Presented by

Nermin Mohamed Sabry

Class 4A

Presented to
Mr. Ashraf Flamon

STATES OF MATTER
All matter is made from atoms. Every substance (oxygen, lead, silver, neon ...) has a unique
number of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Oxygen, for example, has 8 protons, 8 neutrons, and 8
electrons. Hydrogen has 1 proton and 1 electron. Individual atoms can combine with other atoms to
form molecules. Water molecules contain two atoms of hydrogen H and one atom of oxygen O and
is chemically called H2O. Oxygen and nitrogen are the major components of air and occur in
nature as diatomic (two atom) molecules. Regardless of the type of molecule, matter normally
exists as either a solid, a liquid, or a gas. We call this property of matter the phase of the matter.
The three normal phases of matter have unique characteristics which are listed on the slide.

Solid

In the solid phase the molecules are closely bound to one another by molecular forces. A solid
holds its shape and the volume of a solid is fixed by the shape of the solid.

Liquid

In the liquid phase the molecular forces are weaker than in a solid. A liquid will take the shape of
its container with a free surface in a gravitational field. In microgravity, a liquid forms a ball inside a
free surface. Regardless of gravity, a liquid has a fixed volume.

Gas

In the gas phase the molecular forces are very weak. A gas fills its container, taking both the
shape and the volume of the container.
Physical Properties of Each State:

SOLID LIQUID GAS

PROPERTY
 shape fixed same as container same as container
(indefinite) (indefinite)
volume definite definite fills entire container
(indefinite)
ability to flow no yes yes
can be compressed very slightly very slightly yes
volume change very small small large
with heating

Physical & Chemical Changes

  Physical Change Chemical Change

 Final substance is
substantially different
 No new substance is produced than initial substance
 Substance remains the same even with  New substance is always
a change of state produced
Definition
 May require addition of energy  Energy is usually
  Release of energy may occur released but may be
required to get the
change going

 A new substance is
produced
 Outside may look different  The particles of the new
 Inside remains the same substance do not
 Particles may be rearranged resemble those of the old
Properties
 Forces of attraction between particles substance
may be weaker or stronger  Internally, the substance
produced is different than
the old substances

 Vinegar and baking soda

mix to form carbon
 Mixing sugar and water
dioxide
 Ice melts into water
Examples  Hydrochloric acid reacts
 Solid wax  ==>    Liquid wax
with magnesium metal to
form hydrogen gas

CHANGES OF STATES OF MATTER

What makes something solid, liquid, or gas?

What's the difference between a solid, a liquid, and a gas? You might think it's just a matter of
temperature, but there's more to it than that.

In solids, atoms are bonded fairly firmly together, though they do move about a bit. You don't
need to put a solid in a container; it stays where it is because its atoms are locked tightly into a
definite shape that, ordinarily, doesn't change. If a solid is reasonably soft and you press it, you
can make it change shape by pushing its atoms into new positions.

Photo: Left: Solids are more dense than liquids: they have more atoms packed into the same
space. The atoms are tightly packed together and stay in shape all by themselves, though they do
move about on the spot.
Middle: Liquids are less dense than solids but more dense than gases. Their atoms can move
around much more, so they need a container to keep them in place (but an open container is
usually okay for short periods of time).

Right: Gases are even less dense than liquids. Their atoms go where they please, so they need a
completely sealed container to keep them in place.

Gases have much more randomly arranged atoms than either liquids or solids. The forces
between the atoms are very weak, so the atoms can speed around freely with lots of energy. A
liquid can flow, but a gas goes one better and expands to fill all the space available to it. If you
squeeze a gas really hard or take heat away from it, its molecules have to huddle together. Pretty
soon they're bonding to form a liquid. Keep squeezing or cooling and you'll lock them together
tightly to make a solid.

Solid Basics
So what is a solid? Solids are usually hard
because their molecules have been packed
together. The closer your molecules are, the
harder you are. Solids also can hold their
own shape. A rock will always look like a
rock unless something happens to it. The
same goes for a diamond.
Even when you grind up a solid into a powder, you will see little tiny
pieces of that solid under a microscope. Liquids will move and fill up
any container. Solids like their shape.

In the same way that a solid holds its shape, the atoms inside of a
solid are not allowed to move around too much. This is one of the
physical characteristics of solids. Atoms and molecules in liquids
and gases are bouncing and floating around, free to move where
they want. The molecules in a solid are stuck. The atoms still spin and the electrons fly
around, but the entire atom will not change position.

Solids can be made up of many things. They can have pure elements or a variety of
compounds inside. When you get more than one type of compound in a solid it is called
a mixture. Most rocks are mixtures of many different compounds. Concrete is a good
example of a manmade mixture.

Crystals
On the other end of the spectrum from a mixture is something
called a crystal. When a solid is made up of a pure substance and
forms slowly, it can become a crystal. Not all pure substances form
crystals because it is a delicate process. The atoms are arranged
in a regular repeating pattern called a cystal lattice. A crystal lattice
is a very exact organization of atoms. A good example is carbon. A diamond is a perfect
crystal lattice while the graphite arrangement is more random.

Liquid Basics
The second state of matter we will discuss is a liquid.
Solids are hard things you can hold. Gases are
floating around you and in bubbles. What is a liquid?
Water is a liquid. Your blood is a liquid. Liquids are
an in-between state of matter. They can be found in
between the solid and gas states. They don't have to
be made up of the same compounds. If you have a
variety of materials in a liquid, it is called a solution.

One characteristic of a liquid is that it will fill up the

shape of a container. If you pour some water in a
cup, it will fill up the bottom of the cup first and then
fill the rest. The water will also take the shape of the
cup. It fills the bottom first because of gravity. The
top part of a liquid will usually have a flat surface.
That flat surface is because of gravity too. Putting an
ice cube (solid) into a cup will leave you with a cube
in the middle of the cup; the shape won't change until
the ice becomes a liquid.

Evaporation of Liquids
Sometimes a liquid can be sitting in one place
(maybe a puddle) and its molecules will become a
gas. That's the process called evaporation. It can
happen when liquids are cold or when they are warm.
It happens more often with warmer liquids.
Evaporation is all about the energy in individual
molecules, not about the average energy of a
system. The average energy can be low and the
evaporation still continues.