Vendre
o Sold
Acheter
o Bought
Voyager
o I Travelled
o You Travelled
o He Travelled
o We Travelled
o You Travelled
o They Travelled
Négocier
o I Negotiated
o You Negotiated
o He Negotiated
o We Negotiated
o You Negotiated
o They Negotiated
Avoir
o I had
o you had
o he had
o we had
o you had
o they had
Être
oI was
oyou were
ohe was
owe were
oyou were
othey were
Organiser
o I arranged
o you arranged
o he arranged
o we arranged
o you arranged
o they arranged
2°/ Traduisez en Anglais le texte
Un tel déplacement sera couvert par un connaissement dans le cadre de la ligne régulière ou
d'un contrat d'affrètement dans le cadre d'un service de tramping (lorsque les tonnages sont
importants, par exemple).
Selon la conférence des Nations unies sur le commerce et le développement, 50 000 navires
naviguent dans le monde entier en 2012, faisant du transport maritime le moyen de
transport dans le commerce mondial le plus important, en termes de capacité.
Plus de 8,7 milliards de tonnes empruntent ainsi la mer en 2011, assurant 90 % du trafic
mondial.
Le transport maritime remonte de très loin, ainsi dès que l’être humain a su creuser dans les
troncs d’arbres, assembler les morceaux de bois ; il a compris que la voie d’eau pourrait
servir pour transporter les personnes et les marchandises.
Très tôt la navigation naquit, les rames (qui caractérisent l’époque primitive) et les caravelles
des navires du XVe siècle et XVIe siècle furent les premiers instruments de navigation utilisés
ensuite les navires à voile furent leur apparition pour enfin aboutir à un moyen mécanique
vers le XVIIIe siècle qui par ailleurs est considéré comme le siècle des grandes découvertes.
Les conteneurs maritimes
Depuis le milieu des années soixante, un nouveau marché de transport par mer s'est
développé : celui des conteneurs maritimes. D'un format standardisé : 20 ou 40 pieds, ces «
boîtes » ont connu un essor fulgurant, révolutionnant à la fois le mode de transport mais
également toute la chaîne logistique depuis le fournisseur jusqu'au client final.
Transport routier, ferroviaire ou même aérien se sont adaptés pour faire de ces boîtes une «
unité de transport intermodal ».
La marchandise, une fois empotée en conteneur, ne subit plus d'autre manutention jusqu'à
son destinataire final. Ce qui est manutentionné est ainsi le conteneur uniquement,
minimisant ainsi les ruptures de charges.
Une véritable course au gigantisme s'est déclenchée pour atteindre aujourd'hui des navires
pouvant charger 20.000 équivalent vingt pieds.
Cependant, cette course au gigantisme risque de s'essouffler, ces navires devenant difficiles
à rentabiliser et exclus de beaucoup de ports européens ou autres par suite de faiblesse de
profondeur de ces derniers ou d'insuffisance d'aliments.
Au début de 2007, la flotte mondiale a, en comptabilisant les navires de plus de 1000 tpl,
pour la première fois, dépassé 1 milliard de tonnes de port en lourd (tpl) pour atteindre 1,04
milliard tonneaux de jauges brutes.
Au 1er janvier 2010, le tonnage global est de 1.276 millions de tonnes de port en lourd qui
en 2009 ont transporté 7,84 milliards de tonnes de fret.
Maritime transport operations
Maritime transport consists of the movement of goods or persons mainly by sea, along the maritime route and
occasionally along the canals (Panama Canal, Suez Canal and the port estuaries in particular).
Maritime transport also includes support for pre-routing and post-routing (for example, positioning a container
at the loader and routing it to the port).
Such a trip will be covered by a bill of lading as part of the regular route or a charter contract as part of a
tramping service (where tonnage is significant, for example).
Such a trip will be covered by a bill of lading as part of the regular route or a charter contract as part of a
tramping service (where tonnage is significant, for example).
According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 50,000 ships are sailing around the
world in 2012, making maritime transport the most important means of transport in world trade, in terms of
capacity.
More than 8.7 billion tonnes travelled by sea in 2011, accounting for 90% of global traffic.
Despite a slowdown due to the 2008 crisis, this market is expected to continue to grow to reach €2 trillion in
2020.
This mode of transport covers most of the raw materials (oil and petroleum products, coal, iron ore, cereals,
bauxite, alumina, phosphates, etc.). 2
In addition to this bulk transport, it also covers the transport of pre-packaged products in the form of cartons,
crates, pallets, drums, which is commonly referred to as miscellaneous or «miscellaneous» goods or general
goods.
Shipping goes back a long way, as soon as the human being was able to dig into the trunks of trees, to assemble
the pieces of wood; he understood that the waterway could be used to transport people and goods.
Very early navigation was born, the oars (which characterize the primitive era) and the caravelles of the ships
of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries were the first instruments of navigation then used the sailing ships
were their appearance and finally resulted in a mechanical means around the eighteenth century which is
considered moreover the century of the great discoveries.
Marine containers
Since the mid-1960s, a new sea transport market has developed: the sea container market. In a standardised
format: 20 or 40 feet, these «boxes» have seen a lightning boom, revolutionizing both the mode of transport
but also the entire supply chain from the supplier to the end customer.
Road, rail or even air transport have adapted to make these boxes an «intermodal transport unit».
Once the goods have been packed in a container, no further handling is carried out until the final consignee.
What is handled is thus the container only, thus minimizing load breaks.
The container, specially designed to be easily handled, stored and transported, will quickly present a number of
advantages: less damage and breakage, less loss and theft, not being visible, the goods no longer provoke the
temptation to reduce costs by improving the productivity at loading: the ships load and unload faster therefore
spend less time at the ports (a ship in port is a cost centre, and at sea a revenue centre).
The shipping of containers is increasingly done by means of integral, specialized container ships. The holds are
arranged in cells, real cells, and a system of rails allows to guide by sliding the containers.
A real race to gigantism has been launched to reach today ships that can load 20,000 equivalent twenty feet.
However, this race for gigantism risks running out of steam, as these ships become difficult to make a profit and
excluded from many European or other ports because of their low depth or lack of food.
On January 1, 2010, the total tonnage is 1,276 million deadweight tons which in 2009 have transported 7.84
billion tons of cargo.