)01)4 01* 3#+& 3&%$09 !"& )"#%* '0%0-&)&% #$ )"& 1.-,&% (2 +8+/&$ '&%
*&2(%-0)#(1 /&3&/9 !"& 2(.%)" '0%0-&)&% #$ )"& )&1$#(1\+(-'%&$$#(1 0$8--&)%8 %0)#(9 :(% 0 !\D
0$8--&)%8 %0)#( (2 ZdT 01* *&2(%-0)#(1 %015& (2 T9P4 )"& '&0< )&1$#/& *&2(%-0)#(1 #$ P9XS 01* '&0<
+(-'%&$$#3& *&2(%-0)#(1 #$ P9RS9 !"& *&2(%-0)#(1 "#$)(%8 #-'($&* "0$ 01 #1+%&0$#15 0-'/#).*&
/&3&/ $&%#&$ (2 P9S4 P9XS4 T9P4 T9S4 R9P4 Z9P4 [9S4 Q9P4 X9S4 U9P4 TP9S4 01* TR9P )#-&$ )&1$#/& 8#&/*
*#$'/0+&-&1) `%015& $&%#&$ (2 T9P4 T9S4 Z9P4 [9P4 Q9P4 U9P4 TR9P4 TS9P4 T]9P4 01* RT9P )#-&$ )&1$#/&
8#&/* *#$'/0+&-&1)a9 !"&%&2(%&4 )"& 20)#5.& /#2& +01 ,& .1#=.&/8 #*&1)#2#&* 2(% 0 5#3&1 *&2(%-0)#(1
/&3&/ )( 20#/.%&4 6"&%& e20#/.%&f #$ *&2#1&* "&%& 0$ +%0+<#15 (2 )"%&& $#*&$ (2 0 ,%0+& $&+)#(1 01*
$#51#2#+01) /($$ (2 $)%&15)" `:#59 S9T[a9
V%0+& T #1 !0,/& Q9T .$&* 0$ )"& %&2&%&1+& #1 )"&$& 010/8$&$ #$ )"& $0-& $#F& 0$ )"& $#17
5/& ,%0+& *&$+%#,&* #1 )"& '%&3#(.$ +"0')&% `@&+)#(1 S9R9Ta4 6#)" 0 b/t (2 T[9R 01* KL/r (2 SP9
!"& 1.-,&% (2 +8+/&$ '&% *&2(%-0)#(1 /&3&/ 2(% )"& %&2&%&1+& +0$& #$ )6(4 )"& )&1$#(1\+(-'%&$$#(1

U[
0$8--&)%8 %0)#( #$ TdT9 !"& +(%%&$'(1*#15 *&2(%-0)#(1 "#$)(%8 #$ $"(61 #1 :#5.%& Q9T4 01* )"&
*&2(%-0)#(1 /&3&/ )( 20#/.%& 2(% )"& %&2&%&1+& ,%0+& #$ µ f /2 = 7.5 `:#5$9 Q9Z,4 Q9[,4 Q9S,4 Q9Q,4 01*
!0,/& Q9Ta9 C()& )"0) µ f #$ )"& *&2(%-0)#(1 %015& )( 20#/.%& 1(%-0/#F&* ,8 )&1$#/& 8#&/* *&2(%-07
)#(14 01* µ f /2 #$ *&2(%-0)#(1 /&3&/ `*&2(%-0)#(1 0-'/#).*&a )( 20#/.%& 1(%-0/#F&* ,8 )&1$#/& 8#&/*
*&2(%-0)#(19
!"& 1.-&%#+0/ %&$./)$ 0%& 5%(.'&* 01* *#$'/08&* #1 :#5.%&$ Q9Z )( Q9Q4 01* )"& *&2(%-0)#(1
/&3&/$ )( 20#/.%& 0%& $.--0%#F&* #1 !0,/& Q9T9 !"& #12/.&1+& (2 6#*)"7)"#+<1&$$ %0)#($ b/t #$ $"(61
#1 :#5.%& Q9Z *&-(1$)%0)#15 +/&0%/8 )"0) )"& 6#*)"7)"#+<1&$$ %0)#($ b/t "03& 0 '%(1(.1+&* &22&+)
(1 *.+)#/#)8 +0'0+#)8d )"& $-0//&% )"& 6#*)"7)"#+<1&$$ %0)#($4 )"& "#5"&% )"& *.+)#/#)89 >$ $"(61 #1
:#5.%& Q9[4 "(6&3&%4 &3&1 )"(.5" #) #$ +/&0% )"0) $'&+#-&1$ 6#)" $-0//&% KL/r "03& "#5"&% +(-7
'%&$$#3& ,.+</#15 $)%&15)" 01* )&1* )( *#$$#'0)& -(%& &1&%58 6#)"#1 &0+" +8+/&4 #) #$ -(%& 1()#+&0,/&
)"0) )"&8 "03& 01 0/-($) #*&1)#+0/ *&2(%-0)#(1 /&3&/ 0) 20#/.%&9 Y1 ()"&% 6(%*$4 $/&1*&%1&$$ %0)#($
"03& /#))/& &22&+) (1 *.+)#/#)8 +0'0+#)89
!"& 1.-,&% (2 +8+/&$ '&% *&2(%-0)#(1 /&3&/ 0/$( '/08$ 01 #-'(%)01) %(/& `:#59 Q9Sa9 M,7
3#(.$/84 #1+%&0$#15 )"& 1.-,&% (2 +8+/&$ 0) 0 *&2(%-0)#(1 /&3&/ +0.$&$ -(%& +.-./0)#3& '/0$)#+
*&2(%-0)#(1 `01* )".$ -(%& *0-05&a9 !"#$ $.55&$)$ )"0) 2(% 0 5#3&1 5%(.1* -()#(14 $)%.+).%&$
6#)" $"(%)&% '&%#(*$ -08 &;'&%#&1+& -(%& +8+/&$4 01* )".$ -(%& *0-05& 2(% )"& $0-& -0;#-.-
*%#2) #$ &;'&+)&*9 :#10//84 2(% )"& 0$8--&)%8 *&2(%-0)#(1 "#$)(%84 ,#0$ #1 )&%-$ (2 +(-'%&$$#(1
/&0*$ )( /&$$ *.+)#/#)84 0$ $"(61 #1 :#5.%& Q9Q4 6"#+" -08 ,& ,&+0.$& +(-'%&$$#3& *&2(%-0)#(1 #$
+(1+&1)%0)&* 0) )"& -#*7$'01 (2 )"& ,%0+& 6"&%& /(+0/ ,.+</#15 (++.%$4 ,.) )&1$#/& *&2(%-0)#(1 #$
*#$)%#,.)&* 0/(15 )"& /&15)" (2 ,%0+&9
V0$&* (1 1.-&%#+0/ 010/8$#$4 #) #$ &3#*&1) )"0) 20)#5.& /#2& +0'0+#)8 #$ "&03#/8 *&'&1*&1)
(1 6#*)"7)"#+<1&$$ %0)#($ b/t 01* *&2(%-0)#(1 "#$)(%#&$9 @/&1*&%1&$$ %0)#($ KL/r 0''&0% )( "03&
1&5/#5#,/&4 #2 0184 &22&+) (1 20)#5.& /#2& +0'0+#)89 Y) #$ 6(%)" 1()#15 )"0) $/&1*&%1&$$ %0)#($ KL/r
-08 %&*.+& 20)#5.& /#2& *&-01* `!%&-,/08 RPPPi G%#F RPPSa9 D0%&2./ &;'&%#-&1)0/ 30/#*0)#(1 (2
)"&$& (,$&%30)#(1$ 2%(- 1.-&%#+0/ $#-./0)#(1$ #$ 0*3#$&*9
V0$&* (1 )"& 0,(3& *#$+.$$#(1 01* &30/.0)#(1 (1 20)#5.& /#2& +0'0+#)84 2(% #)$ +(.1)&%'0%)4
20)#5.& /#2& *&-01*4 )"& 2(//(6#15 #-'(%)01) '0%0-&)&%$ 0%& $.55&$)&*9 :0)#5.& /#2& *&-01* -08
,& $'&+#2#&* 0$ )"& *&-01*&* *&2(%-0)#(1 "#$)(%8 (2 0 ,%0+&4 !%(%& +(%%&$'(1*#15 )( )6( #1)&%$)(%8
*%#2) +8+/&$ (2 Rr 2(//(6&* ,8 )"%&& #1)&%$)(%8 *%#2) +8+/&$ (2 Tr9 Y1 )"#$ $&1$&4 )"& 20)#5.& /#2&

US
*&-01* #$4 &$$&1)#0//84 0 /(0*#15 '%()(+(/ 2(% ,%0+&$9 !"& 2(.% -($) #-'(%)01) ,0$#+ '0%0-&)&%$ 2(%
%&0/#$)#+ /(0*#15 '%()(+(/$ 0%& 1.-,&%$4 0-'/#).*&$4 $&=.&1+&4 01* 0$8--&)%8 (2 +8+/&$9
!"&$& 2(.% '0%0-&)&%$ *&'&1* (1 -018 20+)(%$d

g :#%$)4 )"&8 *&'&1* (1 )"& #1)&1$#)8 j!%(%& '&0< 5%(.1* 0++&/&%0)#(1 `LN>a 01* *.%0)#(1k 01*
)"& 2%&=.&1+8 +(1)&1) (2 5%(.1* -()#(14 6"#+" #1 ).%1 *&'&1* (1 )"& -051#).*& (2 )"&
&0%)"=.0<&4 )"& *#$)01+& 2%(- )"& &'#+&1)&%4 )"& $(#/ )8'& 0) )"& $#)&4 !"'%

g @&+(1*4 )"&8 *&'&1* (1 )"& +(12#5.%0)#(14 $)%&15)"4 $)#221&$$4 01* -(*0/ '%('&%)#&$ `'&%#7
(*$ 01* '0%)#+#'0)#(1 20+)(%$a (2 )"& $)%.+).%&4 0$ 6&// 0$ )"& +(1)%#,.)#(1 (2 2%0-#15 ,&0-
01* +(/.-1 -&-,&%$4 01* )"& &22&+)$ (2 %&$'(1$& -(*#2#+0)#(1 +(&22#+#&1)$ `R 20+)(%$a 01*
$8$)&- (3&%$)%&15)" 20+)(%$ `Ω0 20+)(%$a `>@DH X7PSa9

g !"#%*4 )"&8 *&'&1* (1 )"& *&)&%#(%0)#(1 +"0%0+)&%#$)#+$ (2 )"& $)%.+).%&9 :(% ,%0+&* 2%0-&$4
+(-'%&$$#3& $)%&15)"4 (3&%$)%&15)" 20+)(%4 01* %&$#$)01+& )( )"& +8+/#+ *&5%0*0)#(1 (2 ,%0+&$
-08 *&'&1* (1 )"& $/&1*&%1&$$ %0)#($ KL/r 0$ 6&// 0$ $)&&/ 8#&/* $)%&15)" Fy 9 >// )"&$&
20+)(%$ 0%& &=.0//8 #-'(%)01) 01* #1)&%0+) 6#)" &0+" ()"&%9 :(% &;0-'/&4 )"& '&%#(* (2 0
$)%.+).%& "0$ 0 $#51#2#+01) &22&+) (1 )"& %&$'(1$& )( 1&0%720./) 5%(.1* -()#(1$i +(-'%&$$#3&
$)%&15)"4 (3&%$)%&15)" 20+)(%4 01* $/&1*&%1&$$ %0)#($ KL/r -08 ,& 1() 2.//8 #1*&'&1*&1) (2
&0+" ()"&% 01* )"&8 -08 ,& %&*.+&* )( 0 $-0//&% 1.-,&% (2 #1*&'&1*&1) 20+)(%$9

!"&%& 0%& -018 *&+#$#(1$ 01* J.*5-&1)$ )( ,& -0*& #1 *&3&/('#15 0 /(0*#15 "#$)(%8 )"0)
#$ $)0)#$)#+0//8 %&'%&$&1)0)#3& (2 )"& 2.// %015& (2 5%(.1* -()#(1$ 01* $)%.+).%0/ +"0%0+)&%#$)#+$9 >
*&)0#/&* *#$+.$$#(1 (2 )"& *&3&/('-&1) (2 /(0*#15 "#$)(%#&$ 2(% $)&&/ -(-&1) 2%0-&$ 01* 6((*7
2%0-& $)%.+).%&$ )"0) 0%& 5((* 5.#*&/#1&$ 2(% 2.).%& *&3&/('-&1) (2 20)#5.& /#2& *&-01* 2(% ,%0+&*
2%0-& $8$)&-$ +01 ,& 2(.1* #1 I%06#1</&% !" #$% `RPPP04 ,a9 :(% ,%0+&* 2%0-& $8$)&-$4 #) #$ %&+7
(--&1*&* )"0) $&3&%0/ 30%#0)#(1$ ,& +(1$#*&%&*4 #1+/.*#15 +(1$#*&%0)#(1 (2 ,()" e(%*#10%8f 01*
1&0%720./) 5%(.1* -()#(1$4 )"& *.%0)#(1 (2 &0%)"=.0<& 3&%$.$ )"& '&%#(* (2 0 $)%.+).%&4 )"& $/&17
*&%1&$$ %0)#($ KL/r 01* %&$./)#15 (3&%$)%&15)" 20+)(%4 01* $)&&/ 8#&/* $)%&15)" Fy 01* "0%*&1#15
'%('&%)#&$9 M)"&% 30%#0)#(1$ (2 '0%0-&)&%$ $"(./* 0/$( ,& +(1$#*&%&*4 6#)" )"& +.-./0)#3& *0-05&
+(1+&')$ <&') #1 -#1*9 D(1$#*&%#15 ,()" 0 $&%#&$ (2 %&$'(1$& "#$)(%8 010/8$&$ (2 $#15/&7$)(%8 ,%0+&*
2%0-& $8$)&-$ 01* 0 $)0)#$)#+0/ 010/8$#$ (2 )"& %&$'(1$& "#$)(%8 (2 ,%0+& *&2(%-0)#(14 0 %&'%&$&1)07

UQ
)#3& /(0*#15 "#$)(%8 +01 ,& *&3&/('&* 6#)" '%('&% 1.-,&%$4 0-'/#).*&$4 $&=.&1+&4 01* 0$8--&)%8
(2 +8+/&$9
M1+& )"& *&2(%-0)#(1 "#$)(%8 (% )"& 20)#5.& /#2& *&-01* #$ *&3&/('&*4 +(*& %&=.#%&-&1)$
2(% ,%0+& '%('(%)#(1$ +01 ,& *&)&%-#1&*9 :(% &;0-'/&4 #2 )"& 2(//(6#15 0$$.-')#(1$ 0%& -&)d

T9 !"& %&2&%&1+& "#$)(%8 #1 )"#$ '0%0-&)%#+ $).*8 `:#59 Q9Ta #$ 0 )8'#+0/ *&2(%-0)#(1 "#$)(%8i

R9 !"& '/0$)#+#)8 01* *0-05& '%('&%)#&$ +0/#,%0)&* 050#1$) B015 01* O0"#1 `RPPSa #1 )"#$ %&7
$&0%+" 0%& )8'#+0/ -0)&%#0/ '%('&%)#&$ 2(% >@!O >SPP N%0*& V $)&&/i

Z9 !"& ,%0+&$ (2 )"& ,%0+&* 2%0-&$ 0%& (%#&1)&* 0) [S *&5%&&$4 01* )"& 1(-#10/ 8#&/* $)%0#1 (2
,%0+&$ #$ εy = 0.16r 0''%(;#-0)&/8i

)"&1 2%(- 0 1(%-0/#F&* *&2(%-0)#(1 /&3&/ )( 20#/.%& 2(% *#22&%&1) 6#*)"7)"#+<1&$$ %0)#($ b/t $.-7
-0%#F&* #1 !0,/& Q9T4 0 %&/0)#(1$"#' +01 ,& *&3&/('&* ,&)6&&1 #1)&%$)(%8 *%#2) %0)#($ )( 20#/.%& 01*
6#*)"7)"#+<1&$$ %0)#($ b/t9 :(% &;0-'/&4 2(% b/t = 14.24 )"& *&2(%-0)#(1 /&3&/ )( 20#/.%& #$ 7.5
)#-&$ )"& 8#&/* *&2(%-0)#(19 V8 0$$.-#15 [S7*&5%&& (%#&1)0)#(1 (2 ,%0+&$4 )"& #1)&%$)(%8 *%#2) )(
20#/.%& #$ 2 × εy × 7.5 = 2.4r9 !"#$ %&/0)#(1$"#' #$ $"(61 #1 :#5.%& Q9R9 V0$&* (1 )"#$ %&/0)#(1$"#'4
#1 (%*&% )( 0+"#&3& #1)&%$)(%8 *%#2) +0'0+#)8 6#)"(.) 20#/.%& 0) R9Sr4 )"& /#-#)#15 6#*)"7)"#+<1&$$
%0)#( b/t #$ 13.19
>/)&%10)#3&/84 )&$) '%()(+(/$ (2 )"& e'0$$ (% 20#/f )8'& '%('($&* ,8 !%&-,/08 01* V(.0)08
`RPPRa -08 ,& .$&* )( *&)&%-#1& )"& /#-#)#15 6#*)"7)"#+<1&$$ %0)#($ b/t9 Y1 )"#$ )8'& (2 )&$)4 0 ,%0+&
$8$)&- #$ $0#* )( ,& 0*&=.0)& #2 #) $.%3#3&$ )"& 0''/#&* *#$'/0+&-&1) "#$)(%89 !"& /0%5&$) 6#*)"7
)"#+<1&$$ %0)#( b/t (2 $.%3#30/$ #$ )"& +%#)#+0/ 20+)(%9 !%&-,/08 01* V(.0)08h$ *&2(%-0)#(1 "#$)(%#&$
*( 1() #1+/.*& 0// )"& 30%#0)#(1$ *#$+.$$&* "&%&#19 Y1 '0%)#+./0%4 )"&8 0%& #1*&'&1*&1) (2 $)%.+).%0/
'%('&%)#&$ `$.+" 0$ )"& $/&1*&%1&$$ %0)#($ KL/ra4 6"#+" -08 ,& #-'(%)01) ,0$&* (1 (,$&%30)#(1$ ,8
!%&-,/08 `RPPPai )"& "#$)(%#&$ 6&%& '%('($&* 6#)" +0%&2./ +(1$#*&%0)#(1 (2 )"& #1*#3#*.0/ &22&+)$
(2 2(.% 5%(.1* -()#(1 )8'&$9
!"& 2(.% '%('($&* *&2(%-0)#(1 "#$)(%#&$ 0*(')&* #1 +.%%&1) %&$&0%+" %&'%&$&1) `Ta +%.$)0/
`#1)%07'/0)&a &0%)"=.0<&$ )"0) (++.% #1 H0$)&%1 C(%)" >-&%#+0 `%#+" #1 "#5" 2%&=.&1+8a4 `Ra +%.$)0/
&0%)"=.0<&$ (++.%%#15 0/(15 )"& L0+#2#+ +(0$)4 `Za 6&$) +(0$) 1&0%72#&/* 5%(.1* -()#(1$ )"0) 0%&
+"0%0+)&%#F&* ,8 /0%5& 0++&/&%0)#(1 './$&$ /&0*#15 )( "#5" 5%(.1* 3&/(+#)8 01* *#$'/0+&-&1)4 01*

UX
`[a &0%)"=.0<&$ (++.%%#15 0/(15 )"& D0$+0*#0 $.,*.+)#(1 F(1&9 !"&$& 2(.% *&2(%-0)#(1 "#$)(%#&$ 0%&
$"(61 #1 :#5.%& Q9X9 Y1 (%*&% )( $"(6 +/&0%/8 )"& 20#/.%& (2 .1$0)#$28#15 ,%0+&$4 0 )&1$#/& &;+.%$#(1
#$ 0''&1*&* 0) )"& &1* (2 )"& (%#5#10/ "#$)(%#&$9 e:0#/.%&f #$ *&2#1&* "&%& 0$ +%0+<#15 (2 )"%&&
$#*&$ (2 0 ,%0+& $&+)#(1 01* 0 $#51#2#+01) *%(' (2 $)%&15)"4 01* )"& 0''&1*&* )&1$#/& &;+.%$#(1 01*
+(%%&$'(1*#15 %&$#$)01+& %&$'(1$& 0%& '.%&/8 2(% 3#$.0/ *&-(1$)%0)#(1 (2 )"& 20#/.%& `e$)%&15)" /($)f
(% e$)%&15)" %&+(3&%&*f 011()0)&* #1 :#5$9 Q9] )( Q9TTa9
b"&1 0 ,%0+&* 2%0-& #$ $.,J&+)&* )( 01 #1)&%$)(%8 *%#2) "#$)(%84 (1& ,%0+& #1 )"& '0#% #$ #1
)&1$#/& *&2(%-0)#(1 6"#/& )"& ()"&% #$ #1 +(-'%&$$#3& *&2(%-0)#(1 l 01* 3#+& 3&%$0 l #2 *&2(%7
-0)#(1 (2 ,&0- #$ #51(%&*9 V0$&* (1 )"& '%&3#(.$ '0%0-&)%#+ 010/8$#$ #1 )"#$ $&+)#(14 +(-'%&$$#3&
0$8--&)%8 +0.$&$ -(%& *0-05&9 !"&%&2(%&4 )"& *&2(%-0)#(1 "#$)(%#&$ 0''/#&* )( ,%0+&$ 0%& )"&
(1&$ ,#0$&* #1 )&%-$ (2 +(-'%&$$#(14 )%!%& (1/8 )"& ,%0+&$ 6#)" 5%&0)&% +(-'%&$$#3& *&2(%-0)#(1 0%&
010/8F&*4 0$ )"&8 0%& %&/0)&* )( )"& /#-#)#15 6#*)"7)"#+<1&$$ %0)#($9
V%0+&$ 6#)" *#22&%&1) 6#*)"7)"#+<1&$$ %0)#($ b/t 0%& 010/8F&* .$#15 )"&$& 2(.% e'0$$ (% 20#/f
)8'& /(0*#15 '%()(+(/$9 !"& %&$./)$ 0%& $"(61 #1 :#5.%&$ Q9] )( Q9TT 2(% 2(.% /(0*#15 "#$)(%#&$4
%&$'&+)#3&/89 :(% ,()" 6&$) +%.$)0/ &3&1)$ 0) *#$)01+& 01* 6&$) 1&0%72#&/* &3&1)$4 )"& +%#)#+0/ 6#*)"7
)"#+<1&$$ %0)#($ b/t 0%& TZ9R9 V%0+&$ 6#)" 6#*)"7)"#+<1&$$ %0)#($ /&$$ )"01 TZ9R 6#// $.%3#3& )"&
0''/#&* *#$'/0+&-&1) "#$)(%89 :(% &0$) +%.$)0/ &3&1)$ 0) *#$)01+& 01* 6&$) $.,*.+)#(1 &3&1)$4 )"&
+%#)#+0/ 6#*)"7)"#+<1&$$ %0)#($ b/t 0%& TQ9[ 01* TS9U4 %&$'&+)#3&/89 !"& +%#)#+0/ 6#*)"7)"#+<1&$$ %0)#($
2(% 2(.% /(0*#15 "#$)(%#&$ 0%& $.--0%#F&* #1 !0,/& Q9R9

U]
 $NRQJ B'7 *HMJI(KNQ J6VJI(MJTO MNOI(6 XUI RINKJ VIUVUIO(UT

b/t KL/r C(9 (2 +8+/& !\D µ f /2

T T[9R ST R T\T X9S
R ]9T ST R T\T TP9S
Z R]9R ST R T\T Q9P
[ T[9R ZR R T\T X9S
S T[9R XP R T\T X9S
Q T[9R TPP R T\T X9S
X T[9R ST T T\T U9P
] T[9R ST Z T\T Q9P
U T[9R ST R Z\T X9S
TP T[ ST R T\Z Q9P

$NRQJ B'8 *HMJI(KNQ IJPHQOP UX fVNPP UI XN(Qg OYVJ QUNS(TG L(POUI(JP

H3&1) b/t L0$$\:0#/ L&0< A&29 L&0< YAE∗

TS9Z L0$$
H0$) +%.$)0/ &3&1)$ 0) *#$)01+& TQ9[ L0$$ 5Dy T9Qr
TX9Q :0#/
TR9S L0$$
b&$) +%.$)0/ &3&1)$ 0) *#$)01+& TZ9R L0$$ 7Dy R9Rr
T[9R :0#/
TR9S L0$$
b&$) 1&0%72#&/* &3&1)$ TZ9R L0$$ 12Dy Z9]r
T[9R :0#/
T[9U L0$$
b&$) $.,*.+)#(1 &3&1)$ TS9U L0$$ 5Dy T9Qr
TX9P :0#/
∗L&0< Y1)&%$)(%8 A%#2) E0)#($ 0%& +0/+./0)&* ,8 0$$.-#15 )"0) )"& ,%0+&$ 0%& [S7*&5%&&
(%#&1)&* 01* )"& 1(-#10/ 8#&/* $)%0#1 (2 ,%0+&$ #$ εy = 0.16r

UU
 15 4.5
12.0
10.5
10 9.0 3.0

Normalized displacement ( D/Dy )

7.5

Approximate interstory drift (%)

6.0
5 4.5 1.5
3.0
1.5 2.0
0.5 0.75 1.0
0 0.0

-5 -1.5

-10 -3.0

-15 -4.5
Time

3(GHIJ B'7 /JXUIMNO(UT L(POUIY XUI IJXJIJTKJ RINKJ

4
Interstory drift ratio at fracture of braces (%)

2.5

13.1
0
5 10 15 20 25 30
width-thickness ratios b/t

3(GHIJ B'8 4TOJIPOUIY SI(XO INO(UP OU XN(QHIJ 2JIPHP `(SOLWOL(K_TJPP INO(UP

TPP
 1.5

1.0

Normalized load (P/Py)

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Normalized deformation (D/Dy)

`0a b/t = 8.1

1.5

1.0
Normalized load (P/Py)

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Normalized deformation (D/Dy)

`,a b/t = 14.2

1.5

1.0
Normalized load (P/Py)

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Normalized deformation (D/Dy)

`+a b/t = 28.2

3(GHIJ B'= 4TXQHJTKJ UX `(SOLWOL(K_TJPP INO(UP b/t [KL/r = 51]

TPT
 1.5

1.0

Normalized load (P/Py)

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Normalized deformation (D/Dy)

`0a KL/r = 32
1.5

1.0
Normalized load (P/Py)

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Normalized deformation (D/Dy)

`,a KL/r = 51
1.5

1.0
Normalized load (P/Py)

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Normalized deformation (D/Dy)

`+a KL/r = 70
1.5

1.0
Normalized load (P/Py)

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Normalized deformation (D/Dy)

`*a KL/r = 100

3(GHIJ B'? 4TXQHJTKJ UX PQJTSJITJPP INO(U KL/r [b/t = 14.2]

TPR
 1.5

1.0

Normalized load (P/Py)

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Normalized deformation (D/Dy)

`0a T +8+/& '&% *&2(%-0)#(1 /&3&/

1.5

1.0
Normalized load (P/Py)

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Normalized deformation (D/Dy)

`,a R +8+/&$ '&% *&2(%-0)#(1 /&3&/

1.5

1.0
Normalized load (P/Py)

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Normalized deformation (D/Dy)

`+a Z +8+/&$ '&% *&2(%-0)#(1 /&3&/

`b/t = 14.24 KL/r = 51a

3(GHIJ B'> 4TXQHJTKJ UX THMRJI UX KYKQJP VJI SJXUIMNO(UT QJ2JQ

TPZ
 1.5

1.0

Normalized load (P/Py)

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Normalized deformation (D/Dy)

`0a )&1$#(1d+(-'%&$$#(1cTdZ
1.5

1.0
Normalized load (P/Py)

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Normalized deformation (D/Dy)

`,a )&1$#(1d+(-'%&$$#(1cTdT
1.5

1.0
Normalized load (P/Py)

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Normalized deformation (D/Dy)

`+a )&1$#(1d+(-'%&$$#(1cZdT
`b/t = 14.24 KL/r = 51a

3(GHIJ B'B 4TXQHJTKJ UX OJTP(UTbKUMVIJPP(UT NPYMMJOIY INO(U

TP[
 4

Normalized def. ( D/Dy )

2

-2

-4

-6
Time
`0a &0$) +%.$)0/ &3&1)$ 0) *#$)01+&
6
4
Normalized def. ( D/Dy )

2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
Time
`,a 6&$) +%.$)0/ &3&1)$ 0) *#$)01+&
6
3
Normalized def. ( D/Dy )

0
-3
-6
-9
-12
-15
Time
`+a 6&$) 1&0%72#&/* &3&1)$
6
4
Normalized def. ( D/Dy )

2
0
-2
-4
-6
Time
`*a 6&$) $.,*.+)#(1 &3&1)$

3(GHIJ B'E /JXUIMNO(UT L(POUI(JP [$IJMRQNY NTS "UHNONYA 8\\8]

TPS
 1.5

1.0
strength recovered

Normalized load (P/Py)

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
Normalized deformation (D/Dy)

`0a b/t = 15.34 '0$$

1.5

1.0
strength recovered
Normalized load (P/Py)

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
Normalized deformation (D/Dy)

`,a b/t = 16.44 '0$$

1.5

1.0
strength lost
Normalized load (P/Py)

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
Normalized deformation (D/Dy)

`+a b/t = 17.64 20#/

3(GHIJ B'D &I(O(KNQ `(SOLWOL(K_TJPP INO(UP b/t XUI JNPO KIHPONQ J2JTOP NO S(PONTKJ

TPQ
 1.5

1.0

Normalized load (P/Py)

strength recovered
0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
Normalized deformation (D/Dy)

`0a b/t = 12.54 '0$$

1.5

1.0
Normalized load (P/Py)

strength recovered
0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
Normalized deformation (D/Dy)

`,a b/t = 13.24 '0$$

1.5

1.0
strength lost
Normalized load (P/Py)

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
Normalized deformation (D/Dy)

`+a b/t = 14.24 20#/

3(GHIJ B'< &I(O(KNQ `(SOLWOL(K_TJPP INO(UP b/t XUI `JPO KIHPONQ J2JTOP NO S(PONTKJ

TPX
 1.5

1.0

Normalized load (P/Py)

strength recovered
0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5
-15 -12 -9 -6 -3 0 3 6 9
Normalized deformation (D/Dy)

`0a b/t = 12.54 '0$$

1.5

1.0
Normalized load (P/Py)

strength recovered
0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5
-15 -12 -9 -6 -3 0 3 6 9
Normalized deformation (D/Dy)

`,a b/t = 13.24 '0$$

1.5

1.0
strength lost
Normalized load (P/Py)

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5
-15 -12 -9 -6 -3 0 3 6 9
Normalized deformation (D/Dy)

`+a b/t = 14.24 20#/

3(GHIJ B'7\ &I(O(KNQ `(SOLWOL(K_TJPP INO(UP b/t XUI `JPO TJNIWX(JQS J2JTOP

TP]
 1.5

1.0
strength recovered

Normalized load (P/Py)

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
Normalized deformation (D/Dy)

`0a b/t = 14.94 '0$$

1.5

1.0
strength recovered
Normalized load (P/Py)

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
Normalized deformation (D/Dy)

`,a b/t = 15.94 '0$$

1.5

1.0
Normalized load (P/Py)

strength lost
0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
Normalized deformation (D/Dy)

`+a b/t = 17.04 20#/

3(GHIJ B'77 &I(O(KNQ `(SOLWOL(K_TJPP INO(UP b/t XUI `JPO PHRSHKO(UT J2JTOP

TPU
B'8 &+**.&$4+* /.$!4-#

!"& >Y@D L%(3#$#(1$ '/0+& 0 5%&0) *&0/ (2 &-'"0$#$ (1 ,%0+&7)(75.$$&) +(11&+)#(1 *&)0#/$9 >/7
)"(.5" )"& +(11&+)#(1 ,&)6&&1 )"& ,%0+& 01* )"& 2%0-& #$ $)%&15)"&1 ,8 )"& 5.$$&)4 )"& e%#5#*f F(1&
+%&0)&* ,8 )"& ,&0-7+(/.-1 +(11&+)#(1 01* )"& 5.$$&) '/0)& 5&1&%0)& -(%& *&2(%-0)#(1 01* *0-7
05& )( 0 -&-,&% #--&*#0)&/8 $.%%(.1*#15 )"& F(1&d )"& +(/.-1 01* )"& ,&0-9 !"#$ -08 %&$./) #1
+%0+<$ #1 +(/.-1 2/015&$ 01* 6&,$4 0$ $&&1 #1 )"& #13&%)&*7^ )8'& @DV: )&$) *#$+.$$&* #1 '%&3#(.$
+"0')&%4 (% +%0+<$ #1 ,&0- 2/015&$ 01* 6&,$4 0$ $&&1 #1 )"& VEV: )&$) #1 G%#F `RPPSa9
@&3&%0/ -&)"(*$ 2(% %&*.+#15 *0-05& 0++.-./0)#(1 #1 )"& +(/.-1 0%& 010/8F&* #1 )"#$ $&+7
)#(14 #1+/.*#15d

T9 E&*.+&* *&')" `:#59 Q9T[a9 E&*.+#15 )"& *&')" (2 +(/.-1 "0$ )6( &22&+)$9 :#%$)4 )"& $)#227
1&$$ 01* $)%&15)" (2 )"& +(/.-1 #$ %&*.+&*i 01* $&+(1*4 2(% 0 5#3&1 +.%30).%&4 )"& $)%0#1 0)
)"& (.)&% 2#,&% 6#// *&+%&0$& 6#)" *&+%&0$#15 $&+)#(1 *&')"9 !"&$& )6( &22&+)$ +(.1)&%0+)
&0+" ()"&% 01* )(5&)"&% -08 "&/' 0//&3#0)& *0-05& #1 )"& +(/.-19

R9 !"#+<&1&* 6&, `:#59 Q9TSa9 !"#+<&1#15 )"& 6&, #1+%&0$&$ )"& $)#221&$$ 01* $)%&15)" (2 )"&
+(/.-19 @)#221&$$ 01* 0 $)%(15&% +(/.-1 6#// "03& /&$$ *&2(%-0)#(1 01* *0-05&9

Z9 !"#+<&1&* 2/015&$ `:#59 Q9TQa9 !"#+<&1#15 )"& 2/015&$ "0$ 0 $#-#/0% &22&+) 0$ )"& )"#+<&1&*
6&,9 V&+0.$& )"& 2/015& "0$ -(%& (.)&% 2#,&%$4 )"#+<&1#15 )"& 2/015&$ 0%& &;'&+)&* )( ,&
-(%& &22&+)#3&9

[9 @)#22&1&% `:#59 Q9T]a9 !"&%& #$ 0 )&1$#/& +(-'(1&1) (2 #1)&%20+& 2(%+& ,&)6&&1 )"& ,&0- 01*
)"& +(/.-19 > $)#22&1&% -08 *#$)%#,.)& )"& )&1$#/& 2(%+& 01* %&*.+& *0-05& 0) )"& +(/.-19

S9 E&#12(%+#15 '/0)&$ 0) )"& 2/015&$ `:#59 Q9TUa9 !"& %&#12(%+#15 '/0)&$ /(+0//8 $)%&15)"&1 )"&
*0-05& F(1& (2 )"& +(/.-19

Q9 !7$"&0% )0, `:#59 Q9RPa9 > !7$&+)#(1 $"&0% )0, #$ 0 30%#0)#(1 (2 )"& %&#12(%+#15 '/0)&4 ,.)
&0$#&% )( -01.20+).%& 01* #1$)0//9

X9 b&/*&* 2/015&$ `:#59 Q9RTa9 b&/*#15 )"& 2/015&$ (2 0 ,&0- 01* 0 +(/.-1 '%(3#*&$ 0 -(%&
.1#2(%- #1)&%20+& 2(%+& )%01$2&% )"01 *(&$ 0 $"&0% )0,9

TTP
 ]9 @)#22&1&% 01* 6&/*&* 2/015&$ `:#59 Q9RRa9 D(-,#1& )"& $)#22&1&% 01* 6&/*&* 2/015&$ 01*
+%&0)& 0 $)01*0%* -(-&1) +(11&+)#(19

!"& )6(7$)(%8 @DV: .$&* #1 )"#$ 1.-&%#+0/ 010/8$#$ #$ #*&1)#+0/ )( )"& (1& *#$+.$$&* #1 )"&
'%&3#(.$ +"0')&%4 6"#+" 60$ $.,J&+)&* )( 0 *#$'/0+&-&1) "#$)(%8 0) )"& )(' (2 )"& 2%0-&9 !"& +%#)#+0/
*0-05& $)0)& (2 $)&&/ -0)&%#0/ 60$ P9S `)8'#+0/ 30/.&4 ?&-0#)%&4 TUURa4 ,&8(1* 6"#+" #$ +(1$#*&%&*
20#/.%&9 !"& "#$)(%8 (2 -0;#-.- *0-05& 0) )"& +(/.-1 60$ %&+(%*&* 01* +(-'0%&* #1 :#5.%& Q9TR9
O(*#2#+0)#(1 -&)"(*$ /#$)&* #1 )"& /&5&1* 0%& $(%)&* ,8 *0-05& $)0)&4 6#)" )"& /0%5&$) *0-05& $)0)&
"#$)(%8 0) )"& )('9
!"& 1.-&%#+0/ 010/8$#$ $"(6$ )"0) $)%&15)"&1#15 )"& +(/.-1 .1#2(%-/8 `%&*.+&* *&')"4
)"#+<&1&* 6&,4 01* )"#+<&1&* 2/015&$a #$4 #1 5&1&%0/4 /&$$ &22&+)#3& )"01 $)%&15)"&1#15 )"& +(/.-1
/(+0//8 0) )"& *0-05& F(1&9 E&#12(%+#15 '/0)&$ 0%& )"& -($) &22&+)#3& -&)"(*9 G12(%).10)&/84 )"#$
#$ )"& /&0$) 2&0$#,/& -&)"(* ,&+0.$& #) #$ *#22#+./) )( 0++&$$ )"& 6&/* 1&0% )"& ,&0- 6&,9 !"& .$&
(2 0 $)#22&1&% 01* 0 +(-,#10)#(1 (2 $)#22&1&% 01* 6&/*&* 2/015&$ 0%& 5((* +01*#*0)&$ 2(% &22&+)#3&
*0-05& %&*.+)#(1 -&)"(*$9
!"& +(-,#10)#(1 (2 $)#22&1&% 01* 6&/*&* 2/015&$ %&$./)$ #1 -(%& *0-05& )"01 .$#15 )"&
$)#22&1&% ,8 #)$&/2 ,&+0.$& )"& +(11&+)#(1 ,&+(-&$ -(%& %#5#*9 >$ )"& *#$'/0+&-&1) "#$)(%8 0) )"& )('
(2 )"& 2%0-& #$ '%&$+%#,&*4 %#5#* +(11&+)#(1$ /&0* )( -(%& *&2(%-0)#(1 0) )"& +(/.-19 :(% $)%.+).%&$
$.,J&+)&* )( &0%)"=.0<& 5%(.1* -()#(14 -(%& %#5#* +(11&+)#(1$ /&0* )( "#5"&% $)#221&$$4 6"#+"
5&1&%0//8 %&$./)$ #1 /&$$ (3&%0// *&2(%-0)#(19 !"&%&2(%& )"& *#22&%&1+& ,&)6&&1 .$#15 0 $)#22&1&% 01*
0 +(-,#10)#(1 (2 0 $)#22&1&% 01* 6&/*&* 2/015&$ 0%& &;'&+)&* )( ,& /&$$9 :#10//84 )"& +(-,#10)#(1
(2 0 $)#22&1&% 01* 6&/*&* 2/015&$ #$ 0 $)01*0%* -(-&1) +(11&+)#(14 6"#+" +01 ,& &0$#/8 *&$#51&*
,8 $)%.+).%0/ &15#1&&%$9 V0$&* (1 )"&$& +(1$#*&%0)#(1$4 )"& +(-,#10)#(1 (2 0 $)#22&1&% 01* 6&/*&*
2/015&$ 0%& %&+(--&1*&*9

TTT
 6

Roof displacement (in.)

2

-2

-4

-6
0 20 40 60 80
Pseudo-time (s)

`0a A#$'/0+&-&1) "#$)(%8

0.5
Reference
Reduced depth (85%)
Welded flange
0.4
Thicken web (300%)
Thicken flange (200%)
T shear tab
Damage at column

0.3 Stiffener + welded flange

Stiffener
Reinforceing plate
0.2

0.1

0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Pseudo-time (s)

`,a A0-05& "#$)(%8

3(GHIJ B'78 /NMNGJ J2UQHO(UT XUI S(XXJIJTO POIJTGOLJT(TG MJOLUSP

TTR
 3(GHIJ B'7= /JON(QP UX KUQHMTF IJXJIJTKJ

3(GHIJ B'7? /JON(QP UX KUQHMTF IJSHKJS SJVOL

TTZ
 3(GHIJ B'7> /JON(QP UX KUQHMTF OL(K_JTJS `JR

3(GHIJ B'7B /JON(QP UX KUQHMTF OL(K_JTJS XQNTGJ

TT[
3(GHIJ B'7E /JON(QP UX IJ(TXUIKJMJTOF IJXJIJTKJ

3(GHIJ B'7D /JON(QP UX IJ(TXUIKJMJTOF PO(XXJTJI

TTS
3(GHIJ B'7< /JON(QP UX IJ(TXUIKJMJTOF IJ(TXUIK(TG VQNOJP

3(GHIJ B'8\ /JON(QP UX IJ(TXUIKJMJTOF $WPLJNI ONR

TTQ
 3(GHIJ B'87 /JON(QP UX IJ(TXUIKJMJTOF `JQSJS XQNTGJP

3(GHIJ B'88 /JON(QP UX IJ(TXUIKJMJTOF PO(XXJTJI NTS `JQSJS XQNTGJP

TTX
B'= -!$.%!- "%!&4*0 3+% ".!1#

:(% ^7)8'& 01* #13&%)&* ^7)8'& ,%0+&* 2%0-&$4 ,&0- )(' 01* ,())(- 2/015&$ -.$) ,& /0)&%0//8
,%0+&* 0) )"& #1)&%$&+)#(1 (2 )"& ,%0+&$ 01* ,&0-9 V%0+#15 "&/'$ )"& ,&0-$ %&$#$) %()0)#(1 0,(.)
)"& /(15#).*#10/ 0;#$ `/0)&%0/7)(%$#(10/ ,.+</#15a4 #1 0++(%*01+& 6#)" )"& >Y@D @&#$-#+ L%(3#$#(1$9
>/)"(.5" >Y@D $'&+#2#&$ )"& %&=.#%&* ,%0+& $)%&15)" 01* $)#221&$$4 )"& )&%- e#1)&%$&+)#(1 (2 ,%0+&$
01* ,&0-f #$ 1() '%&+#$&/8 *&2#1&*9 Y1 01 #*&0/#$)#+ -(*&/4 ,%0+&$ 0%& '#17+(11&+)&* )( )"& ,&0-
0) )"& -#*7$'01 '(#1)9 V.) #1 %&0/#)84 )"& ,%0+&75.$$&)7,&0- +(11&+)#(1 #$ 1() 0 '(#1) ,.) 0 %&5#(19
!".$4 )"&%& 0%& 0) /&0$) )6( ,%0+#15 +(12#5.%0)#(1$d (1& 6"&%& )"& /0)&%0/ ,%0+#15 #$ 0) )"& -#**/&
(2 )"& ,&0-4 01* 01()"&% 6"&%& )6( /0)&%0/ ,%0+#15 -&-,&%$ 0%& '%(3#*&*4 (1& 0) &0+" &1* (2 )"&
5.$$&) '/0)& `:#59 Q9RZa9 C()& )"0) )"& /0)&%0/ ,%0+#15 -&-,&%$ 0) )"& )(' 2/015&$ 01* +(1)#1.(.$
,%0+#15 ,8 )"& $/0, 0%& 1() $"(61 #1 )"& 2#5.%&$9 >/)"(.5" )"& 2#%$) +(12#5.%0)#(1 #$ -($) +(--(1 #1
$)%.+).%0/ &15#1&&%#15 '%0+)#+&4 )"& $&+(1* (1& -#5") ,& -(%& 0''%('%#0)&9 :(% &;0-'/&4 +(1$#*&%d

T9 :(% $'&+#0/ -(-&1) 2%0-&$4 )"& @&#$-#+ L%(3#$#(1$ `@&+)#(1 U9]a %&=.#%& )"0) /0)&%0/ ,%0+#15
-&-,&%$ 2(% ,&0-$ $"0// ,& '/0+&* 0) /(+0)#(1$ 6"&%& +"015&$ #1 )"& +%($$ $&+)#(1 (++.%
01* 6"&%& 010/8$#$ #1*#+0)&$ 2(%-0)#(1 (2 0 '/0$)#+ "#15&9 :(% @DV:$4 0) )"& &*5&$ (2 )"&
5.$$&) '/0)&4 )"& +%($$ $&+)#(1 +"015&$ ,&+0.$& )"& 5.$$&) '/0)&$ &1"01+& ,&0- ,&1*#15
$)#221&$$9 O(%&(3&%4 ,&+0.$& (2 )"& 3&%)#+0/ .1,0/01+&* /(0*4 #) #$ '($$#,/& )"0) 0 '/0$)#+
"#15& #1 )"& ,&0- 6#// 2(%- 0) )"& &1*$ (2 )"& 5.$$&) '/0)& *.%#15 #1&/0$)#+ *&2(%-0)#(1 (2
)"& ,%0+&* 2%0-&9 !( )"#$ &1*4 '/0+#15 /0)&%0/ ,%0+#15 -&-,&%$ 0) )"& 5.$$&) '/0)& &*5&$
6(./* ,& +(1$#$)&1) 6#)" '%0+)#+&$ 2(% $'&+#0/ -(-&1) 2%0-&$9

R9 N.$$&)$ 0%& )8'#+0//8 *&)0#/&* #1 0++(%*01+& 6#)" @&#$-#+ L%(3#$#(1$ D(--&1)0%8 @&+)#(1
DTZ9T9 !"#$ %&$./)$ #1 0 2#;&*72#;&* ,(.1*0%8 6#)" 0 $#*&$608 ,.+</#15 +(12#5.%0)#(1 2(%
)"& 5.$$&)$4 6#)" +(&22#+#&1) K = 1.2 `>Y@D RPPQa9 >$ )"& ,%0+&75.$$&)7,&0- +(11&+)#(1
#$ 1() 0 %#5#* %&5#(1 (.)7(27'/01&4 )"& +(12#5.%0)#(1 6#)" /0)&%0/ ,%0+#15 -&-,&%$ 0) )"&
&*5& (2 )"& 5.$$&) `:#59 Q9RZ,a #$ -(%& /#<&/8 )( $0)#$28 )"& 2#;&*7&1* +(1*#)#(14 )8'#+0//8
0$$.-&* #1 *&$#51 '%0+)#+&9

!"& 010/8$#$ %&$./)$ (2 ,%0+&* 2%0-&$ 6#)" )"& )6( )8'&$ (2 ,%0+#15 +(12#5.%0)#(1$ $.,J&+)&*
)( &0%)"=.0<& 5%(.1* -()#(1 0%& +(-'0%&*9 @)%.+).%0/ '0%0-&)&%$ (2 )"& ,%0+&* 2%0-& 0%& *&$+%#,&*

TT]
#1 @&+)#(1 Q9[9 !"& @>D ?>ZR 5%(.1* -()#(1 )"0) 60$ %01*(-/8 +"($&1 01* #$ /0%5& &1(.5" )(
,.+</& )"& ,%0+&$4 60$ 0''/#&* )( )"& $)%.+).%&9 !"& +(-'0%#$(1 (2 2#%$)7$)(%8 "8$)&%&)#+ /(('$ #$
$"(61 #1 :#5.%& Q9R[4 01* 0 +(-'0%#$(1 (2 ,&"03#(%$ #$ $"(61 #1 :#5.%&$ Q9RS 01* Q9RQ9 >$ +01
,& $&&14 )"& 5.$$&) 6#)" 0 /0)&%0/ ,%0+#15 -&-,&% 0) )"& -#**/& ,.+</&* (.) (2 '/01&4 6"#+" )"&1
/&* )( /0)&%0/ )(%$#(10/ ,.+</#15 (2 )"& ,&0-4 0$ 6&// 0$ 0 '/0$)#+ "#15& 0) )"& ,&0- %#5") 1&;) )(
)"& +(11&+)#(1 `:#5$9 Q9RS,4 Q9RQ,a9 !"& +(12#5.%0)#(1 6#)" )6( /0)&%0/ ,%0+#15 -&-,&%$ 0) )"&
&*5&$ (2 )"& 5.$$&) '%(3#*&* $.22#+#&1) $)#221&$$ 050#1$) )(%$#(10/ *&2(%-0)#(1 (2 )"& ,&0- 01* )"&
,&0-7+(/.-1 +(11&+)#(1i )"&%&2(%&4 &1&%58 *#$$#'0)#(1 60$ /(+0/#F&* 0) )"& ,%0+&$4 6"#+" #$ #*&0/
2(% @DV:$9
> ,%0+&* 2%0-& 6#)" (1/8 (1& /0)&%0/ ,%0+#15 -&-,&% 0) )"& -#**/&4 ,.) 6#)" 0 )"#+<&% 5.$$&)
*&$#51 6#)" 0 2#;&*7'#1 ,(.1*0%8 6#)" 0 $#*&$608 ,.+</#15 +(12#5.%0)#(1 60$ 0/$( 010/8F&*9 !"&
%&$./) #$ $#-#/0% )( )"& )6(7/0)&%0/7,%0+#157-&-,&% +(12#5.%0)#(14 6#)" ,.+</#15 /(+0/#F&* #1 ,%0+&$9
>/)&%10)#3&/84 )"& #17'/01& ,.+</#15 +(11&+)#(1 -#5") ,& .$&* )( %&*.+& )6#$)#15 2(%+&$ (1
)"& ,&0-9 >1 &;0-'/& (2 )"#$ <#1* (2 +(11&+)#(1 `E.)"&%2(%* 01* D"&<&1&4 RPP]a #$ $"(61 #1
:#5.%& Q9RX9 Y1 (%*&% )( &/#-#10)& )"& (.)7(27'/01& ,.+</#15 -(*& (2 )"& 5.$$&)7,%0+&75.$$&) +(-7
'(1&1)4 )"& (.)7(27'/01& ,&1*#15 $)#221&$$ 0) )"& &1*$ (2 )"& +(-'(1&1) "0$ )( ,& #1+%&0$&*9 W&%&4
$)#22&1&%$ 0%& .$&* )( $)%&15)"&1 )"& 5.$$&) 01* '%&3&1) #) 2%(- +(-'%&$$#(1 ,.+</#159 !"#+<&17
#15 (2 )"& 5.$$&) 01* #1+(%'(%0)#15 0 5.$$&) $)#22&1&% &22&+)#3&/8 #1+%&0$& )"& (.)7(27'/01& %0*#.$ (2
58%0)#(14 )"&%&,8 #1+%&0$#15 #)$ +(-'%&$$#(1 ,.+</#15 $)%&15)"9 !".$4 )"& #17'/01& ,.+<#15 +(11&+7
)#(1 #$ 0/$( "&/'2./ 6"&1 (1/8 (1& /0)&%0/ ,%0+#15 -&-,&% 0) )"& -#**/& #$ 2&0$#,/&9 !"& 010/8$#$
%&$./)$ (2 )"& $0-& ,%0+&* 2%0-& ,.) 6#)" )"& #17'/01& ,.+</#15 +(11&+)#(1 #1+/.*&* 0%& $"(61 #$
:#5.%& Q9R]9 !"& &1&%58 *#$$#'0)#(1 #$ 050#1 /(+0/#F&* #1 )"& ,%0+&$4 01* ,.+</#15 (2 )"& 5.$$&) #$
'%&3&1)&*9

TTU
 `0a >) )"& -#**/& (2 )"& ,&0- `,a >) &0+" &1* (2 )"& 5.$$&) '/0)&

3(GHIJ B'8= #KLJMNO(KP UX O`U QNOJINQ RINK(TG KUTX(GHINO(UTP

2000

One bracing member

Two bracing members
1000
First story shear (kips)

-1000

-2000
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
First story drift (in.)

3(GHIJ B'8? &UMVNI(PUT UX X(IPOWPOUIY LYPOJIJO(K QUUVP

TRP
 `0a M1& /0)&%0/ ,%0+#15 -&-,&% 0) )"& -#**/&

`,a !6( /0)&%0/ ,%0+#15 -&-,&%$ 0) )"& &*5& (2 5.$$&) '/0)&

3(GHIJ B'8> /NMNGJ MUSJP XUI SI(XO OU OLJ I(GLO

TRT
 `0a M1& /0)&%0/ ,%0+#15 -&-,&% 0) )"& -#**/&

`,a !6( /0)&%0/ ,%0+#15 -&-,&%$ 0) )"& &*5& (2 5.$$&) '/0)&

3(GHIJ B'8B /NMNGJ MUSJP XUI SI(XO OU OLJ QJXO

TRR
3(GHIJ B'8E /JON(Q HPJS OU (TSHKJ (TWVQNTJ RHK_Q(TG UX RINKJP

3(GHIJ B'8D !TNQYP(P IJPHQO UX (TWVQNTJ RHK_Q(TG UX RINKJP

TRZ
B'? .#$41!$. +3 4*$.%#$+%@ /%43$ /.1!*/#

:(% -(-&1) 2%0-&$4 01* )0// ,%0+&* 2%0-&$4 6"#+" "03& %&/0)#3&/8 /(15 2.1*0-&1)0/ '&%#(*$ 20//#15
#1)( )"& C&6-0%< 01* W0// *#$'/0+&-&1)7'%&$&%3&* %015& `C&6-0%< 01* W0//4 TU]Ra4 )"& &/0$)#+
$'&+)%0/ 010/8$#$ -08 5#3& 0 %&0$(10,/8 +(1$&%30)#3& &$)#-0)& (2 03&%05& *%#2) *&-01*$ 2(% #1&/0$)#+
$8$)&-$9 Y1 ()"&% 6(%*$4 2(% $"(%)7'&%#(* ,%0+&* 2%0-&$4 )"& &$)#-0)#(1 ,0$&* (1 &/0$)#+ $'&+)%0 #$
%&/0)#3&/8 '((%9 Y) #$ 1() +/&0% 6"&)"&% &=.#30/&1) 1(1/#1&0% -(*0/ 010/8$#$4 10-&/8 -(*0/ '.$"(3&%
010/8$#$ `OL>a4 +01 ,& .$&* )( %&0/#$)#+0//8 &$)#-0)& #1)&%$)(%8 *%#2) 2(% /(67%#$& ,%0+&* 2%0-&$9 Y1
)"#$ $&+)#(14 0 )"%&&7$)(%8 @DV: $)%.+).%& #$ &30/.0)&* .$#15 1(1/#1&0% %&$'(1$& "#$)(%8 010/8$#$
`EW>a 01* OL>4 01* )"& %&$./)$ +(-'0%&*9 > 1&6 -&)"(* 2(% '.$"(3&% 010/8$#$ .$#15 0 -./)#'/&
'(#1) +(1$)%0#1) #$ *&%#3&* ,0$&* (1 )"& '%#1+#'/& (2 3#%).0/ 6(%< 01* #$ '%&$&1)&* #1 >''&1*#; >9
!"& 1(1/#1&0% $)0)#+ '%(+&*.%& (% '.$"(3&% 010/8$#$ `:HO> RXZ4 :HO> ZSQa "0$ ,&&1
0*(')&* ,8 $)%.+).%0/ &15#1&&%$ 0$ 0 ,.#/*#15 &30/.0)#(1 )((/ 2(% $&#$-#+ *&-01* &$)#-0)#(1$9 V0$&*
(1 $)%.+).%0/ *810-#+$ )"&(%84 6"#/& %&)0#1#15 )"& $#-'/#+#)8 (2 &;#$)#15 '.$"(3&% 010/8$#$4 )"&
OL> '%(+&*.%& 60$ *&3&/('&* )( #1+/.*& -(*0/ +(1)%#,.)#(1$ )"0) -08 ,& $#51#2#+01) )( $&#$-#+
*&-01*$ `D"('%0 01* N(&/4 RPPRa9 !"& '%(+&*.%& "0$ ,&&1 0''/#&* )( @>D ,.#/*#15$ `N(&/ 01*
D"('%04 RPP[a4 "&#5")76#$& %&5./0% 5&1&%#+ 2%0-&$ `D"#1)010'0<*&& 01* D"('%04 RPPZa 01* #%%&57
./0% 5&1&%#+ 2%0-&$ `D"#1)010'0<*&& 01* D"('%04 RPP[a9 !"& 5(0/ (2 )"#$ $&+)#(1 #$ )( ,%#*5& )"&
50' ,&)6&&1 +(-'.)0)#(10//8 #1)&1$#3& EW> 01* &22#+#&1+87*&-01*#15 *&$#51 '%0+)#+& ,0$&* (1
0 +(-'0%#$(1 (2 %&$./)$ 2(% /(67%#$& ,%0+&* 2%0-&$ 6#)" $"(%) 2.1*0-&1)0/ '&%#(*$9 !"& %&$./)$ #1
)&%-$ (2 -0;#-.- #1)&%$)(%8 *%#2) %0)#($ `YAE$a 0%& +(-'0%&*4 01* ,0$&* (1 )"&$& 010/8$&$4 )"&
-&)"(* )( &$)#-0)& #1)&%$)(%8 *%#2) *&-01*$ #$ $.55&$)&*9
!"& -(*&/ ,.#/*#15 `A>@@H4 RPPXa *&3&/('&* )( #13&$)#50)& )"& @DV: $8$)&-$ #$ 0 %&+)017
5./0% $)%.+).%& 6#)" 2(.% '&%#-&)&% ,%0+&*72%0-& $.,0$$&-,/#&$9 V%0+&$ 0%& 0%%015&* 0$ 0 *(.,/&7
$)(%8 m7)8'&9 !"& ,.#/*#15 60$ *&$#51&* #1 +(12(%-01+& 6#)" )"& '%(3#$#(1$ (2 RPPQ YVD4 >@DH
X7PS4 01* >Y@D Z[T7PS9 > )8'#+0/ ,.#/*#15 2/((% '/01 01* 2%0-& &/&30)#(1 0%& $"(61 #1 :#5.%& Q9RU9
> 2#1#)& &/&-&1) -(*&/ 60$ *&3&/('&* 2(% )"& ,%0+&*72%0-& $.,0$$&-,/84 .$#15 $"&// &/&-&1)$ 01*
)"& +8+/#+ *0-05& '/0$)#+#)8 -(*&/9 !"& 2#1#)& &/&-&1) -(*&/ #$ $"(61 #1 :#5.%& Q9ZP9
:#%$)4 )"& -(*&/ ,.#/*#15 60$ $.,J&+)&* )( )"& $#;)8 5%(.1* -()#(1$ )"0) 6&%& 0$$&-,/&* 2(%
)"& @>D '%(J&+) `@(-&%3#//& !" #$%& TUUXa4 %&'%&$&1)#15 $&#$-#+ &3&1)$ %015#15 2%(- )"& 2%&=.&1)/8

TR[
 3(GHIJ B'8< 1USJQ RH(QS(TG XQUUI VQNT NTS RINKJS XINMJ JQJ2NO(UTP

(++.%%#15 )( )"($& )"0) 0%& 3&%8 %0%&4 01* 60$ &30/.0)&* .$#15 EW> '%(+&*.%&9 Y1 0// QP 010/8$&$4
)"& -0;#-.- #1)&%$)(%8 *%#2) (++.%$ #1 )"& 2#%$) $)(%84 )".$4 "&%&#102)&% -0;#-.- #1)&%$)(%8 *%#2)
%0)#($ %&2&% )( )"($& %0)#($ #1 )"& 2#%$) $)(%89 Y1 )"& EW>4 0 $)01*0%* C&6-0%< #1)&5%0)(% #$ 0*(')&*9
A#$+.$$#(1 (1 )"& #1$)0,#/#)8 (2 )"& C&6-0%< #1)&5%0)(% +01 ,& 2(.1* #1 >''&1*#; V9

3(GHIJ B'=\ 3(T(OJ JQJMJTO MUSJQ NTS IJX(TJS IJG(UTP UX OLJ RH(QS(TG

TRS
 Vbn
Idealized

Vbny
1 !kn
Actual

kn

1 urn

urny

`0a >1 n)"7-(*& '.$"(3&% +.%3& 01* #)$ #*&0/#F0)#(1

Fsn/Ln

Vbny/Mn*
#(!n)2
1

(!n)2

1 Dn

Dny=urny/(!n"rn)
`,a :(%+&7*&2(%-0)#(1 +.%3& 2(% n)"7-(*& @A: $8$)&-

3(GHIJ B'=7 &UT2JIP(UT OU nOLWMUSJ #/3 PYPOJM

TRQ
 !"&1 )"& -(*&/ ,.#/*#15 60$ &30/.0)&* .$#15 OL>d

T9 !"& 10).%0/ 2%&=.&1+#&$ ωi 4 01* -(*&$ φi 4 6&%& +(-'.)&* 6#)" -(*0/ 010/8$#$9

R9 :(% )"& n)" -(*&4 )"& ,0$&7$"&0%7%((2 *#$'/0+&-&1)4 Vbn 7urn 4 0 '.$"(3&% +.%3& ,8 1(1/#1&0%
$)0)#+ 010/8$#$ (2 )"& ,.#/*#15 .$#15 /0)&%0/ 2(%+& *#$)%#,.)#(1$ s = mφn 60$ *&3&/('&*9
!"& $)%.+).%0/ *&2(%-0)#(1 "#$)(%8 #$ $03&*9 > 1&6 '.$"(3&% -&)"(* .$#15 +(1$)%0#1)$
`>''&1*#; >a #$ 0*(')&* #1 )"#$ %&$&0%+"9

Z9 !"& Vbn 7urn '.$"(3&% +.%3& 60$ +(13&%)&* )( )"& 2(%+&7*&2(%-0)#(14 F sn /Ln 7Dn 4 %&/0)#(1 2(%
)"& n)"7-(*& &=.#30/&1) #1&/0$)#+ $#15/&7*&5%&&7(272%&&*(- $8$)&- 6#)" .1#) -0$$9 !"#$
$)&' #$ #//.$)%0)&* #1 :#5.%& Q9ZT4 6"&%& Mn∗ #$ )"& n)"7-(*& &22&+)#3& -(*0/ -0$$9

[9 !"& 2(%+&7*&2(%-0)#(1 "8$)&%&$#$ %&/0)#(1 2(% )"& n)"7-(*& $#15/&7*&5%&&7(272%&&*(- $8$7

)&- 60$ #*&0/#F&*9 Y1 )"#$ 010/8$#$4 0 '&0<7(%#&1)&* $)#221&$$ *&)&%#(%0)#15 "8$)&%&$#$ )8'&
60$ +"($&1 ,0$&* (1 0 +(-'0%#$(1 (2 )"& -(1()(1#+ 01* +8+/#+ '.$"(3&% +.%3&$ 2(% O(*&
T4 $"(61 #1 :#5.%& Q9ZR9

S9 !"& '&0< *&2(%-0)#(1 Dn (2 )"& n)"7-(*&/ #1&/0$)#+ $#15/&7*&5%&&7(272%&&*(- $8$)&- *&7

2#1&* ,8 )"& "8$)&%&)#+ 2(%+&7*&2(%-0)#(1 %&/0)#(1 *&3&/('&* #1 @)&' [ 6#)" %&$'(1$& "#$)(%8
010/8$#$ 60$ +(-'.)&*9

Q9 !"& '&0< %((2 *#$'/0+&-&1) urn 0$$(+#0)&* 6#)" )"& n)"7-(*& #1&/0$)#+ $8$)&- 2%(- urn =
Γn φrn Dn 60$ +(-'.)&*9

X9 :%(- )"& $)%.+).%0/ *&2(%-0)#(1 "#$)(%8 (,)0#1&* #1 @)&' R4 )"& $)(%8 *#$'/0+&-&1)$ 3&+)(%
0) %((2 *#$'/0+&-&1) &=.0/ )( urn 60$ &;)%0+)&*9

]9 @)&'$ Z )( X 6&%& %&'&0)&* 2(% 0// -(*&$ )( ,& #1+/.*&*9

U9 !"& )()0/ %&$'(1$&$ ,8 +(-,#1#15 )"& '&0< -(*0/ %&$'(1$&$ .$#15 01 0''%('%#0)& -(*&/
+(-,#10)#(1 %./& 60$ *&)&%-#1&*9 !"& @E@@ %./& 60$ .$&* #1 )"#$ '0'&%9 @(-& -(*0/
'%('&%)#&$ 0%& /#$)&* #1 !0,/& Q9Z9

TRX
 $NRQJ B'= .QNPO(K MUSNQ VIUVJIO(JP UX OLJ OLIJJWPOUIY #&"3 PHRNPPJMRQY

n T n `$a φn Γn Vbn /Mn∗ `#1\$&+R a

T P9SRT [0.32, 0.71, 1.00]T T9RQ RPP
R P9RP[ [1.00, 0.95, −1.00]T P9ZZ TZPP
Z P9T[Q [1.00, −0.80, 0.25]T P9RQ [PPP

Y1 @)&' S4 )"& ,&"03#(% (2 )"& $&+(1* 01* )"#%* -(*0/ #1&/0$)#+ $#15/&7*&5%&&7(272%&&*(-
$8$)&-$ 6&%& &$$&1)#0//8 &/0$)#+ ,&+0.$& (2 )"&#% %&/0)#3& "#5" 8#&/* 2(%+&$ +(-'0%&* )( )"& 2#%$)
-(*& `!0,/& Q9Za9
O0;#-.- #1)&%$)(%8 *%#2)$ `#1 @)(%8 Ta 2%(- &/0$)#+ $'&+)%0/ 010/8$#$ 01* EW> 0%& +(-'0%&*
#1 :#5.%& Q9ZZ9 H$)#-0)&$ (2 #1)&%$)(%8 *%#2) ,0$&* (1 &/0$)#+ $'&+)%0 $.,$)01)#0//8 *#3&%5& 2%(-
1(1/#1&0% EW> %&$./)$ 2(% #1)&1$& 5%(.1* -()#(1$9 !"#$ #$ $#-#/0% )( )"& (,$&%30)#(1$ %&'(%)&* ,8
D"&1 !" #$% `RPP]a9 O0;#-.- #1)&%$)(%8 *%#2)$ `#1 @)(%8 Ta 2%(- OL> 01* EW> 0%& )"&1 +(-'0%&*
#1 :#5.%& Q9Z[9 Y1 +(1)%0$) )( &$)#-0)&$ .$#15 &/0$)#+ $'&+)%04 5((* 05%&&-&1) #$ (,$&%3&* ,&)6&&1
'%&*#+)#(1$ .$#15 OL> 0$ '%('($&* 0,(3& `6#)" #1&/0$)#+ $'&+)%0a 01* $#-./0)#(1$ .$#15 EW>4
2(% OL> (2 ,()" )"& 2#%$) -(*& 01* )"& 2#%$) )"%&& -(*&$9 !"& %&$./)$ (2 OL> 2(% )"& 2#%$) )"%&&
-(*&$ 0%& $/#5")/8 ,&))&% )"01 )"($& 2(% )"& 2#%$) -(*& #1 )&%-$ (2 )"& +(&22#+#&1) (2 *&)&%-#10)#(1
R2 `0.9568 3&%$.$ 0.9651a9 !"& %&0$(1 6"8 )"& #-'%(3&-&1) #$ $-0// #$ 050#1 ,&+0.$& (2 )"& &/0$)#+
,&"03#(% (2 )"& $&+(1* 01* )"#%* -(*0/ $#15/&7*&5%&&7(272%&&*(- $8$)&-$4 0$ 6&// 0$ $-0//&% -(*0/
+(1)%#,.)#(1 20+)(%$ 2(% "#5"&% -(*&$9 !".$4 )"& *(-#101) #1)&%$)(%8 *%#2) %&$'(1$& #$ )"0) 2(% )"&
2#%$) -(*&9
>$ *&-(1$)%0)&* 0,(3&4 2(% /(67%#$& ,%0+&* 2%0-&$ 6#)" $"(%) 2.1*0-&1)0/ '&%#(*$ )"0) *(
1() 20// #1)( )"& C&6-0%< 01* W0// *#$'/0+&-&1)7'%&$&%3&* %015&4 )"& OL> '%(+&*.%& &$)#-0)&$
#1)&%$)(%8 *%#2) 6#)" %&0$(10,/& 0++.%0+89

B'> &+*&-5/4*0 %.1!%)#

> $&%#&$ (2 010/8$&$ 0%& '%&$&1)&* )"0) &30/.0)& 01* %&2#1& $&3&%0/ %&=.#%&-&1)$ 2(% *&)0#/#15 01*
010/8F#15 $'&+#0/ +(1+&1)%#+0//8 ,%0+&* $)&&/ 2%0-& ,.#/*#15$9 C.-&%#+0/ $#-./0)#(1$ *&-(1$)%0)&
)"0) )"& 20)#5.& /#2& +0'0+#)8 (2 ,%0+&$ #$ "&03#/8 *&'&1*&1) (1 6#*)"7)"#+<1&$$ %0)#($ 01* *&2(%7

TR]
-0)#(1 "#$)(%#&$9 E&+(--&1*0)#(1$ 0%& '%&$&1)&* 2(% *&3&/('#15 20)#5.& /#2& *&-01* (% /(0*#15
'%()(+(/$ 2(% .$& #1 1.-&%#+0/ 01* &;'&%#-&1)0/ #13&$)#50)#(1$9 Y-'%(3&* ,&0-7+(/.-1 +(11&+7
)#(1 *&)0#/$ 0%& %&+(--&1*&* )( %&*.+& )"& *0-05& 0++.-./0)#(19 O(%& 0''%('%#0)& /0)&%0/ ,%0+#15
'($#)#(1$ 2(% ,&0-$ #1 ^7)8'& 01* #13&%)&* ^7)8'& ,%0+&* 2%0-&$ 0%& $.55&$)&* 01* &30/.0)&*9 >
-&)"(* )( &$)#-0)& #1)&%$)(%8 *%#2) *&-01*$ 2(% /(67%#$& ,%0+&* 2%0-&$ #$ $.55&$)&* ,0$&* (1 )"&
-(*0/ '.$"(3&% 010/8$#$ '%(+&*.%&9

1500

1000

500
Base shear (kips)

-500

-1000
Monotonic
Cyclic

-1500
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
Roof displacement (in.)

3(GHIJ B'=8 1UTUOUT(K NTS KYKQ(K VHPLU2JI KHI2JP XUI 1USJ 7

TRU
 100

Interstory drift from RHA (in.)

10

2
R = 0.4538
1

0.1
0.1 1 10 100
Interstory drift from elastic spectrum (1 mode) (in.)

`0a H/0$)#+ $'&+)%.- (2 T -(*&

100
Interstory drift from RHA (in.)

10

2
R = 0.4642
1

0.1
0.1 1 10 100
Interstory drift from elastic spectra (3 modes) (in.)

`,a H/0$)#+ $'&+)%0 (2 Z -(*&$

3(GHIJ B'== 4TOJIPOUIY SI(XOP RY JQNPO(K PVJKOINQ NTS IJPVUTPJ L(POUIY NTNQYP(P

TZP
 100

Interstory drift from RHA (in.)

10

2
R = 0.9651
1

0.1
0.1 1 10 100
Interstory drift from MPA (1 mode) (in.)

`0a OL> (2 T -(*&

100
Interstory drift from RHA (in.)

10

2
R = 0.9658
1

0.1
0.1 1 10 100
Interstory drift from MPA (3 modes) (in.)

`,a OL> (2 Z -(*&$

3(GHIJ B'=? 4TOJIPOUIY SI(XOP RY MUSNQ VHPLU2JI NTS IJPVUTPJ L(POUIY NTNQYP(P

TZT
V :1(.%$-"1(-

!"#$ %&$&0%+" 2(+.$&$ (1 $#-./0)#(1$ (2 )"& #1&/0$)#+ $&#$-#+ ,&"03#(% (2 $)&&/ ,%0+&* 2%0-&$ #1+/.*7
#15 )"& &22&+)$ (2 /(67+8+/& 20)#5.&9 C.-&%#+0/ -(*&/$ )"0) 0$$&$$ )"& #1#)#0)#(1 01* '%('050)#(1 (2
20#/.%& *.%#15 +8+/#+ /(0*#15 1&&* )( 0++(.1) 2(% -./)#70;#0/ $)0)&$ (2 -0)&%#0/ 1(1/#1&0%#)84 /(+0/
01* 5/(,0/ ,.+</#154 01* )"& #10,#/#)8 (2 )"& -0)&%#0/ )( *&2(%- #1&/0$)#+0//8 ,&+0.$& (2 /(67+8+/&
20)#5.&9 !"#$ $).*8 $#-./0)&$ 20#/.%&$ +0.$&* ,8 /(67+8+/& 20)#5.& .$#15 2#1#)& &/&-&1) -(*&/$9
D(-'0%&* )( '"&1(-&1(/(5#+0/ -(*&/$4 2#1#)& &/&-&1) -(*&/$ %&=.#%& -(%& +(-'.)0)#(10/ &22(%)
,.) #1+(%'(%0)& -(%& %&0/#$)#+ '"8$#+0/ %&'%&$&1)0)#(1$ (2 -&-,&%$ 01* -0)&%#0/$4 #1+/.*#15 )"& #1#7
)#0)#(1 01* &3(/.)#(1 (2 *0-05& )"%(.5" +(-'/&)& 20#/.%&9 Y1 0**#)#(1 )( &;0-#1#15 )"& #1&/0$)#+
,&"03#(% 01* 20#/.%& (2 )%0*#)#(10/ $)&&/ ,&0-7)(7+(/.-1 +(11&+)#(1$4 -&-,&%$ 01* +(11&+)#(1$
#1 +(1+&1)%#+0//8 ,%0+&* 2%0-&$ 6&%& #13&$)#50)&* )( ,&))&% .1*&%$)01* )"& #12/.&1+& (2 5/(,0/ 01*
/(+0/ ,.+</#15 (1 -&-,&% *&)&%#(%0)#(1 01* 20#/.%&9
:(//(6#15 0 %&3#&6 (2 &;#$)#15 -0)&%#0/ -(*&/$ 2(% $#-./0)#15 $)%.+).%0/ $)&&/ *&)&%#(%0)#(14
0 $&%#&$ (2 #13&$)#50)#(1$ 0%& +(1*.+)&* .$#15 2#1#)& &/&-&1) -(*&/#15 )&+"1#=.&$9 :#1#)& &/&-&1)
-&)"(*$ +01 *#%&+)/8 0++(.1) 2(% +(-'/&; $)0)&$ (2 $)%&$$ 01* +"015&$ #1 *&2(%-&* $"0'&9 O0)&%#0/
-(*&/$ 0%& +%#)#+0/ 2(% +(1$)#).)#3& ,&"03#(% 0) #1)&5%0)#(1 '(#1)$ (2 )"& 2#1#)& &/&-&1) -(*&/$i "(67
&3&%4 030#/0,/& -0)&%#0/ -(*&/$ )&1* )( &-'"0$#F& ,&"03#(% 0$$(+#0)&* 6#)" #*&0/ *.+)#/& %&$'(1$&
(% 6#)" 20#/.%& (++.%%#15 .1*&% -(1()(1#+ /(0*#15 +(1*#)#(1$ `!%(%& *.%#15 -&)0/72(%-#15 '%(+&$$&$
(% 3&"#+/& +(//#$#(1a9 !"&$& -(*&/$ 0%& 1() $.#)0,/& 2(% '%(5%&$$#3& +(//0'$& 010/8$#$ .1*&% +8+/#+
/(0*#15 6"&%& )"& +(1$&=.&1+& (2 )"#$ 0*3&%$& ,&"03#(% (1 )"& $.,$&=.&1) %&$'(1$& (% #1)&5%#)8 (2
)"& $)%.+).%& #$ (2 #1)&%&$)9
!"&%&2(%&4 0 1&64 1.-&%#+0//8 &22#+#&1) +(1)#1..- *0-05& -&+"01#+$ -0)&%#0/ -(*&/ +0'07
,/& (2 $#-./0)#15 #1&/0$)#+ ,&"03#(% 01* *&)&%#(%0)#(1 (2 -&+"01#+0/ '%('&%)#&$ ,&+0.$& (2 /(67+8+/&
20)#5.& "0$ ,&&1 *&3#$&* 01* #-'/&-&1)&* #1 0 2#1#)& &/&-&1) $(2)60%& ?@7ABC> `?@!D RPPXa9
D(-'.)0)#(10/ %&$./)$ (,)0#1&* 6#)" )"#$ 1&6 -0)&%#0/ -(*&/ +(%%&/0)& 6&// 6#)" )&$) %&$./)$ 2(%
$&3&%0/ ,&0-7)(7+(/.-1 +(11&+)#(1$4 #1*#3#*.0/ ,%0+&$4 01* ,%0+&*72%0-& $.,0$$&-,/#&$9 !"&$&
0''/#+0)#(1$ (2 )"& 2#1#)& &/&-&1) -(*&/ )( %&0/#$)#+ +0$&$ #13(/3#15 '%(5%&$$#3& +(//0'$& #//.$)%0)&
)"& #-'(%)01+& (2 -0)&%#0/ *&)&%#(%0)#(1 01* %.').%&9 G12(%).10)&/84 )"& 0,#/#)8 (2 )"& -0)&%#0/
-(*&/ )( '%&*#+) ./)#-0)& ,&"03#(% *&'&1*$ "&03#/8 (1 )"& -0)&%#0/ -(*&/#15 '%('&%)#&$ $'&+#2#&*9
E&+(--&1*0)#(1$ 2(% +"0%0+)&%#F#15 -0)&%#0/ '%('&%)#&$ 2(% )"&$& )8'&$ (2 010/8$#$ 0%& *&3&/('&*
01* '%&$&1)&*9
> $&%#&$ (2 010/8$&$ 0%& '%&$&1)&* )"0) &30/.0)& 01* %&2#1& $&3&%0/ %&=.#%&-&1)$ 2(% *&)0#/#15
01* 010/8F#15 $'&+#0/ +(1+&1)%#+0//8 ,%0+&* $)&&/ 2%0-& ,.#/*#15$4 *&-(1$)%0)#15 )"0) )"& 20)#5.&
/#2& +0'0+#)8 (2 ,%0+&$ #$ "&03#/8 *&'&1*&1) (1 6#*)"7)"#+<1&$$ %0)#($ 01* *&2(%-0)#(1 "#$)(%#&$9
O&-,&% $/&1*&%1&$$ %0)#($ 0%& $"(61 )( "03& 1&5/#5#,/& &22&+) (1 20)#5.& /#2& +0'0+#)89 !"&%&2(%&4
%&+(--&1*0)#(1$ 0%& '%&$&1)&* 2(% *&3&/('#15 20)#5.& /#2& *&-01* (% /(0*#15 '%()(+(/$ 2(% .$& #1
1.-&%#+0/ 01* &;'&%#-&1)0/ #13&$)#50)#(1$9 C&;)4 *0-05& &3(/.)#(1 #1 5.$$&)&* ,&0-7)(7+(/.-1
+(11&+)#(1$ #$ &30/.0)&* 01* +(-'0%&* 2(% *#22&%&1) +(11&+)#(1 *&)0#/$4 01* #-'%(3&* +(11&+)#(1
*&)0#/$ 0%& %&+(--&1*&* )( %&*.+& )"& *0-05& 0++.-./0)#(19 !"& '($#)#(1 (2 /0)&%0/ ,%0+#15 -&-7
,&%$ 2(% ,&0-$ #1 ^7)8'& 01* #13&%)&* ^7)8'& ,%0+&* 2%0-&$ 0%& 0/$( &;0-#1&*9 O(%& 0''%('%#0)&
'($#)#(1$ 01* -&)"(*$ )( +(-'&1$0)& 2(% '%(,/&-$ *&)&+)&* 2(% +.%%&1)/8 %&+(--&1*&* /0)&%0/
,%0+#15 -&-,&% '($#)#(1$ 0%& $.55&$)&* 01* &30/.0)&*9 :#10//84 2(% /(67%#$& ,%0+&* 2%0-&$ )"0)
%&$'(1* #1&/0$)#+0//8 *.%#15 $)%(15 &0%)"=.0<& 5%(.1* $"0<#154 01 0/)&%10)#3& -&)"(* )( &$)#-0)&
#1)&%$)(%8 *%#2) *&-01*$ #$ $.55&$)&* ,0$&* (1 )"& -(*0/ '.$"(3&% 010/8$#$ '%(+&*.%&9
>**#)#(10/ %&$&0%+" 6(%< #$ 1&&*&* )( *&3&/(' #-'%(3&* 5.#*&/#1&$ 2(% -(*&/#159 !"&$&
*&'&1* (1 "03#15 "#5"7=.0/#)8 *0)0 (1 )"& +8+/#+ "8$)&%&)#+ '%('&%)#&$ (2 )"& -0)&%#0/$ ,&#15 017
0/8F&* 01* (1 )"&#% /(67+8+/& 20)#5.& +"0%0+)&%#$)#+$9 Y1 0**#)#(14 -(%& &;'&%#&1+& 6#)" )"& 1&6
+(1)#1..- *0-05& -&+"01#+$ -(*&/ #$ %&=.#%&*4 #1+/.*#15 010/8$#$ (2 $8$)&-$ 6#)" "#5" 0;#0/
/(0*$ #1 -&-,&%$4 +(1$#*&%#15 0 6#*&% %015& (2 ,&"03#(%9 :(% $.+" &/&-&1)$ )( ,&+(-& -(%& .$&7
2./ 01* %&/#0,/&4 #) #$ &$$&1)#0/ )( (,)0#1 0**#)#(10/ "#5"7=.0/#)8 *0)0 2(% &30/.0)#(1 01* +0/#,%0)#(19
b"&1 $.+" -(*&/$ +01 ,& #-'/&-&1)&* 6#)" +(12#*&1+&4 )"&8 +01 ,& .$&* )( #-'%(3& $)%.+).%0/
*&)0#/$4 0$$&$$ )"& ,&"03#(% (2 $)%.+).%&$ $.,J&+)&* )( .1.$.0/ /(0*#154 01* '%(3#*& 0 -&+"01#$- 2(%
+0/#,%0)#15 $#-'/&% 1.-&%#+0/ `'"&1(-&1(/(5#+0/ (% '"8$#+0/ )"&(%8a -(*&/$ )"0) +01 ,& 0''/#&* )(
/0%5& $)%.+).%&$ 6"&%& +(-'.)0)#(10/ +($)$ '%("#,#) )"& .$& (2 2#1#)& &/&-&1) -(*&/$9

TZ[
 C656C6E:6!

>-&%#+01 Y1$)#).)& (2 @)&&/ D(1$)%.+)#(14 Y1+9 `>Y@Da `RPPS0a9 ,"!!$ -+*."/0'")+* 1#*0#$& >Y@D4
D"#+05(4 Y?9
>-&%#+01 Y1$)#).)& (2 @)&&/ D(1$)%.+)#(14 Y1+9 `>Y@Da `RPPS,a9 ,!).2)' 3/+4).)+*. 5+/ ,"/0'"0/#$ ,"!!$
60)$7)*(.& 89,:;8:,- <=>?@A& >Y@D4 D"#+05(4 Y?9
>-&%#+01 Y1$)#).)& (2 @)&&/ D(1$)%.+)#(14 Y1+9 `>Y@Da `RPPQa9 ,!).2)' B!.)(* 1#*0#$& >-&%#+01
Y1$)#).)& (2 @)&&/ D(1$)%.+)#(14 Y1+9 01* @)%.+).%0/ @)&&/ H*.+0)#(10/ D(.1+#/4 D"#+05(4 Y?9
>1*&%$(14 !9 ?9 `TUUSa9 C/#'"0/! 1!'D#*)'.& C0*7#2!*"#$. #*7 8EE$)'#")+*.& @&+(1* H*#)#(14 DED
L%&$$9
>%-$)%(154 L9 K94 01* :%&*&%#+<4 D9 M9 `TUQQa9 e> O0)"&-0)#+0/ E&'%&$&1)0)#(1 (2 )"& O./)#0;#0/
V0.$+"#15&% H22&+)9f -FG6 H!E+/" HB;6;99;I<>& V&%<&/&8 ?0,(%0)(%#&$4 EtA A&'0%)-&1)4 D>9
V&$$(14 K94 01* N.#//&-&%7C&&/4 D9 `RPPZa9 e>1 H;)&1$#(1 (2 )"& N%&&1 01* N.%$(1 O(*&/$ )( I#1&7
-0)#+ W0%*&1#159f 1!'D#*)'. +5 1#"!/)#$.& ZS4 TqT]9
V%#*5-014 L9 b9 `TUSRa9 J#/(! 3$#.")' C$+K #*7 C/#'"0/!& O+N%067W#//9
V%.1&0.4 O94 G0154 D9 O94 01* b"#))0<&%4 >9 `TUU]a9 B0'")$! B!.)(* +5 ,"!!$ ,"/0'"0/!.& O+N%06
W#//9
D&*&%5%&14 K94 O&/#14 @94 01* ?#*$)%(-4 L9 `RPP[a9 eC.-&%#+0/ O(*&//#15 (2 L\O @)&&/ V0%$ @.,7
J&+)&* )( :0)#5.& ?(0*#15 .$#15 01 H;)&1*&* N.%$(1 O(*&/9f F0/+E!#* L+0/*#$ +5 1!'D#*)'. M
8;,+$)7.& RZ4 ]UUqUP]9
D"0,(+"&4 K97?9 `TU]Qa9 e!#-&7Y1*&'&1*&1) D(1$)#).)#3& !"&(%#&$ 2(% D8+/#+ L/0$)#+#)89f :*"!/*#")+*#$
L+0/*#$ +5 3$#.")')"N& R`Ra4 T[UqT]]9
D"0,(+"&4 K97?9 `TU]Ua9 eD(1$)#).)#3& H=.0)#(1$ 2(% D8+/#+ L/0$)#+#)8 01* D8+/#+ ^#$+(7L/0$)#+#)89f
:*"!/*#")+*#$ L+0/*#$ +5 3$#.")')"N& S`Za4 R[XqZPR9
D"0-,&%$4 K9 K94 01* H%1$)4 D9 K9 `RPPSa9 eV%0+& :%0-& N.$$&) L/0)& E&$&0%+"d L"0$& Y ?#)&%0).%&
E&3#&69f >-&%#+01 Y1$)#).)& (2 @)&&/ D(1$)%.+)#(19
D"&14 D97W94 ?0#4 K97b94 01* O0"#14 @9 >9 `RPP]a9 eC.-&%#+0/ O(*&/#15 01* L&%2(%-01+& >$$&$$7
-&1) (2 D(1+&1)%#+0//8 V%0+&* @)&&/ :%0-&$9f 3/+'!!7)*(. +5 "D! O@@P ,"/0'"0/!. -+*(/!..& >'%#/
R[qRQ4 RPP]4 ^01+(.3&%4 VD4 D010*09
D"#1)010'0<*&&4 D94 01* D"('%04 >9 I9 `RPPZa9 eH30/.0)#(1 (2 O(*0/ L.$"(3&% >10/8$#$ .$#15
N&1&%#+ :%0-&$9f F#/"DQ0#R! F*()*!!/)*( #*7 ,"/0'"0/#$ BN*#2)'.& ZR4 [TXq[[R9
D"#1)010'0<*&&4 D94 01* D"('%04 >9 I9 `RPP[a9 e@&#$-#+ E&$'(1$& (2 ^&%)#+0//8 Y%%&5./0% :%0-&$d
E&$'(1$& W#$)(%8 01* O(*0/ L.$"(3&% >10/8$&$9f L+0/*#$ +5 ,"/0'"0/#$ F*()*!!/)*(& >@DH4
TZP`]a4 TTXXqTT]S9
D"('%04 >9 I94 01* N(&/4 E9 I9 `RPPRa9 e> O(*0/ L.$"(3&% >10/8$#$ L%(+&*.%& 2(% H$)#-0)#15 @&#$-#+
A&-01*$ 2(% V.#/*#15$9f F#/"DQ0#R! F*()*!!/)*( #*7 ,"/0'"0/#$ BN*#2)'.& ZT4 SQTqS]R9
D/0%<&4 O9 K94 01* W01+(+<4 N9 K9 `TUUPa9 e> @).*8 (2 Y1+%&-&1)0/7Y)&%0)#3& @)%0)&5#&$ 2(% C(17/#1&0%
>10/8$&$9f :*"!/*#")+*#$ L+0/*#$ 5+/ 902!/)'#$ 1!"D+7. )* F*()*!!/)*(& RU4 TZQSqTZUT9
D(22#14 ?9 :9 `TUS[a9 e> @).*8 (2 )"& H22&+)$ (2 D8+/#+ !"&%-0/ @)%&$$&$ (1 0 A.+)#/& O&)0/9f S/#*?
.#")+*.& >@OH4 XQ4 UZTqUSP9
D%#$2#&/*4 O9 >9 `TU]Ta9 e> :0$) Y1+%&-&1)0/\Y)&%0)#(1 @(/.)#(1 L%(+&*.%& )"0) W01*/&$ u@10'7
!"%(.5"h9f -+2E0"!/. #*7 ,"/0'"0/!.& TZ4 SSqQR9
A>@@H `RPPXa9 eD($) >*301)05&$ (2 V.+</#15 E&$)%0#1&* V%0+&* :%0-& V.#/*#15$9f A>@@H A&$#51
Y1+4 '%#30)& +(--.1#+0)#(19
A.20#//84 K94 01* ?&-0#)%&4 K9 `TUUSa9 eO(*&/#15 ^&%8 ?(6 D8+/& :0)#5.&9f :*"!/*#")+*#$ L+0/*#$ +5
B#2#(! 1!'D#*)'.& [4 TSZqTXP9
H/+"0/0<01#4 O94 n"0(4 m97?94 01* N%F&,#&)04 E9 `RPPZa9 e!&$)$ (1 D(/*7:(%-&* D#%+./0% !.,./0%
V%0+&$ .1*&% D8+/#+ >;#0/ ?(0*#159f L+0/*#$ +5 ,"/0'"0/#$ F*()*!!/)*(& >@DH4 TRU`[a4 SPXqST[9
H15/&-0114 V9 H94 b"#%/&84 E9 N94 01* N(.*%&0.4 N9 ?9 `TU]Ua9 e> @#-'/& @"&// H/&-&1) :(%-./0)#(1
2(% ?0%5&7@+0/& H/0$)('/0$)#+ >10/8$#$9f 8*#$N")'#$ #*7 -+2E0"#")+*#$ 1+7!$. +5 ,D!$$.& >@OH4
C&6 B(%<9
:&//4 V9 ^94 I013#1*&4 >9 O94 A&#&%/&#14 N9 N94 O8&%$4 >9 O94 01* :.4 m9 `RPPQa9 eV.+</#15 01*
2%0+).%& (2 +(1+&1)%#+ ,%0+&$ .1*&% #1&/0$)#+ +8+/#+ /(0*#159f @)&&/!YL@4 !&+"1#+0/ Y12(%-0)#(1
01* L%(*.+) @&%3#+&4 @)%.+).%0/ @)&&/ H*.+0)#(10/ D(.1+#/4 O(%0504 D>9
:&//4 V9 ^9 `RPP]a9 e?0%5&7@+0/& !&$)#15 01* @#-./0)#(1 (2 H0%)"=.0<&7Y1*.+&* G/)%0 ?(6 D8+/&
:0)#5.& #1 V%0+#15 O&-,&%$ @.,J&+)&* )( D8+/#+ Y1&/0$)#+ V.+</#159f A(+)(%0/ A#$$&%)0)#(14 G1#7
3&%$#)8 (2 D0/#2(%1#0 0) A03#$9
:(.)+"4 A9 >94 N(&/4 @9 D94 01* E(&*&%4 D9 b9 `TU]Qa9 e@&#$-#+ !&$)#15 (2 :.//7@+0/& @)&&/ V.#/*#15
l L0%) Y9f L+0/*#$ +5 "D! ,"/0'"0/#$ B)4).)+*& >@DH4 TTZ4 RTTTqRTRU9
:.J#-()(4 O94 W0$"#-()(4 >94 C0<05(-#4 !94 01* B0-0*04 !9 `TU]Sa9 e@).*8 (1 :%0+).%& (2 b&/*&*
D(11&+)#(1$ #1 @)&&/ @)%.+).%&$ .1*&% D8+/#+ ?(0*$ V0$&* (1 C(1/#1&0% :%0+).%& O&+"01#+$9f
L+0/*#$ +5 ,"/0'"0/#$ #*7 -+*."/0'")+* F*()*!!/)*(& !%01$0+)#(1$ (2 >YK4 ZSQ4 UZqTPR9
N0/0-,($4 !9 ^9 `TUU]a9 G0)7! "+ ,"#T)$)"N B!.)(* -/)"!/)# 5+/ 1!"#$ ,"/0'"0/!.& :#2)" H*#)#(14 K("1
b#/&8 01* @(1$4 Y1+9
N(55#1$4 K9 O94 V%(*&%#+<4 V9 O94 H/5"0F(./#4 >9 B94 01* ?.+0$4 >9 @9 `RPPSa9 eH;'&%#-&1)0/ D8+/#+
E&$'(1$& (2 D(/*7:(%-&* W(//(6 @)&&/ V%0+#15 O&-,&%$9f F*()*!!/)*( ,"/0'"0/!.& RX`Xa4
UXXqU]U9
N.%$(14 >9 ?9 `TUXXa9 eD(1)#1..- !"&(%8 (2 A.+)#/& E.').%& ,8 ^(#* C.+/&0)#(1 01* N%(6)"d L0%)
Y l B#&/* D%#)&%#0 01* :/(6 E./&$ 2(% L(%(.$ A.+)#/& O&*#09f L+0/*#$ +5 F*()*!!/)*( 1#"!/)#$.
#*7 S!'D*+$+(N& >@OH4 UU4 RqTS9
N(&/4 @9 D9 `TUURa9 eD8+/#+ L($) V.+</#15 V&"03#(% (2 @)&&/ V%0+#15 O&-,&%$9f ,"#T)$)"N #*7 B0'")$)"N
+5 ,"!!$ ,"/0'"0/!. 0*7!/ -N'$)' J+#7)*(& IAU>@=& DED L%&$$4 V(+0 E0)(14 :?9
N(&/4 E9 I94 01* D"('%04 >9 I9 `RPP[a9 eH30/.0)#(1 (2 O(*0/ 01* :HO> L.$"(3&% >10/8$&$d @>D
V.#/*#15$9f F#/"DQ0#R! ,E!'"/#& RP4 RRSqRS[9
W014 @97b94 I#-4 b9 !94 01* :(.)+"4 A9 >9 `RPPXa9 e@&#$-#+ V&"03#(% (2 W@@ V%0+#15 O&-,&%$
>++(%*#15 )( b#*)"7!"#+<1&$$ E0)#( .1*&% @8--&)%#+ D8+/#+ ?(0*#159f L+0/*#$ +5 ,"/0'"0/#$
F*()*!!/)*(& >@DH4 TZZ `Ra4 RQ[qRXZ9

TZQ
W0%%#$4 W9 N94 01* O.$<#3#)+"4 K9 D9 `TU]Pa9 eO(*&/$ (2 L%&+0$) D(1+%&)& ?0%5& L01&/ V.#/*#15$9f
L+0/*#$ +5 "D! ,"/0'"0/#$ B)4).)+*& >@DH4 TPQ4 S[SqSQS9
W0%%#$4 W9 N94 01* @0,1#$4 N9 O9 `TUUPa9 ,"/0'"0/#$ 1+7!$)*( #*7 FVE!/)2!*"#$ S!'D*)Q0!.& DED
L%&$$ ??D9
W0$$014 M94 01* N(&/4 @9 D9 `TUUTa9 e@&#$-#+ V&"03#(% 01* A&$#51 (2 D(1+&1)%#+0//8 V%0+&* @)&&/
@)%.+).%&$9f H!E+/" W1-F X>?>4 G1#3&%$#)8 (2 O#+"#5014 A&'0%)-&1) (2 D#3#/ 01* H13#%(1-&1)0/
H15#1&&%#154 >11 >%,(%4 OY9
W.5"&$4 !9 K9 E9 `TU]Xa9 C)*)"! F$!2!*" 1!"D+7& J)*!#/ ,"#")' #*7 BN*#2)' C)*)"! F$!2!*" 8*#$N.).&
L%&1)#+&7W0//4 H15/&6((* D/#22$9
Y<&*04 I94 O0"#14 @9 >94 01* A&%-#)F0<#$4 @9 C9 `TU][a9 eL"&1(-&1(/(5#+0/ O(*&/#15 (2 @)&&/ V%0+&$
.1*&% D8+/#+ ?(0*#159f W-6;FFH-?P=;@X& H0%)"=.0<& H15#1&&%#15 E&$&0%+" D&1)&%4 V&%<&/&84
D>9
Y<&*04 I94 01* O0"#1 @9 >9 `TU][a9 e> E&2#1&* L"8$#+0/ !"&(%8 O(*&/ 2(% L%&*#+)#15 )"& @&#$-#+
V&"03#(% (2 V%0+&* @)&&/ :%0-&$9f H!E+/" W-6;FFH-?P=;>O& H0%)"=.0<& H15#1&&%#15 E&$&0%+"
D&1)&%4 V&%<&/&84 D>9
Y$&%/&$4 >9 `TUUQa9 8 C)/." -+0/.! )* "D! 902!/)'#$ 8*#$N.). +5 B)55!/!*")#$ FQ0#")+*.& D0-,%#*5&
G1#3&%$#)8 L%&$$4 C&6 B(%<9
K0#14 >9 I94 01* N(&/4 @9 `TUX]a9 eW8$)&%&$#$ O(*&/$ 2(% @)&&/ O&-,&%$ @.,J&+)&* )( D8+/#+ V.+</#15
(% D8+/#+ H1* O(-&1)$ 01* V.+</#15 l G$&%$ N.#*& 2(% AE>YC7RAd H?U >CA H?TP9f H!E+/"
W1FF IP?Y& G1#3&%$#)8 (2 O#+"#5014 D(//&5& (2 H15#1&&%#154 >11 >%,(%4 OY9
I0+"01(34 ?9 O9 `TUS]a9 e!#-& (2 E.').%& L%(+&$$ .1*&% D%&&' D(1*#)#(1$9f :!4!.")4# 8R#7!2))
9#4R ,,,H Z7"!$!2)! S!RD*)D!.R)RD 9#0R4 ]4 RQqZT9
I013#1*&4 >94 01* A&#&%/&#14 N9 N9 `RPP[a9 eO#+%(-&+"01#+0/ @#-./0)#(1 (2 H0%)"=.0<& Y1*.+&*
:%0+).%&$ #1 @)&&/ @)%.+).%&$9f 6$02! F#/"DQ0#R! F*()*!!/)*( -!*"!/ H!E+/" 9+% >=A& @)012(%*
G1#3&%$#)84 @)012(%*4 D>9
I#$"#<#4 @94 B0-0*04 @94 01* b0*04 >9 `RPP]a9 eH;'&%#-&1)0/ H30/.0)#(1 (2 @)%.+).%0/ V&"03#(% (2
N.$$&) L/0)& D(11&+)#(1 #1 VEV :%0-& @8$)&-9f 3/+'!!7)*(. +5 >="D [+/$7 -+*5!/!*'! +* F#/"D?
Q0#R! F*()*!!/)*(& M+)(,&% TRqTX4 RPP]4 V&#J#154 D"#109
I%06#1</&%4 W94 N.')04 >94 O&*#104 E94 01* ?.+(4 C9 `RPPP0a9 eA&3&/('-&1) (2 ?(0*#15 W#$)(%#&$
2(% !&$)#15 (2 @)&&/ V&0-7)(7D(/.-1 >$$&-,/#&$9f ,8- 6#'R(/+0*7 H!E+/" ,8-;6B?@@;>@%
I%06#1</&%4 W94 L0%#$#4 :94 Y,0%%04 ?94 >8(.,4 >94 01* O&*#104 E9 `RPPP,a9 eA&3&/('-&1) (2 0 !&$)#15
L%()(+(/ 2(% b((*2%0-& @)%.+).%&$9f -WHFF 30T$)'#")+* 9+% [?@O%
?&,/(1*4 K97V94 L&%%#14 N94 01* A&30.;4 K9 `TUUSa9 e>1 Y-'%(3&* N.%$(17)8'& O(*&/ 2(% W0%*&10,/&
A.+)#/& O&)0/$9f F0/+E!#* L+0/*#$ +5 1!'D#*)'. M 8;,+$)7.& T[4 [UUqSRX9
?&&4 I94 01* V%.1&0.4 O9 `RPPSa9 eH1&%58 A#$$#'0)#(1 (2 D(-'%&$$#(1 O&-,&%$ #1 D(1+&1)%#7
+0//8 V%0+&* :%0-&$d E&3#&6 (2 H;'&%#-&1)0/ A0)09f L+0/*#$ +5 ,"/0'"0/#$ F*()*!!/)*(& >@DH4
TZT`[a4 SSRqSSU9
?&&4 @94 01* N(&/4 @9 D9 `TU]Xa9 eY13&$)#50)#(1 (2 D(1+%&)&7:#//&* @)&&/ !.,./0% D8+/#+ V&1*#15 V.+<7
/#15 O&-,&%$9f H!E+/" W1-F PI?<& G1#3&%$#)8 (2 O#+"#5014 A&'0%)-&1) (2 D#3#/ 01* H13#%(17
-&1)0/ H15#1&&%#154 >11 >%,(%4 OY9

TZX
?&"-014 A9 H94 E(&*&%4 D9 b94 W&%-014 A94 K("1$(14 @94 01* I()./<04 V9 `RPP]a9 eY-'%(3&* @&#$-#+
L&%2(%-01+& (2 N.$$&) L/0)& D(11&+)#(1$9f L+0/*#$ +5 ,"/0'"0/#$ F*()*!!/)*(& >@DH4 TZ[`Qa4
]UPqUPT9
?&-0#)%&4 K9 `TUXTa9 eH30/.0)#(1 (2 A#$$#'0)#(1 01* A0-05& #1 O&)0/$ @.,-#))&* )( A810-#+ ?(0*7
#159f 1!'D#*)'#$ 6!D#4)+/ +5 1#"!/)#$.\ 3/+'!!7)*(. +5 >." :*"!/*#")+*#$ -+*5!/!*'!& >.5.$)
SqRP4 TUXT4 I8()(4 K0'014 S[PqS[U9
?&-0#)%&4 K9 `TUURa9 8 -+0/.! +* B#2#(! 1!'D#*)'.& @'%#15&%7^&%/059
?&-0#)%&4 K94 01* D"0,(+"&4 K97?9 `TUUPa9 1!'D#*)'. +5 ,+$)7 1#"!/)#$.& D0-,%#*5& G1#3&%$#)8 L%&$$9
?#51($4 A94 01* I%06#1</&%4 W9 `RPPXa9 eD(1)%#,.)#(1$ )( D(//0'$& L%&*#+)#(1 (2 :%0-& @)%.+).%&$9f
I0J#-07DGEHH K(#1) E&$&0%+" L%(5%0-4 L"0$& ^Yd Y13&$)#50)#(1 (2 :0+)(%$ ?&0*#15 )( L%(5%&$7
$#3& D(//0'$& (2 @)%.+).%&$4 D0)&5(%8 YYd >10/8$#$ (2 @)%.+).%0/ D(-'(1&1) :0#/.%&9
?#.4 n94 01* N(&/4 @9 D9 `TU]Xa9 e@&#$-#+ V&"03#(% (2 W(//(6 01* D(1+%&)&7:#//&* !0,./0% V%0+#15
O&-,&%$9f H!E+/" W1-F PI?>>& G1#3&%$#)8 (2 O#+"#5014 A&'0%)-&1) (2 D#3#/ 01* H13#%(1-&1)0/
H15#1&&%#154 >11 >%,(%4 OY9
?@!D `RPPXa9 J,?B]98 ^!NK+/7 W.!/_. 1#*0#$& ?#3&%-(%& @(2)60%& !&+"1(/(58 D(%'(%0)#(14 D>4
G@9
O01$(14 @9 @9 `TUSZa9 eV&"03#(% (2 O0)&%#0/$ G1*&% +(1*#)#(1$ (2 !"&%-0/ @)%&$$9f `!#" S/#*.5!/
,N2E+.)02& G1#3&%$#)8 (2 O#+"#501 H15#1&&%#15 E&$&0%+" Y1$)#).)&4 UqXS9
O01$(14 @9 @94 W0/2(%*4 N9 E94 01* W#%$+",&%54 O9 W9 `TUXTa9 eD%&&' :0)#5.& >10/8$#$ ,8 @)%0#1 E015&
L0%)#)#(1#159f ,N2E+.)02 +* B!.)(* 5+/ F$!4#"!7 S!2E!/#"0/! F*4)/+*2!*"& >@OH4 C>@>4
!Om9
O0%#1#4 V94 O.*%84 :94 01* L#1&0.4 >9 `TU]Sa9 eA.+)#/& E.').%& (2 >SP] @)&&/ .1*&% C(1%0*#0/ ?(0*7
#159f F*()*!!/)*( C/#'"0/! 1!'D#*)'.& RR`Za4 ZXSqZ]Q9
O0%<0%#014 >94 01* O0"#14 @9 `RPP[a9 e!&$)$ (2 0 N.$$&) L/0)& D(11&+)#(1 2(% D(1+&1)%#+ V%0+&*
:%0-&$9f HHEY @).*&1) L0'&%9
O0)$.#$"# O4 01* H1*( !9 `TUQ]a9 e:0)#5.& (2 O&)0/$ @.,J&+)&* )( ^0%8#15 @)%&$$&$9f L0'&% L%&$&1)&*
)( K0'01 @(+#&)8 (2 O&+"01#+0/ H15#1&&%$9
O+D/#1)(+<4 :9 >9 `TUQ]a9 e> D%#)&%#(1 2(% A.+)#/& :%0+).%& ,8 )"& N%(6)" (2 W(/&$9f L+0/*#$ +5
8EE$)!7 1!'D#*)'.& ZS4 ZQZqZXT9
O#*(%#<0604 O94 C#$"#80-04 Y94 01* B0-01(.+"#4 W9 `TU]]a9 e@)0)#+ 01* A810-#+ >10/8$#$ (2 :.//7
@+0/& D(1+&1)%#+0//8 I7V%0+&* @)&&/ V.#/*#159f 3/+'!!7)*(. +5 X"D [+/$7 -+*5!/!*'! +* F#/"D?
Q0#R! F*()*!!/)*(& !(<8(4 K0'014 RSSqRQP9
O#1*/#14 E9 A9 `TUSTa9 eY12/.&1+& (2 E()0%8 Y1&%)#0 01* @"&0% (1 :/&;.%0/ O()#(1$ (2 Y$()%('#+ H/0$)#+
L/0)&$9f L+0/*#$ +5 8EE$)!7 1!'D#*)'.& T]4 ZTqZ]9
O#1&%4 O9 >9 `TU[Sa9 eD.-./0)#3& A0-05& #1 :0)#5.&9f L+0/*#$ +5 8EE$)!7 1!'D#*)'.& >@OH4 QX4
>TSUq>TQ[9
O(%%(64 K9 A9 `TUQ[a9 eD8+/#+ L/0$)#+ @)%0#1 H1&%58 01* :0)#5.& (2 O&)0/$9f ,N2E+.)02& >@!O4
D"#+05(9

TZ]
C&6-0%<4 C9 O9 `TUSUa9 e> O&)"(* (2 D(-'.)0)#(1 2(% @)%.+).%0/ A810-#+$9f L+0/*#$ +5 "D! F*()?
*!!/)*( 1!'D#*)'. B)4).)+*& >@DH4 ]S4 QXqU[9
C&6-0%<4 C9 O94 01* W0//4 b9 K9 `TU]Ra9 F#/"DQ0#R! ,E!'"/# #*7 B!.)(*& HHEY O(1(5%0'" @&%#&$4
H0%)"=.0<& H15#1&&%#15 E&$&0%+" Y1$)#).)&4 M0</01*4 D>9
C#$"#-.%04 C94 M1(4 I94 Y<&.+"#4 !94 01* @"#1<&4 !9 `TUU[a9 eH;'&%#-&1)0/ Y13&$)#50)#(1 (1 W8$)&%&)#+
V&"03#(% (2 @)%.+).%0/ @)&&/$ #1 L/0$)#+ E015&9f ,"!!$ -+*."/0'")+* F*()*!!/)*(& T4 TXZqT]R9
M<0-()(4 @94 C0<0)04 @94 I#)050604 B94 B($"#-.%0 O94 01* I0-#1($(1( !9 `TU]Ra9 e> L%(5%&$$ E&'(%)
(1 )"& :.//7$+0/& @&#$-#+ H;'&%#-&1) (2 0 @&3&17$)(%8 E&#12(%+&* D(1+%&)& V.#/*#15 l L0%) (2
)"& G9@97K0'01 D(('&%0)#3& L%(5%0-9f 6H: H!.!#/'D 3#E!/ 9+% X=& V.#/*#15 E&$&0%+" Y1$)#).)&4
O#1#$)%8 (2 D(1$)%.+)#(14 K0'019
L0/-5%&14 >9 `TUR[a9 eA#& ?&,&1$*0.&% 3(1 I.5&//05&%19f a!)".'D/)5" 7!. b!/!)*!. B!0".'D!/ :*(!?
*)!0/!& Q]`T[a4 ZZUqZ[T9
L#014 !9 W9 W94 01* @.-#"0%04 I9 `TU]Sa9 eE0)#(10/ >''%(0+" 2(% >$$.-&* @)%&$$ H/&-&1)$9f :*"!/?
*#")+*#$ L+0/*#$ 5+/ 902!/)'#$ 1!"D+7. )* F*()*!!/)*(& RP4 TQ]SqTQUS9
L#%(1*#4 >94 01* V(1(%04 C9 `RPPZa9 eO(*&/#15 A.+)#/& A0-05& .1*&% :.//8 E&3&%$&* D8+/#159f -+2?
E0"#")+*#$ 1#"!/)#$. ,')!*'!& RQ4 TRUqT[T9
L(6&//4 K94 D/0%<4 I94 ?&"-014 A9 H94 01* E(&*&%4 D9 b9 `RPP]a9 e!&$) (2 0 :.// @+0/& D(1+&1)%#+0//8
V%0+&* :%0-& 6#)" O./)#7@)(%8 m7V%0+#159f 3/+'!!7)*(. +5 "D! O@@P ,"/0'"0/!. -+*(/!..& >'%#/
R[qRQ4 RPP]4 ^01+(.3&%4 VD4 D010*09
L%05&%4 b9 `TUSQa9 e> C&6 O&)"(* (2 >10/8F#15 @)%&$$ 01* @)%0#1$ #1 b(%<7W0%*&1#15 L/0$)#+
@(/#*$9f L+0/*#$ +5 8EE$)!7 1!'D#*)'.& RZ4 [UZq[UQ9
L.))#+<4 I9 H9 `TUSUa9 eA.+)#/& :%0+).%& #1 O&)0/$9f 3D)$+.+ED)'#$ 1#(#c)*!& [4 UQ[qUQU9
E0--4 H9 `TU]Ta9 e@)%0)&5#&$ 2(% !%0+#15 )"& C(1/#1&0% E&$'(1$& 1&0% ?#-#) L(#1)$9f 9+*$)*!#/ C)*)"!
F$!2!*" 8*#$N.). )* ,"/0'"0/#$ 1!'D#*)'.& H*#)&* ,8 H9 b.1*&%/#+"4 H9 @)&#14 01* I9 K9 V0)"&4
@'%#15&%7^&%/054 V&%/#19
E#+&4 K9 E94 01* !%0+&84 A9 O9 `TUQUa9 eM1 )"& A.+)#/& H1/0%5&-&1) (2 ^(#*$ #1 !%#0;#0/ @)%&$$ :#&/*$9f
L+0/*#$ +5 "D! 1!'D#*)'. #*7 3DN.)'. +5 ,+$)7.& TX4 RPTqRTX9
E(&*&%4 D9 b94 ?&"-014 A9 H94 K("1$(14 @94 W&%-01 A94 01* B(( K9 W9 `RPPQa9 e@&#$-#+ L&%2(%-01+&
(2 @DV: V%0+&* :%0-& N.$$&) L/0)& D(11&+)#(1$9f 3/+'!!7)*(. +5 ="D :*"!/*#")+*#$ -+*5!/!*'!
+* F#/"DQ0#R! F*()*!!/)*(& M+)(,&% TRqTZ4 RPPQ4 !0#'&#4 !0#6019
E(.$$&/#&%4 N9 `TU]Xa9 eA.+)#/& :%0+).%& O(*&/$ 01* !"&#% L()&1)#0/ #1 ?(+0/ >''%(0+" (2 :%0+).%&9f
90'$!#/ F*()*!!/)*( #*7 B!.)(*& TPS4 UXqTTT9
@(-&%3#//&4 L9 N94 @-#)"4 C9 :94 L.180-.%)"./04 @94 01* @.14 K9 `TUUXa9 eA&3&/('-&1) (2 N%(.1*
O()#(1 !#-& W#$)(%#&$ 2(% L"0$& R (2 )"& :HO>\@>D @)&&/ L%(J&+)9f ,8- 6#'R(/+0*7 H!E+/"
,8- 6B;XI?@=& @>D @)&&/ K(#1) ^&1).%&4 @0+%0-&1)(4 D0/#2(%1#09
@#-(4 K9 D94 01* W.5"&$4 !9 K9 E9 `TU]Qa9 eM1 )"& ^0%#0)#(10/ :(.1*0)#(1$ (2 >$$.-&* @)%0#1 -&)"(*$9f
L+0/*#$ +5 8EE$)!7 1!'D#*)'.& SZ4 TQ]SqTQUS9
@#-(4 K9 D94 01* W.5"&$4 !9 K9 E9 `TUU]a9 -+2E0"#")+*#$ :*!$#.")')"N& @'%#15&%7^&%/059

TZU
@#30$&/3014 O94 ?03014 M94 A0%5.$"4 N94 M%&14 ?94 01* E&#1"(%14 >9 `RPPXa9 e!(60%* >10/8$#$ (2 :.//
@8$)&- :0#/.%& (2 @)%.+).%&$9f I0J#-07DGEHH K(#1) E&$&0%+" L%(5%0-4 L"0$& ^Yd Y13&$)#50)#(1
(2 :0+)(%$ ?&0*#15 )( L%(5%&$$#3& D(//0'$& (2 @)%.+).%&$4 D0)&5(%8 Yd H30/.0)#(1 01* A&3&/('-&1)
(2 >10/8)#+0/ !((/$9
@)&5/#+"4 A94 L#%(1*#4 >94 V(1(%04 C94 01* V%(+<$4 b9 `RPPSa9 eO#+%(-&+"01#+0/ O(*&//#15 (2 D8+/#+
L/0$)#+#)8 Y1+(%'(%0)#15 A0-05&9f :*"!/*#")+*#$ L+0/*#$ +5 ,+$)7. #*7 ,"/0'"0/!.& [R4 ZZXqZST9
@.#)04 I94 C0<0$"#-0 O94 01* H15&/"0%*) O9 A9 `RPPPa9 eD(-'0%#$(1 (2 @&#$-#+ D0'0+#)8 ,&)6&&1
L($)7C(%)"%#*5& 01* L($)7I(,& V&0-7)(7D(/.-1 D(11&+)#(1$9f 6!D#4)+0/ +5 ,"!!$ ,"/0'"0/!.
)* ,!).2)' 8/!#.\ 3/+'!!7)*(. +5 </7 :*"!/*#")+*#$ -+*5!/!*'!& >.5.$) RTqR[4 RPPP4 O(1)%&0/4
D010*04 SRXqSZ[9
!010<04 C94 @060-()(4 B94 01* @0&<#4 !9 `RPPPa9 eH/0$)(7L/0$)#+ V&"03#(% (2 V&0-7D(/.-1 D(11&+7
)#(1$9f 3/+'!!7)*(. +5 >O"D [+/$7 -+*5!/!*'! +* F#/"DQ0#R! F*()*!!/)*(& C&6 n&0/01*9
!0154 m94 01* N(&/4 @9 D9 `TU]Xa9 e@&#$-#+ >10/8$#$ 01* A&$#51 D(1$#*&%0)#(1$ (2 V%0+&* @)&&/ @)%.+7
).%&$9f H!E+/" W1-F PI?=& G1#3&%$#)8 (2 O#+"#5014 A&'0%)-&1) (2 D#3#/ 01* H13#%(1-&1)0/ H17
5#1&&%#154 >11 >%,(%4 OY9
!0154 m94 01* N(&/4 @9 D9 `TU]Ua9 eV%0+& :%0+).%&$ 01* >10/8$#$ (2 L"0$& Y @)%.+).%&9f L+0/*#$ +5
,"/0'"0/#$ F*()*!!/)*(& >@DH4 TTS`]a4 TUQPqTUXQ9
!"(-0$(14 L9 :9 `TUUPa9 B0'")$! C/#'"0/! +5 1!"#$.& L&%50-(1 L%&$$9
!"(%1)(14 b9 >9 `TUUTa9 eM1 )"& >10/8$#$ 01* A&$#51 (2 V%0+#15 D(11&+)#(1$9f L%(+&&*#15$ (2 C07
)#(10/ @)&&/ D(1)%.+)#(1 D(12&%&1+&4 >Y@D4 D"#+05(4 Y?4 RQ9TqRQ9ZZ9
!%&-,/084 E9 `RPPPa9 eY12/.&1+& (2 V%0+& @/&1*&%1&$$ (1 )"& @&#$-#+ E&$'(1$& (2 D(1+&1)%#+0//8
V%0+&* @)&&/ :%0-&$9f 6!D#4)+0/ +5 ,"!!$ ,"/0'"0/!. )* ,!).2)' 8/!#.\ 3/+'!!7)*(. +5 </7 :*"!/?
*#")+*#$ -+*5!/!*'!& >.5.$) RTqR[4 RPPP4 O(1)%&0/4 D010*04 SRXqSZ[9
!%&-,/084 E9 `RPPRa9 eY1&/0$)#+ @&#$-#+ E&$'(1$& (2 @)&&/ V%0+#15 O&-,&%$9f L+0/*#$ +5 -+*."/0'?
")+*#$ ,"!!$ H!.!#/'D& S]4 QQSqXPT9
!%&-,/084 E94 01* V(.0)084 C9 `RPPRa9 e?(0*#15 L%()(+(/$ 2(% )"& @&#$-#+ !&$)#15 (2 A.+)#/& V%0+#15
O&-,&%$ #1 D(1+&1)%#+0//8 V%0+&* @)&&/ :%0-&$9f 3/+'!!7)*( +5 >O"D F0/+E!#* -+*5!/!*'! +*
F#/"DQ0#R! F*()*!!/)*(& ?(1*(14 GI4 L0'&% C(9 []P9
!%&-,/084 E94 >%+"0-,0./)4 O9 W94 01* :#/#0)%0./)4 >9 `RPPZa9 e@&#$-#+ L&%2(%-01+& (2 D(1+&1)%#+0//8
V%0+&* @)&&/ :%0-&$ -0*& 6#)" E&+)015./0% W(//(6 V%0+#15 O&-,&%$9f L+0/*#$ +5 ,"/0'"0/#$
F*()*!!/)*(& >@DH4 TRU`TRa4 TQRQqTQZQ9
!%&-,/084 E94 W0**0*4 O94 O0%)#1&F4 N94 E#+"0%*4 K94 01* O(220))4 I9 `RPP]a9 eY1&/0$)#+ D8+/#+ !&$)#15
(2 ?0%5& @#F& @)&&/ V%0+#15 O&-,&%$9f 3/+'!!7)*(. +5 >="D [+/$7 -+*5!/!*'! +* F#/"DQ0#R!
F*()*!!/)*(& M+)(,&% TRqTX4 RPP]4 V&#J#154 D"#109
!$0#4 I9 D94 W$#0(4 L9 D94 D"&14 D9 W94 ?0#4 K9 b94 ?#14 O9 ?94 01* b&154 B9 !9 `RPP[a9 eL$&.*( A810-#+
!&$)$ (2 0 :.// @+0/& D:!\VEV D(-'($#)& :%0-&9f4 3/+'!!7)*(. +5 "D! O@@= ,"/0'"0/!. -+*(/!..&
O08 RRqRQ4 RPP[4 C0$"3#//&4 !C9
!$0#4 I9 D94 b&154 B9 !94 b0154 I9 K94 !$0#4 D9 B94 01* ?0#4 K9 b9 `RPPQa9 eV#7A#%&+)#(10/ @.,7@)%.+).%0/
L$&.*(7A810-#+ !&$)$ (2 0 :.//7@+0/& R7@)(%8 VEV:4 L0%) Yd @&#$-#+ A&$#514 >10/8)#+0/ 01* H;7
'&%#-&1)0/ L&%2(%-01+& >$$&$$-&1)$9f 3/+'!!7)*(. +5 P"D W%,% 9#")+*#$ -+*5!/!*'! +* F#/"D?
Q0#R! F*()*!!/)*(& HHEY4 >'%#/ T]qRR4 RPPQ4 @01 :%01+#$+(4 D>9

T[P
!3&%500%*4 ^94 01* C&&*/&-014 >9 `TU][a9 e>10/8$#$ (2 )"& D.'7D(1& :%0+).%& #1 0 E(.1* !&1$#/&
V0%9f 8'"# 1!"#$$0/()'#& ZR`Ta4 TSXqTQU9
!3&%1&//#4 K9 :94 01* D(22#14 ?9 :9 `TUSUa9 e> D(-'#/0)#(1 01* Y1)&%'%&)0)#(1 (2 D8+/#+ @)%0#1 :0)#5.&
!&$)$ (1 O&)0/$9f S/#*.#")+*.4 >@O4 ST4 [Z]q[SZ9
G%#F4 L9 `RPPSa9 e!(60%*$ H0%)"=.0<& E&$#$)01) A&$#51 (2 D(1+&1)%#+0//8 V%0+&* @)&&/ @)%.+).%&$9f
A(+)(%0/ A#$$&%)0)#(14 G1#3&%$#)8 (2 D0/#2(%1#0 0) V&%<&/&89
b"#)-(%&4 E9 H9 `TUSRa9 eH;'&%#-&1)0/ Y13&$)#50)#(1 (2 @)%&$$&$ #1 N.$$&) L/0)&$9f 60$$!")* 9+% >Y&
D#3#/ H15#1&&%#154 !"& G1#3&%$#)8 (2 !&11&$$&& H15#1&&%#15 H;'&%#-&1) @)0)#(14 I1(;3#//&4 !C9
b"#))0<&%4 >9 @94 G0154 D9 O94 01* V&%)&%(4 ^9 ^9 `TU]Ua9 eH;'&%#-&1)0/ V&"03#(% (2 0 A.0/ @)&&/
@8$)&-9f L+0/*#$ +5 "D! ,"/0'"0/#$ B)4).)+*& >@DH4 TTS9
m#04 ?94 01* @"#"4 D9 :9 `TUUSa9 eA.+)#/& D%0+< N%(6)" l Y9 > C.-&%#+0/ @).*8 G$#15 D(-'.)07
)#(10/ D&//$ 6#)" O#+%($)%.+).%0//87V0$&* ?&15)" @+0/&$9f L+0/*#$ +5 "D! 1!'D#*)'. #*7 3DN.)'.
+5 ,+$)7.& [Z`Ra4 RZZqRSU9
B0154 :94 01* O0"#14 @9 `RPPSa9 e?#-#)#15 C&) @&+)#(1 :%0+).%& #1 @/())&* !.,& V%0+&$9f @)&&/ !#'$4
@)%.+).%0/ @)&&/ H*.+0)#(1 D(.1+#/4 M%#1*04 D>9
n#&5/&%4 W9 `TUSUa9 e> O(*#2#+0)#(1 (2 L%05&%h$ W0%*&1#15 %./&9f d0#/"!/$N +5 8EE$)!7 1!'D#*)'.&
TX4 SSqQS9

T[T
?>>+(4"M ?W ?>>%;"() P21>12'"1(&% 71&4-
J-"() :1(-'2&"('-

!'7 4*$%+/5&$4+*

@&3&%0/ $)%.+).%0/ 010/8$&$ %&=.#%& 0 2#;&* /(0* '0))&%14 6#)" 0// /(0* -051#).*&$ 30%8#15 6#)"
0 $#15/& $+0/0% '0%0-&)&%9 !"#$ #$ <1(61 0$ e'%('(%)#(10/ /(0*#159f M1& &;0-'/& (2 01 010/8$#$
)"0) %&=.#%&$ '%('(%)#(10/ /(0*#15 #$ 0 '.$"(3&% 010/8$#$ #1 6"#+" /(0*$ 0%& 0''/#&* 0) $(-& (%
0// $)(%#&$9 >1()"&% &;0-'/& #$ -./)#0;#0/ +(-'%&$$#(1 l (% )&1$#(1 l (2 +(1+%&)& $'&+#-&1$ #1
6"#+" )6( (% )"%&& $.%20+& /(0*$ 0%& 0''/#&*9
M1& $(.%+& (2 *#22#+./)8 #1 '&%2(%-#15 $.+" 010/8$#$ #$ )"0) '0%) (2 $)%.+).%&4 (% )"& 6"(/&
$)%.+).%&4 -08 .1*&%5( $(2)&1#15 ,&+0.$& (2 -&+"01#+0/ *&)&%#(%0)#(1 01*\(% /0%5& *&2(%-0)#(1$9
:(% $.+" +(1*#)#(1$4 )"& /(0* 20+)(% -.$) *&+%&0$& )( -0#1)0#1 &=.#/#,%#.- 0$ )"& $)%.+).%& $(2)&1$9
!( +(1*.+) )"&$& )8'&$ (2 010/8$&$4 0 $('"#$)#+0)&* /(0*70*J.$)#15 $+"&-& #$ 1&+&$$0%8 6#)" 01
0++(-'018#15 $(/.)#(1 '%(+&*.%&9
@&3&%0/ $.+" $+"&-&$ "03& ,&&1 '%('($&*4 #1+/.*#15 )"& 6&// <1(61 0%+7/&15)" -&)"(*
`D%#$2#&/*4 TU]Ti E0--4 TU]Ta9 > +(-'%&"&1$#3& *#$+.$$#(1 (2 /(0*70*J.$)#15 $+"&-&$ +01 ,&
2(.1* #1 D/0%<& 01* W01+(+< `TUUPa9
?(0*70*J.$)#15 $+"&-&$ 0%& .$&2./ 2(% $(/3#15 01 &=.#/#,%#.- $)0)& 6#)" 5/(,0/ #1$)0,#/#)84
6"#+" -01#2&$)$ #)$&/2 #1 0 5/(,0/ /(0*7*#$'/0+&-&1) %&$'(1$& )"0) "0$ 0 1&50)#3& )015&1) $)#221&$$
01* 0 $-(()" &=.#/#,%#.- '0)" #1 /(0*7*#$'/0+&-&1) $'0+&9 W(6&3&%4 )8'#+0/ 5/(,0/ /(0*70*J.$)#15
$+"&-&$ -08 1() 6(%< #2 )"& #1$)0,#/#)8 #$ /(+0/#F&* ,&+0.$& (2 0 $&3&%& /(+0/ 1(1/#1&0%#)8 01* )"&
&=.#/#,%#.- '0)" #$ 1( /(15&% $-(()"9 >1 &;0-'/& (2 01 010/8$#$ )"0) -08 0**%&$$ )"& /#-#)0)#(1
(2 $.+" 0 /(0*70*J.$)#15 $+"&-& 6(./* ,& 01 010/8$#$ (2 0 %&#12(%+&* +(1+%&)& $)%.+).%&4 6"&%&
)&1$#/& +%0+<$ (2 )"& +(1+%&)& %&$./) #1 %01*(-/8 *#$)%#,.)&* /(+0/ #1$)0,#/#)#&$9
b"&1 01 &;)&%10/ /(0* #$ 0''/#&* 0) (1/8 (1& *&5%&&7(272%&&*(- (2 0 $)%.+).%&4 #) #$ +(17
3&1#&1) )( '%&$+%#,& #1+%&-&1)0/ *#$'/0+&-&1) 0) )"#$ *&5%&&7(272%&&*(- l -0<#15 )"& $)%.+).%0/
%&$'(1$& $)0,/& l )"&%&,8 -0<#15 #) &0$#&% )( &30/.0)& )"& /(0*7*#$'/0+&-&1) ,&"03#(% (2 )"&
$)%.+).%&9 W(6&3&%4 #2 /(0*$ 0%& )( ,& 0''/#&* 0) -./)#'/& *&5%&&$7(272%&&*(-4 '%&$+%#,#15 *#$7
'/0+&-&1)$ 0) 0// )"&$& *&5%&&$7(272%&&*(- #$ 1() 0''/#+0,/& 2(% '%('(%)#(10/ /(0*$i # E/)+/) *#$7
'/0+&-&1)$ 1&&*&* )( -0#1)0#1 )"& '%('(%)#(10/ /(0* '0))&%1 0%& .1<1(61 2(% 0 1(1/#1&0% $)%.+).%&9
:(% /0,(%0)(%8 &;'&%#-&1)$4 $&3&%0/ 6&//7*&3&/('&* -&)"(*$ 2(% 0''/8#15 '%('(%)#(10/
/(0*$ &;#$)9 Y1$'#%&* ,8 )"&$& /0,(%0)(%8 -&)"(*$4 0 1&6 1.-&%#+0/ -&)"(* #$ *&3&/('&* 2(% 0'7
'/#+0)#(1 (2 '%('(%)#(10/ /(0*$9 !"& *&5%&&$7(272%&&*(- +(%%&$'(1*#15 )( )"& '%&$+%#,&* '%('(%7
)#(10/ /(0*$ 0%& +0//&* e)0%5&) *&5%&&$7(272%&&*(-9f Y1 )"& '%('($&* -&)"(*4 01 0**#)#(10/ +(1)%(/
*&5%&&7(272%&&*(- #$ #1)%(*.+&*4 01* 0 -./)#'/& '(#1) +(1$)%0#1) `OLDa #13(/3#15 )"& +(1)%(/
*&5%&&7(272%&&*(- 01* )"& )0%5&) *&5%&&$7(272%&&*(- #$ 2(%-./0)&*9 V8 '%&$+%#,#15 )"& *#$'/0+&7
-&1) (2 )"& +(1)%(/ *&5%&&7(272%&&*(-4 '%('(%)#(10/ /(0*$ +01 ,& 0''/#&* 0) )0%5&) *&5%&&$7(27
2%&&*(- 6#)"(.) 0''/8#15 0 /(0*70*J.$)#15 $+"&-&9

!'8 .:;.%41.*$# ,4$C ;%+;+%$4+*!- -+!/4*0

M1& -&)"(* .$&* ,8 /0,(%0)(%#&$ )( 0''/8 '%('(%)#(10/ /(0*$ #$ )"%(.5" -./)#'/& 0+).0)(%$9 A#$7
'/0+&-&1) (2 (1& 0+).0)(% #$ '%&$+%#,&* 01* )"& %&$#$)01+& (2 )"#$ 0+).0)(% #$ -&0$.%&*9 !"& /(0*$
)( ,& 0''/#&* 0) ()"&% *&5%&&$7(272%&&*(- 0%& +0/+./0)&* .$#15 '%&*&2#1&* /(0* '%('(%)#(10/#)84
01* )"&1 )"&$& 2(%+&$ 0%& 0''/#&* ,8 ()"&% 0+).0)(%$ )( -0#1)0#1 )"& '%&$+%#,&* /(0* *#$)%#,.)#(19
!"#$ -&)"(* (2 /0,(%0)(%8 )&$)#15 #$ *&$+%#,&* ,8 M<0-()( !" #$% `TU]Ra9 W(6&3&%4 )"#$ -&)"(* #$
1() $.#)0,/& 2(% 1.-&%#+0/ 010/8$#$ ,&+0.$& #) 1&&*$ 2&&*,0+< +(1)%(/4 6"#+" *(&$ 1() 2#) #1)( )"&
$)01*0%* 1.-&%#+0/ 010/8$#$ '%(+&*.%&9
>1()"&% -&)"(* #$ )"& b"#22/&7!%&& /(0* $8$)&- `W0%%#$ 01* O.$<#3#)+"4 TU]Pi W0%%#$ 01*
@0,1#$4 TUUUa9 !"#$ -&+"01#+0/ $8$)&- #13(/3&$ 01 0%)#+./0)&* $&) (2 /(0* *#$)%#,.)#(1 ,0%$ 01* (1&
0+).0)(% )( 0''/8 0 $#15/& +(1+&1)%0)&* /(0* `:#59 >9Ta9
C()& )"0) )"& 0%)#+./0)&* $8$)&- (2 )"& b"#22/&7!%&& #$ $)0)#+0//8 *&)&%-#10)&9 !( 0''/8
'%('(%)#(10/ /(0*#15 6#)" '%('(%)#(1$ (p1 , p2 , p3 , · · · , pn )4 6"&%& n #$ )"& 1.-,&% (2 )"& /(0*$4 0
b"#22/&7!%&& /(0* $8$)&- -08 ,& *&$#51&* 0$ 2(//(6$d 2#%$)4 ?(0*$ T 01* R 0%& +(-,#1&* 6#)" 0
/(0*#15 ,&0- 0) (1& /&3&/ ,&/(6 )"& )&$) $)%.+).%&9 >) )"& /&3&/ ,&/(6 )"#$4 01()"&% /(0*#15 ,&0-

>9R
 3(GHIJ !'7 ,L(XXQJW$IJJ QUNS PYPOJM [CNII(P NTS 1HP_(2(OKLA 7<D\]

+0%%#&$ )"& '%&3#(.$/8 +(-,#1&* ?(0*$ (2 T 01* R (1 (1& &1*4 01* ?(0* Z (1 )"& ()"&% &1* 6#)" 0
%&$./)01) (2 )"& $.- (2 )"& 2#%$) )"%&& /(0*$4 0$ $"(61 #1 :#5.%& >9R9 !"#$ '%(+&*.%& +01 ,& %&'&0)&*
)( #1+/.*& 0// /(0*$9
N#3&1 )"0) 0// /(0*#15 ,&0-$ 0%& '#17+(11&+)&*4 )"& '%('(%)#(10/#)8 (2 /&15)" +01 ,& (,7
)0#1&* 2%(- -(-&1) &=.#/#,%#.-d

l1 p2 l12 p3 l123 p4
= , = , = `>9Ta
l2 p1 l3 p1 + p2 l4 p1 + p2 + p3

!"& /(0*#15 ,&0-$ +01 ,& 2/&;#,/&4 01* 0$ /(15 0$ )"& /&15)" '%('(%)#(10/#)#&$ 0%& -0#1)0#1&*4 )"&
/(0* *#$)%#,.)#(1 6#// ,& -0#1)0#1&* &3&1 #2 )"& /(0*#15 ,&0-$ *&2(%-4 )%01$/0)&4 (% %()0)&9 Y2 )"&
/(0*#15 ,&0-$ 0%& $)#22 &1(.5" 0$ )( ,& +(1$#*&%&* %#5#*4 )"& %&/0)#(1$ ,&)6&&1 *#$'/0+&-&1)$ +01
,& *&%#3&*9
:%(- :#5.%& >9Z 6& 6%#)&

l2 d1 + l1 d2 p1 d1 + p2 d2
d12 = =
l1 + l2 p1 + p2
`>9Ra
l3 d12 + l12 d3 (p1 + p2 ) d12 + p3 d3 p1 d1 + p2 d2 + p3 d3
d123 = = =
l12 + l3 p1 + p2 + p3 p1 + p2 + p3

D(1)#1.#15 )"#$ *&%#30)#(1 %&3&0/$ )"0) 01 #1)&%&$)#15 %&/0)#(1 (2 *#$'/0+&-&1)$ #-'/#&* ,8 )"&
b"#22/&7!%&& @8$)&-d
p1 d1 + p2 d2 + p3 d3 + p4 d4
d1234 = `>9Za
p1 + p2 + p3 + p4
(%
p1 d1 + p2 d2 + p3 d3 + p4 d4 − (p1 + p2 + p3 + p4 ) d1234 = 0 `>9[a

>9Z
 p0

d1234

l123 l4 d4

d123

l12 l3 d3
d12

d1 l1 l2 d2
p1 p2 p3 p4

3(GHIJ !'8 !IO(KHQNOJS PYPOJM UX OLJ ,L(XXQJW$IJJ

!'= *51.%4&!- ;%+;+%$4+*!- -+!/4*0

@.''($& 0 /#1&0% -./)#'/& '(#1) +(1$)%0#1) #$ 0''/#&* )( )"& (%#5#10/ $)%.+).%0/ $8$)&- 6"&%& )"&
'%('(%)#(10/ /(0*$ 0%& 0''/#&*d
* -* .
(pi di ) − pi d0 = 0 `>9Sa

6"&%& pi #$ '%('(%)#(1 (2 /(0*4 di #$ *#$'/0+&-&1)4 0) )"& i7)" *&5%&&7(272%&&*(-4 01* d0 #$ )"&

*#$'/0+&-&1) 0) )"& 1&6 *&5%&&7(272%&&*(- #1)%(*.+&* ,8 )"& -./)#'/& '(#1) +(1$)%0#1)9 A#$'/0+&7
-&1) d0 +01 ,& +(1$#*&%&* 0$ 0 6&#5")&* 03&%05& *#$'/0+&-&1)d
*
(pi di )
d0 = * `>9Qa
pi

6"&%& )"& 6&#5") 2(% di #$ )"& +(%%&$'(1*#15 /(0* '%('(%)#(1 pi 9 Y2 )"#$ <#1&)#+ +(1$)%0#1) #$ $0)#$2#&*4
)"& 0''/#+0)#(1 (2 )"& '%#1+#'/&7(273#%).0/76(%< )( )"& /)()7 +(1$)%0#1) 6#// /&0* )(
*
P0 δd0 + (−Pi δdi ) = 0 `>9Xa

>9[
 l1 l2

d1

d12
d2

3(GHIJ !'= 4TOJIVUQNO(UT IJQNO(UT XUI S(PVQNKJMJTOP

6"&%& Pi h$ 0%& )"& '%('(%)#(10/ /(0*$ 0''/#&* (1 )"& (%#5#10/ $)%.+).%& ,8 )"& +(1$)%0#1)4 01* P0
01* (−Pi )h$ 0%& )"& /(0*$ (1 )"& +(1$)%0#1)$ +(%%&$'(1*#15 )( d0 01* di h$9 V&+0.$& )"& +(1$)%0#1)
#$ %#5#*4 )"& %#5")7"01* $#*& (2 H=.0)#(1 `>9Xa l )"& #1)&%10/ 3#%).0/ 6(%< l #$ F&%(9 V&+0.$& δd0
01* δdi h$ 0%& )"& +(%%&$'(1*#15 3#%).0/ *#$'/0+&-&1)$4 )"&8 0%& 0/$( %&=.#%&* )( $0)#$28 )"& <#1&)#+$
+(1$)%0#1) #1 H=.0)#(1 `>9Sa4 )%!%&
* -* .
(pi δdi ) − pi δd0 = 0 `>9]a

D(-,#1#15 H=.0)#(1$ `>9Xa 01* `>9]a 01* &/#-#10)#15 d0 /&0*$ )(

* G+ -* . , H
pi P0 − pi Pi δdi = 0 `>9Ua

!"& 0,(3& *&%#30)#(1 #$ )%.& &3&1 #2 )"& 0**#)#(10/ *&5%&&7(272%&&*(- d0 #$ 2.%)"&% +(1$)%0#1&*
$.+" )"0) δd0 = 0 `!%(%& d0 #$ .1*&% *#$'/0+&-&1) +(1)%(/ 0$ 0 '%&$+%#,&* )#-& "#$)(%8a9 >$ /(15 0$
0// di h$ 0%& 0) 5/!! *&5%&&$7(272%&&*(-4 )"&#% 30%#0)#(1$ δdi h$ 0%& 0%,#)%0%89 !".$ )"&#% +(&22#+#&1)$
-.$) 301#$"d
-* .
pi P0 − pi P i = 0 ∀i `>9TPa

(% -(%& .$&2.//8
*
(P1 : P2 : · · · : Pn ) = (p1 : p2 : · · · : pn ) #2 pi ! 0 `>9TTa

I I
Y1 ()"&% 6(%*$4 )"& +(1$)%0#1) (pi di ) − ( pi ) d0 = 0 &12(%+&$ /(0* '%('(%)#(10/#)8
(P1 : P2 : · · · : Pn ) = (p1 : p2 : · · · : pn )9 !"& 0''/#+0)#(1 (2 )"& 3#%).0/ 6(%< '%#1+#'/& '%(3#*&$ 01
0/)&%10)#3& $.''(%) 2(% )"& %&/0)#(1 2(.1* 2%(- *#$'/0+&-&1) #1)&%'(/0)#(1 #1 )"& '%&3#(.$ $&+)#(14
)%!%& H=.0)#(1 `>9[a 2(% )"& +0$& (2 2(.% )0%5&) *&5%&&$7(272%&&*(-9 !"& 0,(3& *&%#30)#(1 '%(3&$

>9S
)"& 30/#*#)8 (2 )"& '%('($&* 1.-&%#+0/ -&)"(* (2 0''/8#15 '%('(%)#(10/ /(0*$ .$#15 -./)#'/& '(#1)
+(1$)%0#1)$9 V&+0.$& )"& '%((2 %&/#&$ (1/8 (1 )"& /#1&0%#)8 01* %#5#*#)8 (2 )"& +(1$)%0#1) 01* '%#17
+#'/& (2 3#%).0/ 6(%< l ,.) *(&$ 1() *&'&1* (1 )"& '%('&%)#&$ (2 )"& (%#5#10/ $8$)&- l #) +01 ,&
0''/#&* )( 0// /#1&0% 01* 1(1/#1&0% $)%.+).%&$9

!'? -4*.!% .:!1;-.

D(1$#*&% 0 $)%.+).%& +(1$#$)#15 (2 )6( #1*&'&1*&1) $'%#15$ 6#)" $)#221&$$ T 01* R4 %&$'&+)#3&/89 >
/(0* '0))&%1 (2 '%('(%)#(10/#)8 RdT #$ 0''/#&* )( )"& $'%#15$9 !"& 5(0/ #$ )( &30/.0)& )"& ,&"03#(%
(2 )"& $)%.+).%&9 :(% )"#$ $#-'/& &;0-'/&4 )"& /(0*#15 +01 ,& *#%&+)/8 0''/#&* ,&+0.$& (2 /#1&0%#)84
!%(%& [ 01* R `2(% '%('(%)#(10/#)8 2 : 1a9 b"&1 )"& *#$'/0+&-&1)$ (2 [ 01* T 0%& (,)0#1&*4 )"&
,&"03#(% +01 ,& &30/.0)&* `:#59 >9[ad

P1 = 1d1 01* P2 = 2d2 `>9TRa

k1 = 1 d1 = 4 P1 = 4

k2 = 2 d2 = 1 P2 = 2

3(GHIJ !'? ! Q(TJNI J6NMVQJ

C&;)4 )"& +(1$)%0#1) -&)"(* *&3&/('&* 0,(3& #$ 0''/#&*9 Y1 (%*&% )( -0#1)0#1 )"& /(0*#15
'%('(%)#(10/#)8 (2 2 : 14 (% p1 = 2 01* p2 = 14 )"& /#1&0% +(1$)%0#1) 6(./* ,&d

2d1 + 1d2 − 3d0 = 0 `>9TZa

6"&%& 050#1 d0 #$ *#$'/0+&-&1) 0) )"& 0**#)#(10/ *&5%&&7(272%&&*(- #1)%(*.+&* ,8 )"#$ +(1$)%0#1)9

>$ $"(61 #1 )"& '%&3#(.$ $&+)#(14 )"& 0''/#+0)#(1 (2 )"& '%#1+#'/& (2 3#%).0/ 6(%< )( )"& %#5#*
+(1$)%0#1) 6#// /&0* )(
P0 δd0 − P1 δd1 − P2 δd2 = 0 `>9T[a

>9Q
^#%).0/ *#$'/0+&-&1)$ δd0 4 δd1 4 01* δd2 0%& 0/$( %&=.#%&* )( $0)#$28 )"& <#1&)#+$ +(1$)%0#1) #1 H=.07
)#(1 `>9TZa4 )%!%&
2δd1 + 1δd2 − 3δd0 = 0 `>9TSa

D(-,#1#15 H=.0)#(1$ `>9T[a 01* `>9TSa 01* &/#-#10)#15 d0 /&0*$ )(

(2P0 − 3P1 ) δd1 + (P0 − 3P2 ) δd2 = 0 `>9TQa

6"&%& d1 01* d2 0%& 2%&& *&5%&&$7(272%&&*(-4 $( )"&#% 30%#0)#(1 δd1 01* δd2 0%& 0%,#)%0%89 !".$
)"&#% +(&22#+#&1)$ -.$) 301#$"d

2P0 − 3P1 = P0 − 3P2 = 0 (% P1 : P2 = 2 : 1 `>9TXa

!"& +(1$)%0#1) 2d1 + 1d2 − 3d0 = 0 #$ %&6%#))&1 0$

g(d) = Qd − d̄g = 0 `>9T]a

6"&%& Q = {2 1}4 d = {d1 d2 }T 4 01* d̄g = 3d0 9 Y2 )"& ?05%015& -./)#'/#&% -&)"(* #$ .$&*4 )"&1
)"& 5&1&%0/ &=.0)#(1 )( $(/3& )"& +(1$)%0#1&* '%(,/&- #$
    
 K QT      
    d
 
  P
 

  
 
 =
  `>9TUa
Q 0   λ
  d̄g 



:(% )"& 0,(3& /#1&0% &;0-'/&4 )"#$ &=.0)#(1 ,&+(-&$

    
1 0 2   d1  
 0 

   
 

 

 


     

 
 
 

0 2 1   d 2 
 = 
 0 
 `>9RPa
 
 
 

 

 


    
2 1 0  λ  3d0    

@(/3#15 )"#$ $8$)&- (2 &=.0)#(1$ 6#)" 6&#5")&* 03&%05& *#$'/0+&-&1) d0 = 3 jd0 #$ #1)%(*.+&* #1
H=.0)#(1 `>9TZak 6#// %&$./) #1 *#$'/0+&-&1)$ d1 = 44 d2 = 1 01* /(0*$ P1 = 44 P2 = 29 !"& /(0*$
$0)#$28 '%('(%)#(10/#)8 (2 2 : 19

!'> *+*-4*.!% #+3$.*4*0 .:!1;-.#

Y1 )"#$ $&+)#(1 )"& -./)#'/& '(#1) +(1$)%0#1) -&)"(* #$ *&-(1$)%0)&* 2(% )6( #1&/0$)#+ $8$)&-$d (1&
+(1$#$)$ (2 1(1/#1&0% $'%#15$ 01* )"& ()"&% #$ )"& ,#0;#0/ )&1$#(1 (2 0 $"&// &/&-&1) 6#)" 1(1/#1&0%
-0)&%#0/ %&$'(1$&9

>9X
!'>'7 *UTQ(TJNI #VI(TGP

D(1$#*&% 0 $8$)&- +(1$#$)#15 (2 )"%&& $'%#15$4 0// 6#)" 0 $)#221&$$ (2 TPPP `:#59 >9Sa9 @'%#15 T 01*
@'%#15 R 0%& /#1&0%9 @'%#15 Z 8#&/*$ 0) 0 $)%&15)" (2 SP 01* "0$ 0 '($)78#&/* $)#221&$$ (2 −2009

d1 P1

d2 P2

d3 P3

3(GHIJ !'> *UTQ(TJNI PVI(TGP

?(0* '%('(%)#(10/#)8 0) @'%#15$ T4 R 01* Z 0%& 1 : 2 : 39 !"&%&2(%&4 )"& +(1$)%0#1) #$

d1 + 2d2 + 3d3 − 6d0 = 0 `>9RTa

6"&%& d0 #$ )#-&730%8#15 6&#5")&* 03&%05& *#$'/0+&-&1) '%&$+%#,&* 0$

d0 = t/100 `>9RRa

!"& $8$)&- #$ $(/3&* ,8 .$#15 ?@7ABC> `?@!D4 RPPXa4 )"& +(1$)%0#1) #$ 0''/#&* .$#15 <&86(%*
+(1$)%0#1&*p/#1&0%p5/(,0/9 !"& %&$./)$ 0%& $"(61 #1 :#5.%&$ >9Q )( >9]9 :#5.%& >9Q $"(6$ )"0)
@'%#15 Z 8#&/*$ 01* $(2)&1$ 0) 0,(.) 2(.% $&+(1*4 ,.) )"& ()"&% )6( $'%#15$ .1/(0* &/0$)#+0//89
:#5.%& >9X $"(6$ +(1$#$)&1) %&$./)$d d3 #1+%&0$&$ 01* d1 01* d2 *&+%&0$& 0%(.1* )"& $0-& )#-&9
!"& /(0* '%('(%)#(10/#)8 1 : 2 : 3 #$ <&') +(1$)01) 01* $"(61 #1 :#5.%& >9]9

>9]
 60

Spring 1
50 Spring 2
Spring 3

40
Load

30

20

10

0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Displacement

3(GHIJ !'B -UNS 2JIPHP S(PVQNKJMJTO XUI TUTQ(TJNI PVI(TGP

0.20

d
0.16 d1
d2
d3
0.12
Displacement

0.08

0.04

0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (s)

3(GHIJ !'E /(PVQNKJMJTO L(POUI(JP UX TUTQ(TJNI PVI(TGP

>9U
 60

P1
50
P2
P3
40
Load

30

20

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (s)

3(GHIJ !'D -UNS L(POUI(JP UX TUTQ(TJNI PVI(TGP

!'>'8 "(N6(NQ $JTP(UT UX N #LJQQ .QJMJTO `(OL *UTQ(TJNI 1NOJI(NQ

> $#15/& $"&// &/&-&1) $8$)&- #$ $.,J&+)&* )( ,#0;#0/ )&1$#(1 `:#59 >9Ua9 !"& $#F& (2 )"& $"&//
&/&-&1) #$ 1 × 14 01* )"& )"#+<1&$$ #$ T9 !"& B(.15h$ -(*./.$ (2 )"& -0)&%#0/ #$ 10, 0004 01* )"&
8#&/* $)%&$$ 01* '($)78#&/* -(*./.$ #1 .1#0;#0/ )&1$#(1 )&$) #$ SP 01* −2, 0004 %&$'&+)#3&/89
!"& /(0* '%('(%)#(10/#)8 $'&+#2#&* #1 )"& )6( *#%&+)#(1$ #$ 2 : 19 b"&1 )"& *#$'/0+&-&1)$
0%& $-0//4 )"& $)%&$$ '%('(%)#(10/#)8 #$ 0''%(;#-0)&/8 2 : 19 !"& +(1$)%0#1)$ 0%&

2d1 + d2 − 3d0 = 0 01* d1% − d1 = d2% − d2 = 0 `>9RZa

(%

2d1 + 2d1% + d2 + d2% − 6d0 = 0 `>9R[a

6"&%& d0 #$ )"& )#-&730%8#15 6&#5")&* 03&%05& *#$'/0+&-&1) '%&$+%#,&* 0$

d0 = t/10000 `>9RSa

>9TP
 d2 P2 d'2

d'1

d1 P1

3(GHIJ !'< "(N6(NQ OJTP(UT UX N PLJQQ JQJMJTO

!"& $8$)&- #$ 050#1 $(/3&* .$#15 ?@7ABC>9 !"& %&$./)$ 0%& $"(61 #1 :#5.%&$ >9TP 01* >9TT9
:#5.%& >9TP $"(6$ )"0) ε11 #1+%&0$&$ 01* ε22 *&+%&0$&$ 02)&% )"& -0)&%#0/ 8#&/*$ 01* $(2)&1$ 0)
0%(.1* [P $&+(1*$9 !"& 0''%(;#-0)& $)%&$$ '%('(%)#(10/#)8 2 : 1 #$ <&') +(1$)01)4 0$ $"(61 #1
:#5.%& >9TT9

!'B ;%!&$4&!- .:!1;-. 3+% ;5#C+9.% !*!-@#4#

!"& '%('($&* -&)"(* 0''/8#15 '%('(%)#(10/ /(0*$ .$#15 -./)#'/& '(#1) +(1$)%0#1)$ #$ 2.%)"&% #/7
/.$)%0)&* 6#)" 0 '.$"(3&% 010/8$#$ (2 0 )"%&&7$)(%8 $)&&/ ,%0+&* 2%0-&9 !"& '%&$+%#,&* 2#%$)7-(*&
/(0* *#$)%#,.)#(1 #$ 0.32 : 0.71 : 1.00 `!0,/& Q9Z4 :#59 >9TRa9 !"& $)(%8 $"&0%7%((2 *#$'/0+&-&1)
%&$'(1$& 2(% &0+" $)(%8 $(/3&* #1 ?@7ABC> #$ $"(61 #1 :#5.%& >9TZ9 !"& $)(%8 $"&0% '%('(%)#(17
0/#)84 2.03 : 1.71 : 1.004 #$ +(1$)01) 01* +(1$#$)&1) 6#)" )"& 0''/#&* /(0* *#$)%#,.)#(1 ,&2(%& 01*
02)&% )"& "#5"/8 1(1/#1&0% %&$'(1$&$4 $.+" 0$ ,.+</#15 01* 2%0+).%& (2 )"& ,%0+&4 01* 2%0+).%& (2
)"& +(/.-19

>9TT
 0.015

d0
0.012 ε11
ε22

0.009
Strain

0.006

0.003

0.000
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (s)

3(GHIJ !'7\ #OIN(T L(POUI(JP UX TUTQ(TJNI MNOJI(NQ

60

45

σ11
σ22
Stress

30

15

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (s)

3(GHIJ !'77 #OIJPP L(POUI(JP UX TUTQ(TJNI MNOJI(NQ

>9TR
 3(GHIJ !'78 ;HPLU2JI NTNQYP(P MUSJQ UX RINKJS XINMJ

1500

Shear in Story 1
1200 Shear in Story 2
Shear in Story 3
Story shears (kips)

900

600

300

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Roof displacement (in.)

3(GHIJ !'7= #OUIY PLJNIP 2JIPHP IUUX S(PVQNKJMJTO UX RINKJS XINMJ

>9TZ
!'E ! #;.&4!- &!#.

D(1$#*&% )"& 2(//(6#15 +(1$)%0#1)d

*
(pi di ) − cd0 = 0 `>9RQa

I I
6"&%& c #$ 0 1(17F&%( +(1$)01)9 Y2 (pi di ) = 04 $'&+#2#+0//8 #2 pi = 0 01* )"& di h$ 0%& #*&17
)#+0/4 )"&1 d0 -.$) ,& F&%(9 :(//(6#15 )"& $0-& '%(+&*.%& #1 @&+)#(1 >9Z4 #) #$ $)#// '($$#,/& )(
'%(3& )"0) )"& $'&+#2#&* /(0* '%('(%)#(1$ 0%& $0)#$2#&*9 Y) #$ 30/#* )( 0''/8 0 /(0* 0) )"& *&5%&&7
(272%&&*(- +(%%&$'(1*#15 )( d0 01* -0#1)0#1 /(0* '%('(%)#(10/#)89 W(6&3&%4 #) #$ 1() '($$#,/& )(
'%&$+%#,& 0 )#-&730%8#15 1(17F&%( *#$'/0+&-&1) 0) )"#$ *&5%&&7(272%&&*(-4 0$ #) 6#// +(12/#+) 6#)"
)"& +(1$)%0#1)9 :(%).10)&/84 )"& $)%.+).%0/ $8$)&- +01 ,& &;)&1*&* ,8 0**#15 01()"&% e*.--8f
*&5%&&7(272%&&*(- 0) 6"#+" 0 1(17F&%( $)#221&$$ '#3() #$ '%(3#*&*4 !%(%& 0 e*.--8f /#1&0% $'%#15
+(11&+)#15 )"#$ *&5%&&7(272%&&*(- 01* 0 2#;&* *&5%&&7(272%&&*(-9 !"& -./)#'/& '(#1) +(1$)%0#1)
I
#$ )"&1 &;)&1*&* )( )"& 0**#)#(10/ *&5%&&7(272%&&*(- $.+" )"0) (pi di ) ! 09
:(% &;0-'/&4 #2 /(0*$ 0%& 0''/#&* )( )"& )6( #*&1)#+0/ $'%#15$ `:#59 >9T[a 6#)" '%('(%)#(17
0/#)8 1 : −14 )"& /#1&0% +(1$)%0#1) 6(./* ,&

d1 − d2 − cd0 = 0 `>9RXa

!( 03(#* )"& $#15./0% $)#221&$$ 6"&1 '%&$+%#,#15 )"& *#$'/0+&-&1) 0) d0 4 0 e*.--8f $'%#15 01*
0 e*.--8f *&5%&&7(272%&&*(- 0%& 0**&* 0) d3 4 $"(61 #1 :#5.%& >9T[9 :(% )"& 1&6 $8$)&-4 )"&
%&3#$&* +(1$)%0#1) #$
d1 − d2 + d3 − d0 = 0 `>9R]a

!"&1 )"& +(1$)%0#1) +(12/#+) +01 ,& $(/3&*9

>9T[
 d1 P1

d2 P2

Dummy spring d3 P3

3(GHIJ !'7? ! O`UWPVI(TG PYPOJM NTS N fSHMMYg PVI(TG

!'D &+*&-5/4*0 %.1!%)#

> 1.-&%#+0/ -&)"(* 2(% 0''/8#15 '%('(%)#(10/ /(0*#15 .$#15 -./)#'/& '(#1) +(1$)%0#1)$ #$ *&3&/7
('&* ,0$&* (1 )"& '%#1+#'/& (2 3#%).0/ 6(%<9 Y) #$ 0''/#+0,/& 2(% 01 0%,#)%0%8 1.-,&% (2 /(0*$4 #1
0%,#)%0%8 *#%&+)#(1$4 01* 2(% 01 0%,#)%0%8 )8'& (2 $)%.+).%&9 @(-& &;0-'/&$ *&-(1$)%0)& )"& 0''/#7
+0)#(1 01* )"& 0++.%0+8 (2 )"& -./)#'/& '(#1) +(1$)%0#1) -&)"(*9 !"#$ -&)"(* '%(3#*&$ 0 $)0,/&
01* &22#+#&1) 608 )( &30/.0)& $)%.+).%&$ )"0) -08 .1*&%5( $(2)&1#159

>9TS
?>>+(4"M /W H"-.$--"1( 1( ,(-'&R"%"'; 13
E+8#&2X ,('+)2&'12

"'7 4*$%+/5&$4+*

!"& C&6-0%< #1)&5%0)(% `C&6-0%<4 TUSUa #$ (1& (2 )"& -($) '('./0% +/0$$&$ (2 )#-& #1)&5%0)(%$9
Y) "0$ ,&&1 +(1$#*&%&* .1+(1*#)#(10//8 $)0,/& #2 '0%0-&)&%$ γ ≥ 1/2 01* β ≥ γ/2 0%& .$&* `W.5"&$4
TU]Xai β = 1/4 01* γ = 1/2 0%& )"& -($) 6#*&/8 .$&* +(-,#10)#(1 (2 '0%0-&)&%$9 W(6&3&%4 )"&%&
#$ (1& $#).0)#(1 )"0) "0$ ,&&1 5&1&%0//8 #51(%&*d #2 )"& -0$$ #$ F&%(4 01* '0%0-&)&%$ β = 1/4 01*
γ = 1/2 0%& .$&*4 )"& #1)&5%0)(% ,&+(-&$ .1$)0,/&9
n&%( -(*0/ -0$$ #$ 1() %0%& #1 $)%.+).%0/ *810-#+ 010/8$&$9 Y) #$ +(--(1 )( 0$$#51 F&%(
`*#$)%#,.)&*a -0$$ *&1$#)8 )( 2#1#)& &/&-&1)$ ,.) 0 /.-'&* -0$$ 0) )"& 1(*&$9 Y1 )"#$ +0$&4 )"&%&
#$ 1( %()0%8 #1&%)#0 0) )"& 1(*&$4 01* -(*0/ 010/8$#$ $"(6$ 0 -(*& 6#)" F&%( -0$$9 Y2 )"& 6"(/&
$8$)&- #$ $(/3&* 6#)"(.) $)0)#+ +(1*&1$0)#(14 )"& F&%(7-0$$ -(*& #$ &;+#)&* 6"&1 2(%+& #$ 0''/#&*4
01* #1$)0,#/#)8 6#// (++.%9
Y1 )"#$ +"0')&%4 )"& /#1&0% $)0,#/#)8 (2 )"& C&6-0%< #1)&5%0)(% 2(% F&%( -0$$ #$ 010/8F&*4
01* )"& #1$)0,#/#)8 #$ *&-(1$)%0)&* 6#)" 0 1.-&%#+0/ &;0-'/&9

"'8 -4*.!% #$!"4-4$@ !*!-@#4#

D(1$#*&% 0 /#1&0% $#15/&7*&5%&&7(272%&&*(- -0$$7*0-'&%7$'%#15 $8$)&-4 6"#+" +01 ,& *&$+%#,&*

,8 &=.0)#(1

mai+1 + cvi+1 + kui+1 = 0 `V9Ta

0) )#-& ti+1 4 6"&%& m #$ -0$$i c #$ )"& *0-'#15 +(&22#+#&1)i k #$ $)#221&$$i 01* a4 v4 01* u 0%&
0++&/&%0)#(14 3&/(+#)8 01* *#$'/0+&-&1)4 %&$'&+)#3&/89 Y2 0 C&6-0%< #1)&5%0)(% 6#)" '0%0-&)&%$
β = 1/4 01* γ = 1/2 #$ 0''/#&*4 )"&1



 h2

 u
 i+1 = ui + vi h + (ai + ai+1 )
 4 `V9Ra


 h

 vi+1 = vi + (ai + ai+1 )
2
6"&%& h #$ )"& #1)&5%0)#(1 )#-& $)&'9 Y2 ai+1 2%(- H=.0)#(1 `V9Ta #$ $.,$)#).)&* #1)( `V9Ra4 )"&1



 h2


 mu i+1 = mu i + mv i h − (cvi + kui + cvi+1 + kui+1 )
 4 `V9Za


 h

 mvi+1 = mvi − (cvi + kui + cvi+1 + kui+1 )
2
!"#$ $8$)&- (2 &=.0)#(1$ +01 ,& %&0%%015&* #1)( )"& %&+.%$#(1 2(%-

yi+1 = Ayi `V9[a

6"&%& 3&+)(% y = [u, v]T 01* A #$ )"& 0-'/#2#+0)#(1 -0)%#;

 
4m + 2hc − h2 k 4hm 
1  
A=  `V9Sa
4m + 2hc + h2 k  −4hk 2 
4m − 2hc − h k

!"& &#5&130/.&$ (2 )"& 0-'/#2#+0)#(1 -0)%#; 0%&

√
[4m − h2 k] ± 2h c2 − 4mk
r= `V9Qa
4m + 2hc + h2 k
?#1&0% $)0,#/#)8 (2 %&+.%$#(1 %&=.#%&$ )"0) )"&$& &#5&130/.&$ /#& 6#)"#1 )"& .1#) +#%+/& #1 )"& +(-'/&;
'/01&4 01* )"($& (1 )"& +#%+/& "03& -./)#'/#+#)#&$ (2 T `Y$&%/&$4 TUUQa9 Y1 ()"&% 6(%*$4 #2 "r" ≤ 1
01* )"($& %(()$ 6#)" "r" = 1 0%& 1() %&'&0)&*4 )"&1 )"& #1)&5%0)(% #$ $)0,/&9 Y2 -0$$ #$ /0%5&% )"01
F&%( m > 0 01* '0%0-&)&%$ γ ≥ 1/2 01* β ≥ γ/2 0%& .$&*4 )"& #1)&5%0)(% #$ .1+(1*#)#(10//8 $)0,/&
`W.5"&$4 TU]Xa9
V.) #2 -0$$ #$ F&%( `m = 0a4 )"& &#5&130/.&$ ,&+(-&
−hk ± 2c 2hk
r1,2 = ⇒ r1 = −1 01* r2 = 1 − `V9Xa
2c + hk 2c + hk
Y2 c > 0 01* h > 04 )"&1 r2 ∈ (−1, 1)4 01* )"&%& #$ (1/8 (1& &#5&130/.& r1 = −1 /8#15 (1 )"&
.1#) +#%+/&9 C.-&%#+0/ &%%(% 6#// '%('050)& 2%(- (1& $)&' )( )"& 1&;) +(1$)01)/89 Y2 )"& *0-'#15
+(&22#+#&1) #$ 0/$( F&%(4 c = 04 )"&1 ,()" &#5&130/.&$ ,&+(-& −19 !"&8 ,()" /#& (1 )"& .1#) +#%+/&
01* )"& -./)#'/#+#)8 #$ R9 :(% )"#$ +0$&4 )"& C&6-0%<h$ -&)"(* ,&+(-&$ .1$)0,/&9 !"& 1.-&%#+0/
&%%(% 6#// 5%(6 /#1&0%/8 `#1$)&0* (2 &;'(1&1)#0//8a9

V9R
"'= /.1+*#$%!$4+*

:#5.%& V9T $"(6$ 0 $8$)&- 6#)" )"%&& 1(*&$ +(11&+)&* ,8 )6( )%.$$ &/&-&1)$9 C(*& T #$ 2#;&*9
!"& -0$$ 0) )"& C(*& Z #$ P9PPT9 !"& $)#221&$$ (2 )%.$$ &/&-&1)$ #$ T9 ?(0*$ 0%& 0''/#&* 0) C(*& R
01* Z4 01* P2 = P3 = 0.0016t4 6"&%& t #$ )#-&9 !"& $8$)&- $)#221&$$ 01* -0$$ -0)%#;&$ 0%&
   
 1.6 −0.8 0 0 
  
K =  , M =   `V9]a
−0.8 0.8  0 0.001

m2 = 0 m3 = 0.001
k1 = 0.8 k = 0.8
1 2 2 3

P2 P3

3(GHIJ "'7 #YPOJM XUI SJMUTPOINO(UT

:(% )"& *0-'&* $8$)&-4 $)#221&$$ '%('(%)#(10/ *0-'&* #$ 0''/#&* .$#15 E08/&#5" *0-'#15
c = aM + bK4 6#)" a = 0 01* b = 0.0059 !"#$ %&$./)$ #1 0 *0-'#15 %0)#( ζ1 = 5r 2(% )"&
2#%$) -(*& `ω1 = 20a9 O(*&$ (2 )"& $8$)&- 0%& φ1 = [0.5, 1]T 4 01* φ2 = [1, 0]T 9 O(*& T "0$
1(17F&%( -(*0/ -0$$ `M1 = 0.001a4 6"&%&0$ O(*& R "0$ F&%( -(*0/ -0$$ `M2 = 0a9 V0$&* (1
)"& /#1&0% $)0,#/#)8 010/8$#$ #1 '%&3#(.$ $&+)#(14 #2 )"& C&6-0%< #1)&5%0)(% #$ .$&* )( $(/3& )"#$
*810-#+$ $8$)&-4 O(*& T #$ $)0,/& 01* O(*& R #$ .1$)0,/&9 V&+0.$& O(*& R +(1)%#,.)&$ (1/8 )(
)"& *#$'/0+&-&1) (2 C(*& R `φ22 = 0a4 C(*& Z 6#// ,& $)0,/& 01* C(*& R 6#// ,& .1$)0,/&9
!"& 010/8)#+0/ $(/.)#(1 (2 0++&/&%0)#(1 2(% $8$)&- mq̈ + cq̇ + kq = αt #$
α ωn


 &;' −ζω t " $#1 ωd t (m ! 0)


k
n
q̈ =  1 − ζ 2
`V9Ua




0 (m = 0)
" "
6"&%& ωn = k/m4 ζ = c/(2mωn ) < 1 01* ωd = ωn 1 − ζ 2 9 V8 $.'&%'($#)#(14 )"& 0++&/&%0)#(1$
2(% .1*0-'&* $8$)&- #1 :#5.%& V9T 0%&

a2 = 0.06 $#1 20t

`V9TPa
a3 = 0.12 $#1 20t

V9Z
01* 010/8)#+0/ $(/.)#(1$ (2 0++&/&%0)#(1$ 2(% ζ = 5r .1*&%7*0-'&* $8$)&- 0%&
0.06 √
a2 = √ &;'(−t) $#1(20 0.9975t)
0.9975
√ `V9TTa
0.12
a3 = √ &;'(−t) $#1(20 0.9975t)
0.9975
:#5.%&$ V9R 01* V9Z +(-'0%& )"& %&$./)$ 2(% )"& .1*0-'&* $8$)&-9 :#5.%&$ V9R0 01* V9Z0
0%& )"& 010/8)#+0/ $(/.)#(1$i 0++&/&%0)#(1$ 0) C(*& R 01* Z 0%& ,()" $#1.$(#*0/ +.%3&9 Y2 F&%( -0$$
0) C(*& R #$ $'&+#2#&*4 )"& &%%(% 2(% O(*& R 6#// 5%(6 /#1&0%/84 $"(61 #1 :#5.%& V9R, 2(% 0 )#-&
$)&' (2 P9PPS9 :#5.%&$ V9R, 01* V9Z, 0/$( $"(6 )"0) )"& #1$)0,#/#)8 #$ 0) C(*& R (1/89 !"#$ #$
,&+0.$& O(*& R "0$ 1( +(-'(1&1) 0) C(*& Z9 Y2 0 $-0// -0$$ #$ 0$$#51&* 0) C(*& R4 )"&1 0$
$"(61 #1 :#5.%& V9R+4 )"& #1$)0,#/#)8 #$ *#-#1#$"&*9 !"& ($+#//0)#(1 0) C(*& R #$ &;'&+)&* ,&+0.$&
"#5"72%&=.&1+8 3#,%0)#(1 (2 O(*& R #$ 1() *0-'&* (.)9 :#5.%&$ V9[ 01* V9S +(-'0%& )"& %&$./)$
2(% )"& *0-'&* $8$)&-9 :#5.%&$ V9[0 01* V9S0 $"(6 )"& 010/8)#+0/ $(/.)#(1 (2 &3&%7*&+%&0$#15
($+#//0)#(1 (2 0++&/&%0)#(1 0) C(*& R 01* Z9 Y2 )"& -0$$ 0) C(*& R #$ F&%(4 )"& 0,$(/.)& &%%(% (2 O(*&
R 6#// '%('050)& +(1$)01)/8 01* )"& 1.-&%#+0/ $(/.)#(1 ($+#//0)&$ 0,(.) )"& 010/8)#+0/ $(/.)#(19
!"& 1.-&%#+0/ %&$./) 2(% )"#$ +0$& #$ $"(61 #1 :#5.%& V9[,9 !"& "#5"72%&=.&1+8 '0%) `O(*& Ra (2
0++&/&%0)#(1 0) C(*& R 1&3&% *&+%&0$&$4 &3&1 #2 #)$ /(672%&=.&1+8 '0%) `O(*& Ta 0) C(*& R *(&$
,&+0.$& (2 *0-'#159 Y2 0 $-0// -0$$ #$ 0$$#51&* 0) C(*& R4 )"&1 )"& 1.-&%#+0/ %&$./) 6#// =.#+</8
+(13&%5& )( )"& 010/8)#+0/ (1&4 0$ (,$&%3&* #1 :#5.%& V9[+9

"'? /4#&5##4+*

"'?'7 #UHIKJ UX 4T(O(NQ *HMJI(KNQ .IIUI

!"& )%.1+0)#(1 &%%(% #$ $-0// 2(% 0 $&+(1* (%*&% #1)&5%0)(% 01* #) *&+%&0$&$ 6#)" *&+%&0$#15 $)&'
$#F&$9 !"& %(.1*7(22 &%%(% #$ 1&5/#5#,/& 2(% *(.,/& '%&+#$#(1 &30/.0)#(19 !"&%&2(%&4 )"&8 0%& 1()
)"& -0J(% $(.%+& (2 )"& #1#)#0/ 1.-&%#+0/ &%%(% )"0) /#1&0%/8 5%(6$4 0$ (,$&%3&* #1 :#5.%& V9R,4
(% '%('050)&$ +(1$)01)/84 0$ (,$&%3&* #1 :#5.%& V9[,9 M1& '($$#,/& $(.%+& (2 )"& -0J(% #1#)#0/
1.-&%#+0/ &%%(% +(-&$ 2%(- )"& *#$+%&'01+8 (2 F&%( #1#)#0/ 3&/(+#)8 #1 )"& 1.-&%#+0/ $(/.)#(1 01*
1(17F&%( #1#)#0/ 3&/(+#)8 #1 010/8)#+0/ $(/.)#(19 :(% 0 $8$)&- 6#)" 1(17$#15./0% -0$$4 F&%( #1#)#0/
3&/(+#)8 #$ +(--(1/8 $'&+#2#&* 0$ )"& #1#)#0/ +(1*#)#(19 !"#$ #$ +(-'0)#,/& 6#)" )"& 010/8)#+0/
%&$./)9 :(% 0 -(*& 6#)" F&%( -0$$4 "(6&3&%4 )"& 010/8)#+0/ $(/.)#(1 (2 3&/(+#)8 -08 ,& 1(17F&%(9 Y2

V9[
F&%( #1#)#0/ 3&/(+#)#&$ #1 1.-&%#+0/ $(/.)#(1 0%& $)#// 0*(')&*4 )"&1 )"&%& +01 ,& 01 #1#)#0/ 1.-&%#+0/
&%%(%9 !"& &%%(% #1 3&/(+#)8 #$ 0-'/#2#&* 6"&1 *#22&%&1)#0)&* #1)( 0++&/&%0)#(19

"'?'8 +OLJI 9NQHJP UX ;NINMJOJI β

Y2 '0%0-&)&%$ γ = 1/24 β > γ/2 0%& .$&*4 )"& &#5&130/.&$ (2 )"& 0-'/#2#+0)#(1 -0)%#; 0%&
+ " ,
2m + (2β − 1)h2 k ± h c2 − 4mk − (4β − 1)h2 k2
r= `V9TRa
2m + hc + 2βh2 k

Y2 -0$$ #$ F&%(4 m = 04 )"& &#5&130/.&$ ,&+(-&

"
(2β − 1)hk ± c2 − (4β − 1)h2 k2
r1,2 = `V9TZa
2 + 2βhk

Y2 c > 0 01* h > 04 )"&1 )"& #1)&5%0)(% #$ .1+(1*#)#(10//8 $)0,/&4 &3&1 6"&1 m = 09 V.) #2 c = 04
)"&1 √
(2β − 1) ± i 4β − 1
r1,2 = `V9T[a
2β
6"&%& i #$ )"& #-05#10%8 .1#)9 Y) +01 ,& +0/+./0)&* )"0) "r" = 14 )"&%&2(%& 0 1.-&%#+0/ &%%(% 6#//
'%('050)& 2%(- (1& $)&' )( )"& 1&;) +(1$)01)/89 Y) #$ #1)&%&$)#15 )( 2#1* )"0) #2 γ = 1/24 β > 1/44 )"&
C&6-0%< #1)&5%0)(% #$ $)0,/& &3&1 #2 )"& -0$$ #$ F&%(9 !"& -($) +(--(1/8 .$&* '0%0-&)&% $&) l
γ = 1/24 β = 1/4 l #$4 #1 20+)4 )"& 6(%$& +0$& #2 -0$$ #$ F&%(9 C.-&%#+0/ %&$./)$ 2(% '0%0-&)&%$
γ = 1/24 β = 1/4 + 0.01 0%& $"(61 #1 :#5.%&$ V9Q 01* V9X9 M1& +01 (,$&%3& 2%(- )"& 2#5.%&$ )"0)
&3&1 #2 )"& -0$$ #$ F&%( 0) C(*& R4 )"& %&$./)$ 0%& $)0,/& '%(3#*&* β #$ $)%#+)/8 /0%5&% )"01 γ/29

"'> &+*&-5/4*0 %.1!%)#

Y2 )"& -0$$ #$ F&%(4 )"& $&+(1* (%*&% &=.0)#(1 #$ #12#1#)&/8 $)#22 `#1 20+)4 #) #$ 0 2#%$) (%*&% &=.0)#(14 ,.)
#$ $(/3&* 0$ 0 $&+(1* (%*&% (1&a9 L%&3#(.$/8 #) 60$ +(--(1/8 ,&/#&3&* )"0) 01 #-'/#+#) 1.-&%#+0/
#1)&5%0)(% 60$ 0*&=.0)& )( 0**%&$$ )"#$ $#).0)#(1 01* )"0) C&6-0%< #1)&5%0)(% #$ .1+(1*#)#(10//8
$)0,/& #2 '0%0-&)&%$ γ ≥ 1/2 01* β ≥ γ/2 0%& .$&*9 !"#$ +"0')&% 010/8F&* )"& /#1&0% 1.-&%#+0/
$)0,#/#)8 (2 C&6-0%< #1)&5%0)(%4 01* *&-(1$)%0)&* )"0) &3&1 #2 C&6-0%< #1)&5%0)(% #$ #-'/#+#)4 #)
+01 ,& .1$)0,/& 2(% )"& +0$& (2 F&%( -0$$9 Y) #$ ,&))&% )( 0''/8 0 $-0// 0-(.1) (2 -0$$ 01*\(% 0
$-0// 0-(.1) (2 *0-'#15 )( 0// *&5%&&$7(272%&&*(- #1 0 $)%.+).%0/ $8$)&- )( 03(#* )"#$ #1$)0,#/#)89

V9S
 0.10

0.05

Acceleration at Node 2
0.00

-0.05

-0.10
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Time

`0a >10/8)#+0/ %&$./)

200

150

100
Acceleration at Node 2

50

-50

-100

-150

-200
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Time

`,a C.-&%#+0/ %&$./)4 F&%( -0$$ m2 = 0

1.5

1.0
Acceleration at Node 2

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Time

`+a C.-&%#+0/ %&$./)4 $-0// -0$$ m2 = 1 × 10−4

3(GHIJ "'8 !KKJQJINO(UTP NO *USJ 8 [HTSNMVJSA γ = 1/2A β = 1/4]

V9Q
 0.2

0.1

Acceleration at Node 3
0.0

-0.1

-0.2
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Time

`0a >10/8)#+0/ %&$./)

0.2

0.1
Acceleration at Node 3

0.0

-0.1

-0.2
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Time

`,a C.-&%#+0/ %&$./)4 F&%( -0$$ m2 = 0

0.2

0.1
Acceleration at Node 3

0.0

-0.1

-0.2
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Time

`+a C.-&%#+0/ %&$./)4 $-0// -0$$ m2 = 1 × 10−4

3(GHIJ "'= !KKJQJINO(UTP NO *USJ = [HTSNMVJSA γ = 1/2A β = 1/4]

V9X
 0.3

0.2

Acceleration at Node 2
0.1

0.0

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Time

`0a >10/8)#+0/ %&$./)

0.3

0.2
Acceleration at Node 2

0.1

0.0

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Time

`,a C.-&%#+0/ %&$./)4 F&%( -0$$ m2 = 0

0.3

0.2
Acceleration at Node 2

0.1

0.0

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Time

`+a C.-&%#+0/ %&$./)4 $-0// -0$$ m2 = 1 × 10−4

3(GHIJ "'? !KKJQJINO(UTP NO *USJ 8 [SNMVJSA γ = 1/2A β = 1/4]

V9]
 0.2

0.1

Acceleration at Node 3
0.0

-0.1

-0.2
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Time

`0a >10/8)#+0/ %&$./)

0.2

0.1
Acceleration at Node 3

0.0

-0.1

-0.2
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Time

`,a C.-&%#+0/ %&$./)4 F&%( -0$$ m2 = 0

0.2

0.1
Acceleration at Node 3

0.0

-0.1

-0.2
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Time

`+a C.-&%#+0/ %&$./)4 $-0// -0$$ m2 = 1 × 10−4

3(GHIJ "'> !KKJQJINO(UTP NO *USJ = [SNMVJSA γ = 1/2A β = 1/4]

V9U
 3

2
Acceleration at Node 2

-1

-2

-3
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Time

`0a C.-&%#+0/ %&$./)4 .1*0-'&*4 F&%( -0$$ m2 = 0

0.3

0.2
Acceleration at Node 2

0.1

0.0

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Time

`,a C.-&%#+0/ %&$./)4 *0-'&*4 F&%( -0$$ m2 = 0

3(GHIJ "'B !KKJQJINO(UTP NO *USJ 8 [γ = 1/2A β = 1/4 + 0.01]

V9TP
 0.2

0.1
Acceleration at Node 3

0.0

-0.1

-0.2
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Time

`0a C.-&%#+0/ %&$./)4 .1*0-'&*4 F&%( -0$$ m2 = 0

0.2

0.1
Acceleration at Node 3

0.0

-0.1

-0.2
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Time

`,a C.-&%#+0/ %&$./)4 *0-'&*4 F&%( -0$$ m2 = 0

3(GHIJ "'E !KKJQJINO(UTP NO *USJ = [γ = 1/2A β = 1/4 + 0.01]

V9TT
 PEER REPORTS

PEER reports are available individually or by yearly subscription. PEER reports can be ordered at
http://peer.berkeley.edu/publications/peer_reports.html or by contacting the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, 1301
th
South 46 Street, Richmond, CA 94804-4698. Tel.: (510) 665-3448; Fax: (510) 665-3456; Email: peer_editor@berkeley.edu

PEER 2010/01 Structural Response and Cost Characterization of Bridge Construction Using Seismic Performance Enhancement
Strategies. Ady Aviram, Božidar Stojadinovi!, Gustavo J. Parra-Montesinos, and Kevin R. Mackie. March 2010.

PEER 2009/03 The Integration of Experimental and Simulation Data in the Study of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Systems
Including Soil-Foundation-Structure Interaction. Matthew Dryden and Gregory L. Fenves. November 2009.

PEER 2009/02 Improving Earthquake Mitigation through Innovations and Applications in Seismic Science, Engineering,
Communication, and Response. Proceedings of a U.S.-Iran Seismic Workshop. October 2009.

PEER 2009/01 Evaluation of Ground Motion Selection and Modification Methods: Predicting Median Interstory Drift Response of
Buildings. Curt B. Haselton, Ed. June 2009.

PEER 2008/10 Technical Manual for Strata. Albert R. Kottke and Ellen M. Rathje. February 2009.

PEER 2008/09 NGA Model for Average Horizontal Component of Peak Ground Motion and Response Spectra. Brian S.-J. Chiou
and Robert R. Youngs. November 2008.

PEER 2008/08 Toward Earthquake-Resistant Design of Concentrically Braced Steel Structures. Patxi Uriz and Stephen A.
Mahin. November 2008.

PEER 2008/07 Using OpenSees for Performance-Based Evaluation of Bridges on Liquefiable Soils. Stephen L. Kramer, Pedro
Arduino, and HyungSuk Shin. November 2008.

PEER 2008/06 Shaking Table Tests and Numerical Investigation of Self-Centering Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns. Hyung
IL Jeong, Junichi Sakai, and Stephen A. Mahin. September 2008.

PEER 2008/05 Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering Design Evaluation Procedure for Bridge Foundations Undergoing
Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Ground Displacement. Christian A. Ledezma and Jonathan D. Bray. August 2008.

PEER 2008/04 Benchmarking of Nonlinear Geotechnical Ground Response Analysis Procedures. Jonathan P. Stewart, Annie
On-Lei Kwok, Yousseff M. A. Hashash, Neven Matasovic, Robert Pyke, Zhiliang Wang, and Zhaohui Yang.
August 2008.

PEER 2008/03 Guidelines for Nonlinear Analysis of Bridge Structures in California. Ady Aviram, Kevin R. Mackie, and Božidar
Stojadinovi!. August 2008.

PEER 2008/02 Treatment of Uncertainties in Seismic-Risk Analysis of Transportation Systems. Evangelos Stergiou and Anne S.
Kiremidjian. July 2008.

PEER 2008/01 Seismic Performance Objectives for Tall Buildings. William T. Holmes, Charles Kircher, William Petak, and Nabih
Youssef. August 2008.

PEER 2007/12 An Assessment to Benchmark the Seismic Performance of a Code-Conforming Reinforced Concrete Moment-
Frame Building. Curt Haselton, Christine A. Goulet, Judith Mitrani-Reiser, James L. Beck, Gregory G. Deierlein,
Keith A. Porter, Jonathan P. Stewart, and Ertugrul Taciroglu. August 2008.

PEER 2007/11 Bar Buckling in Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns. Wayne A. Brown, Dawn E. Lehman, and John F. Stanton.
February 2008.

PEER 2007/10 Computational Modeling of Progressive Collapse in Reinforced Concrete Frame Structures. Mohamed M. Talaat
and Khalid M. Mosalam. May 2008.

PEER 2007/09 Integrated Probabilistic Performance-Based Evaluation of Benchmark Reinforced Concrete Bridges. Kevin R.
Mackie, John-Michael Wong, and Božidar Stojadinovi!. January 2008.

PEER 2007/08 Assessing Seismic Collapse Safety of Modern Reinforced Concrete Moment-Frame Buildings. Curt B. Haselton
and Gregory G. Deierlein. February 2008.

PEER 2007/07 Performance Modeling Strategies for Modern Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns. Michael P. Berry and Marc
O. Eberhard. April 2008.

PEER 2007/06 Development of Improved Procedures for Seismic Design of Buried and Partially Buried Structures. Linda Al Atik
and Nicholas Sitar. June 2007.

PEER 2007/05 Uncertainty and Correlation in Seismic Risk Assessment of Transportation Systems. Renee G. Lee and Anne S.
Kiremidjian. July 2007.
PEER 2007/04 Numerical Models for Analysis and Performance-Based Design of Shallow Foundations Subjected to Seismic
Loading. Sivapalan Gajan, Tara C. Hutchinson, Bruce L. Kutter, Prishati Raychowdhury, José A. Ugalde, and
Jonathan P. Stewart. May 2008.

PEER 2007/03 Beam-Column Element Model Calibrated for Predicting Flexural Response Leading to Global Collapse of RC
Frame Buildings. Curt B. Haselton, Abbie B. Liel, Sarah Taylor Lange, and Gregory G. Deierlein. May 2008.

PEER 2007/02 Campbell-Bozorgnia NGA Ground Motion Relations for the Geometric Mean Horizontal Component of Peak and
Spectral Ground Motion Parameters. Kenneth W. Campbell and Yousef Bozorgnia. May 2007.

PEER 2007/01 Boore-Atkinson NGA Ground Motion Relations for the Geometric Mean Horizontal Component of Peak and
Spectral Ground Motion Parameters. David M. Boore and Gail M. Atkinson. May. May 2007.

PEER 2006/12 Societal Implications of Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering. Peter J. May. May 2007.

PEER 2006/11 Probabilistic Seismic Demand Analysis Using Advanced Ground Motion Intensity Measures, Attenuation
Relationships, and Near-Fault Effects. Polsak Tothong and C. Allin Cornell. March 2007.

PEER 2006/10 Application of the PEER PBEE Methodology to the I-880 Viaduct. Sashi Kunnath. February 2007.

PEER 2006/09 Quantifying Economic Losses from Travel Forgone Following a Large Metropolitan Earthquake. James Moore,
Sungbin Cho, Yue Yue Fan, and Stuart Werner. November 2006.

PEER 2006/08 Vector-Valued Ground Motion Intensity Measures for Probabilistic Seismic Demand Analysis. Jack W. Baker and
C. Allin Cornell. October 2006.

PEER 2006/07 Analytical Modeling of Reinforced Concrete Walls for Predicting Flexural and Coupled–Shear-
Flexural Responses. Kutay Orakcal, Leonardo M. Massone, and John W. Wallace. October 2006.

PEER 2006/06 Nonlinear Analysis of a Soil-Drilled Pier System under Static and Dynamic Axial Loading. Gang Wang and
Nicholas Sitar. November 2006.

PEER 2006/05 Advanced Seismic Assessment Guidelines. Paolo Bazzurro, C. Allin Cornell, Charles Menun, Maziar Motahari,
and Nicolas Luco. September 2006.

PEER 2006/04 Probabilistic Seismic Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete Structural Components and Systems. Tae Hyung Lee
and Khalid M. Mosalam. August 2006.

PEER 2006/03 Performance of Lifelines Subjected to Lateral Spreading. Scott A. Ashford and Teerawut Juirnarongrit. July 2006.

PEER 2006/02 Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center Highway Demonstration Project. Anne Kiremidjian, James
Moore, Yue Yue Fan, Nesrin Basoz, Ozgur Yazali, and Meredith Williams. April 2006.

PEER 2006/01 Bracing Berkeley. A Guide to Seismic Safety on the UC Berkeley Campus. Mary C. Comerio, Stephen Tobriner,
and Ariane Fehrenkamp. January 2006.

PEER 2005/16 Seismic Response and Reliability of Electrical Substation Equipment and Systems. Junho Song, Armen Der
Kiureghian, and Jerome L. Sackman. April 2006.

PEER 2005/15 CPT-Based Probabilistic Assessment of Seismic Soil Liquefaction Initiation. R. E. S. Moss, R. B. Seed, R. E.
Kayen, J. P. Stewart, and A. Der Kiureghian. April 2006.

PEER 2005/14 Workshop on Modeling of Nonlinear Cyclic Load-Deformation Behavior of Shallow Foundations. Bruce L. Kutter,
Geoffrey Martin, Tara Hutchinson, Chad Harden, Sivapalan Gajan, and Justin Phalen. March 2006.

PEER 2005/13 Stochastic Characterization and Decision Bases under Time-Dependent Aftershock Risk in Performance-Based
Earthquake Engineering. Gee Liek Yeo and C. Allin Cornell. July 2005.

PEER 2005/12 PEER Testbed Study on a Laboratory Building: Exercising Seismic Performance Assessment. Mary C. Comerio,
editor. November 2005.

PEER 2005/11 Van Nuys Hotel Building Testbed Report: Exercising Seismic Performance Assessment. Helmut Krawinkler,
editor. October 2005.

PEER 2005/10 First NEES/E-Defense Workshop on Collapse Simulation of Reinforced Concrete Building Structures. September
2005.

PEER 2005/09 Test Applications of Advanced Seismic Assessment Guidelines. Joe Maffei, Karl Telleen, Danya Mohr, William
Holmes, and Yuki Nakayama. August 2006.

PEER 2005/08 Damage Accumulation in Lightly Confined Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns. R. Tyler Ranf, Jared M. Nelson,
Zach Price, Marc O. Eberhard, and John F. Stanton. April 2006.

PEER 2005/07 Experimental and Analytical Studies on the Seismic Response of Freestanding and Anchored Laboratory
Equipment. Dimitrios Konstantinidis and Nicos Makris. January 2005.
PEER 2005/06 Global Collapse of Frame Structures under Seismic Excitations. Luis F. Ibarra and Helmut Krawinkler.
September 2005.

PEER 2005//05 Performance Characterization of Bench- and Shelf-Mounted Equipment. Samit Ray Chaudhuri and Tara C.
Hutchinson. May 2006.

PEER 2005/04 Numerical Modeling of the Nonlinear Cyclic Response of Shallow Foundations. Chad Harden, Tara Hutchinson,
Geoffrey R. Martin, and Bruce L. Kutter. August 2005.

PEER 2005/03 A Taxonomy of Building Components for Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering. Keith A. Porter.
September 2005.

PEER 2005/02 Fragility Basis for California Highway Overpass Bridge Seismic Decision Making. Kevin R. Mackie and Božidar
Stojadinovi!. June 2005.

PEER 2005/01 Empirical Characterization of Site Conditions on Strong Ground Motion. Jonathan P. Stewart, Yoojoong Choi,
and Robert W. Graves. June 2005.

PEER 2004/09 Electrical Substation Equipment Interaction: Experimental Rigid Conductor Studies. Christopher Stearns and
André Filiatrault. February 2005.

PEER 2004/08 Seismic Qualification and Fragility Testing of Line Break 550-kV Disconnect Switches. Shakhzod M. Takhirov,
Gregory L. Fenves, and Eric Fujisaki. January 2005.

PEER 2004/07 Ground Motions for Earthquake Simulator Qualification of Electrical Substation Equipment. Shakhzod M.
Takhirov, Gregory L. Fenves, Eric Fujisaki, and Don Clyde. January 2005.

PEER 2004/06 Performance-Based Regulation and Regulatory Regimes. Peter J. May and Chris Koski. September 2004.

PEER 2004/05 Performance-Based Seismic Design Concepts and Implementation: Proceedings of an International Workshop.
Peter Fajfar and Helmut Krawinkler, editors. September 2004.

PEER 2004/04 Seismic Performance of an Instrumented Tilt-up Wall Building. James C. Anderson and Vitelmo V. Bertero. July
2004.

PEER 2004/03 Evaluation and Application of Concrete Tilt-up Assessment Methodologies. Timothy Graf and James O. Malley.
October 2004.

PEER 2004/02 Analytical Investigations of New Methods for Reducing Residual Displacements of Reinforced Concrete Bridge
Columns. Junichi Sakai and Stephen A. Mahin. August 2004.

PEER 2004/01 Seismic Performance of Masonry Buildings and Design Implications. Kerri Anne Taeko Tokoro, James C.
Anderson, and Vitelmo V. Bertero. February 2004.

PEER 2003/18 Performance Models for Flexural Damage in Reinforced Concrete Columns. Michael Berry and Marc Eberhard.
August 2003.

PEER 2003/17 Predicting Earthquake Damage in Older Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joints. Catherine Pagni and Laura
Lowes. October 2004.

PEER 2003/16 Seismic Demands for Performance-Based Design of Bridges. Kevin Mackie and Božidar Stojadinovi!. August
2003.

PEER 2003/15 Seismic Demands for Nondeteriorating Frame Structures and Their Dependence on Ground Motions. Ricardo
Antonio Medina and Helmut Krawinkler. May 2004.

PEER 2003/14 Finite Element Reliability and Sensitivity Methods for Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering. Terje
Haukaas and Armen Der Kiureghian. April 2004.

PEER 2003/13 Effects of Connection Hysteretic Degradation on the Seismic Behavior of Steel Moment-Resisting Frames. Janise
E. Rodgers and Stephen A. Mahin. March 2004.

PEER 2003/12 Implementation Manual for the Seismic Protection of Laboratory Contents: Format and Case Studies. William T.
Holmes and Mary C. Comerio. October 2003.

PEER 2003/11 Fifth U.S.-Japan Workshop on Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering Methodology for Reinforced
Concrete Building Structures. February 2004.

PEER 2003/10 A Beam-Column Joint Model for Simulating the Earthquake Response of Reinforced Concrete Frames. Laura N.
Lowes, Nilanjan Mitra, and Arash Altoontash. February 2004.

PEER 2003/09 Sequencing Repairs after an Earthquake: An Economic Approach. Marco Casari and Simon J. Wilkie. April 2004.

PEER 2003/08 A Technical Framework for Probability-Based Demand and Capacity Factor Design (DCFD) Seismic Formats.
Fatemeh Jalayer and C. Allin Cornell. November 2003.
PEER 2003/07 Uncertainty Specification and Propagation for Loss Estimation Using FOSM Methods. Jack W. Baker and C. Allin
Cornell. September 2003.

PEER 2003/06 Performance of Circular Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns under Bidirectional Earthquake Loading. Mahmoud
M. Hachem, Stephen A. Mahin, and Jack P. Moehle. February 2003.

PEER 2003/05 Response Assessment for Building-Specific Loss Estimation. Eduardo Miranda and Shahram Taghavi.
September 2003.

PEER 2003/04 Experimental Assessment of Columns with Short Lap Splices Subjected to Cyclic Loads. Murat Melek, John W.
Wallace, and Joel Conte. April 2003.

PEER 2003/03 Probabilistic Response Assessment for Building-Specific Loss Estimation. Eduardo Miranda and Hesameddin
Aslani. September 2003.

PEER 2003/02 Software Framework for Collaborative Development of Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis Program. Jun Peng and
Kincho H. Law. September 2003.

PEER 2003/01 Shake Table Tests and Analytical Studies on the Gravity Load Collapse of Reinforced Concrete Frames. Kenneth
John Elwood and Jack P. Moehle. November 2003.

PEER 2002/24 Performance of Beam to Column Bridge Joints Subjected to a Large Velocity Pulse. Natalie Gibson, André
Filiatrault, and Scott A. Ashford. April 2002.

PEER 2002/23 Effects of Large Velocity Pulses on Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns. Greg L. Orozco and Scott A. Ashford.
April 2002.

PEER 2002/22 Characterization of Large Velocity Pulses for Laboratory Testing. Kenneth E. Cox and Scott A. Ashford. April
2002.

PEER 2002/21 Fourth U.S.-Japan Workshop on Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering Methodology for Reinforced
Concrete Building Structures. December 2002.

PEER 2002/20 Barriers to Adoption and Implementation of PBEE Innovations. Peter J. May. August 2002.

PEER 2002/19 Economic-Engineered Integrated Models for Earthquakes: Socioeconomic Impacts. Peter Gordon, James E.
Moore II, and Harry W. Richardson. July 2002.

PEER 2002/18 Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Building Exterior Joints with Substandard Details. Chris P. Pantelides, Jon
Hansen, Justin Nadauld, and Lawrence D. Reaveley. May 2002.

PEER 2002/17 Structural Characterization and Seismic Response Analysis of a Highway Overcrossing Equipped with
Elastomeric Bearings and Fluid Dampers: A Case Study. Nicos Makris and Jian Zhang. November 2002.

PEER 2002/16 Estimation of Uncertainty in Geotechnical Properties for Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering. Allen L.
Jones, Steven L. Kramer, and Pedro Arduino. December 2002.

PEER 2002/15 Seismic Behavior of Bridge Columns Subjected to Various Loading Patterns. Asadollah Esmaeily-Gh. and Yan
Xiao. December 2002.

PEER 2002/14 Inelastic Seismic Response of Extended Pile Shaft Supported Bridge Structures. T.C. Hutchinson, R.W.
Boulanger, Y.H. Chai, and I.M. Idriss. December 2002.

PEER 2002/13 Probabilistic Models and Fragility Estimates for Bridge Components and Systems. Paolo Gardoni, Armen Der
Kiureghian, and Khalid M. Mosalam. June 2002.

PEER 2002/12 Effects of Fault Dip and Slip Rake on Near-Source Ground Motions: Why Chi-Chi Was a Relatively Mild M7.6
Earthquake. Brad T. Aagaard, John F. Hall, and Thomas H. Heaton. December 2002.

PEER 2002/11 Analytical and Experimental Study of Fiber-Reinforced Strip Isolators. James M. Kelly and Shakhzod M. Takhirov.
September 2002.

PEER 2002/10 Centrifuge Modeling of Settlement and Lateral Spreading with Comparisons to Numerical Analyses. Sivapalan
Gajan and Bruce L. Kutter. January 2003.

PEER 2002/09 Documentation and Analysis of Field Case Histories of Seismic Compression during the 1994 Northridge,
California, Earthquake. Jonathan P. Stewart, Patrick M. Smith, Daniel H. Whang, and Jonathan D. Bray. October
2002.
TM
PEER 2002/08 Component Testing, Stability Analysis and Characterization of Buckling-Restrained Unbonded Braces . Cameron
Black, Nicos Makris, and Ian Aiken. September 2002.

PEER 2002/07 Seismic Performance of Pile-Wharf Connections. Charles W. Roeder, Robert Graff, Jennifer Soderstrom, and Jun
Han Yoo. December 2001.
PEER 2002/06 The Use of Benefit-Cost Analysis for Evaluation of Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering Decisions.
Richard O. Zerbe and Anthony Falit-Baiamonte. September 2001.

PEER 2002/05 Guidelines, Specifications, and Seismic Performance Characterization of Nonstructural Building Components and
Equipment. André Filiatrault, Constantin Christopoulos, and Christopher Stearns. September 2001.

PEER 2002/04 Consortium of Organizations for Strong-Motion Observation Systems and the Pacific Earthquake Engineering
Research Center Lifelines Program: Invited Workshop on Archiving and Web Dissemination of Geotechnical
Data, 4–5 October 2001. September 2002.

PEER 2002/03 Investigation of Sensitivity of Building Loss Estimates to Major Uncertain Variables for the Van Nuys Testbed.
Keith A. Porter, James L. Beck, and Rustem V. Shaikhutdinov. August 2002.

PEER 2002/02 The Third U.S.-Japan Workshop on Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering Methodology for Reinforced
Concrete Building Structures. July 2002.

PEER 2002/01 Nonstructural Loss Estimation: The UC Berkeley Case Study. Mary C. Comerio and John C. Stallmeyer.
December 2001.

PEER 2001/16 Statistics of SDF-System Estimate of Roof Displacement for Pushover Analysis of Buildings. Anil K. Chopra,
Rakesh K. Goel, and Chatpan Chintanapakdee. December 2001.

PEER 2001/15 Damage to Bridges during the 2001 Nisqually Earthquake. R. Tyler Ranf, Marc O. Eberhard, and Michael P.
Berry. November 2001.

PEER 2001/14 Rocking Response of Equipment Anchored to a Base Foundation. Nicos Makris and Cameron J. Black.
September 2001.

PEER 2001/13 Modeling Soil Liquefaction Hazards for Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering. Steven L. Kramer and
Ahmed-W. Elgamal. February 2001.

PEER 2001/12 Development of Geotechnical Capabilities in OpenSees. Boris Jeremi . September 2001.

PEER 2001/11 Analytical and Experimental Study of Fiber-Reinforced Elastomeric Isolators. James M. Kelly and Shakhzod M.
Takhirov. September 2001.

PEER 2001/10 Amplification Factors for Spectral Acceleration in Active Regions. Jonathan P. Stewart, Andrew H. Liu, Yoojoong
Choi, and Mehmet B. Baturay. December 2001.

PEER 2001/09 Ground Motion Evaluation Procedures for Performance-Based Design. Jonathan P. Stewart, Shyh-Jeng Chiou,
Jonathan D. Bray, Robert W. Graves, Paul G. Somerville, and Norman A. Abrahamson. September 2001.

PEER 2001/08 Experimental and Computational Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Beam-Column Connections for
Seismic Performance. Clay J. Naito, Jack P. Moehle, and Khalid M. Mosalam. November 2001.

PEER 2001/07 The Rocking Spectrum and the Shortcomings of Design Guidelines. Nicos Makris and Dimitrios Konstantinidis.
August 2001.

PEER 2001/06 Development of an Electrical Substation Equipment Performance Database for Evaluation of Equipment
Fragilities. Thalia Agnanos. April 1999.

PEER 2001/05 Stiffness Analysis of Fiber-Reinforced Elastomeric Isolators. Hsiang-Chuan Tsai and James M. Kelly. May 2001.

PEER 2001/04 Organizational and Societal Considerations for Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering. Peter J. May. April
2001.

PEER 2001/03 A Modal Pushover Analysis Procedure to Estimate Seismic Demands for Buildings: Theory and Preliminary
Evaluation. Anil K. Chopra and Rakesh K. Goel. January 2001.

PEER 2001/02 Seismic Response Analysis of Highway Overcrossings Including Soil-Structure Interaction. Jian Zhang and Nicos
Makris. March 2001.

PEER 2001/01 Experimental Study of Large Seismic Steel Beam-to-Column Connections. Egor P. Popov and Shakhzod M.
Takhirov. November 2000.

PEER 2000/10 The Second U.S.-Japan Workshop on Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering Methodology for Reinforced
Concrete Building Structures. March 2000.

PEER 2000/09 Structural Engineering Reconnaissance of the August 17, 1999 Earthquake: Kocaeli (Izmit), Turkey. Halil Sezen,
Kenneth J. Elwood, Andrew S. Whittaker, Khalid Mosalam, John J. Wallace, and John F. Stanton. December
2000.

PEER 2000/08 Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns Having Varying Aspect Ratios and Varying Lengths of
Confinement. Anthony J. Calderone, Dawn E. Lehman, and Jack P. Moehle. January 2001.
PEER 2000/07 Cover-Plate and Flange-Plate Reinforced Steel Moment-Resisting Connections. Taejin Kim, Andrew S. Whittaker,
Amir S. Gilani, Vitelmo V. Bertero, and Shakhzod M. Takhirov. September 2000.

PEER 2000/06 Seismic Evaluation and Analysis of 230-kV Disconnect Switches. Amir S. J. Gilani, Andrew S. Whittaker, Gregory
L. Fenves, Chun-Hao Chen, Henry Ho, and Eric Fujisaki. July 2000.

PEER 2000/05 Performance-Based Evaluation of Exterior Reinforced Concrete Building Joints for Seismic Excitation. Chandra
Clyde, Chris P. Pantelides, and Lawrence D. Reaveley. July 2000.

PEER 2000/04 An Evaluation of Seismic Energy Demand: An Attenuation Approach. Chung-Che Chou and Chia-Ming Uang. July
1999.

PEER 2000/03 Framing Earthquake Retrofitting Decisions: The Case of Hillside Homes in Los Angeles. Detlof von Winterfeldt,
Nels Roselund, and Alicia Kitsuse. March 2000.

PEER 2000/02 U.S.-Japan Workshop on the Effects of Near-Field Earthquake Shaking. Andrew Whittaker, ed. July 2000.

PEER 2000/01 Further Studies on Seismic Interaction in Interconnected Electrical Substation Equipment. Armen Der Kiureghian,
Kee-Jeung Hong, and Jerome L. Sackman. November 1999.

PEER 1999/14 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of 230-kV Porcelain Transformer Bushings. Amir S. Gilani, Andrew S. Whittaker,
Gregory L. Fenves, and Eric Fujisaki. December 1999.

PEER 1999/13 Building Vulnerability Studies: Modeling and Evaluation of Tilt-up and Steel Reinforced Concrete Buildings. John
W. Wallace, Jonathan P. Stewart, and Andrew S. Whittaker, editors. December 1999.

PEER 1999/12 Rehabilitation of Nonductile RC Frame Building Using Encasement Plates and Energy-Dissipating Devices.
Mehrdad Sasani, Vitelmo V. Bertero, James C. Anderson. December 1999.

PEER 1999/11 Performance Evaluation Database for Concrete Bridge Components and Systems under Simulated Seismic
Loads. Yael D. Hose and Frieder Seible. November 1999.

PEER 1999/10 U.S.-Japan Workshop on Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering Methodology for Reinforced Concrete
Building Structures. December 1999.

PEER 1999/09 Performance Improvement of Long Period Building Structures Subjected to Severe Pulse-Type Ground Motions.
James C. Anderson, Vitelmo V. Bertero, and Raul Bertero. October 1999.

PEER 1999/08 Envelopes for Seismic Response Vectors. Charles Menun and Armen Der Kiureghian. July 1999.

PEER 1999/07 Documentation of Strengths and Weaknesses of Current Computer Analysis Methods for Seismic Performance of
Reinforced Concrete Members. William F. Cofer. November 1999.

PEER 1999/06 Rocking Response and Overturning of Anchored Equipment under Seismic Excitations. Nicos Makris and Jian
Zhang. November 1999.

PEER 1999/05 Seismic Evaluation of 550 kV Porcelain Transformer Bushings. Amir S. Gilani, Andrew S. Whittaker, Gregory L.
Fenves, and Eric Fujisaki. October 1999.

PEER 1999/04 Adoption and Enforcement of Earthquake Risk-Reduction Measures. Peter J. May, Raymond J. Burby, T. Jens
Feeley, and Robert Wood.

PEER 1999/03 Task 3 Characterization of Site Response General Site Categories. Adrian Rodriguez-Marek, Jonathan D. Bray,
and Norman Abrahamson. February 1999.

PEER 1999/02 Capacity-Demand-Diagram Methods for Estimating Seismic Deformation of Inelastic Structures: SDF Systems.
Anil K. Chopra and Rakesh Goel. April 1999.

PEER 1999/01 Interaction in Interconnected Electrical Substation Equipment Subjected to Earthquake Ground Motions. Armen
Der Kiureghian, Jerome L. Sackman, and Kee-Jeung Hong. February 1999.

PEER 1998/08 Behavior and Failure Analysis of a Multiple-Frame Highway Bridge in the 1994 Northridge Earthquake. Gregory L.
Fenves and Michael Ellery. December 1998.

PEER 1998/07 Empirical Evaluation of Inertial Soil-Structure Interaction Effects. Jonathan P. Stewart, Raymond B. Seed, and
Gregory L. Fenves. November 1998.

PEER 1998/06 Effect of Damping Mechanisms on the Response of Seismic Isolated Structures. Nicos Makris and Shih-Po
Chang. November 1998.

PEER 1998/05 Rocking Response and Overturning of Equipment under Horizontal Pulse-Type Motions. Nicos Makris and
Yiannis Roussos. October 1998.

PEER 1998/04 Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Invitational Workshop Proceedings, May 14–15, 1998: Defining the
Links between Planning, Policy Analysis, Economics and Earthquake Engineering. Mary Comerio and Peter
Gordon. September 1998.
PEER 1998/03 Repair/Upgrade Procedures for Welded Beam to Column Connections. James C. Anderson and Xiaojing Duan.
May 1998.

PEER 1998/02 Seismic Evaluation of 196 kV Porcelain Transformer Bushings. Amir S. Gilani, Juan W. Chavez, Gregory L.
Fenves, and Andrew S. Whittaker. May 1998.

PEER 1998/01 Seismic Performance of Well-Confined Concrete Bridge Columns. Dawn E. Lehman and Jack P. Moehle.
December 2000.
 ONLINE REPORTS

The following PEER reports are available by Internet only at http://peer.berkeley.edu/publications/peer_reports.html

PEER 2010/106 Verification of Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis Computer Programs. Patricia Thomas, Ivan Wong, and
Norman Abrahamson. May 2010.

PEER 2010/105 Structural Engineering Reconnaissance of the April 6, 2009, Abruzzo, Italy, Earthquake, and Lessons Learned. M.
Selim Günay and Khalid M. Mosalam. April 2010.

PEER 2010/104 Simulating the Inelastic Seismic Behavior of Steel Braced Frames Including Low-Cycle Fatigue. Yuli Huang and
Stephen A. Mahin. April 2010.

PEER 2010/103 Post-Earthquake Traffic Capacity of Modern Bridges in California. Vesna Terzic and Božidar Stojadinovi!. March
2010.

PEER 2010/102 Analysis of Cumulative Absolute Velocity (CAV) and JMA Instrumental Seismic Intensity (IJMA) Using the PEER–
NGA Strong Motion Database. Kenneth W. Campbell and Yousef Bozorgnia. February 2010.

PEER 2009/109 Simulation and Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering Assessment of Self-Centering Post-Tensioned
Concrete Bridge Systems. Won K. Lee and Sarah L. Billington. December 2009.

PEER 2009/108 PEER Lifelines Geotechnical Virtual Data Center. J. Carl Stepp, Daniel J. Ponti, Loren L. Turner, Jennifer N.
Swift, Sean Devlin, Yang Zhu, Jean Benoit, and John Bobbitt. September 2009.

PEER 2009/107 Experimental and Computational Evaluation of Current and Innovative In-Span Hinge Details in Reinforced
Concrete Box-Girder Bridges: Part 2: Post-Test Analysis and Design Recommendations. Matias A. Hube and
Khalid M. Mosalam. December 2009.

PEER 2009/106 Shear Strength Models of Exterior Beam-Column Joints without Transverse Reinforcement. Sangjoon Park and
Khalid M. Mosalam. November 2009.

PEER 2009/105 Reduced Uncertainty of Ground Motion Prediction Equations through Bayesian Variance Analysis. Robb Eric S.
Moss. November 2009.

PEER 2009/104 Advanced Implementation of Hybrid Simulation. Andreas H. Schellenberg, Stephen A. Mahin, Gregory L. Fenves.
November 2009.

PEER 2009/103 Performance Evaluation of Innovative Steel Braced Frames. T. Y. Yang, Jack P. Moehle, and Božidar
Stojadinovic. August 2009.

PEER 2009/102 Reinvestigation of Liquefaction and Nonliquefaction Case Histories from the 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. Robb
Eric Moss, Robert E. Kayen, Liyuan Tong, Songyu Liu, Guojun Cai, and Jiaer Wu. August 2009.

PEER 2009/101 Report of the First Joint Planning Meeting for the Second Phase of NEES/E-Defense Collaborative Research on
Earthquake Engineering. Stephen A. Mahin et al. July 2009.

PEER 2008/104 Experimental and Analytical Study of the Seismic Performance of Retaining Structures. Linda Al Atik and Nicholas
Sitar. January 2009.

PEER 2008/103 Experimental and Computational Evaluation of Current and Innovative In-Span Hinge Details in Reinforced
Concrete Box-Girder Bridges. Part 1: Experimental Findings and Pre-Test Analysis. Matias A. Hube and Khalid M.
Mosalam. January 2009.

PEER 2008/102 Modeling of Unreinforced Masonry Infill Walls Considering In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Interaction. Stephen
Kadysiewski and Khalid M. Mosalam. January 2009.

PEER 2008/101 Seismic Performance Objectives for Tall Buildings. William T. Holmes, Charles Kircher, William Petak, and Nabih
Youssef. August 2008.

PEER 2007/101 Generalized Hybrid Simulation Framework for Structural Systems Subjected to Seismic Loading. Tarek Elkhoraibi
and Khalid M. Mosalam. July 2007.

PEER 2007/100 Seismic Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete Buildings Including Effects of Masonry Infill Walls. Alidad Hashemi
and Khalid M. Mosalam. July 2007.