Anwesha Comtech Engg. Pvt. Ltd.

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LOI No. & Date
Doc. No. ACE-TK-JP-08 Rev. 0 Sheet 1 of 7

1. Scope
This Procedure describes the technique and requirement for radiography
examination of butt Welds.

2. Qualification of Personnel
Personnel performing radiography examination will be level 1.
Personnel responsible for supervision safety and interpretation of radiography will be
level – II or equivalently qualified BARC certified radiographic Site in charge.

3. Material
Material group is Group – I as classified by ASTM E142 or ASME SE 142 article – 22
(i.e. A carbon steel, low alloy steel, manganese, nickel, aluminum, bronze).

4. Thickness Range
Useful range of thickness in steel is 3mm to 60 mm.

5. Equipment
Radiography equipment will be remote operated type B tested IR.192 Isotope
camera.

6. Nature of Source
Gamma radiation from IR.192 Isotope with an average energy level of 0.4 MeV will
be used for radiography examination.

7. Techniques for

7.1 Plates - Single wall single image technique will be used. The minimum
source to film distance will be the thickness of weld meal.
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7.2 Pipes / Tubes:-

7.2.1 Diameter range 1/2:” to 3.5”- Double wall double image technique will be used.
This technique is adopted for smaller size pipes of diameter upto 80mm. The source
is kept at one angle with respect to the weld, so as to avoid overlap of the top and
bottom weld. Generally, 10° - 20° offset angle is given for the exposure. Two
exposures are taken by rotating the pipe through 90°.

7.2.2 Diameter range 3.5” to 5”- Double wall single image technique will be used. This is
mostly suitable for the pipes of diameter above 80 mm. Sources can be kept on the
pipe or away from the pipe, depending on the diameter of the pipe, SFD required and
accessibility.

7.2.3 Diameter range 6” to Onwards- Single wall single image or double wall single
image technique shall be used depending upon the accessibility for positioning the
source. In this technique, several methods of exposure are possible. The ideal
position to locate the source would be the centre of the pipe or cylinder ( Panaromic
exposure). However, if the centre is not accessible or if pipe diameter is small the
source can be off the centre. The welds can be divided into several segments and
the exposures are carried out.

8. Film type and Brand

Slow and fast (Type I & Type II) film, will be used depending upon the thickness of
the joint.
Type I film – D5, NDT 55, D4, NPIX – 100 or equivalent.
Type II film – D7, NDT 65 NPIX – 100 or equivalent.
Kodak made film will be used for radiography.

9. Size of Film and Coverage:-

Size of the film depends upon the diameter of the joint radio graphed. One inch over
lead shall be provided between two successive exposures.

Sr. No. Diameter Size of Film No. of Exposure

1. 1” to 2.5” 5” x 4” 2
2. 3” to 5” 3” x 6” 3
3. 6” & above 3” x 9” 3
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LOI No. & Date
Doc. No. ACE-TK-JP-08 Rev. 0 Sheet 3 of 7

10. Screens
Lead screens will be used for intensification. Normal lead screen thickness will be
0.005” on front and back.

11. Maximum Source Size

The maximum size of IR192 gamma radiation source used will be 3mm x 2mm.

12. Film Identification

Film shall adequately identified to maintain full traceability to the weld being radio
graphed. The following information shall appear on each radio graphed film.

Date.
Joint No.
Welder No.
XR No.
Isometric/ Spool Number/ Dra. No.
Film segment marking.

To identify repair welds, the letter R1 will be used to identify first repair and R2 for
second repair. This identification shall be of a permanent nature by leat latter (6mm
height and 1.5 mm thick)
For re-shoot RS will be put in the film. For retake RT will be put to identify.

Radiography offering:- Once weld, visual and heat treatment (if applicable)
completed, the joint will be selected for radiography, jointly with inspectors. The
selected joints will be identified by their welder No. Spool/ Pass/ Line No. &
Radiography No (X No.). The tag or marking will be provided to the selected joints for
easy identification.
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13. Film Density
The transmitted film density thought the area of interest will be 2 to 3± 0.05. A
densitometer of densitostrip will be used to measure the density.

14. Type or Penetrameter and IQI Sensitivity

Either a plaque type penetrameter or a ASTM rite type DIN wire type penetrameter
will be used for radiography.

The material and construction of penetrameter be as ASTM E142. Selection of

penetrameter thickness as per meter thickness and the essential hole to be seen for
plaque penetrameter and designated wire to be seen in case of ASTM or DIN wire
type penetrameter will be as per table – 276 of ASME Sec. V article – 2.

15. Number of Penetrameter and Their Placement

For double wall single image technique the placement of penetrameter will be on the
film side.

For single wall image technique, the placement of penetrameter will be on source
side.

The wire type penetrameter will be placed 90” to the weld with the thinnest wire away
from central beam of radiation and within one inch distance from either of the end
markers.

Where inaccessibility prevents placement of penetrameter on the source side,

penetrameter will be placed on the film side ( e.g. lower dia pipes and welds which
are away from the pipe end). In general only one penetrameter will be used for each
radiography. If, the coverage required is over 200mm two penetrameter will be used
and then placement will be as mentioned above.

16. Selection of Film Length for the Repaired Area

The minimum addition length to be covered on both sides of repaired weld length will
be 50 mm each side.
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If the total repaired weld length and the additional weld length to be covered exceeds
the total maximum coverage as mentioned earlier additional exposure will be taken.

17. Back Scatter Detection

As a check on back scattered radiation, a lead letter ‘B’ with minimum dimension of
½” in height and 1/16” in thickness will be attached to the back of each film holder. If
a light image of the letter ‘B’ be clearly visible on the radiograph, corrective measures
will be taken and the area shall be re-radiograph till satisfactory results are obtained.

This will be carried out prior to production radiography and at selected problem areas
thereafter. A image of the ‘B’ on a lighter background is not a cause for rejection.

18. Geometric Un sharpness

The maximum geometrical unsharpness allotted for less than 50 mm thickness of
material readable is 0.020 inch or 0.5 mm.

The geometrical unsharpness will be determined as per the formula Ug=Fxd/D

Where Ug = Geometrical unsharpness
F = Source size
d = Distance from source side of the object to the film
D = Source to object distance.

19. Placement of Location Marker

For both double wall single image and single wall single image the markers will be
placed on the film side 3 mm away from the weld edge.
For double wall double image the marker will be placed on source side.

20. Information on the Wrapper Carrying Processed Film

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LOI No. & Date
Doc. No. ACE-TK-JP-08 Rev. 0 Sheet 6 of 7
Apart from the information given on radiography, the evaluation result also will be
written on the wrapper. The evaluation result includes, type of defect and acceptance
/ rejection status. Wrapper should also show density, thickness, sensitivity & IQI.

21. Processing
Processing will be manual
Developing time will be 4-8 minutes in temperature range of 18°C to 22°C. Film will
be agitated for two seconds each minute during development. This will help develop
evenly.

Following development, the developer in emulsion will be neutralized by an acetic

acid both for 0.5 to 1 minute with agitation for first 10 seconds.

Film will be fixed for at least twice the clearing time with agitation for the first 10
seconds and a gain at the end of the first minute.
Washing will be for at least 10 minutes in running water.
Film will be dipped in wetting agent for 1 minute.
Film will be drained, then hung and dried.

22. Viewing of Radiographs

Viewing facility will be provided with subdued background lighting of an intensity that
will not reflect on the radiographic film. The viewer will provide with a variable
intensity light source which will emit sufficient illumination to enable the interpreter to
distinguish all the pertaining details of radiography. Viewing room shall contain
densitometer, magnifying glass and air conditioner etc. to evaluate the radiographs in
good condition.

23. Evaluation of Radiograph

All radiographs shall be free from mechanical, chemical effects to the extend that
they cannot mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity in the area of
interest of the object being radiographed. Such image includes but are not limited to:-
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LOI No. & Date
Doc. No. ACE-TK-JP-08 Rev. 0 Sheet 7 of 7
(a) Fogging
(b) Processing defects such as water or chemical marks.
(c) Scratches, finger marks, crimps, static smudges or tears.
(d) Loss of details due to poor screen to film contact.
(e) False indication due to defective screen.

24. Acceptance Standard

Acceptance standard will be as per ANSI B 31.3

25. Reporting
Radiographic report containing required details will be submitted immediately after
completion of evaluation of radiographs.

26. Safety
Personnel performing radiography shall wear a TLD whenever in a radiation area
and survey meter will be used to measure the radiation level.

The area where radiography is being performed will be cordoned off to prevent
unauthorized entry.

The radiation level at the cordoned off distance will be such that the non radiation
workers will not receive a dose not more than 2 MR per week.

27. Documentation
Proper record shall be maintained as per format No. ACE/QA/TK/FM-10, 11 & 12
Rev.0