Course Code : MCS-011

Course Title : Problem Solving and Programming

Assignment Number
Assignment Marks
Weightage
Last Date of Submission
: MCA(1)/011/Assign/2011
: 100
: 25%
: 15th April, 2011 (for January session)
15th October, 2011 (for July session)

There are five questions in this assignment, which carries 80 marks. Rest 20 marks are for
viva-voce. Answer all the questions. You may use illustrations and diagrams to enhance the
explanations. Please go through the guidelines regarding assignments given in the Programme
Guide for the format of presentation.

Question 1:

(a) Write a simple program to find the size of different basic data types in C. (5 Marks)

Ans. Program 1 : Without Sizeof()

/*Program to find the size of different basic data types in c
without using sizeof()*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int arr1[2];
char arr2[2];
float arr3[2];
double arr4[2];
int a, b, c, d;
clrscr();

a= ((int)(&arr1[2])) - ((int)(&arr1[1]));
printf("Size of int = %d Bytes\n",a);

b= ((int)(&arr2[2])) - ((int)(&arr2[1]));
printf("Size of char = %d Bytes\n",b);

c= ((int)(&arr3[2])) - ((int)(&arr3[1]));
printf("Size of float = %d Bytes\n",c);

d= ((int)(&arr4[2])) - ((int)(&arr4[1]));
printf("Size of double = %d Bytes\n",d);

getch();

Program 2 : Using Sizeof()

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

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#include<malloc.h>
void main()
{
int ch;
clrscr();
do{
printf("\n\n+--------------------------------------------+\n| A
Program to tell Size of basic data types |\n");
printf("+--------------------------------------------+\n|
Main Menu
|\n+--------------------------------------------+\n1\t-
>Integer\n2\t->Long\n");
printf("3\t->Short\n4\t->Float\n5\t->Char\n6\t->Double\n7\t->Clear
Screen\n0\t->Exit\nSelect datatype :");
scanf("%d",&ch);

switch(ch)
{
case 1:
{
printf("+--------------------------------------------+\n Size of
datatype = %i\n+--------------------------------------------
+",sizeof(int));
break;
}
case 2:
{
printf("+--------------------------------------------+\n Size of
datatype = %i\n+--------------------------------------------
+",sizeof(long));
break;
}
case 3:
{
printf("+--------------------------------------------+\n Size of
datatype = %i\n+--------------------------------------------
+",sizeof(short));
break;
}
case 4:
{
printf("+--------------------------------------------+\n Size of
datatype = %i\n+--------------------------------------------
+",sizeof(float));
break;
}
case 5:
{
printf("+--------------------------------------------+\n Size of
datatype = %i\n+--------------------------------------------
+",sizeof(char));
break;
}
case 6:

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 {
printf("+--------------------------------------------+\n Size of
datatype = %i\n+--------------------------------------------
+",sizeof(double));
break;
}
case 7:
{
clrscr();
}
case 0:
{
break;
}
default:
{
continue;
}
}

}while(ch!=0);

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(b) Write a program in C for showing working of different logical operator in C. Your program should
guide users with proper message/menu on the console. (5
Marks)

Ans.
/*Write a program in C for showing working of different logical
operator in C.
Your program should guide users with proper message/menu on the
console.*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void andoper();
void oroper();
void notoper();

void main()
{
char ch;
char och;
do
{
clrscr();
printf("A program in C for showing working of different
logical operator in C");
printf("\n\nAvailable options :-");
printf("\n\n1 for && operator");
printf("\n\n2 for || operator");
printf("\n\n3 for ! operator");
printf("\n\n\nEnter your choice: ");
och=getch();
switch(och)
{
case '1' :
andoper();
break;
case '2' :
oroper();
break;
case '3' :
notoper();
break;
default :
printf("\n\nIncorrect option selected!\a");

}
printf("\n\nDo you want to continue y/n: ");
ch=getch();
}while(ch=='y');
}
void andoper()
{

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 int n;

printf("\n\nYou have selected AND operator");

printf("\n\nPlease enter a number greater than 1 AND less than
9: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
if(n>1&&n<9)
printf("\nThe number is %d: ",n);
else
printf("\nwrong entry");
}
void oroper()
{
int n;

printf("\n\nYou have selected OR operator");

printf("\n\nEnter either 1 or 0: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
if(n==1||n==0)
printf("\nThe number is %d: ",n);
else
printf("\nWrong entry");

void notoper()
{
int n;

printf("\n\nYou have selected NOT operator");

printf("\n\nEnter 1: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
if(!n==1)
printf("\nWrong entry");
else
printf("\nThanks for running this program %c",1);
}

(c) Write a function to find the area of a triangle whose length of three sides is given.
(5 Marks)
Ans.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<string.h>

void main()
{
int x=0,y=0,z=0,i=0,count=0,s=0;
double ar=0;
clrscr();

count=strlen("Program to calculate area of a triangle given its

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 three sides using Heron's Formula");
printf("Program to calculate area of a triangle given its three
sides using Heron's Formula\n");
for(i=0;i<count;i++)
{
printf("-");
}
printf("\nEnter side 1 :");
scanf("%d",&x);
printf("Enter side 2 :");
scanf("%d",&y);
printf("Enter side 3 :");
scanf("%d",&z);
s=(x+y+z)/2.0;
ar=sqrt(s*(s-x)*(s-y)*(s-z));
printf("Area =%lf",ar);
getch();
}

Question 2:

(a) Write a C program to print the following triangle:

*
***
*****
*******
*********
************

(5 Marks)

Sol.
Program 1 : 12 STARS BASE

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,n=6,j;
clrscr();
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{

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 for(j=1;j<=n-i;j++)
printf(" ");
for(j=1;j<=2*i-1;j++)
printf(" *");
if(n==6&&j==12)
printf(" *");
printf("\n");
}

getch();
}

Program 1 : 11 STARS BASE

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,n=6,j;
clrscr();
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=n-i;j++)
printf(" ");
for(j=1;j<=2*i-1;j++)
printf(" *");
printf("\n");
}

getch();
}

(b) Write a C program to read the internal test marks of 25 students in a class and show the number of
students who have scored more than 50% in the test. Make necessary assumptions. (5 Marks)

Sol .

/*Write a C program to read the internal test marks of 25

students in a class and show the number of students who have scored
more than 50%*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int arr[25];
int i,count=0;
clrscr();

for(i=0;i<25;i++)
{

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 printf("\n\nEnter marks of student no %d: ",i+1);
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
if(arr[i]>50)
count=count+1;
}
printf("\n\nNumber of Students who have scored more than 50
percent = %d",count);
getch();
}

Question 3:

(a) What is calling by reference? How it is different from call by value? Write a C function to swap two
given numbers using call by reference mechanism. (5
Marks)

Sol. In a computer language there are two ways that arguments can be passed to a
function/subroutine.
1. Call by value : This method copies the value of an argument into the formal
parameter of the subroutine. In this case, changes made to the parameter have no effect on
the argument.
2. Call by reference : This is the second way of passing arguments to a subroutine. In this
method, the address of an argument is copied into the parameter. Inside the subroutine, the
address is used to access the actual argument used in the call. This means that changes made
to the parameter affect the argument.

Example :

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void swap(int *x, int *y)

{
int temp;
temp = *x; /* save the value at address x */
*x = *y; /* put y into x */
*y = temp; /* put x into y */
}

void main()
{
int a=5,b=6;
printf("Before Swap a= %d, b=%d\n",a,b);
swap(&a,&b);
printf("After Swap a= %d, b=%d",a,b);
getch();
}

In this program, the variable a is assigned the value 5, and b is assigned the value 6. Then swap( ) is
called with the addresses of a and b. (The unary operator & is used to produce the address of the
variables.) Therefore, the addresses of a and b, not their values, are passed into the function swap( ).

Output

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(b) Write a C program for addition of two 3×3 matrices. (5 Marks)

Sol.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void add_matrices(int a[][3], int b[][3], int result[][3]);

void print_matrix(int a[][3]);

void main(void)
{

int p[3][3] = { {1, 3, -4}, {1, 1, -2}, {-1, -2, 5} };

int q[3][3] = { {8, 3, 0}, {3, 10, 2}, {0, 2, 6} };
int r[3][3];
clrscr();
add_matrices(p, q, r);

printf("\nMatrix 1:\n");
print_matrix(p);

printf("\nMatrix 2:\n");
print_matrix(q);

printf("\nResult:\n");
print_matrix(r);
getch();
}

void add_matrices(int a[][3], int b[][3], int result[][3])

{
int i, j;
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
{
result[i][j] = a[i][j] + b[i][j];
}
}
}

void print_matrix(int a[][3])

{

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 int i, j;
for (i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for (j=0; j<3; j++)
{
printf("%d\t", a[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
}

(c) Write a C program for finding GCD of two given numbers. (5 Marks)

Sol.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

int gcd(int a, int b);

void main()
{
clrscr();

printf("\nGCD(%2d,%2d) = [%d]", 6,4, gcd(6,4));

getch();

int gcd(int a, int b)

{
int temp;

while(b)
{

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 temp = a % b;
a = b;
b = temp;
}

return(a);
}

Output :

Question 4:

(a) Write C programme for followings:

i) Counting the number of words in a given string

Sol.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
char str[50];
int i,count,countc;
clrscr();
printf("Enter a string : ");
gets(str);
count=0;
i=0;
while(str[i]!='\0')
{
if(str[i]==' ')
count++;
i++;
}
printf("The total number of words are %d ",count+1);
getch();
}

Output:

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 ii) Concatenating two given strings
(2×5 =10 Marks)
Sol.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char first_s[] = "Hello";
char second_s[] = "World";
int i = 0;
int x = 0;

char long_s[sizeof(first_s) + sizeof(second_s)];

clrscr();

while(first_s[i])
{
long_s[i] = first_s[i];
++i;
}
long_s[i] = ' ';
++i;

while(second_s[x])
{
long_s[i] = second_s[x];
++i;
++x;
}
long_s[i] = '\0'; /* don't forget the null */

printf(long_s);
putchar('\n');

getch();

(b) What is a pointer? Explain pointer arithmetic with example. Also explain use of
malloc function in C programming with an example (10 Marks)

Sol. Pointer :
A pointer is a variable that points to or references a memory location in which data is stored. Each
memory cell in the computer has an address that can be used to access that location so a pointer
variable points to a memory location we can access and change the contents of this memory location
via the pointer.

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 Pointer declaration:
A pointer is a variable that contains the memory location of another variable. The syntax is as shown
below. You start by specifying the type of data stored in the location identified by the pointer. The
asterisk tells the compiler that you are creating a pointer variable. Finally you give the name of the
variable.
type * variable name
Example:
int *ptr;
float *string;

Pointer Arithmetic
Like other variables pointer variables can be used in expressions. For example if p1 and p2 are
properly declared and initialized pointers, then the following statements are valid.

y=*p1**p2;
sum=sum+*p1;
z= 5* - *p2/p1;
*p2= *p2 + 10;

C allows us to add integers to or subtract integers from pointers as well as to subtract one pointer
from the other. We can also use short hand operators with the pointers p1+=; sum+=*p2; etc., we can
also compare pointers by using relational operators the expressions such as p1 >p2 , p1==p2 and p1!
=p2 are allowed.

/*Program to illustrate the pointer expression and pointer

arithmetic*/
#include< stdio.h >
main()
{
int ptr1,ptr2;
int a,b,x,y,z;
a=30;b=6;
ptr1=&a;
ptr2=&b;
x=*ptr1+ *ptr2 –6;
y=6*- *ptr1/ *ptr2 +30;
printf(“\nAddress of a +%u”,ptr1);
printf(“\nAddress of b %u”,ptr2);
printf(“\na=%d, b=%d”,a,b);
printf(“\nx=%d,y=%d”,x,y);
ptr1=ptr1 + 70;
ptr2= ptr2;
printf(“\na=%d, b=%d”,a,b);
}

• Malloc Function

Syntax:
#include <stdlib.h>

Description:
The function malloc() returns a pointer to a chunk of memory of size size, or NULL if there is an
error. The memory pointed to will be on the heap, not the stack, so make sure to free it when you are

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 done with it. It is basically used in Dynamic Memory Allocation.

Example:

typedef struct data_type {

int age;
char name[20];
} data;

data *person;
bob = (data*) malloc( sizeof(data) );
if( person != NULL ) {
person->age = 22;
strcpy( person->name, "Robert" );
printf( "%s is %d years old\n", person->name, person->age );
}
free( person );

Question 5:

(a) Explain recursion. Also write a C program for Tower of Hanoi problem with a example of 4 disks .
(10 Marks)

Sol :
Recursion is the process in which a function calls itself. A function is called ‘recursive’ if a
statement within the body of a function calls the same function. Sometimes called ‘circular
definition’, recursion is thus the process of defining something in terms of itself.

Tower of Hanoi problem with 4 disks

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
/********** Function Declaration begins **********/
void TOH(int,char,char,char);
/********** Function Declaration ends **********/

void main()
{
int n;
clrscr();
printf("\n\t\t Program for Tower of Hanoi problem's solution");
printf("\n\n\t\t Enter number of disk:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\n Tower of hanoi problem for %d disk.\n",n);
TOH(n,'A','B','C');
getch();
}

/********** Computing TOH **********/

/********** Function Definition begins **********/
void TOH(int n, char A, char B, char C)

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 {
if(n<=0)
printf(" \nWrong input\n");
else
if(n ==1)
printf("\n Move disk from peg %c to peg %c",A,C);
else
{
TOH(n-1,A,C,B);
TOH(1,A,B,C);
TOH(n-1,B,A,C);
}
}
/********** Function Definition ends **********/

Output :

Program for Tower of Hanoi problem’s solution

Enter number of disk:4
Tower of hanoi problem for 4 disk.
Move disk from peg A to peg B
Move disk from peg A to peg C
Move disk from peg B to peg C
Move disk from peg A to peg B
Move disk from peg C to peg A
Move disk from peg C to peg B
Move disk from peg A to peg B
Move disk from peg A to peg C
Move disk from peg B to peg C
Move disk from peg B to peg A
Move disk from peg C to peg A
Move disk from peg B to peg C
Move disk from peg A to peg B
Move disk from peg A to peg C
Move disk from peg B to peg C

(b) Write a C program using structure to find students grades in a class.Make the necessary assumptions.
(10 Marks)
Sol.

GRADE MARKS RANGE

A > 75
B 65 - 75
C 55 - 65
D 45 - 55
E 35 - 45
F < 35

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/*Write a C program using structure to find students grades in a class*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void entry();
void report();

struct grade
{
char name[10];
int rollno;
int marks;
char grd;
};
struct grade student[4];
int i;
void main()
{
char ch,ch2;
do
{
clrscr();
printf("\n\nPress 1 to Enter data");
printf("\n\nPress 2 to View Grades");
printf("\n\nPlease enter your choice: ");
ch=getch();
switch(ch)
{
case '1' : entry();break;
case '2' : report();break;
default : printf("\n\nWrong entry!\a");
}
printf("\n\nDo you want to continue y/n: ");
ch2=getch();
}while(ch2=='y');
}
void entry()
{
char ch3;
printf("\n\n\n\nPlease enter data for 4 students");
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
{
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter data for student number %d",i+1);
printf("\n\nEnter Name of the student: ");
scanf("%s",&student[i].name);
printf("\nEnter Roll no: ");
scanf("%d",&student[i].rollno);
printf("\nEnter marks: ");
scanf("%d",&student[i].marks);
if(student[i].marks>75)
student[i].grd='A';
else if(student[i].marks>65&&student[i].marks<75)
student[i].grd='B';
else if(student[i].marks>55&&student[i].marks<65)

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 student[i].grd='C';
else if(student[i].marks>45&&student[i].marks<55)
student[i].grd='D';
else if(student[i].marks>35&&student[i].marks<45)
student[i].grd='E';
else if(student[i].marks<35)
student[i].grd='F';
}
printf("\n\nTo view Grades Press 2");
ch3=getch();
if(ch3=='2')
report();
}
void report()
{
clrscr();
printf("\n\nGrades obtained by these four students");
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
{
printf("\n\n%s %d %d
%c",student[i].name,student[i].rollno,student[i].marks,student[i].grd);
}
}
-------------------End------------------

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