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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Historical Background

Obesity occurs when there is an excess amount of fat in one's body. According to
most references, a person is classified as obese if they have a BMI of 30 or higher. Many
classify obesity as a disease that affects the rest of one's body in negative ways, leading to
increased stress on the heart and other organs. People with a BMI of 25-29 are typically
classified as overweight, however they also take the risk of becoming obese if they do not
change their lifestyle or seek medical treatment.

There are a host of influences contributing to the development of overweight and


obesity, including genetic, metabolic, environmental, behavioral, socioeconomic and
cultural factors. Weight gain is caused by consumption of macronutrients in excess of the
body’s requirements creating a situation of positive energy balance. An energy imbalance
over a sustained period of time leads to a person becoming overweight

A complementary measure to BMI is waist circumference, as excess fat carried in


the abdominal area is associated with increased risk of ill health. A waist circumference
of 94 cm or more in men and 80 cm or more in women indicates increased risk of ill
health and a waist circumference of 102 cm or more in men and 88 cm or more in women
indicates substantially increased risk. (This and the BMI classification may not be
suitable for people aged 18 years or below and the cut-off points may not be suitable for
all population sub-groups.)

A combination of macro and micronutrients are required to provide energy and to


maintain normal metabolic function, growth and repair. The National Health and Medical
Research Council’s Nutrient Reference Values provides information on recommendations
for daily energy and nutrient intakes for children and adults based on the latest scientific
evidence. The NHMRC recommends a dietary intake of different types of foods, where
all nutrients can be obtained within energy requirements and energy-dense, nutrient-poor
foods are replaced with plenty of vegetables, fruits, wholegrain cereals, moderate
amounts of lean meats, fish, and poultry, and small amounts of polyunsaturated fats and
oils, and plain water. By increasing levels of activity, dietary choices become more
flexible and have the benefits of assisting the maintenance of normal bodyweight and
reducing the risk of a range of chronic diseases.

The actual energy requirements needed to maintain current body size and level of
physical activity may be different to the desirable energy requirements needed to
maintain a body size and levels of physical activity consistent with good health. For
people who are overweight or obese, desirable energy requirements may be lower than
actual requirements. For people who are both overweight or obese and physically
inactive, the difference between actual and desirable will depend on the balance between
degree of overweight and level of inactivity.
Statement of the Problem

This research paper dealt with various ways of knowing something about obesity.
More specifically, it tries to seek the answer to the following question.

1. What is obesity?
2. How does obesity affect our health?
3. The effect of obesity when it comes to psychological content?

Objectives of the Problem

This research paper was written with the following objectives about the problem
of obesity.

1. To make the reader aware about the problem of obesity


2. To determine the different causes of obesity
3. To inform the readers how to avoid obesity

Importance of the Problem

This research paper is important because it provides framework for the prevention
of obesity and how to take care of the people’s health, specifically readers will be
benefited upon reading this research work.

Definition of Terms

Obesity- is the state in which your body has too much body fat and is stored under the
skin and it pretty much means you are fat and need to loose some wait, hate to be harsh
but it the truth
NHMRC-National Health and Medical Research Council’s Nutrient Values
CVD-Cardiovascular Disease
CHP-Coronary Heart Disease
WHO- World Health Organization
Genetics- the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms.
CHAPTER 2

Overweight and obesity are associated with a range of debilitating and life-
threatening conditions, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, high blood
pressure, certain cancers, sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, psychological disorders and social
problems.

In terms of the association of overweight and obesity with specific health outcomes,
there is good evidence of the association with:

• cardiovascular disease (CVD) among young to middle-aged men and women but
not among older people
• increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in adult sand moderate evidence
of the association with
• the duration of obesity and CVD mortality among adults which may mediate the
protective factor of overweight in older age
• obesity and CVD mortality among adults
• abdominal obesity and risk of CVD particularly among older men
• abdominal obesity and risk of CHD in older men and younger women
• overweight and obesity and risk of heart failure
• Abdominal adiposity and risk of stroke in men and women.

Obesity is a significant risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes, a metabolic
disease characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels). The chronic
hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction and failure
of body organs, especially the heart and blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves. The
Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study found that people who were obese were
six times more likely to develop metabolic disorders than those of normal weight.
Physically inactive people are also at increased risk of developing such disorders.

Strategies for dealing with overweight and obesity include psychological


interventions and changes to nutrition and/or physical activity. Intensive, individually-
tailored interventions have been shown to provide some success for overweight and obese
people, and those at high risk of weight-related chronic disease. Obesity, however, is not
just an individual problem: it is a population problem, and the World Health Organization
recommends that it needs to be tackled as such. In terms of interventions to address
overweight and obesity in adults and older Australians there is plenty of evidence of the
efficacy of interventions for those who are already obese, but there is less evidence for
interventions that aim to prevent weight gain at a population level.
Obesity Causes
People today are anxious to know about obesity and how it affects them
personally. The media has reported so many dangerous health risks associated with
obesity that people are perpetually worried, but often don't have enough information to
change their habits in order to live a healthier life. In this article, we will explore the
causes of obesity and what you can do to prevent or eliminate the concern that comes
with being obese.

What are the main causes of obesity?

First off, obesity is not a disease caused by one factor alone. This is why it can be
often difficult to treat -- there is no "one" way. Actually, it's often a combination of
several different physical and psychological elements that lead up to obesity. Some of
these elements include our diet, physical activity or inactivity, age, culture, genetics,
emotional and psychological well-being, gender, and medical factors. Let's start off by
discussing how bad dieting can cause obesity.

Diet

Diet is probably one of the most important factors to consider when trying too
understood what causes obesity. Obesity is, after all, directly related to the amount of fat
in your body in proportion to your height. This is why it is so important to make sure that
we are eating healthy and keeping our body fat to a minimum. Not that body fat is bad.
On the contrary, body fat is needed for your body to be the best it can be. However,
excess body fat can slow you down and put pressure on internal organs, which leads to
many of the symptoms that obese people often contract. So, by watching what we eat, we
often dramatically lower our risk for becoming obese.

Physical Fitness and Exercise

Though it's often hard for working adults to get in the amount of exercise their
body needs, it is vitally important in remaining free from the risks of obesity. Obesity is
directly linked the most often, besides diet, with our lack of physical activity. By
increasing the amount of exercise and motion we do each day, we take another step in
preventing obesity.

Age

As we age, we often lack good enough metabolism to burn up the amount of


calories we could when we were younger. This is why it's easier to accumulate excess fat
in our body, thereby increasing our risks for obesity. To prevent obesity from actually
occurring, it's important to get enough exercise, eat healthy, and get a good amount of
sleep each night.
Culture, Genetics, Gender, Psychological and Medical Factors

While the previous three topics are some of the main causes of obesity, there are
several others that are often ignored in main-stream publications, but still very important.
These are culture, genetics, and gender, psychological and medical factors.

Culture influences the way we live, cook, eat, and move around. The more active
and healthier our culture, the less likely we are to become obese.

Another topic is that of genetics. There is a chance that obesity is passed on in our
genes, from our grandparents to our parents and down to us. However, even if this is true,
it doesn't mean that we can't be healthy if we've inherited some "obese genes". It just
means that we have to change our lifestyle to find a way to combat the way we are
naturally inclined.

Our psychological well-being is also one of the most important factors in obesity.
If we are not mentally complete, then we are often physically incomplete. Finding a way
to bring back our psychological contentment is key to experiencing a healthy life.

All of these factors and more add up to obesity. It's only until we investigate each
individuals' personal circumstances that we can try to help, prevent, or treat those
individuals from inflicting the harm that comes with obesity.

Obesity Complications
There are many health risks commonly associated with obesity. These might
include the following:

High Blood Pressure and Heart Disease

One of the most common complications that arise from being obese is high blood
pressure. As excess weight is put on, you also gain mostly fatty tissue. Rely on oxygen
and other nutrients in the blood, the amount of blood in your body increases. Also, insulin
levels typically increase the heavier you are, so this also demands an increase in blood.
This places more pressure on your artery walls, thereby increasing heart rate and reducing
the capacity of your blood vessels to carry blood.

Strain on the heart, leading to high blood pressure, can also cause strokes as well
as heart and kidney damage.
Diabetes

Another risk that comes with being obese is that of diabetes. Obesity is a leading
cause of type 2 diabetes. As mentioned before, excess fat makes your body resistant to
insulin. Insulin maintains a good amount of sugar in your blood, so if your body becomes
resistant to insulin, your blood sugar can increase, leading to negative health effects.

Gastro esophageal Reflux or Heartburn

Leaking acid from the stomach into the esophagus can cause gastro esophageal
reflux to occur. This produces heartburn and acid indigestion, but it can also lead to
cancers that are located in the esophagus.

Cancer

Most types of cancer are linked with being overweight, and particularly in being
obese. Since excess weight puts a strain on many areas of your body, it can lead to such
cancers as colon, rectum, esophagus, kidney, breast and prostate.

Sleep Apnea and Respiratory Problems

Due to the fact that many obese individuals have a large neck and restricted
airways in which to breathe, sleep apnea and other respiratory problems are common.

Fertility, Pregnancy Problems and Menstrual Irregularities

Are all potential problems for obese people. Sometimes it is just a matter of eating
unhealthy foods and can be quickly treated by starting to eat balanced meals and
exercising moderately.

Depression and Social Anxiety

Not only is obesity linked with depression, but often scientists don't know if
depression or weight gain came first. This is why it is so common that individuals who
are overweight experience depression and social anxiety. Often unsatisfied with their
condition and the symptoms they experience, individuals who are obese tend not to see
the world out of the same rose-colored glasses as their thinner friends. Also, they are
often discriminated against and treated unfairly in social situations, thereby promoting
social anxiety in obese individuals.

Steoarthritis

Excess weight puts more stress on joints, gradually wearing away the cartilage
that protects them. Joint pain and stiffness occurs, especially on the knees, hips, and
lower back.
Incontinence

Increased pressure is exerted on the abdomen in heavier people. This can lead to a
weakening of the valve on the urinary bladder, causing leakage to occur, especially when
coughing, sneezing, or laughing.

Physical Discomfort

Physical discomfort can occur when a person is severely obese. Excess fat around
the abdomen and breathing areas can make it difficult to sit up and do many normal,
every-day activities.

Gallbladder Disease

Heavier people tend to produce more cholesterol in their body. Cholesterol can be
deposited in the gallbladder, thereby increasing your risks of gallstones.

Fatty Liver Disease

Fats can also build up in the liver, sometimes leading to the scarring and
inflammation commonly associated with this disease.

Obesity Diet
Obesity is a dangerous, common disease found among many individuals in
today's society. While it is caused by many factors including inactivity and stress, the
most important factor is an unhealthy diet. Since obesity is primarily the result of excess
fat in our body, it is understandable to believe that diet plays a vital role in determining
whether someone is obese or not. If you, or someone you know, is overweight or obese,
it's important to change unhealthy habits now. While exercise is important in burning that
extra fat, diet is important in eliminating it in the first place! So, when focusing on diet,
what should you consider?

Diet Fads, Pills, and Plans

Everywhere you look there are advertisements for new drugs that will supposedly
get you thin, support groups that will encourage you to look your best, and strict costly
meal plans that will "drop the pounds off for good". While many promise you everything
you can desire, they are often empty promises that really are too good to be true.
However, most of the people have seen good results with proctor and hoodiagordoniiplus.
Often, these programs place more emphasis on looking good than actually being healthy.
While you can read many self-help books and try many of these programs, the quest to
really turn your life around will ultimately end up on you. Equipped with common sense
and a little research, only you will know the best way to live a healthy, satisfying life.
The Road Toward Health

While the road can be long, you should look at it as something you want to do for
the rest of your life. While it's okay to give in to a piece of cake here and there, you
ultimately want to find a way to cut out the foods that aren't helping your body. Empty
foods drenched in fats or empty calories should only be taken in small amounts. By using
common sense, you will understand just how much you should allow yourself

When shopping, aim for lots of vegetables and fruits. When buying grains, look
for whole-wheat, multi-grains, or anything made from natural products. Try to eliminate
the amount of white bread and pasta that you buy since they are often devoid of any
nutrients. Limit the amount of meat you get to a healthy portion, preferably less than the
size of your palm each day. Meat isn't the only way to get protein. Nuts, peanut butter,
seeds, and cheeses are other ways to get protein. Do your research on healthy foods,
nutrients, and what your body needs. Then, find out by trial and error what works for you
and in what amounts. Also be sure to drink a moderate amount of water each day.

Many people find that the best way to lose weight is to find their own way of
living their life. Do the things you love, eat the things you love, and be realistic about it!
If you love pasta and cheesecake, eat it! Just use common sense and refrain from having
cheesecake more than once a week. Or, you could "make up" for the cheesecake and
either take a long walk or eat fewer curbs that day. Mix in vegetables with your pasta.
Find a balance that works for you and you'll not only enjoy the challenge, but you'll start
living a healthier life! Pay attention to your body and find out what it needs. It's not often
as difficult as it seems.

If, after trying all this, you still don't see results, ask your doctor what he or she
recommends. Often, they can point you in the right direction.

Either way, even if you don't see results right away, you will be living a healthier
life and this is the most important thing anyone can aim for.

Obesity Prevention
Obesity is quickly becoming one of today's most common diseases. While to
many it may not normally be considered to be altogether dangerous, in reality some of the
health risks can be very hazardous. There is a reason it's considered a disease and that's
because the excess weight has been known to wear down and put stress on many internal
organs, joints, and cause other health-related problems, even psychological ones. So,
while we now know that obesity can indeed be dangerous, what can we do to prevent it?
BMI

The first thing we should seek to understand is BMI. Since the term "obese" is directly
related to our BMI, it is fundamental that we know how to calculate BMI and understand
what qualifies as a healthy 'BMI'.

BMI, or "body mass index," is the formula we use to find out the ratio between
your weight and your height. In order to find out what your BMI is, first find your
weight, in pounds, and your height, in inches. If using pounds and inches, use the
following formula to find your BMI: lbs/inches2 * 704.5. In other words, your BMI is the
number of pounds divided by the number of inches squared times 704.5. Or, if using
kilograms and meters, divide the weight in kilograms by the square of the person's height
in meters and you have your answer.

If the number you calculated is under 25, then you are generally considered to
have a healthy BMI. If your BMI is between 25 and 29, then you are overweight and
potentially on your way to becoming obese, if you don't start living a healthier life. If
above 30, then you are typically classified as obese.

If you are overweight or even if your BMI isn't high enough to be classified as
overweight or obese, it's a good idea to take a few preventative measures. What are
these?

Healthy Diet

The first thing that anyone should consider is to maintain a healthy diet. Since
obesity is directly linked with the amount of fat in our body, controlling the amount of
food we take in and the kinds of food we eat is vitally important in keeping a healthy
body. By drinking enough water, having a moderate variety of healthy foods, and getting
enough vitamins, we can be sure to take the first step in preventing obesity.

Exercise

The second very important key to consider in preventing obesity is exercise.


Inactivity is one of the leading causes of obesity in children and adults, so by keeping
active at least a little a day, no matter our schedule, we can greatly reduce our risk of
obesity.

Sleep

While you might not guess just how much sleep can do for you, sleep is very
important in maintaining a healthy body. There is even research that has been done to
show that you burn calories while you sleep! So by getting an adequate amount of sleep,
you lower your risks greatly.
Ask Your Doctor

Since obesity can be caused by many factors, it's important to ask your doctor
what he or she would recommend to prevent obesity. By doing this, maintaining a healthy
diet, exercising, and getting adequate sleep, you can almost guarantee that your risk for
obesity will be eliminated and that you will live a much longer, healthier life.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions

Based on the results of the researcher’s study, the following conclusions are
given:

1.Portion control should be included as part of a comprehensive

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