Clay Consolidation-Sivakugan

Consolidation of Clays
N. Sivakugan
Duration: 17
minutes
1
What is Consolidation?
When a saturated clay is loaded externally,
GL
saturated
clay
the water is squeezed out of the clay over a

long time (due to low permeability of the clay).
SIVA Copyright©2001 2
What is Consolidation?
This leads to settlements occurring over a long

time,
settlemen
t
time
which could be several years.
In granular soils…
Granular soils are freely drained, and thus the

settlement is instantaneous.
settlemen
t
time
During consolidation…
Due to a surcharge q applied at

the GL,
the stresses and pore pressures are increased at A.
q kPa
..and, they
GL
∆ vary with time.
σ
A ∆
u
saturated
clay ∆
σ ’
During consolidation…
∆ σ remains the same (=q) during consolidation.
∆ u decreases (due to while ∆ σ ’
drainage) increases,
transferring the load from water to the soil.
q kPa ∆
σ
GL ∆u
∆
σ ∆σ
A ’
∆
u
saturated q
clay ∆
σ ’
One Dimensional
Consolidation
~ drainage and deformations are (none

vertical laterally)
~ a simplification for solving consolidation
problems q kPa
GL
water squeezed out

reasonable
simplification if
saturated the surcharge is
clay of large lateral
extent
∆ H -∆ e Relation
∆H
average vertical
strain = Ho
q kPa
GL q kPa
∆ H
GL
Ho
saturated
saturated
clay
e= clay
e = eo - ∆ e
eo
Time = 0+ Time = ∝
Consider an element where Vs = 1

initially.
∆
eo e
Time = Time = ∞
0+
∆e
∴ average vertical strain
= 1 + eo
Equating the two expressions for
average vertical strain,
consolidati change in void

on ratio
∆H ∆e
settlement =
Ho 1 + eo
initial void
initial thickness
ratio
of clay layer
Coefficient of volume
compressibility
~ denoted by mv
~ is the volumetric strain in a clay element

per unit increase in stress no
units
change in volume
=
original volume ∆V
i.e.,
mv = V
∆σ
kPa-1 or MPa- kPa or MPa
1
Consolidation Test
~ simulation of 1-D field consolidation in lab.
GL
porous
stone
undisturbed soil
specimen metal ring
Dia = 50-75 mm (oedometer)
Height = 20-30
mm
fiel lab
d
Consolidation Test
loading in
allowingincrements
full consolidation before next
increment
∆ q1 ∆ q2
∆
H1
Ho eo eo-
∆ e1
∆H1
∆e1 = (1 + eo ) ∆e2 =
Ho
Consolidation Test
unloadin
g
e – log σ v’ plot
- from the above data
void ratio
loading
σ v’ increases &
e decreases
unloading
σ v’ decreases &
e increases
(swelling)
log σ v’
Compression and recompression
indices
C
void ratio
r 1
Cc ~ compression
index
Cc
Cr ~ recompression 1
index(or swelling
index)
Cr
1
log σ v’
Preconsolidation pressure
is the
maximum
vertical
void ratio
effective
stress the soil
element has
ever been
subjected to
σ p log σ v’
preconsolidation ’
SIVA Copyright©2001
Virgin Consolidation Line
original
state
virgin consolidation line
e
o
void ratio
e o,
σ vo ’
σ log σ v’
σ v
p
SIVA Copyright©2001 ’ 18
Overconsolidation ratio
(OCR)
original
state
virgin consolidation line
e
o
void ratio
σ
σ p'
vo OCR =
’ σ vo '
Field σ log σ v’
σ v
p
SIVA Copyright©2001 ’
Overconsolidation ratio
(OCR)
VCL
~current state OCR=1

OCR=13 Normally
consolidate
void ratio d clay
OCR=2
OCR=13
Heavily
overconsolidated OCR=2
clay
Slightly
overconsolidated
clay log σ v’
More to come…
Settlement computations
Two different ways to estimate

the consolidation settlement:
q kPa
(a) using mv
settlement = mv ∆ σ H
∆ σ =q
H
(b) using e-log σ v’

plot next slide
eo, σ vo ’, ∆e
Cc, Cr, settlement = H
σ p’, mv 1 + eo
SIVA Copyright©2001 -
~ computing ∆ e using e-log σ v’
plot
If the clay is normally
consolidated,
the entire loading path is along the
VCL.
initia
eo l
σ vo '+ ∆σ '
∆e = Cc log
∆
e
σ vo '
σ vo σ vo ’+
∆σ
SIVA ’
Copyright©2001
plot
If the clay is overconsolidated, and remains
so by the end of consolidation,
σ vo '+ ∆σ '
∆e = Cr log
σ vo '
initia
eo l
∆e
note the use of Cr
VC
L
σ vo σ vo ’+
’ ∆σ
plot
If an overconsolidated clay becomes
normally consolidated by the end of
consolidation,
σ p' σ vo '+ ∆σ '
∆e = Cr log + Cc log
initia
σ vo ' σ p'
eo l
∆e
VC
L
σ vo σ p σ vo ’+
’ ’
SIVA Copyright©2001 ∆σ
Preloading
Preloading at West Kowloon Expressway, Hong

Kong.
(5-10 m embankments for 2-5 months)
Preloading
Piezometers measure pore pressures and
thus indicate when the consolidation is
over.
Preloading
Cross section of
PVD
Installatio
n
Prefabricated Vertical Drains to Accelerate
SIVA Consolidation
Copyright©2001 28
Prefabricated Vertical
Drains
Installation of
PVDs 29

Clay Consolidation-Sivakugan

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Clay Consolidation-Sivakugan

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Consolidation of Clays

When a saturated clay is loaded externally,

the water is squeezed out of the clay over a

This leads to settlements occurring over a long

which could be several years.

Granular soils are freely drained, and thus the

Due to a surcharge q applied at

~ drainage and deformations are (none

water squeezed out

Consider an element where Vs = 1

consolidati change in void

~ is the volumetric strain in a clay element

~ simulation of 1-D field consolidation in lab.

~current state OCR=1

Two different ways to estimate

(b) using e-log σ v’

Preloading at West Kowloon Expressway, Hong

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