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1 3 5 7 9 11
12 10 8 6 4 2
C13: C13H28 Tridécane
C14: C14H30 Tetradécane
C15: C15H32 Pentadécane
C16: C16H34 Hexadécane
………………………..
C20: C20H42 Cosane
C21: C21H44 Henicosane
C22: C22H46 Docosane
…………………………..
C30 : C30H62 Triacontane
C40 : C40H82 Tetracontane
C50 :C50H102 Pentacontane
2 4 6 8 10
1 3 5 7 9 Le Décane
- Les iso-paraffines:
La chaine des carbones est une chaine ramifiée ou branchée (Ce sont
des isomères des paraffines normaux, on les différenciés par
l’utilisation du préfixe iso).
- Le premier dans la série des iso-paraffines est l’isobutane :
2,2,3 Triméthylpentane
2,2,4 Triméthylpentane
7 6 1
2 7
1 8 4 2
3 5 5 3
6 4 8
2,2,3 trimethylpentane 2,2,4 trimethylpentane
b) Les naphtènes (Ou Cycloalcanes)
methylcyclohexane
decaline
tetradecahydroanthracene
decahydronaphthalene
Ce sont des structures cycliques insaturées avec trois doubles liaisons dans
chaque cycle et ayant la formule CnH2n-6 avec n le nombre d’atomes de
carbone dans la chaine d’hydrocarbures.
Les composés soufrés sont présents dans le pétrole brut sous forme de
composés organiques soufrés, le sulfure d’hydrogène H2S est le seul
composé non organique présent dans le brut. La présence des composés
soufrés dans le brut est nuisible à cause de leurs caractères corrosifs.
- Les composés non acides: Ce sont les thiophènes, les sulfites et les
disulfides.
Les composés non acides sont non corrosifs et peu odorants.
°API=(141.5/d)-131.5
I-2.2. PNA
Vapor Pressure is the force exerted by the gas or vapor to escape from a
liquid substance in a closed container or space. At or below the vapor
pressure, there is no net evaporation.
Flammable (Explosive) range is the range between the lowest explosive limit
(LEL) and the upper explosive limit (UEL). Gasoline for example has an
explosive range of 1.4 ‐ 7.6%.
Les pétroles les plus légers sont les plus demandés par les raffineurs,
car ils donnent directement beaucoup de coupes légères de grande
valeur (Essence, diesel, naphta).
A l'inverse, les pétroles lourds donnent plus de produits, tels que des
bitumes et du fioul résiduel, qu'il faut soit vendre tels quels à bas prix,
soit convertir en coupes plus légères, notamment par hydrocraquage ;
(Ajout d'hydrogène).
Les pétroles avec une faible teneur en soufre (Inférieure à 0,5% en poids)
sont qualifiés de ’’Sweet’’ ou ’’doux’’; au-delà, les pétroles sont qualifiés de
’’Sour’’ ou ’’soufrés’’. Ceci est important car le soufre est un polluant-corrosif
et poison que les raffineurs doivent retirer. Ceci a un coût et il diminue donc
la valeur du brut.
,.
- Le reformage catalytique
Pt or Pt–Re bimétallique on Aluminium oxyde
- L’isomérisation de la coupe C6
Pt or Pd on Silica-alumina or Zeolite supports.
- Le vapocraquage
- L’hydrotraitement du kérosène et du gasoil (HDS)
NiMo/Al2O3 or CoMo/Al2O3
- L’hydrocraquage
NiMo/Al2O3
- Le craquage catalytique (FCC)
Zéolite - H2SO4
I-2. Le gaz naturel
Overview
The Shell Soaker Visbreaking process is ideally suited for the reduction of
heavy fuel oil product via residue viscosity reduction and maximum production
of distillates. Typical applications include processing of atmospheric residue,
vacuum residue or solvent Deasphalter pitch.
Over 70% of the total visbreaking capacity built during the last 15 years is
based on this Shell technology. When compared to coil visbreaking
technology, it offers demonstrated advantages that include significantly lower
investment costs, lower fuel requirements, increased heater run length, and
higher conversion operation with better viscosity reduction.
The technology provides refiners with the means to conserve valuable cutter stock while still producing
high quality, stable fuel oil. This conservation of valuable cutter stock, combined with fuel savings
derived from the technology, offers an overall cost advantage that leads to project payouts of one to
two years.
With more than 35% of the vacuum residue feed converted to distillate and lighter products, Shell
Soaker Visbreaking is one of the lowest cost conversion process options.
The Shell Soaker Visbreaking process can be tailored to meet the reifner's specific needs. The most basic
configuration of the Visbreaking process includes the Heater, Soaker and Fractionator. The cutpoint of
the light gasoil fraction is approximately 350 ºC, and heavier material is included in the visbroken
residue. Light gasoil is typically sent to a hydrotreater, or alternatively used internally as
cutterstock.
Because of the drive to reduce fuel production, and to maximize distillate yield, more refiners
now decide to add a Vacuum Flasher to recover more distillate products. The cutpoint of the
heavy gasoil stream taken from the Vacuum Flasher is approximately 520 ºC. This heavy gasoil
stream is ideally routed to a Thermal Distillate Cracker, or a Catalytic Cracker, to convert it to
lighter distillate products.
The heavy gasoil fraction from the Vacuum Flasher can be routed to a cracker. This could be either a
cracker already available in the refinery, or a new cracker. Ideally, the heavy gasoil fraction is routed to a
Shell Thermal Distillate Cracker. The Thermal Distillate Cracker combined with the Shell Soaker
Visbreaker is called the Shell Thermal Gasoil process.
The descriptions that follow are based on traditional Shell Soaker Visbreaker technology, with a Vacuum
Flasher to recover additional heavy gasoil.
Process Description
Visbreaker feed is pumped through preheat exchangers before entering the visbreaker heater, where
the residue is heated to the required cracking temperature. In the convection section of the visbreaker
heater, superheated steam is generated. Heater effluent is sent to the soaker drum where most of the
thermal cracking and viscosity reduction takes place under controlled conditions. The pressure in the
Soaker drum can be adjusted, which results in a change in residence time, and the amount of heavies
that reside in the liquid phase. This flexibility in pressure provides the possibility to reach optimum
selectivity. Soaker drum effluent is flashed and then quenched in the fractionator. Heat integration is
maximized in order to keep fuel consumption to a minimum. The flashed vapors are fractionated into
gas, naphtha, gasoil and visbreaker residue.
Yields
Products yields are dependent on feed type and product specifications. Typical product yields for Middle
East crude are given below.
Economics
The investment is in the order of 1000 - 1200 US$/BPSD installed capacity excluding treating facilities
and depending on capacity.
Fuel, Mcal 16
Reactions
Generally the reaction of an olefin with an alcohol under acidic conditions is exothermic. The
reaction happens already at moderate temperatures. The reaction is extremely selective to
isobutylene, butane and butadiene are virtually unaffected. TREVERLYST catalysts have
been developed to assure the highest conversion rates at the lowest temperatures possible.
TAEE
TAME
MTBE
Cy Cyclohexane production
Nickel catalyst