ME 2155/ BASIC CIVIL AND MECHANICAL

ENGINEEERING
UNIT IV
IC ENGINES AND BOILERS

PART A
1. Define the following terms:
i) Cylinder bore
ii) Stroke or stroke length
iii) TDC
iv) BDC
v) Compression ratio
vi) Stroke volume or swept volume or displacement volume
vii)Clearance volume
viii)Air-fuel ratio
ix) IHP
x) BHP
xi)FHP
xii)Thermal effiency
xiii) Mechanical efficiency

1. Cylinder Bore: The inside diameter of the engine cylinder is known as Cylinder bore.
2. Stroke or Stroke Length: It is the linear distance through which the piston moves
inside the cylinder during one stroke. In other words, stroke length is the distance
between the extreme upper and lower positions of the piston. Numerically, the stroke
length is equal to twice the crank radius.
3. Top Dead Center (TDC) or Inner Dead Center (IDC): Top Dead Center (TDC) in
the vertical engine is the extreme position of the piston on the top of the cylinder (head
side). At this position, piston motion reverses direction and the cylinder volume is at a
minimum.
In the case of horizontal engine, this position is known as Inner Dead Center (IDC). At
TDC or IDC, the crank angle is zero.
4. Bottom Dead Center (BDC) or Outer Dead Center (ODC): Bottom Dead Center
(BDC) in vertical engine indicates the extreme position at the bottom of the cylinder. At
this position, the piston motion reverses direction and the cylinder volume is at a maxim
urn.
In the case of horizontal engine, this position is known Outer Dead Center (ODC). At
BDC or ODC, the crank angle is 180°.
5. Compression Ratio: It is a ratio of the volume when the piston is at bottom dead
center to the volume when the piston is at top dead center.
Compression Ratio = Maximum cylinder volume/ Minimum cylinder volume
6. Stroke Volume or Swept Volume or Displacement Volume: It is the volume
generated by piston movement in one stroke from one dead center to other.
Swept Volume= pie* D*D/4 x L ( D = cylinder bore and L = piston stroke length )
7. Clearance Volume: The volume contained in the cylinder above the top of the piston,
when the piston is at TDC is called Clearance Volume.
Thus, when the piston is at BDC, total volume = Swept Volume + Clearance Volume.
8. Air-Fuel Ratio: This is expressed as a ratio of the mass of air to the mass of the fuel.
9. Indicated Horse Power (I.H.P.): It is the power produced within the engine cylinder.
It is called indicated power as it can be measured with the help of an Indicator. Indicator
is an instrument that draws pressure-volume diagram for the engine.
10. Brake Horse Power (B.H.P.): This is the net output of an engine. It is called Brake
Power, since it can be measured by absorbing the power with a brake system. (The brake
system consists of a brake pulley mounted on the engine shaft.)
11.. Friction Horse Power (F.H.P.): It is the difference between I.H.P. and B.H.P. This
is the power absorbed by the moving parts of the engine (piston bearings, etc.,).
12. Thermal Efficiency: It is the ratio of work done inside the engine cylinder (I.H.P.) to
the fuel energy supplied to the engine.
13. Mechanical Efficiency: Mechanical Efficiency of an IC. engine is defined as the
ratio of power delivered (B.H.P.) to the power provided to the piston (I.H.P.).

2. Name some of the BOILER MOUNTINGS?

For the safe operation, satisfactory functioning, efficient working and easy maintenance
of the boilers, Boiler Mountings are provided as per the Indian Boiler Act. These include:
1. Water Gauge (Water Level Indicator)
2. Pressure Gauge
3. Safety Valves
(A) Spring Loaded Safety Valve
(B) High Steam Low Water Safety Valve
4. Fusible Plug
5. Feed Check Valve
6. Stop Valve
7. Blow-off Cock

3. Define the function of the following engine parts

i) Engine cylinder
ii) Cylinder head
iii) Piston
iv) Piston rings
v) Piston pin
vi) Connecting rod
vii) Valves
viii) Crank and crank shaft
ix) crank case
x) Flywheel

1. Engine Cylinder: The heart of the engine is the cylinder in which fuel is burnt and
power is developed. The cylinder allows the piston to move to and fro. Combustion of
fuel takes place inside the cylinder. The cylinder has to withstand a high pressure (more
than 500 N / sq.cm.) and temperature (around 1500°C to 2000°C).
2. Cylinder Head: The cylinder is closed by the cylinder head at one end and the other
end is covered by the moving piston. The cylinder head contains inlet and exhaust valves
for admitting fresh charge and for exhausting the burnt gases.
In petrol engines, the cylinder head also contains a spark plug for igniting the fuel
mixture. But in diesel engines, the cylinder head contains nozzle for injecting the into the
cylinder.
3. Piston: Piston is sliding within the cylinder. This sliding movement changes volume of
the cylinder and provides the combustion space. The space formed bet the cylinder head
and top of the piston during the process of combustion is known as Combustion
Chamber. Piston transmits the force exerted by the burning of the charge the connecting
rod.
4. Piston Rings: Piston rings are circular rings used to maintain a pressure tight seal
between the moving piston and the cylinder wall.
5. Piston Pin (also known as Gudgeon Pin): A Piston Pin (Gudgeon Pin ) connects
piston to the small end of the connecting rod.
6. Connecting Rod: As the name suggests, the connecting rod connects the piston with
the crank. It is attached to the piston by piston pin. It converts the up and down motion
(reciprocating motion) of the piston to a rotary motion of the crankshaft.
7. Valves: Valves are needed to let the air and fuel into the cylinder (Intake Valve) and
also to let out the burnt or spent gases after they have done their work (Exhaust Valve).
Valves are operated by cams, rotated by a camshaft, driven by the crankshaft. [However,
two stroke cycle engines have only ports at the cylinder walls and have no valves.]
8. Crank and Crankshaft: Crank is a lever. It is connected to the end of the connecting
rod by a pin joint. Its other end is connected to a shaft called Crankshaft. It is the rotating
member of the engine. Its function is to convert the reciprocating motion of the piston
into a rotary motion with the help of the connecting rod.
9. Crank Case: The main body of the engine which contains the crank and crankshaft is
known as Crank Case. It serves as sump for the lubricating oil.
10. Flywheel: It is a heavy wheel, mounted on the crankshaft. Its function is to store the
excess energy during power stroke of the engine and help the movement of the piston
during the remaining idle strokes, thus maintaining uniform rotation (speed) of the
crankshaft.
4. What are the primary requirements of a good boiler?

The primary requirements of a boiler are as follows:

- Steam must be delivered at the required temperature, pressure and at the required rate.
- Maximum heat produced by the fuel in the furnace should be utilized for economy.
- The boiler should be easily accessible for maintenance and inspection.
- It should rapidly meet the changes in load.

5. Classify the boilers based on different characteristics

Boilers can be classified as follows:
1. According to the Flow of Water and Hot Gases — Fire Tube (or Smoke Tube) Boiler
and Water Tube Boiler.
In Fire Tube Boilers, hot gases pass through tubes which are surrounded with water.
Examples: Cochran, Lancashire and Locomotive boilers. There may be single tube as in
the case of Lancashire boiler or there may be a bank of tubes as in a Locomotive boiler.
In Water Tube Boilers, water circulates through a large number of tubes and hot gases
pass around them. Example: Babcock and Wilcox Boiler.
2. According to the Axis of the Shell — Vertical and Horizontal Boilers.
3. According to the Application — Stationary and Mobile Boilers. A Stationary Boiler is
one which is installed permanently on a land installation. Examples: Cochran, etc.
A Marine Boiler is a mobile boiler meant for ocean cargo and passenger ships with an
inherent fast steaming capacity.
4. According to Steam Pressure — Low, Medium and High Pressure Boilers.

6. What do you mean by a high pressure boiler?

For pressures less than 140 bar, the natural circulation boilers are suitable. For pressures
higher than 140 bar and in the supercritical range, i.e., around 221 bar and temperature
375°C, forced circulation boilers are used. Forced circulation boilers are also known as
High Pressure Boilers. Water tube boilers are generally preferred for high pressure and
high output. But, fire tube boilers are used for low pressure and low output.

PART B

1. Explain the working of a four stroke petrol engine with the help of PV diagram.

Petrol Engine is also known as Spark Ignition (SI.) Engine. Four Stroke Petrol
Engine requires four strokes of the piston to complete one cycle of operation in the
engine cylinder.
See Fig. 2. It consists of a cylinder. Its one end is fitted with a cover and the other
end left open. The cover is provided with inlet and exhaust apertures. These apertures are
opened and closed by inlet and exhaust valves. A spark plug initiates the ignition of the
fuel. The piston reciprocates inside the cylinder. The connecting rod and crank convert
the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion.

The petrol engine works on the principle of Otto Cycle, also known as Constant
Volume Cycle. Fig. 3 shows the Pressure Velocity Diagram of Theoretical Otto Cycle.

1. Suction Stroke: Fig. 2(a)

During suction stroke, the Inlet valve (1) opens and air and fuel (petrol) mixture
(charge) is sucked into the cylinder. The piston moves downward from Top Dead Center
(TDC) till it reaches Bottom Dead Center (BDC). During suction stroke the Exhaust
value (E) is closed.
See Fig. 3. Suction stroke is theoretically represented by the horizontal line 1-2 in the PV
Diagram. The drawal of air-fuel mixture is taking place at atmospheric pressure.
2. Compression Stroke: Fig. 2(b)
During this stroke, both the inlet and exhaust valves are closed. The air-fuel
mixture is compressed as the piston moves upwards from BDC to TDC. The compression
ratio in petrol engines varies from 7 to 10. As a result of compression, pressure and
temperature of the charge are increased to 15-20 bar and 400°C respectively. See Fig. 3.
The process of compression is theoretically represented by the curve 2-3 in the PV
Diagram.
Shortly before the piston reaches TDC, the charge is ignited by means of a Spark
Plug. It suddenly increases the pressure and temperature of the products of combustion,
the volume remains constant.
During the burning process, the chemical energy of the fuel is converted into heat
energy, producing a temperature rise of about 2000° C. See Fig. 3. This constant volume
combustion process is theoretically represented by the vertical line 3-4 in the PV
Diagram.

3. Expansion or Power or Working Stroke: Fig. 2(c)

During this stroke, both the valves remain closed. Due to the rise in pressure,
piston is pushed down with a great force. The hot burnt gases expand pushing the piston
from TDC to BDC. It is also called Working Stroke as work is done by the expansion of
hot gases. See Fig. 3. The expansion stroke is theoretically represented by the curve 4-5
in PV Diagram.
At or near the end of the expansion the exhaust valve opens to release the
gases to the atmosphere. This suddenly brings down the Cylinder to atmospheric
pressure.
This drop in pressure at constant volume is theoretically represented by the
vertical line 5-2 in the PV Diagram as shown in Fig. 3.

Exhaust Stroke: Fig. 2(d)

During this stroke, the exhaust valve opens, as moves from BDC to TDC. This
movement of the piston pushes out the exhaust gases from the cylinder. The exhaust
gases are exhausted through the exhaust valve into the atmosphere.
See Fig. 3. The exhaust stroke is theoretically represented by the horizontal
line 2-l in the PV Diagram.
Uses: Four stroke petrol engines have higher load carrying capacities than two stroke
petrol engines. Hence, they are used in high power high speed motor cycles and
passenger cars.
2. Explain the working of a four stroke diesel engine with the help of PV diagram.

The basic construction of a four stroke cycle diesel engine is the same as that
of four stroke cycle petrol engine, except that instead of a spark plug, a fuel injector is
mounted in its place. A fuel pump supplies diesel to the injector at higher pressure.
Dr. Rudalf Diesel invented the Diesel Engine. It is also known as
Compression Ignition (CI.) Engine, since ignition takes place due to the high temperature
produced during the compression of air in engine cylinder. Liquid fuel, i.e., diesel, which
cannot be vapourized, is injected into the cylinder in the form of fine spray using fuel
pump and injector.
Diesel engine works on the principle of Theoretical Diesel Cycle, also known
as Constant Pressure Heat Addition Cycle. Fig. 5 shows the Pressure Velocity Diagram
of the same. The ideal sequence of operation for the four stroke C.1. engine is explained
as follows:
1. Suction Stroke: Fig. 4(a)
During suction stroke, inlet valve (I) opens and exhaust valve (E) remains
closed. The piston travels downwards from TDC. Air is drawn in, from outside to fill the
cylinder through inlet valve till the piston reaches BDC. The air taken in is at atmospheric
pressure. Suction stroke is theoretically represented by the horizontal line AB in the PV
Diagram in Fig. 5.

2. Compression Stroke: Fig. 4(b)

At the end of the suction stroke, both the inlet and the exhaust valves remain
closed. The piston moves upwards from BDC to TDC. The air sucked in during suction
stroke is compressed to a high pressure (35- 40 bar) and temperature with a decrease in
volume. These two strokes, viz., suction stroke and compression stroke complete one
revolution of the crankshaft. The compression stroke is theoretically represented by the
curve BC in Fig. 5.
3. Expansion or Power or Working Stroke: Fig. 4(c)
Just before the beginning of this stroke, fuel (diesel) is Injected in the form of
fine spray in the cylinder through the Fuel Injector. At this moment, the fuel is ignited by
temperature of the hot compressed air and it starts burning at constant pressure.Due to the
high compression ratio of 16 to 20, the temperature at the end compression stroke is more
than 550°C. This temperature is sufficient to ignite the fuel injected into the combustion
chamber. The fuel is continuously injected for 20% of expansion stroke.
The ignited air-fuel mixture expands and forces the piston downwards from
TDC to BDC. During this constant pressure expansion stroke, both the valves remain
closed.
See Fig. 5. This constant pressure expansion with simultaneous combustion
theoretically represented by the horizontal line CD in the PV Diagram.
The piston is forced further during the remaining part of the expansion stroke
due the expansion of the burnt gases. [The linear motion of the piston causes the piston
produce the mechanical work during this stroke.]
As the piston moves, the pressure of the hot gases gradually decreases. The
expansion of the burnt gases is theoretically represented by the curve DE in the PV
Diagram as in Fig. 5.
At the end of the outstroke, the exhaust valve opens. Some of the burnt gases
escape into the atmosphere from the cylinder through the exhaust outlet at constant
volume. This is theoretically represented by the vertical line EB.
4. Exhaust Stroke: Fig. 4(d)
During the exhaust stroke, the inlet valve is closed and the exhaust valve is
opened. The piston is on its upstroke from BDC to TDC, forcing the burnt gases out of
the cylinder through the exhaust valve.
See Fig. 5. The exhaust stroke is theoretically represented by the horizontal
line BA. Expansion and exhaust stroke complete one revolution of the crankshaft. This
completes the cycle and the engine cylinder is ready to suck the fresh air once again.
Uses: They are used in heavy-duty transport vehicles such as trucks, tractors, bulldozers.
etc., power generation, industrial and marine applications.
3. Draw and explain the sequence of operations of a two stroke cycle petrol engine.

Scavenging
In the two-stroke petrol engine, the exhaust gases are removed from the cylinder with the
help of fresh compressed charge. This process of removing exhaust gases is called
Scavenging. A specific shape is given to the piston, called deflector. The deflector helps
to prevent the loss of incoming charge and helps for exhausting the hot gases effectively.
It will be easier to describe the cycle beginning at the point when the piston reaches TDC
at the end of the compression stroke. In the two-stroke petrol engine, the draw of petrol-
air mixture into the cylinder will not take place in a separate stroke. Therefore, the
method of draw of petrol-air mixture should be understood properly.

First Stroke
Fig. 7(a) shows the position of the piston at the end of compression. The spark
is produced by the spark plug as the piston reaches TDC. The pressure and temperature of
the gases are increased and hence the gases push the piston downwards producing the
power stroke.
Refer Fig. 7(b). When the piston opens the exhaust port during the downward
stroke, burnt gases leave the cylinder through the exhaust port.
Refer Fig. 7(c). A little later, the piston uncovers the transfer port and the
crank case is directly connected to the cylinder through the transfer port. The downward
stroke of the piston compresses the charge in the crank case by the underside of the
piston.
Scavenging: In the above position of the piston, the compressed mixture of petrol and air
is transferred through the transfer port to the upper part of the cylinder. The exhaust gases
are pushed out, with the help of compressed charge. This is known as Scavenging.
Scavenging is continued until the piston reaches BDC.
Second Stroke
As the piston moves upwards, it covers the transfer port. Hence, flow of charge
into the cylinder is stopped. The upward motion of the piston lowers the pressure in the
crank case below atmosphere and fresh air is induced in the crank case through the inlet
port as it is uncovered. A little later, the piston covers the exhaust port and actual
compression of the charge starts as shown in Fig. 7(d).
The compression is continued until the piston reaches TDC. The ratio of
compression ranges from 1:7 to 1:10. The cycle is thus completed within two strokes.
Note: The two-stroke engine requires only two strokes of the piston to complete one
cycle of operation. The crankshaft makes only one revolution to complete one cycle.
Power is developed in every revolution of the crankshaft.
Uses: Two-stroke petrol engines are used in mopeds, scooters, motorcycles, because they
at high speeds with moderate power outputs.

4. Draw and explain the sequence of operations of a two stroke cycle diesel engine.
Refer Fig. 8. In two-stroke diesel engine, the draw of pure air into the cylinder will not
take place in a separate stroke.

First Stroke
Fig. (a) shows the position of the piston at the end of compression. Diesel is
injected using fuel injector just before completing the compression. It starts burning. The
high pressure, high temperature gases push the piston downwards, producing the power
stroke. As & piston moves little down, the supply of diesel stops.
Refer Fig. (b). In this, the piston uncovers the exhaust port during the
downward stroke. Hence the burnt gases leave the cylinder through the exhaust port.
Refer Fig. (c). A little later, the piston uncovers the transfer port as shown.
Now the crank case is directly connected to the cylinder through the transfer port. Air in
crank case is compressed by underside of the piston and the compressed air is transferred
to the cylinder through transfer port. The exhaust gases are pushed out with the help of
fresh air until the piston reaches BDC (similar to two stroke petrol engine).

Second Stroke
The piston moves upwards. It first covers the transfer port and stops the flow of air into
cylinder. A little later, the piston covers the exhaust port as shown in Fig. (d), and actual
compression of air starts. The upward motion of the piston lowers the pressure in the
crank case below atmosphere and fresh air is induced in the crank case through the inlet
port as it is uncovered. The compression of air is continued until the piston reaches TDC.
The fuel supply starts just before the piston reaches TDC and the cycle is
completed.

5. Compare and contrast four stroke cycle engines with two stroke cycle engines.

Sl.No DETAILS FOUR STROKE TWO STROKE

ENGINE ENGINE
1. No. of Strokes / Cycle Four strokes per Two strokes per
cycle cycle
2. No. of Revolutions / Cycle Two One
3 Power Stroke and Power Output One power stroke One power stroke
for two revolutions. per revolution.
Hence, power Hence, power output
output for the same for the same size of
size of the engine is the engine is more.
less.
4. Torque Not uniform Uniform
5. Weight of the Engine Weight of the Weight of the
engine is more for engine is less for the
the same power same power output.
output.
6. Operating temperature Less More
7. Lubrication and Cooling Consumption of Lubricating oil
Requirement lubricating oil is consumption is
less. Cooling more. Special piston
requirement is less. cooling is necessary.
8. Fuel Consumption Less More
9. Thermal Efficiency High thermal Low thermal
efficiency. Part load efficiency. Part load
efficiency better efficiency less than
than two-stroke four-stroke engine.
engine,
10. Valves /Ports Contains valves Containns ports
11. InitialCost High, due to heavy Low, due to
weight and lightweight and due
complication of to the absence of
valve mechanism. valve mechanism.
12. Wear and Tear Less More
13. Noise Less More
14 Uses Used for slow speed Used for high speed
high power low power
applications, i.e., in applications, i.e.,
cars, buses, tractors, scooters,
aeroplanes, power motorcycles, lawn
generation, etc. mowers, etc.

6. Discuss the merits and demerits of diesel engine over petrol engine.
Sl.No. Details Petrol (S.I.) Engine Diesel (C.I.) Engine
1. Fuel Petrol Diesel oil
2. Charge drawn in suction Air-fuel mixture is Air alone is admitted.
stroke admitted.
3. Fuel admission Through carburettor. Through fuel pump
and fuel injector.
4. Mixing of air and fuel Air and fuel mixed Mixing of air and fuel
externally in the takes place inside the
carburetor. cylinder.
5. Fuel Ignition Requires an Ignition Self-Ignition due to
System with spark plug high temperature
(Spark- Ignition) caused by high
compression of air
(Compression-
Ignition).
6. Compression ratio Low (7 to 10) High (16 to 20)
7. Power Output Less due to low More due to high
 compression ratio. compression ratio.
8. Cycle of operation Otto Cycle (Constant Diesel Cycle (Constant
Volume Cycle) Pressure Cycle)
9. Engine speed High speed (3000 rpm) Low speed (400-1500
rpm)
10. Engine starting in cold Easy Difficult due to high
weather compression ratio.
11. Engine cost Less More
12. Fuel consumption More Less
13. Fuel cost More Less
14. Maintenance Cost Less Slightly higher
15. Thermal Efficiency Less(about 20%) due to More (about 30%) due
low compression ratio to high compression
ratio.
16. Weight Light Heavy
17. Uses Automobiles & aero- Buses, tractors, trucks,
planes. etc.
18. Vibration and Noise Almost nil More due to high
operating pressure
BOILERS

1. Explain, with a neat sketch, the working of a Cochran boiler.

Description [Fig. 11
Cochran Boiler is a vertical, multi-tubular, internally fired, fire tube boiler having a
number of horizontal fire tubes. Maximum evaporative capacity is 4000 kg of steam per
hour. Maximum pressure of steam is 10 bar. Cochran boiler consists of:
1. Cylindrical Shell
2. Grate and Ashpit
3. Fire Box (Furnace)
4. Flue Pipe
5. Fire Tubes or Flue Tubes
6. Combustion Chamber
7. Chimney
8. Manhole
9. Damper

1. Cylindrical Shell: The Cylindrical Shell is vertical. It is hemispherical on the top,

which forms the steam space.
2. Grate and Ashpit: Grate is placed at the bottom of the furnace where coal is burnt.
Ashpit is provided below the grate for the collection of ash.
3. Fire Box (Furnace): It is also dome-shaped like the shell so that the gases can be
deflected back till they are passed out through the flue pipe to the combustion chamber.
4. Flue Pipe: It is a short passage connecting the fire box with the combustion chamber.
5. Fire Tubes or Flue Tubes (F): A number of horizontal fire tubes are provided,
thereby the heating surface is increased.
6. Combustion Chamber: It is lined with fire bricks to prevent overheating of the boiler.
Hot gases enter the fire tubes from the flue pipe through the combustion chamber.
7. Chimney: Chimney is provided for the exit of the flue gases to the atmosphere.
8. Manhole: It is provided for inspection and repair of the interior of the boiler shell.
9. Damper: Damper is provided in the chimney.

Working
The boiler is filled with water to the specified level. This level is maintained by supplying
with make-up water using a feed pump as and when the water level drops below the
specified level. The fuel (coal) is fed into the grate through the fire door and burnt. Ash
formed is collected in the ashpit and then it is removed manually.
The hot gases from the furnace along with the un-burnt volatile matter pass through the
flue pipe to the combustion chamber. The un-burnt volatile matter leaving the furnace
along with the hot gases are burnt in the combustion chamber. The fire tubes are
completely submerged in water. The hot gases from the combustion chamber flow
through the horizontal fire tubes and transfer the heat to the water by convection. Water is
also heated by the furnace directly. The steam generated accumulates in the steam space.
The flue gases from fire tubes pass through the smoke box and are exhausted to the
atmosphere through the chimney. Smoke box door is for cleaning fire tubes and smoke
box.
Damper controls the waste flue gases leaving the chimney. When the damper is partly
closed manually, the quantity of waste gases flowing out is reduced. Hence, the quantity
of air entering the grate will also be reduced. This results in reduction of the fuel burnt
and consequent reduction in the steam generation. Thus, the damper controls the rate
of steam generation.

Boiler Mountings: The following mountings are fitted to the boiler as per Indian Boiler
Act:
Pressure Gauge: This indicates the pressure of the steam inside the boiler.
Water Gauge: This indicates the water level in the boiler. The water level should not fall
below a particular level, otherwise the boiler tubes may burn out.
Safety Valve: The function of the safety valve is to prevent an increase of steam pressure
in the boiler above its normal working pressure.
Steam Stop Valve: It regulates the flow of steam supply from the boiler to requirements.
Blow—off Cock: It is located at the bottom of the boiler. When the blow-off cock is
opened during the running of the boiler, the steam pressure acting on the water surface
pushes (drains) out the impurities like mud, etc., in the water collected at the bottom.
Fusible Plug: It protects fire tubes from burning when water level falls abnormally low.
Advantages
1. The dome shape of the furnace causes the hot gases to deflect back and pass through
the flue. The unburnt fuel if any will also be deflected back.
2. Spherical shape of the top of the shell and the fire box gives higher area by volume
ratio.
3. It occupies less floor area and is very compact. Construction cost is low.
Disadvantages
1. Capacity is less because of the vertical design.
 2. Sketch and describe the working principle of a locomotive boiler.

Locomotive boiler is a horizontal, multi-tubular, internally fired, fire tube boiler.

Steaming rate is 7000 kg per hour. It is used in railway engines, rod rollers, etc. In
railways, the use of locomotive steam engine is being reduced gradually. It is replaced by
diesel engines.
Description [Fig. 2]: A locomotive boiler consists of the following parts:
1. Horizontal Cylindrical Shell or Barrel
2. Fire Box
3. Smoke Box
4. Fire Tubes and Water Tubes
5. Fire Hole
6. Grate
7. Steam Dome
8. Headers
9. Chimney
10. Damper

1. Horizontal Cylindrical Shell or Barrel: The Shell or Barrel is cylindrical in shape of

1.5 meters in diameter and 4 meters in length. It is fitted to a rectangular Fire Box.
2. Fire Box: The fire box is at the right end of the boiler shell. It forms the furnace.
3. Smoke Box: The smoke box is at the left end of the steam shell.
4. Fire Tubes (Flue Tubes) and Water Tubes: The steam barrel consists of fire tubes and
water tubes. Flue gases flow through the fire tubes.
5. Fire Hole: The fuel, i.e., coal is fed into the barrel through the fire hole. It is burnt on
the Grate which slopes towards the left side.
6. Grate: Grate is placed at the bottom of the fire box where coal is burnt.
7. Steam Dome: It is fitted at the top of the steam barrel, where the steam will be
collected.
8. Headers: Headers are rectangular boxes. There are two headers, viz., Superheated
Steam Header and Wet Steam Header.
9. Chimney: The hot gases from the smoke box are discharged to the atmosphere through
a short chimney. The height of the chimney is kept low so that when the locomotive is
passing under a bridge, it does not hit against the top.
10. Damper: Function of the damper is to control the quantity of air entering the fire box.

Working
See Fig. 2. Water is filled to three-fourth of the barrel so as to submerge the fire tubes and
fire box. Fuel, i.e., coal is introduced into the boiler furnace through the fire hole. The
grate is fitted in an inclined position for charging the coal into the furnace.
A fire brick arch is fitted to the furnace above the grate. This arch deflects the
flue gases causing them to come in contact more thoroughly with the whole heating
surface of the furnace.
The flue gases from the furnace pass through the flue tubes to the smoke box.
Flue gases from the smoke box are led to the atmosphere through the chimney. The path
of the flue gases is shown by arrows in the Figure.
Due to the continuous flow of hot gases from the fire box to fire .tubes, water
surrounding the tubes becomes more and more heated and wet steam is produced. The
wet steam enters the wet steam header.
To remove the moisture in the wet steam and thereby, to increase the
temperature of steam, it is superheated. From the wet steam header, steam flows through
superheater tube, provided in the big fire tube.
Note that the flue tube into which superheater tube is accommodated, is
comparatively larger in diameter than the flue tubes which do not contain superheater
tube.
The superheated steam is accumulated in superheated steam header. It is then
led to the engine cylinder. Inside the steam dome, there is a steam stop valve in the
regulator. This valve is regulated by a regulating rod to allow the required quantity of
steam to pass. Regulator is operated by the driver from the cabin by a hand wheel.
A blast pipe is provided at the bottom of the smoke box. The exhaust waste
steam from the engine cylinder enters the blast pipe and flows out, expanding with a high
velocity. Due to the expansion of waste steam, a partial vacuum is created within the
smoke box. This vacuum improves the movement of waste flue gases and rapidly
removes the waste flue gases from within the smoke box through the chimney. This
vacuum also draws in atmospheric air through the fuel in the furnace.
The boiler is fitted with a pressure gauge, safety valve, water level indicator,
whistle, fusible plug, blow-off cock and manhole.
3. Explain the working principle of Babcock and Wilcox boiler with neat sketch.

Babcock and Wilcox boiler is a water tube boiler. In this, water is circulated inside the
tubes and hot gases flow over the tubes.
Description [Fig. 3]
1. Water and Steam Drum (Boiler Shell): One half of the drum is filled with water Steam
remains in the top half of the drum. It is about 8 m in length and 2 m in diameter
2. Water Tubes: Water tubes are placed between the drum and the furnace in an incline
position (at an angle of 12° to 15°) to promote water circulation. These tubes at
connected at right angles to the uptake-header and the down-take header as shown.
3. Uptake Header and Down-take Header: Drum is connected at one end to uptake header
by short tubes and at the other end to down-take header by long tubes.
4. Grate and Furnace: Grate and Furnace are provided below the uptake-header. Coal fed
to the grate through the fire door.
5. Baffles: The fire-brick baffles, two in number, are provided to deflect the hot flue
gases
6. Superheater: The boiler is fitted with a superheater tube of U-shape. It is placed just
under the drum and above the water tubes. Its upper box is connected to a vertical tub the
top of which is situated in the steam space. Its lower box is connected to stop valve.
7. Mud Box: Mud box is provided at the bottom end of the down-corner.
8. Two Inspection Doors: These are provided for cleaning and inspection of the boiler.
Working
A constant water level is maintained in the boiler drum. Coal is fed to the grate through
the fire door and is burnt. There is a slow moving chain grate on which the coal is fed
from the hopper. By using the moving grate, the rate of fuel burning is controlled by
changing thickness of the coal bed and also by changing the speed of the moving grate.
Flow of flue gases: The hot flue gases from the furnace rise upward and pass across the
left-side portion of the water tubes. The baffles deflect the flue gases. Hence, the flow
gases travel in a zig-zag manner (i.e., the hot gases are deflected by the baffles to move
upward direction, then downward and again in the upward direction) over the water tubes
and along the superheater. The flue gases finally escape to the atmosphere through the
chimney . A damper is fitted as shown to regulate the flue gas outlet.
Water circulation: Water descends into the down-take header. It flows upward inclined
water tubes, then in the uptake headers and finally to the drum.
That portion of the water tubes which is just above the furnace is
comparatively at a higher temperature than the rest of it. Water, its density being d rises
into the drum through the uptake-header. Here, the steam and water are separated in the
drum. Steam being lighter is collected in the upper part of the drum. The water from the
drum comes down through the down-take header into the water tubes.
A continuous circulation of water from the drum to the water tubes and water
Tubes to the drum is thus maintained. The circulation of water is known as Natural
Circulation.
The mud or sediment in the water is collected in the mud box. It is blown-off
time to time by means of a blow-off cock.
Superheating: Steam is taken from the steam space of the drum through a tube to the
superheater. Steam is superheated in the superheater, as it receives additional heat. From
the superheater, the superheated steam goes to the stop valve and finally to the turbine.

Boiler Mountings
Pressure gauge and water level indicator are mounted on the boiler at its left end Steam
safety valve and stop valve are mounted on the top of the drum.

Salient Features
1. Its overall efficiency is higher than a fire tube boiler.
2. The defective tubes can be replaced easily.
3. All the components are accessible for inspection even during the operation.
4. The draught loss is minimum compared with other boilers.
5. Steam generation capacity and operating pressure are high compared with fire tube
boilers.
6. Normally, the furnace is provided with a moving chain grate. By changing the speed of
the moving Chain grate, the rate of fuel burning can easily be controlled.
7. The water tubes are kept inclined at an angle of 10deg to 15 deg to promote water
circulation.
5. With the aid of neat sketches, explain the constructional features and functioning
of a Lancashire boiler.

Lancashire boiler is a stationary, horizontal, internally fired, natural circulation, fire tube
boiler. It can generate steam at the rate of about 9000 kg / hour at a pressure of 15 bar.
Description (Fig. 4)
Lancashire boiler consists of the following parts:
1. Horizontal Cylindrical Shell
2. Internal Flue Tubes (Furnace Tubes)
3. Side Flues and Bottom Flue
4. Grate
5. Furnace Door
6. Fire Bridge
7. Dampers
1. Horizontal Cylindrical Shell: It is placed in horizontal position over a brick work. It
is partly filled up with water. The water level inside the shell is well above the internal
flue tubes. A Lancashire boiler may have cylindrical shell of diameter 2 — 3 meters and
of length 8 — 10 meters.
2. Internal Flue Tubes (FT): Internal Flue Tubes are also known as Furnace Tubes. Two
internal tubes extend from one end to the other end of the shell. These flue tubes are
connected to the grate at their front end. An Enclosed Chamber (EC) is built for each of
the flue tubes at the rear end of the boiler shell.
3. Side Flues (SF) and Bottom Flue (BF): There are two side flues and one bottom flue
outside the shell. These flues are made of ordinary brick lines with fire bricks on their
inner faces. Side Flues are connected at their rear end to a common rear passage, which is
connected to the chimney flue.
Internal flue tubes are connected to the Bottom Central Flue. Bottom flue, in turn, is
connected to the side flues.
4. Grate (G): The grate is provided at the front end of the internal flue tubes.
5. Furnace Door (FD): Coal is fed on to the grate through the furnace door.
6. Fire Bridge (FB): It is made of brick work. It is built at the end of the grate. Its
purpose is to prevent the flow of coal and ash particles into the interior of the flue tubes.
Otherwise, the coal and ash particles carried with gases may settle down as deposits on
the interior of the flue tubes. Thus, these deposits reduce the heat transfer from the flue
tubes to the water surrounding the tubes.
7. Dampers (D1 and D2): Dampers are in the form of sliding doors. These are provided
at the end of the side flues. Their function is to regulate the flow of gases from the side
flues to the chimney flue. Thus, the dampers regulate the combustion rate and thereby the
quantity of steam generated.
NOTE : For examination purpose, only sectional front view and sectional side view need
be drawn.
Working
Water Circulation: Boiler shell is filled with water to three-fourth of its volume so as to
submerge both the internal flue tubes. The remaining space above water surface is the
steam space.
Path of hot flue gases
See Fig. 4. The fuel (coal) is fed through the fire door on to the grate and is burnt. The
hot flue gases leaving the grate move along the length of the internal flue tubes from the
front end upto the rear end of the shell.
As these hot gases pass through the flue tubes, heat transfer takes place from
the hot gases to the water through the walls of the flue tubes. Note that the hot gases
emerge from both the flue tubes into the respective rear enclosed chambers.
Then, from the rear enclosed chambers, the hot gases flow downwards to the
bottom flue from its rear end to the front end. This results in the heat transfer from the hot
gases to the water through the bottom portion of the boiler shell which is exposed to the
bottom flue.
Then, the flue gases divide into two streams at the front end of the shell and
pass I the side flues. Thus, the two sides of the boiler shell exposed to the side flues are
heated.
Passing along the two side flues, the hot gases travel upto the rear end of the
boiler 1 the chimney. Then, the flue gases are discharged into the atmosphere through the
chimney.
The above arrangement of the flow passages of the hot flue gases increases the
heating surface of the boiler to a large extent. The path of the flow of the flue gases has
been shown by arrows in the Figure.
Dampers (D1 and D2): Dampers control the flow of hot flue gases and regulate the
combustion rate of the fuel as well as the steam generation rate of the boiler. Dampers
control the draught. The object of draught is to ensure complete combustion of coal by
supplying sufficient quantity of air through the fuel.
Boiler Mountings
The boiler is fitted with necessary mountings. Water level indicator and pressure gauge
fitted at the front. Steam stop valve, Safety valve, High steam and low water safety valve
and Manhole are fitted on the top of the shell.
High Steam and Low Water Safety Valve: It is mounted over the low water alai
apparatus. It is a combination of two valves. One valve blows off steam when t working
pressure of steam exceeds the design value. The other valve blows off ste when the level
of water falls below the normal level.
Blow-off Cock: It is placed below the front end of the shell for the removal of mud and
sediments. It is also used to empty water in the boiler during inspection.
Fusible Plug: It is placed at the top of the internal flues just above the grate. It prevents
overheating of the boiler tubes by extinguishing the fire when the water le falls below the
required level.
Manhole: It is provided at the top of the shell for the purpose of periodical inspect and
repair.
Salient Features
• The arrangement of flow of flue gases in Lancashire boiler increases the heat surface of
the shell to a large extent.
• It has a very good steaming capacity.
• Coal of inferior quality can be used in this boiler without any operational defects.
• Superheater can be easily incorporated into the system at the end of the internal tubes.
Thus, overall efficiency of the boiler can be increased.
• Feed water used does not require strict treatment before use in the boiler shell.
• Low initial cost. Its maintenance is easy.
• Due to moderate working pressure and slow evaporation rate, it is excellent to supply
steam to process industries like paper mills, sugar mills, chemical industries, etc.,
7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of water tube boilers over fire tube
boilers?
Advantages
1. Steam can be generated at very high pressures in water tube boilers.
2. In water tube boilers, water is contained in a large number of tubes. Hence, heating
surface is more than that of fire tube boilers. Thus, evaporation rate increases.
3. Circulation of water is more positive in water tube boilers. Steam can be raised quickly
than is possible with a fire tube boiler. Hence, it can be used for variations of load.
4. The hot gases flow almost at right angles to the direction of water flow. Hence,
maximum amount of heat is transferred to water.
5. A good and rapid circulation of water can be made.
6. Bursting of one or two water tubes does not affect the boiler very much with regard to
its working. Hence, water tube boilers are sometimes called as Safety Boilers. But,
bursting of flue tubes in a fire tube boiler causes serious problems.
7. The different parts of a water tube boiler can be separated. Hence, it is easy to
transport.
8. For a given power, water tube boiler occupies less space than that of fire tube boiler.
9. It is suitable for use in thermal power plants (because of various advantages listed
above).
Disadvantages
1.. Water tube boiler is not suitable for impure and sedimentary water, as a small deposit
of scale may cause the overheating and bursting of tubes. Hence, water treatment is very
essential for water tube boilers.
2. Failure in feed water supply even for a short period is liable to make the boiler
overheated. Hence, the water level must be watched very carefully during operation of a
water tube boiler.
3. Maintenance cost is high.
4. Initial cost of water tube boiler is more than that of fire tube boiler.
5. Water tube boilers are not suited for mobile purpose.

8. what are the advantages of high pressure boilers?

1. Method of Water Circulation: Water circulation through the boiler may be either
natural circulation due to the density difference of water and steam or by forced
circulation. In high pressure boilers, water circulation is made with the help of a
centrifugal pump which forces water through the boiler tubes. This is called Forced
Circulation of Water. Forced circulation increases the rate of heat transfer and hence
increases the steam generating capacity of boilers.
2. Size of Drum: The high pressure boilers are characterized by the use of very small
steam separating drum or by the complete absence of any drum.
3. Type and Arrangement of Tubes: The heat of combustion is utilized more efficiently
by the use of small diameter and light weight tubes in large numbers. To avoid large
frictional resistance to the flow of water, the high pressure boilers have a parallel set of
arrangement of tubes.
4. Compactness: High head required for natural circulation is eliminated by using forced
circulation. The space required is less and the arrangement is compact.
5. Foundation Cost: Due to the light weight tubes and small size drum required and the
arrangement being compact, the cost of foundation is reduced.
6. Efficiency: Overall efficiency of the power plant is increased upto 40%, by using high
pressure superheated steam. Also, steam can be raised quickly after the boiler is fired.
7. Cost of Electricity: The cost of electricity production is less.
8. Overheating: All the parts are uniformly heated. Therefore, the danger of overheating
is reduced. Also, thermal stress problem is avoided.
9. Scale Formation: The tendency of scale formation is eliminated due to the high
velocity of flow of water through the boiler tubes.
10. Forced Draught using Blower: The flow of flue gases through the boiler furnace,
economizer, pre-heater and chimney require a difference of pressure equal to that
necessary to accelerate the hot gases. The purpose of draught is to supply required
quantity of air for combustion. Also, it removes the burnt gases from the system.
Draught can be obtained by the use of chimney or blower. The former is called Natural
Draught and the later is Forced Draught. In the forced draught, a blower is located near
the base of the chimney and accelerates the flow of hot gases through the economizer,
pre-heater and chimney, thus improving the efficiency of the system.
9. Explain the working principle of La-Mont Boiler
A Forced Circulation Boiler was first introduced by La-Mont in the year 1925 which is
used in power plants. This is a modern high pressure water tube type steam boiler
working on forced circulation system.
Description [Fig. 9]
Fig. 9 shows the flow-circuit of La-Mont boiler.
1. Furnace: In the furnace, water wall pipes are used to provide a large heating surface,
thereby to increase the capacity of the boiler and also to cool the furnace wall. Water
Wall Pipes are vertical or inclined pipes in the interior walls of the furnace. These pipes
are connected at the top and bottom to the other parts of the boiler so that there is
continuous rapid circulation of water through the water wall.
2. Steam Separator Drum (Boiler): Steam Separator Drum is placed wholly outside the
boiler setting.
3. Circulating Pump: It is a centrifugal pump used for forced circulation of water.
Forced circulation of water prevents the tubes from being overheated.
4. Evaporator Tubes: These are provided above the furnace.
5. Convection Superheater: The wet steam should not b used in the steam turbine. The
presence of moisture in it will cause corrosion of turbine blades. To raise the temperature
of steam and thereby to increase the turbine efficiency, wet steam is passed into the
Superheater.
6. Economiser: The feed pump supplies feed water to the economiser.
7. Air Preheater: A blower draws atmospheric air and supplies compressed high
pressure air (forced draught) to the air preheater.

Working Principle
Water from the circulating pump is circulated through the evaporator tubes.
Hot gases from the furnace heat the water and evaporate into steam. Wet steam from the
evaporator enters the steam space in the steam separator drum.
In the convection superheater, the moisture in the wet steam is removed and
superheated steam is produced. The principle of convection superheater is similar to
steam generating tubes of the boiler. The hot flue gases at high temperature sweep over
convection superheater tubes and raise the steam temperature, producing superheated
steam. The superheater, thus, receives heat from the flue gases flowing from the furnace,
entirely by convective heat transfer. Such a superheater is conveniently located, since it is
not necessary for it to “see” the furnace.
Feed water is supplied by the feed pump to the economiser. Economiser is
used to preheat the feed water using the waste hot gases before going to the chimney.
Thus, some of the heat in the hot gases, which otherwise gets wasted, is used to preheat
the feed water. This results in an increase in the boiler thermal efficiency.
The heat of the exit gases cannot be fully extracted through the economizer.
These exit gases preheat the air from the blower in the Air Preheater. The preheated air is
supplied to the furnace for combustion.
Capacity
Due to forced circulation of water, the rate of heat transfer and the steam capacity of the
boiler are increased. The capacity of La-Mont boiler is about 50 Tonnes/hr of superheated
steam at a pressure of 170 bar and at a temperature of 500°C.
Boiler Mountings
This boiler is fitted with mountings, viz., water gauge, pressure gauge and block-off cock.
Also, three safety valves are fitted as per Indian Boiler Act. The design, manufacture and
erection of these boilers are very difficult. It requires skilled personnel and huge
investment.

10. Explain the working principle of BENSON BOILER

Principle: The presence of steam bubbles in contact with the surface of water tubes
seriously impairs heat transmission from the flue gases to water. By raising the boiler
pressure to the critical pressure of steam (225 kgf/sq.cm.), this difficulty is overcome as
suggested by Mark Benson in 1922. At the critical pressure, water and steam have the
same density and no bubbles form.
The first modern high pressure drumless boiler developed by Benson was put into
operation in 1927 in West Germany power station.
Absence of Drum: Benson boiler is a water tube type, forced circulation, high pressure
boiler. The unique characteristic of this boiler is that it does not use any drum at all. The
entire process of heating, steam generation and superheating is done in a single
continuous tube. Hence, it is also known as Once-Through Boiler. It withstands very high
pressure, even higher than the critical pressure of steam.
Description [Fig. 10]
Fig. 10 shows the flow-circuit of Benson boiler. Feed pump is connected to the
Economiser. Radiant Evaporator is placed just above the furnace. It is connected to the
economiser at one end and to the convection evaporator at the other end. Convection
Evaporator is connected to the radiant evaporator at one end and to the convection
superheater at the other end. Convection Superheater is connected to the convection
evaporator at one end and to the steam turbine at the other end.
A Blower draws atmospheric air and supplies compressed high pressure air (forced
draught) to the Air Preheater.
Working
The feed water from the feed pump is circulated through the Economiser
Tubes. Hot flue gases pass over the economiser tubes and the feed water is preheated.
Economiser is used to preheat the feed water using the waste hot gases before going to
the chimney. Thus, some of the heat in the hot gases, which otherwise gets wasted, is
used to preheat the feed water. This results in an increase in the boiler thermal efficiency.
The preheated feed water from the economiser flows into the Radiant
Evaporator with radiant parallel tube sections. The radiant evaporator receives heat from
the burning fuel in the furnace through radiation process. Thereby, the major part of
water is converted into steam in it.
The remaining water is evaporated in the Convection Evaporator, absorbing
the heat from the hot gases by convection. Thus, the saturated high pressure steam at a
pressure of 230 bar is produced. The saturated steam available from the convection
evaporator is passed through the Convection Superheater, where the saturated steam is
superheated to 650°C.
Note that the radiant evaporator, the convection evaporator and the convection
superheater are all arranged in the path of the flue gases. The superheated steam is then
supplied to the steam turbine.
The heat of the exit gases cannot be fully extracted through the economizer.
These exit gases preheat the air from the blower in the Air Preheater. The preheated air is
supplied to the furnace for combustion.
Capacity: Capacity of Benson boiler is about 150 Tonnes/hr at a pressure of 230 bar and
at a temperature of 650°C. (Efficiency may be improved by running the boiler at a
pressure slightly lower than the critical pressure).
Salient Features
1. High Thermal Efficiency: No higher limit for higher steam pressure. Therefore,
highest steam pressure can be used to achieve high thermal efficiency.
2. Less Weight and Less Cost: As there are no drums, the total weight of Benson boiler
is 20% less than other boilers. This also reduces the cost of the boiler.
3. Load Fluctuations: Sudden fall of demand creates circulation problems due to bubble
formation. This never occurs in Benson boiler.
4. Easy Transportation: As no drums are required, the transfer of Benson parts is easy.
Majority of the parts may be carried to the site without pre-assembly.
5. Once-through Boiler: Since no drum is used, this is an once-through boiler. The feed
water entering at one end is discharged as superheated steam at the other end.
REVIEW QUESTIONS

PART A
1. What is a heat engine? How do you classify heat engines?
2. Define the terms: Stroke, Top Dead Center, Bottom Dead Center, Compression Ratio,
Air Fuel Ratio, Stroke Volume, Brake Horse Power and Thermal Efficiency.
3. What do you understand by scavenging?
4. Why are two stroke engines preferred for two wheelers?
5. Compare and contrast four stroke cycle engines with two stroke cycle engines.
6. Discuss the merits and demerits of diesel engine over petrol engine.
7. Defines the terms: External Combustion Engine and Internal Combustion Engine.
8. Define Compression Ratio of an I.C. engine.
9. What is the function of deflector in a two stroke engine?
10. What is the function of the choke in a carburettor?
11. What is meant by carburetion?
12. What is the function of the float, float chamber and needle valve assembly in a single
jet carburettor?
13. State any two limitations of a single jet carburettor.
14. How do you provide an extra-rich mixture to the petrol engine during starting in cold
weather?
15. What is the function of choke in the carburettor?
16. Name the three ports provided at the cylinder walls in a two stroke engine.
17. Why is diesel engine called as compression ignition engine?
18. How do the three ports in a two stroke engine function?
19. What is the function of a spark plug?
20. State any two advantages of LPG as SI engine fuel.
21. Enumerate the various types of steam generators.
22. What are the two different uses of steam produced in the boiler?
23. Where do you use process system?
24. State any two primary requirements of a boiler?
25. How do you classify boilers?
26. State any two salient features of Cochran boiler.
27. What is the function of baffles in Babcock and Wilcox boiler?
28. What do you understand by natural circulation?
29. State the functions of:
i) Safety Valve iii) Fusible plug
ii) Stop Valve iv) Blow-off Cock
30. State any two advantages of high pressure boilers.
31. What do you understand by forced circulation?

PART B

1. Describe the principal parts and functions of a four stroke I.C. engine with a sketch.
2. Describe the principal parts and functions of a two stroke I.C. engine with a sketch.
3. Explain the working of a four stroke petrol engine with the help of PV diagram.
4. Explain the working of a four stroke diesel engine with the help of PV diagram.
5. Draw and explain the sequence of operations of a two stroke cycle petrol engine.
6. Draw and explain the sequence of operations of a two stroke cycle diesel engine.
7. Describe with a sketch the design of a single jet carburettor.
8. Sketch and explain the working of a diesel fuel pump.
9. Explain the working principle of the fuel injector with a neat diagram.
10. Draw a schematic circuit diagram of a coil (battery) ignition system and label all the
components. State the functions of each component.
11. Discuss briefly the ignition system of SI engine.
12. Explain the working principle of spark plug with a neat diagram.
13. Explain, with a neat sketch, the working of a Cochran boiler.
14. Sketch and describe the working principle of a locomotive boiler.
15. With the aid of neat sketches, explain the constructional features and functioning of a
Lancashire boiler.
16. Give an outline sketch showing the arrangement of water tubes and furnace of a
Babcock and Wilcox boiler. Indicate on it the path of the flue gases and water circulation.
Show the positions of superheater, fusible plug and blow-off cock. Mention the function
of each.
17. Explain, with the help of a diagram, the construction and working of a fire tube
boiler.
18. Distinguish between fire tube boilers and water tube boilers.
19. Name the important boiler mountings and briefly explain their functions.
20. Describe, with a neat sketch, a water level indicator. Explain how the flow of steam
and water is automatically stopped when the glass tube breaks.
21. Explain how the Bourdon type pressure gauge works.
22. Explain why safety valves are needed in a boiler. Draw a neat sketch of a spring
loaded safety valve and explain its working.
23. What is the purpose of a fusible plug? Explain.
24. Define a High Pressure Boiler. Mention the advantages of high pressure boilers.
25. Explain the working principle of La-Mont High Pressure Boiler with a neat sketch.
26. Discuss the working and the salient features of Benson Boiler with a neat sketch.
27. Discuss the concept of cogeneration. Explain topping cycle system.
28. Explain the bottoming cycle system of cogeneration with a suitable sketch.