NS178 Nsa1602

NS 178
Secondary System Requirements

for Major Substations
APRIL 2008
Amendments included from NSAs 1473 May 08, 1480 Aug 08, 1498 Nov 08, 1515 Feb 09, 1555 Jan 2010 & 1602 Feb 2011
SUMMARY
Network Standard NS 178 covers the planning and design requirements for secondary
systems for subtransmission feeders, subtransmission substations and zone substations.
ISSUE
EnergyAustralia staff: This Standard is for issue to all staff, Accredited Service Providers’
and Alliance Partners’ staff involved with the design of EnergyAustralia’s major substations.
Where this standard is issued as a controlled document replacing an earlier edition; remove
and destroy the superseded document.
EnergyAustralia maintains a copy of this and other Network Standards together with
updates and amendments on www.energy.com.au.
EnergyAustralia also offers a subscription service which provides for updates and
amendments to standards on payment of an annual fee.
DISCLAIMER
As EnergyAustralia’s standards are subject to ongoing review, the information contained in

this document may be amended by EnergyAustralia at any time.
It is possible that conflict may exist between standard documents. In this event, the most
recent standard is to prevail.
This document has been developed using information available from field and other sources
and is suitable for most situations encountered in EnergyAustralia. Particular conditions,
projects or localities may require special or different practices. It is the responsibility of the
local manager, supervisor, assured quality contractor and the individuals involved to ensure
that a safe system of work is employed and that statutory requirements are met.
EnergyAustralia disclaims any and all liability to any person or persons for any procedure,
process or any other thing done or not done, as a result of this Network Standard.
INTERPRETATION
If a user of this Standard considers that any of its provisions are uncertain, ambiguous or
otherwise in need of interpretation, the user should contact EnergyAustralia to clarify the
provision.
Network Standard
NS 178
Secondary System Requirements for Major Substations
April 2008
CONTENTS
1 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................ 1
2 OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................... 2
3 PROTECTION SYSTEMS ........................................................................................... 3
3.1 Subtransmission Substations........................................................................... 3
3.2 132kV Feeders................................................................................................. 3
3.2.1 66kV Feeders ........................................................................................... 3
3.2.2 33kV Feeders ........................................................................................... 3
3.2.3 132kV/66kV and 132/33kV Transformers ................................................ 3
3.2.4 132kV Busbars ......................................................................................... 4
3.2.5 66kV Busbars ........................................................................................... 4
3.2.6 33kV Busbars ........................................................................................... 4
3.2.7 66kV and 33kV Capacitor Banks.............................................................. 4
3.2.8 Circuit Breaker Failure Scheme ............................................................... 4
3.2.9 Auto Reclose Schemes ............................................................................ 4
3.3 Zone Substations ............................................................................................. 5
3.3.1 132kV/11kV Substations .......................................................................... 5
3.3.1.1 132kV Feeders ............................................................................................. 5
3.3.1.2 132kV/11kV Transformers ............................................................................ 5
3.3.1.3 132kV Busbars ............................................................................................. 5
3.3.1.4 11kV Feeders ............................................................................................... 5
3.3.1.5 11kV Busbars ............................................................................................... 6
3.3.1.6 11kV Capacitor Banks .................................................................................. 6
3.3.1.7 Circuit Breaker Failure Scheme .................................................................... 6
3.3.1.8 Auto Reclose Schemes................................................................................. 6
3.3.2 66kV/11kV Substations ............................................................................ 6
3.3.2.1 66kV Feeders ............................................................................................... 6
3.3.2.2 66kV/11kV Transformers .............................................................................. 6
3.3.2.3 66kV Busbars ............................................................................................... 7
3.3.2.4 11kV Feeders ............................................................................................... 7
3.3.2.5 11kV Busbars ............................................................................................... 7
3.3.3 33kV/11kV Substations ............................................................................ 8
3.3.3.1 33kV Feeders ............................................................................................... 8
3.3.3.2 33kV/11kV Transformers .............................................................................. 8
3.3.3.3 33kV Busbars ............................................................................................... 8
3.3.3.4 11kV Feeders ............................................................................................... 9
3.3.3.5 11kV Busbars ............................................................................................... 9
3.4 Instrument Transformers................................................................................ 10
3.5 Protection Equipment Locations .................................................................... 10
3.6 Protection Wiring............................................................................................ 10
3.7 Preferred Protection Relay Types.................................................................. 10
4 CONTROL SYSTEMS ............................................................................................... 11

4.1 Substation SCADA System............................................................................ 11
4.1.1 Summary of Indication and Alarms ........................................................ 12
4.1.2 132kV, 66kV and 33kV Equipment......................................................... 13
4.1.3 11kV Switchgear..................................................................................... 14
4.1.4 Capacitor Bank Control .......................................................................... 14
4.1.5 Power Transformers ............................................................................... 15
4.1.6 Protection Trip Indication........................................................................ 15
4.2 Voltage Regulation......................................................................................... 15
4.3 Audio Frequency Load Control ...................................................................... 15
4.4 Substation Remote Terminal Unit .................................................................. 16
5 METERING SYSTEMS.............................................................................................. 17
5.1 Guiding Principles – Metering Points Categories........................................... 17
5.2 Definition of Compliance to National Electricity Rules ................................... 18
5.2.1 Type Specific Requirements .................................................................. 18
5.2.2 Common Requirements and Definitions................................................. 19
5.3 Marshalling Box Details.................................................................................. 20
5.4 Meter Panel Details........................................................................................ 21
5.5 Accommodation of Transducers .................................................................... 21
5.6 Accommodation of check metering CTs ........................................................ 21
6 DC SYSTEMS............................................................................................................ 22
6.1 Batteries ......................................................................................................... 22
6.2 Battery Chargers ............................................................................................ 22
6.3 DC Distribution Boards................................................................................... 22
6.4 DC Wiring ....................................................................................................... 22
7 CONTROL PANELS, CABLING AND WIRING WITHIN SUBSTATIONS .................. 23

7.1 Control Panels................................................................................................ 23
7.2 Control Cabling .............................................................................................. 24
7.3 Installation and Jointing of Control Cables..................................................... 24
7.4 Cable Ladders................................................................................................ 25
7.5 Control Cable Trenches, Conduits and Pits................................................... 26
7.6 Fibre Optic Control Wiring.............................................................................. 26
8 COMMUNICATIONS PROTOCOLS .......................................................................... 27

8.1 Present Practice............................................................................................. 27
8.2 IEC 61850 Implementation............................................................................. 27
8.2.1 Stage 1: Specify 61850 as the standard protocol for all
substation communications .................................................................... 27
8.2.2 Stage 2: Integrated Protection and Control using 61850 ....................... 27
1 April 2008
1 Scope
This Network Standard:

 applies to all situations requiring planning or design of new (i.e. "greenfield")
substation secondary systems for sub-transmission feeders, sub-transmission
substations and zone substations, which will become part of EnergyAustralia’s
network
 applies, wherever practicable, to all situations requiring planning or redesign of
existing (i.e. "brownfield") substation secondary systems for sub-transmission
feeders, sub-transmission substations and zone substations, which are or will
become part of EnergyAustralia’s network. In such “brownfield” situations where it is
not practicable to strictly apply the requirements of this Standard, it shall still serve as
a guide with due regard for the following factors which will always remain mandatory:
safety, National Electricity Rules (NERs), reliability and good engineering practice.
 applies to all persons with responsibility for planning or designing of substation
secondary systems for sub-transmission feeders, sub-transmission substations and
zone substations, including EnergyAustralia Staff, Contractors, Alliance Partners and
Accredited Service Providers
 provides details, in separate Chapters, for the following types of substation secondary
systems:
 Protection Systems
 Control Systems, including SCADA requirements
 Metering Systems, including Indication of Metered Quantities
 DC Systems, including Batteries and Battery Chargers.
 Control Panels, Cabling and Wiring
 includes details, for each type of secondary system, of the design philosophy,
including:
 Functionality
 Wiring Standards
 Panel Layouts
 Equipment Locations
 Communications Protocols
 provides some detail of the installation or connection arrangements for the equipment
described. Additional details may be provided in drawings referred to in the individual
project ‘scope of works’ documentation.
 Does not include details of the following substation systems, which are provided in
indicated Network Standards:
 Building and Switchyard Systems, including light and power, security and fire
detection/protection systems. Refer NS 185 Major Substations Building Design
Standard and NS 186 Major Substations Civil Design Standard.
 Environmental Monitoring systems, including temperature, wind and rain
monitoring. Refer NUS 174 Environmental Procedures
 Communications systems for communications external to the substation. Refer
NRS 203 Planning and Design Standards for Electrical Network
Communications Assets
 Engineering LAN requirements for local and remote interrogation and
evaluation of non-operational substation status information. Refer NS 213
Network Design IEC61850 Compliant Substation. (which is being prepared.)
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April 2008 2
Objectives
The primary objectives of this Network Standard are:

 to ensure that sub-transmission feeders, sub-transmission substations and zone
substations are fitted with necessary secondary systems,
 to ensure that National Electricity Market code compliance is achieved, as required,
for both Protection and Metering systems,
 to identify requirements for each of the following substation configurations:
 132kV/66kV/33kV
 132kV/66kV
 132kV/33kV
 132kV/11kV
 66kV/11kV
 33kV/11kV
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3 April 2008
3 Protection Systems
3.1 Subtransmission Substations

Protection system requirements for Subtransmission substations are the same for
132kV/66kV/33kV, 132kV/66kV and 132kV/33kV substations.
3.2 132kV Feeders

The 132kV protection shall be designed to meet the reliability requirements and clearance
time requirements of the National Electricity Rules (NER), Schedule 5.1.9. Stability studies
may be used to identify feeders where compliance with the NER is not mandatory.
The preferred protection on each feeder is duplicate line differential with inter-trips.
Distance or overcurrent (as appropriate and if approved) back-up built in to the line
differential relays is required. Compliance with the NER is required, including intertrip
requirements.
Diverse communication paths are to be provided within substations. EnergyAustralia will
provide the necessary diversity external to substations.
3.2.1 66kV Feeders

Each 66kV feeder protection shall utilise standard designs for overhead or underground
feeders. Each 66kV feeder shall be provided with two independent protection schemes.
These schemes will be a combination of Line Current Differential, Distance or OCEF
protection depending on the arrangement of the 66kV network.
For certain 66kV feeders compliance with the NER may be required, in which case the
provisions for 132kV line protection are to be applied.
For certain 66kV feeders, it may be necessary to implement SEF protection. Project
specific SEF implementation for 66kV feeders will be as indicated in the specific substation
single line diagram and associated drawings and plant data sheets.
3.2.2 33kV Feeders

protection depending on the arrangement of the 33kV network.
3.2.3 132kV/66kV and 132/33kV Transformers

Each transformer protection shall include the following:
 Duplicate biased differential protection
 Duplicate 132 kV high impedance restricted earth fault protection
 Single 132kV transformer neutral earth fault protection
 Main tank Buchholz
 Tap changer oil surge
 Duplicate 66kV (or 33kV) restricted earth fault protection
 Single 66kV (or 33kV) transformer neutral earth fault protection
Where the auxiliary transformer is supplied from the delta winding of a YNyn or Yna
transformer, the auxiliary transformer protection will depend upon and be appropriate for
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April 2008 4
the type of auxiliary transformer provided. The auxiliary transformer protection will trip the
main transformer.
Phase and magnitude correction for CT and power transformer ratio and connection is to
be done internally to the differential relays wherever this is possible with the relays
specified.
3.2.4 132kV Busbars

Duplicated high impedance busbar protection scheme (with supervision), with separate
scheme covering each section of busbar.
3.2.5 66kV Busbars

3.2.6 33kV Busbars

3.2.7 66kV and 33kV Capacitor Banks

A capacitor bank protection scheme should be provided for each capacitor bank,
consisting of:
 duplicated Overcurrent and Earth Fault protection for each capacitor bank, and
 duplicated Neutral unbalance protection.
Circuit Breaker fail function of one or more of these relays should be utilised to provide
CBF protection.
An ABB SPAJ 160 Capacitor Bank Protection relay (or similar approved relay) may be
used to provide one of the neutral unbalance protections. The harmonic overload features
of this relay should also be utilised to trip the capacitor bank if harmonics are excessive.
3.2.8 Circuit Breaker Failure Scheme

Each Transformer protection scheme, Feeder protection scheme and Busbar protection
scheme shall have an associated breaker failure protection scheme. The breaker failure
schemes will be duplicated and function in both directions across the circuit breaker using
independent relay schemes.
3.2.9 Auto Reclose Schemes

Auto-reclosing schemes will be implemented on all fully overhead 132kV, 66kV and 33kV
feeders. The feeder auto-reclosing will be single shot with reclaim time and initiated by
either of the feeder protections. A stand alone auto-reclosing relay will be used.
The auto-reclosing may be made ‘auto’ or ‘non-auto’ both locally on the associated feeder
protection panel and via SCADA.
There will be no auto-reclosing implemented on fully underground feeders or feeders with
significant underground sections or tail-ended feeders.
Project specific auto reclose implementations will be as indicated in the specific substation
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5 April 2008
3.3 Zone Substations

3.3.1 132kV/11kV Substations
3.3.1.1 132kV Feeders
The 132kV protection shall be designed to meet the reliability requirements and clearance
time requirements of the National Electricity Rules (NER), Schedule 5.1.9. Stability studies
may be used to identify feeders where compliance with the NER is not mandatory.
The preferred protection on each feeder is duplicate line differential with inter-trips.
Distance or overcurrent (as appropriate and if approved) back-up built in to the line
differential relays is required.
Diverse communication paths are to be provided where compliance with the NER is
required within substations. EnergyAustralia will provide the necessary diversity external to
substations.
3.3.1.2 132kV/11kV Transformers

 Single transformer biased differential protection
 132kV Instantaneous overcurrent and time delayed earth fault protection
 11kV overcurrent on each transformer 11kV bushing
 Earthing transformer neutral earth fault connected to a CT on the neutral earthing
transformer neutral leg
 Overcurrent on the HV side of the neutral earthing transformer using CTs on the
earthing transformer 11kV cables
 Earthing transformer Buchholz protection.
3.3.1.3 132kV Busbars


Each distribution feeder protection shall utilise standard designs for the relevant feeder
class (underground or overhead) as follows.
 One 3-phase over current and earth fault relay, with IDMT and instantaneous
elements for the protection of each feeder circuit.
 Sensitive earth fault protection relay with definite time elements, on overhead feeder
circuits only. The sensitive earth fault protection is to be arranged to be individually
enabled or disabled locally and via SCADA.
 Back-up overcurrent and earth fault relay tripping into the associated 11kV busbar
protection wherever the transformer LV side overcurrent protection pick-up is greater
than 67% of the fault current level at the end of the feeder.
 Double Banked Auxiliary Transformer/Capacitor Feeders are not to be equipped with
SEF protection or auto reclose.
 Any doubled banked 11kV feeders shall have separate OCEF relays and separate
SEF relays for each leg.
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April 2008 6

For single busbar switchgear, a high impedance busbar protection scheme shall be
provided. Transformer 11kV overcurrent and neutral earth fault protection provides backup
for the non-duplicated 11kV BBP.
For duplicate busbar switchgear, a frame leakage busbar protection scheme shall be
3.3.1.6 11kV Capacitor Banks

A standard capacitor bank protection scheme should be provided, consisting of:
 Overcurrent and Earth Fault protection for each bank, and
 Neutral unbalance protection for each capacitor step. The neutral unbalance relays
should trip the capacitor bank Circuit Breaker or RMCB, not the faulted capacitor’s
step contactor.
3.3.1.7 Circuit Breaker Failure Scheme

Each Transformer protection scheme, Feeder protection scheme (above 11kV) and
Busbar protection scheme shall have an associated breaker failure protection scheme.
The breaker failure schemes will be duplicated and function in both directions across the
circuit breaker using independent relay schemes.
3.3.1.8 Auto Reclose Schemes

Auto-reclosing schemes will be implemented on all fully overhead 132kV and 11kV
feeders. The feeder auto-reclosing will be single shot with reclaim time and initiated by
either of the feeder protections. A stand alone auto-reclosing relay will be used.
The auto-reclosing may be individually made ‘auto’ or ‘non-auto’ both locally on the
associated feeder protection panel and via SCADA.

protection depending on the arrangement of the 66kV network. OCEF protection is not to
be used for both primary and back-up protection.
For certain 66kV feeders compliance with the NER may be required, in which case the
provisions for 132kV line protection are to be applied.

 Differential
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7 April 2008
 Primary earth fault

 Primary instantaneous overcurrent
 Secondary overcurrent and earth fault
 Auto change-over, as required

Single high impedance busbar protection scheme (with supervision), with separate
scheme covering each section of busbar. Remote backup protection provides backup for
the non-duplicated 66kV BBP

class (underground or overhead) as follows:
protection wherever the transformer LV side overcurrent protection cannot “see” to
the end of the feeder.
 Double Banked Auxiliary Transformer / Capacitor Feeders are not to be equipped
with SEF protection or auto reclose.


consisting of
 Duplicated Overcurrent and Earth Fault protection for each capacitor bank, and
 Duplicated Neutral unbalance protection.
CBF protection.
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April 2008 8

step contactor.

The breaker failure schemes will be duplicated and function in both directions across the
circuit breaker using independent relay schemes.

Auto-reclosing schemes will be implemented on all fully overhead 66kV and 11kV feeders.
The feeder auto-reclosing will be single shot with reclaim time and initiated by either of the
feeder protections. A stand alone auto-reclosing relay will be used.
The auto-reclosing may be individually made ‘auto’ or ‘non-auto’ both locally on the
associated feeder protection panel and via SCADA.

protection depending on the arrangement of the 33kV network. OCEF protection is not to
be used for both primary and back-up protection.

 Differential
 Primary earth fault
 Primary instantaneous overcurrent
 Secondary overcurrent and earth fault
 Auto change-over, as required.

Single high impedance busbar protection scheme (with supervision), with separate
scheme covering each section of busbar. Remote backup protection provides backup for
the non-duplicated 33kV BBP
NS 178 + NSAs 1473, 1480, 1498, 1515, 1555 & 1602

9 April 2008

class (underground or overhead) as follows:
protection wherever the transformer LV side overcurrent protection cannot “see” to
the end of the feeder.
 Double Banked Auxiliary Transformer/Capacitor Feeders are not to be equipped with
SEF protection or auto reclose.


consisting of:
 Duplicated Overcurrent and Earth Fault protection for each capacitor bank, and
 Duplicated Neutral unbalance protection.
CBF protection.

step contactor.

The breaker failure schemes will be duplicated (one for each protection scheme) and
function in both directions across the circuit breaker using independent relay schemes.

Auto-reclosing schemes will be implemented on all fully overhead 33kV and 11kV feeders.
The feeder auto-reclosing will be single shot with reclaim time and initiated by either of the
feeder protections. A stand alone auto-reclosing relay will be used.
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April 2008 10
The auto-reclosing may be made ‘auto’ or ‘non-auto’ both locally on the associated feeder
protection panel and via SCADA.
3.4 Instrument Transformers

Instrument transformers for all protection systems shall be specified as part of the primary
switchgear specification and associated period contract or part of the period contract for
outdoor instrument transformers.
Project specific instrument transformer requirements will be as indicated in the specific
substation single line diagram and associated drawings and plant data sheets.
3.5 Protection Equipment Locations

All protection relays and associated protection equipment (apart from 11kV feeder
protection equipment) shall be mounted on stand-alone protection panels located in the
substation. Protection panels shall generally be grouped in primary voltage groupings and
functions. Duplicate protection schemes (A and B Protection) shall be located on adjacent
panels. Where batteries are duplicated, protection systems are to be spread across the
batteries to maximise redundancy.
In the case of 11kV feeders, the protection relays and associated protection equipment
shall be mounted on and in the instrument cabinet associated with the 11kV feeder panel.
Refer to Section 7.1 for further control panel details.
3.6 Protection Wiring

Refer to Sections 7.1 and 7.2 for details of protection wiring requirements.
Schematic diagrams for protection systems are dependent on the specific substation.
Project specific substation single line diagrams and associated drawings and plant data
sheets will include a list of the relevant protection wiring diagrams for the most recent
example of that particular type of substation.
3.7 Preferred Protection Relay Types

The preferred protection equipment is that available on the EnergyAustralia period
contracts current at the time. Other relays that may not be available on contract to
EnergyAustralia may be used provided they are acceptable and have been approved for
use at the design proposal stage of the project.
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11 April 2008
4 Control Systems
4.1 Substation SCADA System

The substation Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) system shall include
the following:
 Control and Dual Indication of all 132kV, 66kV, 33kV and 11kV circuit breakers;
 Control and Dual Indication of each CB Auto-reclose;
 Control and Dual Indication of each Bus Section Auto-closing Scheme;
 Control and Dual Indication of each 11kV SEF protection scheme;
 Monitoring of substation load, each transformer load and all high voltage feeder
loads; (amperes and MVA at 132kV);
 Indication of Normal/Abnormal loading of Transformers which may be set from the
local control panel or via SCADA.
 Monitoring of incoming feeder voltages and 11kV Bus Voltages;
 Indication of transformer thermal temperatures and temperature alarms;
 Control and Indication of transformer Tap Position and Voltage Regulation scheme;
 Group Earth Fault indication on each Transformer
 Monitoring of Substation AC and DC Systems;
 Control and Indication of Audio Frequency Load Control Equipment (AFLC);
 Monitoring of Substation Fire Protection Systems;
 Monitoring and control of capacitor installations;
 Operator Control Interface;
 Satellite (GPS) time synchronisation;
 Indications from any substation security system.
 Substation Protection Trip Indication, fleeting and latching indications with reset of the
latching indication from the SCADA system
 The ability to reset all substation alarms on the substation HMI via a control from the
SCADA system.
The use of dual indications (eg indications for both the open and close contacts) shall be
provided for all switchgear and other monitored states where indicated.
The SCADA controls and indications shall be implemented by wiring the equipment status
contacts from the switchgear and alarm contacts from the protection relays, along with
analogue values from the transducers into Distributed Control Interface (DCI) units. The
DCIs shall form part of a Semi-Distributed Control System (SDCS) in the substation
building. The SDCS shall incorporate an Operator Control Interface, consisting of HMI and
keyboard, as well as a remote terminal unit (RTU) or interface equipment to communicate
with the Central Control Room via the SCADA master Station. All communications
between DCIs, HMI and the RTU are to be via a dual redundant optical fibre line using
multi-mode fibre.
The communications bearer to the Master Station will be determined by the available
communications channels at the time (see section 4.2).
Other non-operational substation data and indications shall routed via the Engineering
LAN rather than the SCADA system.
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April 2008 12
To permit local testing, facilities on the HMI shall be provided to provide an indication to
the SCADA system for groups of signals which will cause the SCADA master station to not
alarm changes of state of any signals in the group while the indication is active.
4.1.1 Summary of Indication and Alarms

Depending on the substation voltages, the primary control point(s) will have the following
indications and alarms. For MVA, MW and MVAr indications the power flow convention is
positive for power flows into a busbar or into the primary terminals of a transformer, and
negative for power flows out of a busbar.
132kV Indications and Alarms:

 All Substation equipment status and alarms, including battery alarms, protection
relays alarms, Voltage Regulation alarms and circuit breaker spring charge alarms.
 Status of all circuit breakers, disconnectors and earth switches.
 132kV feeder three phase current and three phase voltage and MVA, MW and MVAr.
 132kV bus-section single phase current.

 66kV feeder three phase current and three phase voltage and MW and MVAr.

 33kV feeder three phase current and three phase voltage and MW and MVAr.

 All substation equipment status and alarms, including battery alarms, protection
 Status of all 11kV circuit breakers, disconnectors and earth switches.
 11kV transformer three phase current, three phase voltage and power factor.
 11kV feeder single phase current.
 For double banked feeders incorporating a capacitor bank and feeder connections,
outgoing feeder current shall be monitored.
11kV Capacitor Indications and Alarms:

Alarms, indications and controls provided from the capacitor bank and the control and
protection system should be connected to the SCADA system. Note that individual
metering/SCADA indication for both the capacitor and the feeder are required.
The following indications, functions and alarms must be available via SCADA.
 Status of each capacitor bank circuit breaker and isolator and each capacitor step’s
contactor
 Ability to enable and disable automatic control of capacitor steps and to switch these
steps manually
 Over temperature alarm
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13 April 2008
 Details of Neutral Unbalance and Overcurrent protection operation
33kV and 66kV Capacitor Indications and Alarms

An indication of the status of the capacitor bank circuit breaker, and indications and alarms
from the protection relays, should displayed locally and remotely via SCADA.
Control should be provided to allow for remote switching of the capacitor bank.
4.1.2 132kV, 66kV and 33kV Equipment

Primary Control and Indications
The primary control point for operation of all circuit breakers will be from the screen based
SCADA system, either remotely at the Central Control Room or locally at the Operator
Control Interface HMI and keyboard.
The Operator Control Interface (HMI) at the substation shall be duplicated for all sub-
transmission substations and for those 132/11kV substations where the requirements of
the NER apply to the protection requirements for the 132kV feeders and for those 66/11kV
substations where the requirements of the NER apply to the protection requirements for
the 66kV feeders
All disconnectors shall be operated manually with remote status indication via SCADA.
The primary control point for the 132kV motorised earth switches shall be via a “wander
lead” at the earth switches.
Back up Control and Indications

All SCADA controls will be backed up by a hard wired control to cater for the event of a
simultaneous local and remote SCADA failure.
In the case of indoor switchgear, the individual bay local control panel may be used for
back up operation
Back up operation of the feeder circuit breakers which are not supplied with local control
facilities will be via illuminated push buttons located on the respective ‘B’ protection panel.
A single phase current ammeter and circuit breaker status indication will be provided on
the panel.
Back up operation of the Bus-section circuit breaker will be via illuminated push buttons on
the Bus-section control panel. A single phase current ammeter and circuit breaker status
indication will be provided on the panel.
Back up operation of the transformer primary circuit breakers will be via illuminated push
buttons located on the transformer B protection panel. No ammeter will be provided on the
panel as the transformer primary breaker is energising the transformers only, it does not
switch onto load.
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April 2008 14
4.1.3 11kV Switchgear

Primary Control and Indications
The primary control point for operation of all 11kV equipment including the 11kV bus
section/coupler auto-closing will be from the screen based SCADA system either remotely
at the Central Control Room or locally at the Operator Control Interface HMI and keyboard.
Secondary Control and Indications

 All SCADA controls will be backed up by a hard wired control to cater for a
simultaneous local and remote SCADA failure.
 Back-up operation of all 11kV internal arc classified circuit breakers will be via push
buttons located on the 11kV switchgear front panels.
 Back-up control of 11kV feeder SEF and auto-reclose will be available locally on the
respective 11kV switchgear front panels.
 Back-up controls and indications for the 11kV bus section auto-closing will be
provided on the 11kV bus section auto-closing panel.
 Back-up indication of 11kV feeder current will be via the feeder main protection relay
display.
4.1.4 Capacitor Bank Control

11kV Capacitor Banks
Switching of the capacitor banks and each individual step shall be automatically controlled
to provide power factor correction. The control scheme shall provide automatic control:
 When the zone is operating normally
 With one transformer out of service
The power factor correction must be controlled automatically. A standard capacitor control
scheme, using ABB REF relays programmed to the standard EnergyAustralia capacitor
control standard, should be provided.
The REF relays should be interconnected to allow the capacitors to be controlled for the
bus bar configuration that will result after failure of one transformer.
The control panel should include:
 a power factor meter (clearly labelled – “for indication only”);
 auto/manual switches to allow the automatic controller to be enabled or disabled;
 add capacitor and remove capacitor controls to allow for manual switching of
capacitors;
 sufficient links to allow isolation of the system for calibration and testing.
33kV and 66kV Capacitor Banks

An automatic control scheme is not required. Provision should be made for the switching of
both of the capacitor banks from the local control room and via SCADA.
Although detailed operating procedures should ensure that capacitors are not energised
when they still have a residual charge, a simple 5 minute “lockout timer” should be
installed to prevent closing of the circuit breaker, for 5 minutes after it has been opened
either manually, or via the protection scheme.
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15 April 2008
4.1.5 Power Transformers

Transformer Indication and alarms:
 All transformer status alarms, including tapping switch positions
 Oil temperatures and associated alarms
 Cooling system status
 A manually set load status (Normal /Abnormal) which may be set/reset locally or via
the SCADA system
 Voltage regulation system status
Voltage Regulation Control, Indication and Alarms:

The primary control point for operation of all voltage regulation and transformer control
equipment will be from the screen based SCADA system (either remotely at the Central
Control Room or locally at the Operator Control Interface HMI and keyboard).
All SCADA controls will be backed up by a hard-wired control to cater for the event of
simultaneous local and remote SCADA failure. Back up operation of all voltage regulation
and transformer control equipment will be via push buttons and control switches located on
the voltage regulation panels. Facilities to disable SCADA control of the tap changer and
Voltage Regulation equipment via a switch shall be provided for maintenance, this shall
energise both the Dual indications (Auto and Manual) of the Voltage regulation status of
the SCADA system.
4.1.6 Protection Trip Indication

Any switchgear operation as the result of a protection operation shall initiate two signals to
the Control Centre SCADA system:
 A fleeting input for the duration of the protection operation
 A latched indication initiated by the protection operation
The latched input shall be reset by a control to the latch from the SCADA system.
4.2 Voltage Regulation

The main transformer tap changer control panels shall be located in the substation Control
Room and shall use a standard VR scheme which consists of a VR relay, and an
independent voltage monitor relay. If transformers in the substation operate in parallel, a
parallel operating scheme will be required. The parallel operating scheme will be of a type
approved by Network.
The auto/manual/local switch, manual tap raise/lower facility, tap position of the
transformers, the high low voltage alarm and panel no voltage alarm shall be interfaced to
the Semi-Distributed Control Interface units, allowing control and indication at the
substation Operators Desk as well as at the Central Control Room. Other alarms
generated by the parallel operation scheme should also be interfaced to the Semi-
Distributed Control Interface units.
4.3 Audio Frequency Load Control

Audio Frequency Load Control (AFLC) equipment is installed at 132/11kV, 66/11kV and
33/11kV zone substations.
Static Frequency Units (SFU) supplying AFLC plants, each comprising a correctly rated
coupling cell, shall be provided to facilitate load control at 1050Hz, 750 Hz or 500Hz,
depending upon the control frequency used in the substation area.
The coupling cell is to be connected to an appropriate 11kV feeder CB at the 11kV
switchboard.
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April 2008 16
The details and connection locations will be nominated by Subtransmission Planning and
shown on the Project Specific substation single line diagram and associated drawings and
plant data sheets.
The first preference for the location of the AFLC plants is in outdoor kiosks separate from
the main switchroom buildings.
Where the AFLC plants are required to be located within the substation building, a single
AFLC room only shall be provided. The AFLC room will be located such that an
overpressure caused by an AFLC capacitor can rupture would not damage the main
substation building. This may be best achieved by the AFLC room sharing only one or two
common walls with the main building.
4.4 Substation Remote Terminal Unit

LogicaCMG supplies Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) under EnergyAustralia Purchasing
Specification EA7747T/05. The LogicaCMG RTU and associated DCI Units will comprise
the necessary number of LogicaCMG units.
Specific details of the SCADA protocols are not included in this document as the
LogicaCMG equipment supports all of the necessary protocols
Communications between the substation and the EnergyAustralia Control Centre shall be
achieved by either an external fibre optic cable, to be supplied and terminated by
EnergyAustralia, or a radio link to be provided and installed by EnergyAustralia
Communications between the RTU and the fibre optic cable or radio system shall be via
RS232 Interfaces.
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5 Metering Systems
5.1 Guiding Principles – Metering Points Categories

The following definitions replace the term BSP and seek to provide greater clarity for
metering points within and bordering the EnergyAustralia transmission and distribution
Network.
Wholesale Metering Point (WMP) - Across the EnergyAustralia network, any present or
potential future connection point that is mutually defined by NEMMCo (National Electricity
Market Management Company) and EnergyAustralia as a junction between Transmission
and Distribution will require National Electricity Rules (NERs) compliant Wholesale
Metering. This point is known as a Wholesale Buying Point (WMP). Such a connection
point will be identified by the allocation of a Transmission Node Identifier (TNI) and the
metering associated with the TNI will be located at the Transmission Node.
It is vital that these WMPs are metered in accordance with the NERs as the data from
these meters allows for settlement of the NEM. This metering data also allows NEMMCo to
calculate EnergyAustralia’s liability to generators for electricity traded in the spot market.
Failure to meet these NER requirements may result in financial penalties and/or place in
jeopardy EnergyAustralia’s Network Operators licence.
Note that WMP’s may be used as a Network Boundary Point (NBP) in addition to their use
as a WMP. In this case they will still be referred to as a WMP and must meet the
requirements of a WMP.
Network Boundary Point (NBP) – Across the EnergyAustralia network, any present or
potential future connection point that has been identified by EnergyAustralia Network as a
connection point to another LNSP or TNSP will be deemed a Network Boundary Point
(NBP). An NBP requires metering equivalent to NER compliant metering. It should be
noted that the majority of these NBP will be located in TransGrid Substations. Connections
to generators may also be considered as a NBP, however these will be classified as a
Generator Metering Point (GMP) as defined below. NBPs are generally Type 2 metering
installations where installed in EnergyAustralia substations.
Where WMP or NBP metering is required in TransGrid substations, the EnergyAustralia
Network Responsible Person (RP) will consult with TransGrid to ensure that the relevant
metering requirements are achieved.
Zone Metering Point (ZMP) – Any zone substation that is not deemed to be a WMP or
NBP will be classified as a Zone Metering Point (ZMP). ZMP are not required to comply
with the requirements of the NER. However, in the event that one of these ZMP may
become a WMP in the future, these points are to be installed as a minimum Type 2 WMP
installation.
Customer Metering Point (CMP) – Is any direct connection from an EnergyAustralia
Zone substation to a customer’s installation. Rule compliant metering must be installed
and the metering installation is to be located on the customer’s premises, not at the
EnergyAustralia Substation. Further information regarding the metering requirements for
these installations can be found in EnergyAustralia’s metering policy document ES3 -
Metering Installations.
Generator Metering Point (GMP) – Is any direct connection from a Generation
Installation to the EnergyAustralia Network. Rule compliant metering must be installed, and
the metering installation is to be located on the generators premises, not at the
EnergyAustralia Substation. Further information regarding the metering requirements for
these installations can be found in ES3 - Metering Installations and the EnergyAustralia
Standard Generator Connection Agreement suite of documents.
Identification of Likely NBP or WMP
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EnergyAustralia Network will identify the category of metering required as a part of any
substation specification. The EnergyAustralia Network Responsible Person (RP) must be
informed of any new or altered construction work at the concept brief phase of the project
so that the metering requirements can be determined and incorporated into the
Engineering Requirements document. In general the following points are likely to be
identified as an NBP or WMP. Three phase currents and voltages for metering purposes
are required at each NBP and WMP.
 132kV Feeder – typically at a Sub-transmission Substation.
 132kV/11kV Transformer – typically at the LV (11kV) side.
 Any connection point at a boundary to any external network (Integral Energy, Country Energy
and TransGrid).
5.2 Definition of Compliance to National Electricity Rules

The following details the requirements to achieve compliance to the National Electricity
Rules (NER). These details apply to NER Version 19 (March 2008). The requirements
specified below may need updating to reflect changes in future versions of the NER.
Some components of specific metering requirements are governed by the annual GWh
energy throughput at a connection point. For the purpose of this document the following
definitions will apply for the type of HV metering installation:
TYPE 1 Greater than 1000GWh PA
TYPE 2 Between 100GWh PA and 1000GWh PA
TYPE 3 Below 100GWh PA.
All WMP and NBP will be classified at a minimum of a type 2 metering installation.
5.2.1 Type Specific Requirements

Item Metering Requirements Metering Requirements Metering Requirements
WMP or NBP. WMP or NBP. ZMP.
Type 1. Type 2.
Revenue Accuracy - Class 0.2. Accuracy - Class 0.5. Accuracy - Class 0.5.
CT
Details Measurement uncertainty Measurement uncertainty less Measurement uncertainty
less than ±0.05%. than ±0.1%. less than ±0.1%.
On each phase of feeders On each phase of feeders and On each phase of feeders
and TX secondaries. TX secondaries. and TX secondaries.
Secondary output to be 1A Secondary output to be 1A and Secondary output to be 1A
and 15VA. 15VA. and 15VA.
Check Accuracy - Class 0.2. Accuracy - Class 0.5. Accuracy - Class 0.5.
CT
Details Measurement uncertainty Measurement uncertainty less Measurement uncertainty
On each phase of feeders On each phase of feeders and On each phase of feeders
and TX secondaries. TX secondaries. and TX secondaries.
Secondary output to be 1A Secondary output to be 1A and Secondary output to be 1A
and 15VA. 15VA. and 15VA.
Check Current Check CT secondary wiring on CTs to be terminated and
Transformer secondary a Type 2 installation can be shorted in marshalling box
wiring on a Type 1 shared with other devices, if not used for other
installation remains subject to the arrangement not purposes.
exclusive for the purpose affecting the performance of
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19 April 2008
of electricity metering and the check metering (ie.

cannot be shared with shorting out one part of the
other devices. circuit will not affect the check
metering and the combined
load of the meter and other
instrumentation must be with in
the burden range of the CT).
VT Accuracy - Class 0.2. Accuracy - Class 0.5. Accuracy - Class 0.5.
Details
Measurement uncertainty Measurement uncertainty less Measurement uncertainty
On Primary and Secondary On Primary and Secondary On Primary and Secondary
side of TX. side of TX. side of TX.
Secondary output to be Secondary output to be 110V Secondary output to be
110V (phase to phase) or (phase to phase) or 110/√3 110V (phase to phase) or
110/√3 (phase to neutral) (phase to neutral) and 25VA 110/√3 (phase to neutral)
and 25VA (minimum VA (minimum VA available for and 25VA (minimum VA
available for metering). metering). available for metering).
Meter Accuracy - Class 0.2 (Wh) Accuracy - Class 0.5 (Wh) Accuracy - Class 0.5 (Wh)
Details Class 0.5 (VArh). Class 1.0 (VArh). Class 1.0 (VArh).
0ne revenue and one 0ne revenue and one check One revenue meter per
check meter per metering meter per metering point. metering point.
point.
Location of metering points Location of metering points to Metering points to be
to be determined by the be determined by the Network located on the secondary
Network RP. RP. side of each transformer.
Adequate panel space to Adequate panel space to Adequate panel space to
incorporate two meters, incorporate two meters, (one incorporate one revenue
(one revenue and one revenue and one check), meter, associated
check), associated associated communication communication equipment
communication equipment equipment and links etc. for and links etc. for each
and links etc. for each each metering point. These metering point. These
metering point. These panels shall be clearly labelled panels shall be clearly
panels shall be clearly with the metering point details labelled ‘Revenue‘ and
labelled with the metering (eg. TX1, Fdr 957) and which include the metering point
point details (eg. TX1, Fdr is ‘Revenue’ and ‘Check’. details (eg. TX1). Refer to
957) and which is Refer to clause 5.4. clause 5.4.
‘Revenue’ and ‘Check’.
Refer to clause 5.4.
5.2.2 Common Requirements and Definitions

The following requirements are common to all categories of metering installations.
(a) Access to Test – It is MANDATORY that the installation of CTs and VTs is
carried out in such a way that primary injection testing of an individual instrument
is practically achievable without the isolation of any customer load. Practically
achievable means that electrical access can be achieved through normal
operational switching without the isolation of alternative electricity supply and
physical access means the capability of convenient connection of injection cabling
and test instruments directly adjacent to the device under test. This also includes
access to the secondary side of the instrument transformers as close as
practically allowable to the secondary terminals whilst maintaining safety
clearances. This is typically achieved with a marshalling box adjacent to the
instrument transformers.
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April 2008 20
(b) Auxiliary Supply – A 110V ac supply with a failsafe backup supply must be
provided at each metering panel. The revenue and check supplies must not be
supplied from the same circuit. Each supply must be separately fused.
(c) CT Requirements - Metering Class CTs must comply with AS 60044.1 – 2007,
design type tested and with traceable individual accuracy test results for the
quoted accuracy class. CTs must be installed with the primary polarity facing
toward the source of generation.
(d) Revenue CT - The Revenue CT is reserved exclusively for electricity metering.
Apart from the electricity meter, no other device may be in series with the
secondary circuit.
(e) Revenue Metering – A metering installation which is the primary source of
metering data.
(f) Secondary Wiring Security - Secondary wiring must be installed in a secure
manner, with unbroken conductors between instrument transformer secondary
terminals and marshalling box (if applicable) and electricity meter panel. Provision
is required to allow the marshalling box and electricity meter panel to be sealed or
locked.
Check CT secondary wiring on a Type 2 installation can be shared with other
devices, subject to the arrangement not affecting the performance of the check
metering (ie. shorting out one part of the circuit will not affect the check metering
and the combined load of the meter and other instrumentation must be with in the
burden range of the CT).
(g) Secondary Wiring Cross Section - Secondary conductors must be selected to
minimise the contribution of burden due to voltage drop and to achieve overall
error performance as specified by the Metering Provider. All secondary cables
used for metering purposes must be screened and the screen earthed at either
end of the cable. Specific requirements for each individual main and check circuit
are as follows:
 6mm² for current transformer secondary wiring up to 750m
 6mm² for voltage transformer secondary wiring up to 200m and 16 mm² for
voltage transformer secondary wiring up to 750m.
(h) VT Requirements - Metering Class VTs must comply with AS 60044.2 – 2007 if
single phase or AS1243 - 1982 if three phase, design type tested and with
traceable individual accuracy test results for the quoted accuracy class.
(i) VT Secondary – VT secondary wiring can be shared with other devices, including
Check Metering subject to individually fused circuits for each device and subject
to the arrangement not affecting the performance of the Main or Check metering.
The VT fuses for each circuit are to be located as close as practicable to the VT’s.
5.3 Marshalling Box Details

The marshalling box shall be installed as close as practicable to the instrument
transformers. This box shall be of adequate size to allow termination of all cables from the
CTs, VTs and those going to the metering panel and should also be capable of
accommodating the following equipment:
 Three black HRC fuseholders (GEC Safeclip FS20CF or equivalent) and one white
HRC fuseholder (GEC Safeclip LK3A or equivalent).
 Slide test links (Phoenix URTK/S or equivalent) to be connected in series, on the load
side of the above fuseholders.
 All CT secondary wiring to terminate in slide test links (Phoenix URTK/S or equivalent).
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21 April 2008
5.4 Meter Panel Details

The meter panel layout shall be as shown on Drawing No. (to be developed) for WMP and
NBP. Drawing No. (to be developed) shall be used for ZMP.
The meter panel shall be located as a separate panel within the control room of the
substation. A separate panel shall be supplied and clearly identified for revenue and check
metering for WMP and NBP. Meter panels for all metering points in one substation shall be
located adjacent to each other where possible. This will allow for simplification in the
communications and auxiliary supply installation.
Secondary VT conductors are to be terminated in fuse links and in series with slide test
links (Phoenix URTK/S or equivalent). Secondary CT conductors are to be terminated in
slide test links (Phoenix URTK/S or equivalent).
The meter panel drawing indicates communications requirements for remote meter reading
and includes requirements for GSM, PSTN and MPLS technologies.
5.5 Accommodation of Transducers

The location and requirement of transducers is specified by EnergyAustralia Network.
Typically, transducers are co-located at WMPs or NBPs. In this circumstance, for Type 2
and Type 3 installations where check CTs are installed, CT secondary wiring can be
connected to kW / kVAR transducers. Such metering points will be to the specification
level of the Check Metering of a Type 2 installation.
5.6 Accommodation of check metering CTs

If suitably sized check metering CTs cannot be provided within switchgear chambers, as
may be the case with compact GIS switchgear at 132kV, the first preference is for a
separate metering core over the cable rather than using interposing CTs on the protection
CTs. Physical access to the CT is required for the purposes of testing, eg: a large enough
window to get a test cable through beside the feeder or a permanent loop through the CT
with access in the form of test points. Suitable access to the cable basement (or wherever
the CT's are located) is required to allow manual handling of heavy test equipment.
Interposing CTs on protection CTs is only acceptable if the first preference is not feasible.
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April 2008 22
6 DC Systems
6.1 Batteries
One or two sets of batteries are required, depending on the substation type and voltage
levels. Two batteries are required in substations with a highest voltage of 132kV. One
battery is required in substations with a highest voltage of 66kV or 33kV, unless a
requirement for two batteries is indicated in the Project Specific substation single line
diagram and associated drawings and plant data sheets. The battery voltage shall be 110V
dc.
Batteries will be of the valve regulated type, either NiCd or lead acid. The required duty
cycle and parameters to determine the size and rating of the battery is outlined in NEG
SM04.06 ‘Selection of Substation Batteries’.
In addition to the cumulative SCADA, control and protection loads, the battery must also
allow for the load of the MPLS cabinets installed in the substation. These cabinets may
contain an Alcatel 7250 or similar edge device, rated for 170W consumption, together with
an Alcatel 7450 router or similar, rated at 380W consumption, plus any additional
protection communications equipment such as mulitplexer.
There is no requirement for dedicated battery rooms as described in AS2676. Instead the
batteries will be housed in the substation building in cabinets or otherwise as acceptable in
terms of AS2676. The floor should be of strength suitable to cater for the mass of the
battery.
6.2 Battery Chargers

A separate, suitably rated temperature compensated and matched battery charger shall be
provided for each of the batteries. Battery Chargers and condition monitors shall be
purchased to match the batteries.
A ‘Charger Fail’ alarm is to be connected to the SCADA system.
The battery charger, or dc distribution board, is to be fitted with “Low DC Volts”, “High DC
Volts” and a “Battery Earth” alarm. Indication of these alarms is required locally on the
battery charger (or dc distribution board) and remotely to the central control room via
SCADA.
The “Low Volts” alarm should preferably be set at 92% of float voltage.
The “High Volts” alarm should preferably be set within the range of 110% to 120% of float
voltage.
6.3 DC Distribution Boards

The DC distribution and extension boards shall be EnergyAustralia design type 12A for the
‘A’ DC supply and type 12B for the ‘B’ supply, in accordance with Drawing 191059_01.
Double insulated 0.6/1kV cabling enclosed in protective metal conduits shall be provided
between the battery and the charger.
6.4 DC Wiring
General requirements for dc wiring are dependent on the specific substation.
sheets will include a list of the relevant dc wiring diagrams for the most recent example of
that particular type of substation.
The dc system is unearthed and an earth detection relay is to be installed on each
separate dc system within the substation
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7 Control Panels, Cabling and Wiring within

Substations
7.1 Control Panels

Control panels shall be generally designed so that the front of the panel is used for the
flush mounting of relays, meters, switches etc and the rear of the panel is used to gain
access, via a door, to the cabling, terminal blocks and wiring.
Tunnel board type control panels are not acceptable.
The control panels shall generally be 2000 mm high and either 600 mm or 750 mm wide
depending on the quantity of equipment being installed.
Each individual functional section (eg, Transformer 1 and Transformer 2) shall be clearly
segregated from any other section means of a 25 mm wide black line or a completely
separate control panel.
Control panel layout, wiring and connections are dependent on the specific substation.
sheets will include a list of the relevant protection wiring diagrams for the most recent
example of that particular type of substation.
All control panels shall be finished in “Cloud Grey” Colour Number N22 to AS2700 on the
exterior and white interior.
All control panels and panel equipment shall be labelled in accordance with NS 158 –
Labelling of Mains and Apparatus.
Control panel wiring shall comply with the requirements of AS/NZS 5000.1 Also refer to
EnergyAustralia Drawing No. 114601
The test link type shall be moulded type, supplied and installed in accordance with
EnergyAustralia drawing No. 38841
All protection relays are to have test links in the AC and DC circuits for testing contacts
and isolating supplies.
The links are to be mounted so that if the sliding section is loosened, it will fall to the open
position.
The links are to be mounted in horizontal rows at the locations specified below:
 Centre of the panel for full height panels
 Top of the panel for bottom half panels
 Bottom of the panel for top half panels
Links associated with “A” Protection and “B” Protection shall be segregated if mounted on
the same panel and the following wiring conventions are to be adopted:
For CT and VT Circuits, connections closest to associated CT's or VT's to be wired to
bottom of link and connections to relay to be wired to top of link.
For DC Circuits, connections to and from adjacent panel/s to be wired to bottom of link and
connections to associated relay to be wired to the top of the link.
Connections between relays internal to the panel should be from the supply source to the
top then from the bottom of the link to the destination equipment or neutral.
All connections between control panel wiring and control cables shall be via terminal
blocks, mounted on vertical rails, inside each control panel.
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April 2008 24
EnergyAustralia's standard terminal block types shall be “Utilux” type H3820 (un-slotted
link) and H3869 (slotted link). H3869 type terminal blocks shall be used wherever the
terminal block will be required for isolation purposes. Details of the terminal blocks and
mounting rails are shown on drawing No. 118547.
7.2 Control Cabling

Control wiring will consist of suitably protected multi-core control cables. Each multi-core
cable will only service one item of equipment.
Where practicable all cables connected to one group of switchgear must be segregated in
the switchrooms and en route to the control room from control cables connected to any
other group of switchgear.
Each multi-core control cable shall be identified by a numbered label at each end and at
convenient points along the route.
The following reference documents define control cable requirements:
 AS/NZS 5000.1- Electric cables – polymeric insulated for working voltages up to 0.6/1
kV
 AS/NZS 5000.3 - Electric cables – polymeric insulated multi-core control cables
 AS/NZS 3808 – Insulating and sheathing materials for electric cables
 EnergyAustralia Network Standard NS 158 – Labelling of Mains and Apparatus
 EnergyAustralia Drawing No. A2 057591 19 – Zone Substations Multicore Cables
 EnergyAustralia Drawing No. 49806 11 – Zone Substations Standard Combined
Cable Trench and Drain Details
 EnergyAustralia Drawing No. 118547 1 – Substation DIN Rail Mounted Terminals
“Utilux” Type H3820 and H3869 General Arrangement and Stock Code No.
Low voltage control cables for Protection, Autoclosing and AC/DC Supplies shall comply
with the requirements of AS/NZS 5000.3 – Electric cables – polymeric insulated for
working voltages up to 450/750V.
Low voltage control cables for solenoid and motor 110V dc supplies shall comply with the
requirements of AS/NZS 5000.1 – Electric cables – polymeric insulated for working
voltages up to 0.6/1.0kV.
Low voltage control cables for Control, Indication, Measurement, Signals and Autoclosing
Auxiliary Circuits shall comply with the requirements of AS/NZS 5000.3 – Electric cables –
polymeric insulated for working voltages up to 450/750V.
Low voltage Screened Twisted Pair (STP) Instrumentation Cables for Supervisory
Measurement Circuits shall comply with the requirements of AS/NZS 5000.3 – Electric
cables – polymeric insulated for working voltages up to 450/750V.
Underground and external, Unscreened Twisted Pair (UTP) Telephone Cables for Tap
Position Indication, Signal, Supervisory and DATT Circuits shall be jelly filled and shall
comply with the requirements of Austel Standard 008.
7.3 Installation and Jointing of Control Cables

Under no circumstances will jointing or splicing of control cables be allowed. Control
cables should be continuous from source to destination; however where continuous cables
are not practicable connection shall be achieved via terminal blocks in a marshalling
cubicle.
Where control cables are gathered and laid in trenches or conduits, the trench or conduit
shall be large enough to ensure that they are never more than half full of cables.
Protection cables relating to A and B protection shall be run via separate routes.
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25 April 2008
Where practicable all control cables connected to one group of switchgear must be
segregated in the switchrooms and en route to the control room from control cables
connected to any other group of switchgear.
Each multi-core control cable shall be identified by a numbered label at each end and at
convenient points along the route.
All control wiring shall be numbered and coloured in accordance with EnergyAustralia’s
current standard as shown on Drawings No. 057591 and 114601.
To reduce the effect of transients and interference, all installations are to have AC, DC and
SCADA wiring run in separate cables.
Cables fitted with an overall screen, are to be earthed at one end only (preferably the
source ends). Earthing conductors shall be stranded copper of minimum cross sectional
area of 2.5 square millimetres with the standard green-yellow coloured insulation.
All SCADA cabling shall be run in screened multi-core twisted pair cable.
Pulsed output signals shall not be run in the same screened cable as digital input or
analogue input signals.
It is permissible to run digital input signals in the same cable as analogue input signals
PROVIDED that the cores carrying the different signals are not in the same twisted pair.
Each end of a core shall be provided with core identification ferrules. The ferrules shall be
Telemecanique (Type 200 AI-MB01) or similar as approved by EnergyAustralia. Ferrule
colours shall be white background with black lettering.
Wire codes are to be as per Appendix D of AS 2067.
No pressure or tension shall be exerted on the termination. The weight of the multicore
cable shall be taken by cable glands, cable clamps or cable ties.
All equipment terminals shall be of the screwed type. Quick connector spade type
terminations shall not be used.
All UTP telephone cables shall be terminated on Krone LSA Plus termination blocks.
Compression type solderless lugs shall be used at the terminations of all stranded wires.
The lugs shall be manufactured from high conductivity seamless copper tube stock and the
correct size of lug and compression tool should be used to suit the wire. The shank of the
lug shall be protected by insulating tubing to prevent direct or accidental contact with
adjacent terminations. A Utilux type H2037 terminal lug or an approved equivalent is
required
7.4 Cable Ladders

The design, manufacture and installation of cable ladder shall comply with the
requirements of NEMA VE 1-1984
Cable ladder shall have a load capacity equivalent to NEMA Class 16B. The maximum
safe load shall be 245 kg/m at 3.0-m support spacing with a factor of safety of 1.5.
Cable ladder shall be fabricated from steel with horizontal rungs at 300-mm spacing
welded to vertical side rails. Slots shall be provided in the horizontal rungs for cable
fastening. The design of the side rail profile shall minimise the possibility of collecting
spillage material and liquids within spaces in the side rail, particularly where cable ladder is
installed on edge. All cable ladder and fittings shall be hot dip galvanised after fabrication.
Aluminium cable ladder can be used as an alternative -it also can be utilised for basement
earthing conductor provided it has sufficient short time rated earth fault-current carrying
capacity.
All cable ladders shall have a spare capacity of at least 25 per cent of ladder width after all
cables are installed.
The route shall be designed to be clear of pipes and valves and shall not obstruct access
to plant and equipment. The cable ladder shall be designed for straight lines parallel to
walls and floors. Where cable ladders are installed one above the other the minimum
spacing between each level of ladder shall be 300 mm. Cables shall be arranged with
power cables positioned above control and instrumentation cables.
NS 178 + NSAs 1473, 1480, 1498, 1515, 1555 & 1602

April 2008 26
Where cable ladders are installed in plant rooms or across walkways the minimum clear
height from floor or ground level to underside of ladder shall be 2.1 m.
Factory fabricated bends, risers, tees and crosses shall be used for all connections and
changes of direction. All fittings shall maintain the specified minimum bending radius for
the largest cable to be installed on the ladder run.
Support brackets shall be installed at the required spacing to suit the load capacity of the
cable ladder and to limit mid span deflection to a maximum of 20 mm with all cables
installed. Support brackets shall be provided at all connections or changes of direction in
accordance with the recommendations of NEMA VE 1. Support brackets shall be
fabricated from Unistrut channel and accessories. Cable ladder shall be firmly attached to
each support bracket using hold-down clamps designed for the purpose. Wherever
possible brackets shall be installed to support the cable ladder from one side only, so as to
leave the other side open for easier installation of cable, unless centre support brackets
are utilised
In areas exposed to direct sunlight or where cables would be vulnerable to damage from
falling objects or build-up of spillage material, continuous galvanised steel cable ladder
covers shall be fitted. Covers shall be peaked to give rigidity and shall allow air circulation
to avoid additional de-rating of the cables. Covers shall be securely attached to the cable
ladder with clamps or hook bolts of an approved design and which allow easy removal and
replacement.
All cable ladder runs shall be electrically continuous and securely bonded to the main
earthing system with minimum 70 mm2 insulated cable.
7.5 Control Cable Trenches, Conduits and Pits

Control and Protection cables within an outdoor switchyard area shall generally be
installed in cable trenches with removable covers or in conduits between pre-cast cable
pits. Requirements for Trenches, Conduits and pits are fully specified in NS 186 Major
Substations Civil Design Standard. Cable trenches shall be in accordance with
EnergyAustralia Drawing No. 49806 11 – Zone Substations Standard Combined Cable
Trench and Drain details.
7.6 Fibre Optic Control Wiring

The requirements for fibre optic cabling within substations, including cable types, cable
routing and cable terminations are identified in NRS 203, Planning and Design Standards
for Communication Assets used with Protection Systems, NRS 208 Design and Installation
of EnergyAustralia Communication Cabinets and NS 213 Network Design IEC61850
Compliant Substation, which is under development.
NS 178 + NSAs 1473, 1480, 1498, 1515, 1555 & 1602

27 April 2008
8 Communications Protocols
8.1 Present Practice

EnergyAustralia has implemented a number of different protocols for SCADA systems
within substations. The present practice is to use DNP3. In some instances DNP3 is also
used as a communications protocol for integrated protection systems.
8.2 IEC 61850 Implementation

It is intended that EnergyAustralia implement a process to define substations and
substation equipment in accordance with IEC 61850. One aspect of IEC 61850 is the
protocol which devices use for communications within the substation. It is intended and
anticipated that the IEC 61850 communications protocol will be implemented in two stages
as follows:
8.2.1 Stage 1: Specify 61850 as the standard protocol for all substation
communications
(a) Adopt the 61850 standard for all device communication within the substation, by
undertaking the following practices:
 amend current standards to adopt the 61850 protocol; and
 develop and publish a specific 61850 specification to be used for all new
substation and retrofit substation equipment.
(b) Review and progressively replace existing substation equipment contracts to
include 61850 as standard in all new substation Intelligent Electronic Devices
(IEDs).
(c) Undertake a SCADA RTU replacement program to install the 61850 distributed
architecture when identified work is undertaken at major substations and
incorporate this architecture into the monolithic RTU replacement program.
(d) Develop both an IT and telecommunications architecture and test plan that looks at
a future best practices environment to ensure the highest level of security is
maintained whilst facilitating a wide range of applications to utilize the available
data.
(e) Provide centrally managed Communications Network Operations Centre (NOC)
processes for managing communications switches within the substation and
configured to allow both SCADA and Engineering LAN networks to operate
separately within the substation. Refer NS 213 Network Design IEC61850
Compliant Substation, which is under development.
8.2.2 Stage 2: Integrated Protection and Control using 61850

(a) Undertake appropriate testing of integrated control and protection functions through
the validation of a test plan within an EnergyAustralia laboratory environment.
(b) Progressively adopt 61850 functionality within substations.
(c) Develop an integrated control and protection standard design that is implemented
on all new substation proposals.
NS 178 + NSAs 1473, 1480, 1498, 1515, 1555 & 1602

 EnergyAustralia.
This document must not be reproduced in whole or in part or

converted to machine readable form or stored in a computer or
imaging system without the written permission of EnergyAustralia.
Revision History
Initial issue: 27/01/2004
Second issue: 09/04/2008
Document Control
Authorised By: Date:
Manager Network Engineering
Document Number: NS 178
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NS 178

Secondary System Requirements

As EnergyAustralia’s standards are subject to ongoing review, the information contained in

4 CONTROL SYSTEMS ............................................................................................... 11

7 CONTROL PANELS, CABLING AND WIRING WITHIN SUBSTATIONS .................. 23

8 COMMUNICATIONS PROTOCOLS .......................................................................... 27

This Network Standard:

NS 178 + NSAs 1473, 1480, 1498, 1515, 1555 & 1602

The primary objectives of this Network Standard are:

NS 178 + NSAs 1473, 1480, 1498, 1515, 1555 & 1602

3.1 Subtransmission Substations

3.2 132kV Feeders

3.2.1 66kV Feeders

3.2.2 33kV Feeders

3.2.3 132kV/66kV and 132/33kV Transformers

NS 178 + NSAs 1473, 1480, 1498, 1515, 1555 & 1602

3.2.4 132kV Busbars

3.2.5 66kV Busbars

3.2.6 33kV Busbars

3.2.7 66kV and 33kV Capacitor Banks

3.2.8 Circuit Breaker Failure Scheme

3.2.9 Auto Reclose Schemes

NS 178 + NSAs 1473, 1480, 1498, 1515, 1555 & 1602

3.3 Zone Substations

3.3.1.2 132kV/11kV Transformers

3.3.1.3 132kV Busbars

3.3.1.4 11kV Feeders

NS 178 + NSAs 1473, 1480, 1498, 1515, 1555 & 1602

3.3.1.5 11kV Busbars

3.3.1.6 11kV Capacitor Banks

3.3.1.7 Circuit Breaker Failure Scheme

3.3.1.8 Auto Reclose Schemes

3.3.2 66kV/11kV Substations

3.3.2.2 66kV/11kV Transformers

NS 178 + NSAs 1473, 1480, 1498, 1515, 1555 & 1602

 Primary earth fault

3.3.2.3 66kV Busbars

3.3.2.4 11kV Feeders

3.3.2.5 11kV Busbars

3.3.2.6 66kV Capacitor Banks

NS 178 + NSAs 1473, 1480, 1498, 1515, 1555 & 1602

3.3.2.7 11kV Capacitor Banks

3.3.2.8 Circuit Breaker Failure Scheme

3.3.2.9 Auto Reclose Schemes

3.3.3 33kV/11kV Substations

3.3.3.2 33kV/11kV Transformers

3.3.3.3 33kV Busbars

NS 178 + NSAs 1473, 1480, 1498, 1515, 1555 & 1602

3.3.3.4 11kV Feeders

3.3.3.5 11kV Busbars

3.3.3.6 33kV Capacitor Banks

3.3.3.7 11kV Capacitor Banks

3.3.3.8 Circuit Breaker Failure Scheme

3.3.3.9 Auto Reclose Schemes

NS 178 + NSAs 1473, 1480, 1498, 1515, 1555 & 1602

3.4 Instrument Transformers

3.5 Protection Equipment Locations

3.6 Protection Wiring

3.7 Preferred Protection Relay Types

NS 178 + NSAs 1473, 1480, 1498, 1515, 1555 & 1602

4.1 Substation SCADA System

NS 178 + NSAs 1473, 1480, 1498, 1515, 1555 & 1602