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CHAPTER 19

ATM

19.1 REVIEW QUESTIONS


1. To satisfy present-day requirements the system should use high data-rate transmis-
sion media, should be able to interface with existing systems, be connection-ori-
ented to insure accurate delivery, should have an inexpensive design, must be able
to support the existing telecommunications hierarchies (local loops, local provid-
ers, etc.), and have as many functions as possible moved from software to hard-
ware.
3. If a large data packet arrives at the multiplexer before a video or audio packet,
which is usually small, the multiplexer starts processing the data packet, thus creat-
ing a delay for the small packet.
5. A TP (transmission path) is the physical connection between a user and a switch or
between two switches. It is divided into several VPs (virtual paths), which provide
a connection or a set of connections between two switches. VPs in turn consist of
several VCs (virtual circuits) that logically connect two points together.
7. ATM uses asynchronous time-division multiplexing. ATM switches that serve as
multiplexers fill fixed-size slots with cells from different channels.
9. A VP switch uses only the VPIs; a VPC switch uses both the VPI and the VCI to
route the cell.
11. AAL1 adds the three-bit CRC in its header at the SAR level. AAL2 and AAL3/4
are equipped with a 10-bit CRC at the SAR level. AAL5 adds a four-byte CRC at
the CS level.
13. Since data packets can be of different length, padding is necessary to ensure that
all segments are of equal size.
15. The PCR defines the sender's maximum cell rate, while the MCR is the minimum
cell rate acceptable for the sender.
17. More virtual paths at the NNI connection are needed.
19. ATM defines four service classes:
a. CBR is designed for customers who need real-time video and audio service.

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68 CHAPTER 19 ATM

b. VBR is designed for customers who need real-time and/or use compression
techniques to create a variable data rate.
c. ABR is useful for applications with bursty data.
d. UBR has no guarantees.
21. ATM is a connection-oriented protocol, while traditional LANs are connectionless.
The addressing is different in connectionless protocols. Traditional LANs offer
multicasting and broadcasting of the packets, whereas ATM does not.
23. BUS is software used to add broadcasting and multicasting capability to an ATM
network.

19.2 MULTIPLE CHOICE


25. d 27. c 29. b 31. c 33. b 35. b 37. a 39. c 41. b 43. a
45. b 47. c 49. a 51. c 53. c 55. a 57. a 59. c 61. b

19.3 EXERCISES
63. The efficiency of ATM using AAL1 is 47/ 53 or 89%.
65. The efficiency of ATM using AAL1 is 45/ 53 or 85%.
67. Yes. The efficiency depends on the size of the packet. Larger packets are more effi-
cient.
69.
a. The minimum number of cells is 1 (no data, 40 bytes of padding and 8 bytes of
header in the CS sublayer).
b. The maximum number of cells is 1366.
71.
c. When the number of bytes in the final segment is exactly 40.
d. The number of data bytes in the last unit is 0.
e. The final segment has 41 bytes.
73.
a. 47
b. 45
c. 44
d. 48
75. AAL2 produces more cells than AAL1 if the bit rate is the same.
SECTION 19.3 EXERCISES 69

77. See Table 19.1.

Table 19.1 Exercise 77


Sublayer AAL1 AAL2 AAL3/4 AAL5
SAR 47 45 44 48

79. See Table 19.2.

Table 19.2 Exercise 79


Sublayer AAL1 AAL2 AAL3/4 AAL5
CSI X X X
SC X X X
CRC X X X
P X
IT X
LI X X
ST X
MID X

81. 224 in a UNI and 228 in an NNI.


83. CTD = 10 microseconds
70 CHAPTER 19 ATM

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