Synthèse Des Travaux Scientifiques

REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE
MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEURE

ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE
Université Mohamed Boudiaf - M’sila

Faculté de Technologie
Département d’Electronique
Synthèse des Travaux Scientifiques

Présenté par : Dr. HARHOUZ Ahlam
Maître de Conférences (B) à l’Université de Mohamed BOUDIAF - M’sila
En vue de l’obtention de L’Habilitation Universitaire
Spécialité : Electronique
Soutenue le:….../….../…. Devant le jury composé de :
Président :
Examinateurs :
:
:
Invités :
:
:
:
Année Universitaire 2020/2021

Présentation de dossier d’habilitation universitaire
Année universitaire : 2020/021
Etablissement universitaire : Université Mohamed Boudiaf m’sila
Faculté : technologie
Département : Electronique
Filière de la formation : Electronique
Mobile : ……………………………………….
E-mail professionnel :…………………………………………
1) Données d’identification du candidat :
Nom : Harhouz Prénom : Ahlam
Date et lieu de naissance : 27/07/1985 Ain Elhadjel M’sila
Adresse : BP 37 Ain Elhadjel M’sila
Tel : 0797613751 email : ahlam.harhouz@univ-msila.dz
Etablissement et Date d’obtention du Magister : 25/09/2012
Spécialité de Magister : Systèmes de communications modernes
Etablissement et Date d’obtention de Doctorat : Université Mohamed Boudiaf m’sila 27/04/2017
Intitulé du sujet de Doctorat/Intitulé de la thèse : Contribution à l’étude et la conception des capteurs à

base de cristaux photoniques
Date de recrutement : 31/12/2017 Université : UMMTO Tizi Ouzou
Date de la promotion de grade MCB : 31/12/2018
2) Identification de la publication principale :
Intitulé de la Revue : Optical and Quantum Electronics (OQEL)

ISSN: 1572-817X EISSN: 0306-8919
Intitulé de la Publication: Highly Sensitive Plasmonic Temperature Sensor Based on Fano resonances in MIM
waveguide Coupled with Defective Oval Resonator
Position parmi les auteurs : la première position
Date de soumission : 22 Dec 2020 Date de réception : 22 Dec 2020
Date d’acceptation : 16 Jun 2021 Date de publication : 22 July 2021
URL de la revue/article : https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11082-021-03088-
3?fbclid=IwAR0FKCZR2PrbHn8yiTv_1IEnZOkW6qVrf2okCXKSZvER8fraU1Z7IURZ2n0
Catégorisation de la revue : A B C Autres

X
1/3
Pérennité de la revue : 1969-2021
Politique de publication de la revue : X non payante payante
Revues prédatrices : Oui X non
2) Identification de la communication internationale ou nationale principale :
Intitulé de la communication : Plasmonic Refractive Index Sensor Based on Fano Resonances in MIM
Waveguide Coupled With defective oval Resonator
URL de la conférence/communication : https://www.srmist.edu.in/iconn-2021/
https://webstor.srmist.edu.in/web_assets/downloads/2021/iconn-2021-booklet.pdf
Catégorisation de la conférence éditée : oui non
x
Position parmi les auteurs : La première
Nom du participant : A. Harhouz ; A.HOCINI ; H.Tayoub
Orale : Poster :
x
3) Expérience dans le domaine de l’enseignement :

Intitulé de la polycopie ou manuel des travaux dirigés /pratiques validé par les instances scientifiques :
Cours Outils de Simulation
Intitulé de cours enseigné : Outils de Simulation
4) Encadrement des mémoires Master :

Thème : ’’Application des plasmons de surface en vue de concevoir un détecteur de température’’
Etudiants : Chabira Chaima et Ben Mesrouk Fatima ; Promotion :2020/2021
Thème : ‘’Etude de la transmission dans les structures MIM plasmonique pour l’application en télécom’’
Etudiants : Bizet Achraf fayçal et Bouchouachi Marouan ; Promotion :2019/2020
Thème : ‘’Etude des capteurs optiques label-free pour applications de détection biochimique’’
Etudiants : Mohadi Mohammed Elamin et Semati Khiereddinne ; Promotion : 2019/2020
4) Autres travaux scientifiques (Publications, Communications nationales ou internationales, ouvrages,

cours en lignes, brevets, ….)
A. Harhouz, A, Hocini, & H. Tayoub, H. ”Ultracompact gas-sensor based on a 2D photonic crystal waveguide
incorporating with tapered microcavity”. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol.
1046, No. 1, p. 012001). IOP Publishing. (2021, February).
S. E .Achi, A. Hocini, H. B., Salah, & A. Harhouz, Refractive Index Sensor MIM Based Waveguide Coupled with a
Slotted Side Resonator. Progress In Electromagnetics Research, 96, 147-156, (2020).
H. Tayoub, A. Hocini, &A. Harhouz, A. Mid-infrared Refractive Index Sensor Based on a 2D Photonic Crystal
Coupled Cavity-two Waveguides. Instrumentation, Mesures, Métrologies, 18(2), (2019).
2/3
A. Harhouz, A, Hocini, & H. Tayoub, H. Ultracompact gas-sensor based on a 2D photonic crystal waveguide
incorporating with tapered microcavity. 5th International conference on advanced sciences ICAS 9–12
November 2019 (PSAS) Beni-Suef University, Hurghada, Egypt.
H. Tayoub, A. Hocini, &A. Harhouz, A. Mid-infrared Refractive Index Sensor Based on a 2D Photonic Crystal
Coupled Cavity-two Waveguides. 8th International Conference on Computational and Experimental Science
and Engineering (ICCESEN 2021), 12-16 october 2018, kemer-Antalya,Turkey.
T. Zouache, A. Hocini, A. Harhouz,” A High Sensitivity Pressure Sensor using Two Dimensional Photonic Crystal
Cavity’’, International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control, 2018, 8, 1-8
A. Harhouz, A. Hocini, “Ultracompact gas-sensor based on a 2D photonic crystal modified waveguide l” the first
International conference on electronics and new technologies NCENT’2017,November14-15, M’sila, Algeria.
A. Harhouz, cours en ligne ‘’Outils de simulation’’ Master Microélectronique
Je déclare sur l'honneur que les informations citées ci-dessus remplies toutes les conditions exigées et
suivre les réglementations en vigueur et me permet de déposer mon dossier en vue de l’obtention
d’habilitation universitaire.
Le 23/06/2021
Le candidat : (Nom/Prénom et signature)
Ahlam harhouz
3/3
4/3
Sommaire
Curriculum Vitae ..................................................................................................................... 1
Partie I : Synthèse des travaux scientifique de la thèse de Doctorat es-Science ..................7
Contribution à l’étude et la conception des capteurs à base de cristaux photoniques
I. Contexte des recherches ............................................................................................................7
II. Objectif de la thèse ......................................................................................................................9
III. Biocapteur RI à base de cavité à modulation locale de la largeur d’un défaut linéique ...9
III.1. Description de la première structure étudiée ....................................................................9
III. 2. La bande interdite photonique ...........................................................................................9
III.3. Défaut linéique ................................................................................................................. 10
III.4. Cavité à modulation locale de la largeur d’un défaut linéique .................................... 12
IV .Biocapteur RI à base d’un couplage en série entre un guide W1KA et une cavité ........ 14
IV. 1. Structure du Biocapteur RI proposé (structure de référence ...................................... 14
IV. 2. Structure optimisée du biocapteur RI .......................................................................... 17
V. Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 19
Références ......................................................................................................................................... 20
Partie II : synthèse des travaux scientifique après le Doctorat es-Science

............................................................................................................................................................... 23
Capteur de température plasmonique hautement sensible basé sur des résonances Fano
dans un guide d'ondes MIM Couplé avec un résonateur ovale défectueux
I. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 23
II. Conception de prototype et méthode de simulation ............................................................. 24
III. Résultats et discussions .......................................................................................................... 26
IV. Perspective d'application ........................................................................................................ 31
V. Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 33
Références ......................................................................................................................................... 34
Conclusion générale ............................................................................................................... 37
Annexe A : Diplômes et titres

Annexe B : Publication et communications internationales
Annexe C : Attestions d’enseignement et d’encadrement
Annexe D : Divers
Annexe E : Résumé de la thèse de Doctorat
Adresse :BP 37 Ain El Hadjel 28310.
M'sila. Algérie
(+213) 07 97 61 37 51
harhouz7ahlam@gmail.com
HARHOUZ AHLAM
NATIONALITE Algériénné
DATE & LIEU DE

NAISSANCE 27 juillét 1985 à Ain Elhàdjél/M’silà
STRUCTURE DE
Dépàrtémént D’Eléctroniqué/ Fàculté dé Téchnologié
RATTACHEMENT Univérsité Mohàméd BOUDIAF- M’silà.
GRADE ACTUEL Màîtré dé Conféréncés Clàssé B
CURSUS UNIVERSITAIRE  2017 : Diplomé dé Doctoràt én sciéncés én Eléctroniqué à l’univérsité dé M'silà ,

thésé dé doctoràt « Contribution à l’étudé ét là concéption dés càptéurs à bàsé dé
cristàux photoniqués ».
 2012 : Diplomé dé màgistér én Génié Eléctriqué option Systémés dé communicàtion
modérnés à l'Univérsité dés sciéncés ét dé là Téchnologié d’Oràn Mohàméd Boudiàf
« USTO ».
Projét dé màgistér :" Evàluàtion Multidàté dé là Quàlité dé l'Imàgéur d'Alsàt-1 ", cé
tràvàil réàlisé conjointémént àvéc lé CNTS d'àrzéw à là Division d'Instruméntàtion
Spàtiàlé.
 2008 : Diplomé d'Ingéniéur d'Etàt én Eléctroniqué option controlé à l'univérsité
Mohàméd Boudiàf M'silà.
Projét dé Fin d'Etudés :" Réàlisàtion d'un systémé intéràctif dé commàndé numériqué
à bàsé dé PIC 16F877A : Applicàtion à là régulàtion dé là témpéràturé".
 2003 : Bàccàlàuréàt sérié "Sciéncés nàturél "
POSTES OCCUPES MAITRE DE CONFERENCES CLASSE B , L’UNIVERSITE DE M’SILA

01décémbré 2019
MAITRE DE CONFERENCES CLASSE B , L’UNIVERSITE UMMTO TIZI-OUZOU
30 décémbré 2018
MAITRE ASSISTANT CLASSE B - STAGIAIRE, L’UNIVERSITE UMMTO TIZI-OUZOU
30 décémbré 2017
ENSEIGNANT VACATAIRE , L’UNIVERSITE DE M’SILA
11 Novémbré 2011 àu 15 écémbré 2017
INGENIEUR D’ETAT EN ELECTRONIQUE, SARL MAGHREB PIPE
01 mài 2009 àu 01 Juillét 2009
STAGES ET FORMATIONS UMMO,TIZI OUZOU
2017-2018 Formàtion Pédàgogiqué dés nouvéàux énséignànts
UFMC1, CONSTANTINE
2017-2018 Formàtion à distàncé ‘’TICE ét pràtiqué pédàgogiqué"
ENS CACHAN ÉCOLE CENTRALE, PARIS

21 mài 2016 àu 19 juin 2016 : stàgé dé formàtion pràtiqué àu séin du Làboràtoiré dé
Photoniqué Quàntiqué ét Moléculàiré
ALGERIAN CEMENT COMPANY, M'SILA
15 Juillét 2007 àu 15 Aout 2007 : Stàgé dé formàtion pràtiqué én éléctroniqué àu séin dé

l'ACC.
SENTRAX ELECTRONICS, BORDJ-BOU-ARRÉRIDj
01Juillét 2006 àu 01 Aout 2006 : Stàgé dé formàtion pràtiqué én éléctroniqué àu séin dé

là S.A.R.L.
PUBLICATIONS A. Harhouz , & A, Hocini, ”Highly Sénsitivé Plàsmonic Témpéràturé Sénsor Bàséd on Fàno
résonàncés in MIM wàvéguidé Coupléd with Déféctivé Ovàl Résonàtor” , Opticàl ànd
Quàntum Eléctronics Accéptéd 16 Jun 2021
A. Harhouz, A, Hocini, & H. Tàyoub, H. ”Ultràcompàct gàs-sénsor bàséd on à 2D photonic
crystàl wàvéguidé incorporàting with tàpéréd microcàvity”. In IOP Conféréncé Sériés:
Màtériàls Sciéncé ànd Enginééring (Vol. 1046, No. 1, p. 012001). IOP Publishing.
(2021, Fébruàry).
S. E .Achi, A. Hocini, H. B., Sàlàh, & A. Harhouz, Réfràctivé Indéx Sénsor MIM Bàséd
Wàvéguidé Coupléd with à Slottéd Sidé Résonàtor. Progréss In Eléctromàgnétics
Réséàrch, 96, 147-156, (2020).
H. Tàyoub, A. Hocini, &A. Harhouz, A. Mid-infràréd Réfràctivé Indéx Sénsor Bàséd on à 2D
Photonic Crystàl Coupléd Càvity-two Wàvéguidés. Instruméntàtion, Mésurés,
Métrologiés, 18(2), (2019).
T. Zouàché, A. Hocini, A. Harhouz,” A High Sénsitivity Préssuré Sénsor using Two
Diménsionàl Photonic Crystàl Càvity’’, Intérnàtionàl Journàl of Sénsors, Wiréléss
Communicàtions ànd Control, 2018, 8, 1-8
T. Zouàché, A. Hocini, A. Harhouz,” Désign of Préssuré Sénsor Bàséd on Two Diméntionél
Photonic Crystàl” , ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A, 2017,pp 68 Vol.131,2017.
A. Hocini; A. Harhouz, "Modéling ànd ànàlysis of thé témpéràturé sénsitivity in two-
diménsionàl photonic crystàl microcàvity," J. Nànophoton. 10(1), 016007 (2016). doi:
10.1117/1.JNP.10.016007
A. Harhouz, A. Hocini, “Désign of high-sénsitivé biosénsor bàséd on càvity-wàvéguidés
coupling in 2D photonic crystàl ”, Journàl of Eléctromàgnétic Wàvés ànd
Applicàtions Publicàtion dàté - 06 Màr 2015; Vol. 29, No. 5, 659–667
A. Harhouz, A. Hocini, “ Désign of High Sénsitivé Opticàl Sénsor for Séàwàtér Sàlinity(”,
ENEFM2014), DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-16901-9_27 Springér Procééd pp : 219-222 ;
A. Harhouz, A. Ràchédi, ànd A. Bélghoràf
“ Multidàté Quàlity Asséssmént of Alsàt-1 Sàtéllité’s Imàgér ” Journàl of Advàncéd
Réséàrch in Sciéncé ànd Téchnology ,ISSN: 2352-9989, 2014, 1(2), 120-129.
Pàgé 2
COMMUNICATIONS
A. Harhouz, A, Hocini, & H. Tàyoub, H, Plàsmonic Réfràctivé Indéx Sénsor Bàséd on Fàno
INTERNATIONALES
Résonàncés in MIM Wàvéguidé Coupléd With déféctivé ovàl Résonàtor . ICONN 2021
6th Intérnàtionàl Conféréncé on Nànosciéncé ànd Nànotéchnology. Fébruàry 01 – 03
Indià.
A. Harhouz, A, Hocini, & H. Tàyoub, H. Ultràcompàct gàs-sénsor bàséd on à 2D photonic
crystàl wàvéguidé incorporàting with tàpéréd microcàvity. 5th Intérnàtionàl
conféréncé on àdvàncéd sciéncés ICAS 9–12 Novémbér 2019 (PSAS) Béni-Suéf
Univérsity, Hurghàdà, Egypt.
H. Tàyoub, A. Hocini, &A. Harhouz, A. Mid-infràréd Réfràctivé Indéx Sénsor Bàséd on à 2D
Photonic Crystàl Coupléd Càvity-two Wàvéguidés. 8th Intérnàtionàl Conféréncé on
Computàtionàl ànd Expériméntàl Sciéncé ànd Enginééring (ICCESEN 2021), 12-16
octobér 2018, kémér-Antàlyà,Turkéy.
A. Harhouz, A. Hocini, “Ultràcompàct gàs-sénsor bàséd on à 2D photonic crystàl modifiéd
wàvéguidé l” thé first Intérnàtionàl conféréncé on éléctronics ànd néw téchnologiés
NCENT’2017,Novémbér14-15, M’silà, Algérià.
T. Zouàché, A. Hocini, A. Harhouz,” Désign of Préssuré Sénsor Bàséd on Two Diméntionél
Photonic Crystàl” , 6th Intérnàtionàl Advàncés in Appliéd Physics ànd Màtériàls
Sciéncé Congréss & Exhibition. APMAS 2016, 1-3 juin 2016. Istànbul, Turkéy
A. Harhouz, A. Hocini, B. Pàlpànt, " Modélling ’ ànd ànàlysis of thé sénsitivity in 2D
photonic crystàl tàpéréd microcàvity” Gàmés of Light with Métà-Moléculés:
Communicàting, Sénsing ànd Imàging , GLEAM’ 15, PARIS , 1ét 2 Juin 2015.
A. Harhouz, A. Hocini, “ Désign of High sénsitivé opticàl Sénsor for Séàwàtér Sàlinity”
2nd Intérnàtionàl Congréss on Enérgy Efficiéncy ànd Enérgy Rélàtéd Màtériàls
(ENEFM), Oludéniz, Féthiyé / Muglà-TURKEY; 16-19/10/2014.
A. Harhouz, A. Ràchédi, ànd A. Bélghoràf “ Résponsés of thé Multispéctràl Imàgér SLIM
6 for Dàrk ànd Bright Tàrgét” Intérnàtionàl Conféréncé on Artificiàl Intélligéncé ànd
Informàtion Téchnology ICAIIT2014, Ouàrglà, Algérié 10-12,03, 2014.
A. Harhouz, A. Ràchédi, ànd A. Bélghoràf “Càràctérisàtion ràdiométriqué dé l’imàgéur
d’Alsàt-1 én vol ” ISPA2012, Mostàghàném, Algérié 02-04,12, 2012.
COMMUNICATION A. Harhouz, A. Hocini, “Réfràctivé indéx sénsing utilizing à microcàvity-wàvéguidés

NATIONALES coupling in 2D photonic crystàl” thé first nàtionàl conféréncé on éléctronics ànd néw
téchnologiés NCENT’2015,Mày 19-20, M’silà, Algérià.
A. Harhouz, A. Ràchédi, ànd A. Bélghoràf “ Ràdiométric Anàlysis of Référéncé Imàgés
tàkén by Alsàt-1 bétwéén éàrly 2004 ànd làté 2006” CNTIT 2013, Tlémcén, Algérià
10-11,12,2013
ACTIVITES SCIENTIFQUES Mémbré dàns un projét intitulé “ Etudé ét concéption dés dispositifs à structuré
périodiqués pour dés àpplicàtions én micro-ondés ét optiqué, projét PRFU,
A25N01UN280120180001- En cours.
Mémbré dàns lé làboràtoiré dé réchérché : « LASS (Làboràtoiré d’Anàlysé dés Signàux
Systémés, Dépàrtémént d’éléctroniqué, Fàculté dé téchnologié, Univérsité dé M’silà)
».
Mémbré dé comité d’orgànisàtion dé conféréncé intérnàtionàlé (ICENT-2017), 14-15
Novémbré 2017, M’silà –ALGERIA.
Pàgé 3
pàrticipàtion àu 1ér Séminàiré Méditérrànéén sur l’Enérgié Eoliénné (SMEE2010) à
UDES TIPAZA. orgànisé pàr lé Céntré dé Dévéloppémént dés Enérgiés Rénouvélàblés
11 ét 12 àvril 2010.
ACTIVITÉS A. MODULES & MATIERES ENSEIGNES

PÉDAGOGIQUE
OUTILS DE SIMULATION (COURS, TD ET TP)
S2 Màstér 1 Micro- Eléctroniqué,
fàculté dé téchnologiés, univérsité dé m’silà 2019/2020. 2020/2021
ONDES ET VIBRATION (TP)
S2 Licéncé 2 ST fàculté dé téchnologiés, univérsité dé m’silà
2020/2021
TP ELECTRONIQUE FONDAMENTALE 2
S4 Licéncé 2 Eléctroniqué, fàculté dé téchnologiés, univérsité dé m’silà
2019/2020.
ANATOMIE ET PHYSIOLOGIE (COURS)
S4 Licéncé 2 Génié biomédicàl
UMMTO TiziOuzou 2018/2019
TERMINOLOGIE ET NORMES DANS LE BIOMEDICAL (COURS)

TRAITEMENT DU SIGNAL (COURS, TD ET TP)

INSTRUMENTATION ET SIGNAL (TP)

UMMTO TiziOuzou 2017/2018, 2018/2019
TRAITEMENT DES SIGNAUX PHYSIOLOGIQUES (COURS ET TD)

UMMTO TiziOuzou 2017/2018, 2018/2019
MESURES ELECTRONIQUES(TP)
S4 Licéncé 2 Eléctroniqué fàculté dé téchnologiés, univérsité dé m’silà
2016/2017 Enséignànt vàcàtàiré
PROBABILITES ET STATISTIQUES (TD)

S2 Licéncé 1, Fàculté dés màthémàtiqués ét informàtqués, 2013/2014 Enséignànt

vàcàtàiré
Pàgé 4
ONDES ET VIBRATION (TP)
PHYSIQUE (TP).
TERMINOLOGIE SCIENTIFIQUE (COURS)

S1 Licéncé 1, Fàculté dés màthémàtiqués ét informàtqués, 2014/2015 Enséignànt
vàcàtàiré
CODAGE DE L’INFORMATION (TD)

S1 Licéncé 1 MI, Fàculté dés màthémàtiqués ét informàtqués, 2013/2014 Enséignànt
vàcàtàiré
INFORMATIQUE (TD)
S1 ét S2 licéncé 1, Fàculté dés léttrés dés làngués, 2011/2012,
2012/2013, Enséignànt vàcàtàiré
B. ENCADREMENT
CHABIRA CHAIMA
‘’Applicàtion dés plàsmons dé surfàcé én vué dé concévoir un détéctéur dé témpéràturé’’ ;
Mémoiré dé Màstér, Option : Microéléctroniqué, Dépàrtémént d’éléctroniqué. Juin 2021.
Encàdréur
BEN MESROUK FATIMA

‘’Applicàtion dés plàsmons dé surfàcé én vué dé concévoir un détéctéur dé témpéràturé’’ ;
Mémoiré dé Màstér, Option : Microéléctroniqué, Dépàrtémént d’éléctroniqué. Juin 2021.
Encàdréur
BIZET ACHRAF FAYÇAL

‘Etudé dé là trànsmission dàns lés structurés MIM plàsmoniqué pour
l’àpplicàtion én télécom’’; Mémoiré dé Màstér, Option : télécommunicàtion, Dépàrtémént
d’éléctroniqué. 2020. Co-Encàdréur
BOUCHOUACHI MAROUAN
‘Etudé dé là trànsmission dàns lés structurés MIM plàsmoniqué pour
l’àpplicàtion én télécom’’; Mémoiré dé Màstér, Option : télécommunicàtion, Dépàrtémént
d’éléctroniqué. 2020. Co-Encàdréur
MOHADI MOHAMMED ELAMIN
‘’ Etudé dés càptéurs optiqués làbél-fréé pour àpplicàtions dé détéction biochimiqué ‘’;
Mémoiré dé Màstér, Option : Microéléctroniqué, Dépàrtémént d’éléctroniqué. 2020.
Encàdréur
SEMATI KHIEREDDIN
Pàgé 5
‘’ Etudé dés càptéurs optiqués làbél-fréé pour àpplicàtions dé détéction biochimiqué ‘’;
Mémoiré dé Màstér, Option : Microéléctroniqué, Dépàrtémént d’éléctroniqué. 2020.
Encàdréur
FOUNAS FATIMA
‘’Càptéurs optiqués pour là biodétéction : Etudé théoriqué’’ licéncé, spéciàlité : Génié
Biomédicàl, Dépàrtémént d’éléctroniqué. 2019. Encàdréur
BOUSSAKOU FOUAD
‘’Càptéurs optiqués pour là biodétéction : Etudé théoriqué’’ licéncé, spéciàlité : Génié
Biomédicàl, Dépàrtémént d’éléctroniqué. 2019. Encàdréur
Pàgé 6
Contribution à l’étude et la conception des capteurs à base
de cristaux photoniques
Résumé : Les cristaux photoniques (CPs) sont des structures artificielles réalisées dans le but d’ouvrir
une bande interdite suivant les différentes directions, dans cette bande il apparaît une gamme de
fréquence pour laquelle la lumière ne peut plus se propager. L’ouverture d’une bande interdite est due à
la variation périodique de l’indice diélectrique à l’échelle de la longueur d’onde, cette variation peut être
unidimensionnelle, bidimensionnelle ou tridimensionnelle. Ces propriétés rendent les cristaux
photoniques intéressants pour de nombreuses applications en optique intégrée. Les applications
potentielles des cristaux photoniques sont très vastes : réalisation des cavités résonantes de taille très
réduite, des guides d’ondes, des virages, des filtres sélectifs, des fibres optiques et des capteurs. Dans ce
contexte, ce travail vise à l’étude et la conception des capteurs à base de cristaux photoniques
bidimensionnels (CP-2D) pour application en optique intégrée. Le biocapteur proposé est très sensible
à la variation d’indice de réfraction dans les trous d'air, et il peut être optimisé pour réaliser une large
plage de mesure avec une grande sensibilité. Ce biocapteur RI peut atteindre une sensibilité de 530
nm/RIU pour une variation d’indice de 0.001 RIU.
Mots-Clés : cristaux photoniques, l'optique intégrée, capteurs, guides d’ondes, cavité, FDTD
I. Contexte des recherches
L’augmentation des besoins industriels dans le domaine de l’optoélectronique

(interconnexions optiques, sécurité, télécommunications, capteurs, bio-médical, …) amène à
rechercher de meilleurs solutions pour obtenir des composants optiques (passifs et actifs)
présentant de haute résolutions spatiales et spectrales dont les dimensions et la consommation
sont toujours de plus en plus réduites. En particulier, les capteurs optiques intégrés sur puce
offrent un fort potentiel pour le développement des transducteurs génériques, compatibles avec
la détection parallèle et sur une gamme spectrale qui peut être ajustée.
Dans ce contexte, de nombreuses structures issues de l’optique intégrée ont été
proposées. Notamment, les propriétés optiques remarquables des cristaux photoniques (CPs)
ont conduit à la conception de nouveaux dispositifs photoniques visant des applications dans
divers secteurs de l’industrie et de hautes technologies. Les cristaux photoniques (CPs) sont des
matériaux nanostructurées dans lesquels on a créé une alternance périodique des indices de
réfraction (Yablonovitch, 1993). Suivant le type de structuration, on distingue des CPs
unidimensionnels (1D), bidimensionnels (2D) ou tridimensionnels (3D). La réalisation des
7
cristaux photoniques unidimensionnels et bidimensionnels est relativement ancienne, celle des
réseaux tridimensionnels est plus récente (Lacaze, 2013). Cependant, Les chercheurs ont porté
leur attention principale sur les CPs-2D, du fait de leur fabrication la plus facile et leur coût
moindre par rapport aux structures 3D. A l'image des électrons dans les semi-conducteurs, les
photons y sont répartis en bandes de transmission séparées par des bandes d'énergies interdites.
Cette analogie permet d'envisager l'utilisation des cristaux photoniques comme matériaux de
base pour la réalisation de composants pour l'optique intégrée. La plupart des recherches
mettent à profit la bande interdite photonique mais les propriétés originales des bandes de
transmission peuvent être aussi utilisées.
Connus depuis longtemps, les CPs font toujours l’objet de nombreuses études et
développements en vue d’applications pratiques importantes. Parmi lesquelles on peut citer la
construction de miroirs à très haute réflectivité, très utiles pour l’amélioration de l’émission de
lumière par les lasers, la construction de guides d’ondes à faible perte permettant de canaliser
la lumière dans les dispositifs optoélectroniques utilisés en télécommunications, le piégeage de
la lumière dans les cellules solaires, et récemment, la conception miniaturisée des capteurs de
grande sensibilité. L’application des cristaux photoniques en tant que capteurs constitue un
domaine de recherche très prometteur en raison de leur extrême miniaturisation, leur haute
sensibilité spectrale et leur intégration possible dans les MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical-
Systems) (Suh et al., ,2003).
Pour ces raisons, plusieurs auteurs ont déjà montré la capacité des cristaux photoniques
pour détecter de petites variations de l'indice de réfraction des gaz et des liquides. Ils ont ouvert
la voie à une plate-forme pour une nouvelle classe de capteurs (Kurt et al., ,2005 ; Nguyen et
al., 2010 ; Loncar et al., 2003 ; Huang et al., 2015). Les phénomènes de détection sont basés
sur la haute sensibilité des modes localisés apparaissant dans les spectres de transmission à
travers les cristaux photoniques vis-à-vis de la variation de l'indice de réfraction de l’analyte.
Des capteurs à base de cristaux photoniques à microcavités bidimensionnelles (Kurt et al.,
,2005 ; Nguyen et al., 2010 ; Loncar et al., 2003) ont démontré à la fois théoriquement et
expérimentalement leurs aptitudes dans la détection des éléments biochimiques. La détection
est basée sur la haute sensibilité des modes localisés (associés aux défauts) qui apparaissent à
l'intérieur des bandes interdites des cristaux photoniques. En utilisant la coupure de bande
interdite comme indicateur plutôt que la résonance pour les changements d’indice de réfraction,
d’autres auteurs ont également proposé des biocapteurs optiques à base de guide d’onde à CP
(Skivesen et al., 2007; Dutta et al., 2013; Topolancik et al., 2003). Récemment, plusieurs
chercheurs se sont orientés vers les structures basées sur le couplage guide-cavité, présentant
8
de nombreux avantages : grande sensibilité, facteur de qualité Q élevé, choix diversifié de
matériaux et capacité de mesure parallèle (Wang et al. 2008 ; Shiramin et al. 2013;
Najafgholinezhad et al., 2008 ; Huang et al., 2015).
II. Objectif de la thèse

De nos jours, Les capteurs d'indice de réfraction (RI) représentent la classe la plus
répandue des capteurs à base de CP-2D. Une grande partie des composants photoniques
reposent sur les technologies du SOI et du silicium, car elles sont compatibles avec les
techniques de fabrication de la microélectronique permettant en particulier d’envisager des
productions massives à faible coût des micro-dispositifs. Les propriétés optiques des
composants photoniques bidimensionnels reposent sur les technologies SOI, les rendent
particulièrement adaptés à la réalisation de capteurs optiques. C’est dans cette finalité que ce
travail s’inscrit, tout en exploitant une nouvelle approche conceptuelle permettant la conception
des capteurs RI à base de cristaux photoniques bidimensionnels en silicium (technologies SOI).
III. Biocapteur RI à base de cavité à modulation locale de la largeur d’un

défaut linéique
III.1. Description de la première structure étudiée
Les propriétés des cristaux photoniques (CP) sont théoriquement décrites par leurs
structures de bande et la densité des états dans celle-ci. Le calcul et l’évolution des diagrammes
des bandes interdites photoniques pour le matériau étudié sont déterminés par la méthode des
ondes planes. La transmission dans des structures à cristaux photoniques peut être calculée par
des approches d’ondes planes pour tracer le diagramme de dispersion d’une structure périodique
(ε(r) périodique) supposée de dimensions infinie ainsi que par la méthode des différences finies
temporelles FDTD-2D. Pour le choix de réseau, il s’agit de structurer périodiquement à
l’échelle de la longueur d’onde optique un matériau dans deux directions de l’espace. Pour ce
faire, la solution couramment utilisée consiste à percer des trous d’air dans une membrane de
Silicium. On a alors le choix sur le motif élémentaire de ce réseau périodique de trous. Pour
des raisons de symétrie, le réseau triangulaire de trous d’air est celui qui présente la plus large
bande interdite photonique à facteur de remplissage (r/a) en air donné.
III.2. La bande interdite photonique

La périodicité du cristal provoque un changement important des propriétés de dispersion
optique d’un milieu, générant des bandes interdites de propagation lorsque l’indice de réfraction
9
est modulé d’une manière suffisante. Ces propriétés de réflexion et de dispersion peuvent être
utilisées pour réaliser des fonctions optiques intégrées compactes et originales. On met à profit
les propriétés des cristaux photoniques 2D pour contrôler latéralement et à l’échelle de la
longueur d’onde la propagation de la lumière. La largeur, le déplacement et la profondeur de la
bande interdite sont liés aux paramètres géométriques, à l’épaisseur de la membrane et aux
caractéristiques physiques de la structure. On désigne par les caractéristiques physiques de la
structure le contraste d’indice entre les deux matériaux et le facteur de remplissage. Afin d’avoir
une bande interdite plus large il faut choisir un contraste d’indice élevé donné par l’équation
(1), une large bande interdite photonique nous aide à obtenir une large gamme de détection du
capteur.
Δn= nsubstrat -ntrou= nSi- nair= 2.42 (1)
Les paramètres du réseau triangulaire de trous d'air sont choisis pour ouvrir une bande
interdite aux alentours de la gamme de la longueur d'onde souhaitée. Typiquement, nous
désirons ouvrir une bande interdite pour le mode TM aux alentours des fréquences d’intérêts.
Pour cela, on opte pour un cristal de facteur de remplissage en air de 32% permettent d’obtenir
une bande interdite 2D allant de 1419 nm à 1986nm (figure 1). Un calcul basé sur la PWE fait
par le logiciel BandSolve de RSoft, permet de tracer le diagramme de bande (figure 1 (a)) et un
autre calcul FDTD fait par le logiciel FullWave de RSoft, permet de tracer le spectre de
transmission (figure 1 (b))
(a) (b)
Figure .1. (a) Diagramme de dispersion du CP-2D dans la membrane Si (un réseau triangulaire
de trous d’air, a=0.43, r=0.14, f=32%.) calculé par la PWE. (b) la présentation du spectre de
transmission calculé par la FDTD-2D.
III.3. Défaut linéique
Dans un cristal photonique, la création d’un défaut est causée par la rupture de la
périodicité diélectrique. Cette rupture va engendrer l’ouverture d’une bande de fréquence
10
autorisée à l’intérieur de la bande interdite photonique. La largeur et la position de cette bande
autorisée sont générées par les caractéristiques du défaut. L’utilisation de ces structures rend
possible la miniaturisation des composants d’optique intégrée et améliore leurs performances.
Le confinement de la lumière sur des dimensions submicroniques (Coccioli et al., 1998) en fait
aussi des objets de choix pour l’étude des processus physiques, comme le guidage . (Johnson et
al., 2000) Le cas d'un guide à CP défini dans un réseau bidimensionnel de trous d'air dans un
matériau de haut d’indice est bien plus réaliste du point de vue des applications. C'est pourquoi,
il fera l’objet dans toute la suite de ce travail.
Parmi l’infinité des structures contenant des défauts linéiques réalisables, permettant
l’apparition de modes guidés à une fréquence appartenant à la bande interdite du cristal parfait
(Coccioli et al., 1998), nous nous sommes limités, dans notre travail, à une seule géométrie de
défaut. Nous considérons dans cette section un guide d'onde à cristaux photoniques W1KA. Il
est formé en enlevant une rangée de trous dans la direction ΓK du réseau triangulaire. Les
paramètres du réseau sont donnés comme suit : réseau triangulaire de trous d'air de périodicité
a = 0.430µm, percés dans une membrane de Si d'indice n = 3.42 et de rayon des trous r =
0.14µm (figure 2(a)).
(a) (b) (c)
0,98
0,84
Transmission (a.u.)
0,70
0,56
0,42
0,28
0,14
0,00
1,520 1,596 1,672 1,748 1,824 1,900 1,976
longueur d'onde µm
Figure .2. (a) Guide droit référence W1KA (Une rangée de trous omise) réalisé dans un cristal
photonique triangulaire de trous d’air sur une membrane de Si suivant la direction ΓK, f=32%.
(b)Spectre de transmission du guide droit référence W1KA en mode TM. (c) Distribution spatiale du
champ à la suite d’une simulation de type FDTD-2D et une excitation de type CW du guide droit
référence W1KA, pour une polarisation TM à λ=1.55μm.
Le calcul FDTD-2D fait par le logiciel FullWave de RSoft, permet de tracer le spectre
de transmission (figure 2 (b)). On observe une large transmission du guide droit W1KA est qui
s’étale sur plus de 500 nm. On s’est limité dans ce cas, à la région spectrale de la bande interdite
du cristal 2D calculée précédemment (BIP entre 1419 nm à 1986nm). L’enjeu principal de ces
guides d’ondes concerne les pertes. Quand on augmente le nombre de rangées horizontales, les
pertes de propagation augmentent. A l’aide du calcul FDTD, la figure 2 (c) présente la
11
distribution spatiale d’une excitation de type continue (CW) à une longueur d’onde de 1.55μm
(longueur d’onde permise) pour la polarisation TM du guide droit W1KA. On constate que le
champ est bien confiné et l’allure de sa distribution démontre clairement l’existence du
phénomène de guidage de la lumière le long du guide W1KA. A l'intérieur de la BIP, le
confinement latéral des modes du guide à CP bénéficie à la fois du confinement par réflexion
interne, comme dans les guides ruban conventionnels, et d'une réflexion de Bragg latérale due
au CP. Ce phénomène rend le fonctionnement des modes à l'intérieur de la BIP particulièrement
intéressant.
III.4. Cavité à modulation locale de la largeur d’un défaut linéique

Les structures des cavités à modulation locale de la largeur du défaut linéique, ont été
proposées initialement par Kuramochi en 2006 (Kuramochi et al., 2006). Ce genre de cavité est
basé sur un défaut linéique dans les cristaux photoniques d’un réseau triangulaire de trous d’air,
c’est-à-dire sur un guide d’onde similaire à un W1. L’idée est d’éloigner légèrement certains trous
entourant le guide d’onde d’une distance particulière ou de changer le rayon de quelques trous au
centre du guide. Dans cette partie, nous créons une autre rupture, ou cavité, par la modulation
locale de la largeur du défaut linéique W1KA. Cette modulation de rayon de certains trous au
centre du guide W1KA sous forme conique est largement utilisée pour l’amélioration du facteur
de qualité du mode cavité (Kuramochi et al., 2006 ; Takasumi et al., 2007 ; Bayn et al., 2008).
L’introduction d’un défaut au centre du guide par la modulation locale du défaut linéique
permet de piéger une partie de la lumière guidée, ce qui induit la diminution de la transmission
de modes dans le guide W1KA.
Les CPs sont très attrayants en tant que plate-forme de détection opto-fluidique parce
qu’ils possèdent des vides naturels qui permettent l'infiltration de fluide. Les biocapteurs
optiques pour les mesures d'indice de réfraction (RI) ont été un sujet de recherche très captivant
ces dernières années, et jusqu'à aujourd'hui de nouvelles technologies sont proposées. Les
senseurs RI sont utilisés dans les mesures de divers paramètres tel que la température,
l'humidité, la composition chimique, la détection d'ADN, des protéines, des cellules et des
bactéries. Le CP dispose d’un large éventail de détection, le rendant applicable dans une large
gamme dynamique des mesures RI s'étendant de l'air jusqu’aux fluides très visqueux comme
l'huile ou les polymères. Dans cette partie, nous proposons la conception d’un nouveau type de
biocapteur RI à base de cristaux phoniques bidimensionnels. Considérons les mêmes
paramètres de la structure définie précédemment, plusieurs types de capteurs sont conçus et
12
optimisés en utilisant la méthode FDTD-2D. Dans nos simulations, nous nous intéressons
uniquement à la polarisation TM.
La figure 3 (a) montre la structure couplée, la cavité est formée par le changement du
rayon de quelques trous au centre du guide. Le spectre de transmission d’un système couplé
entre guide d’onde W1KA et cavité conique, calculé par la FDTD est présenté dans La figure 3
(b). L’injection de la lumière se fera à l’entrée du guide W1 KA (Harhouz et al. 2015). Notre
étude consiste à calculer le spectre de transmission qui, en présence d’un liquide dans les trous
d’air (élément à analyser), induirait un déplacement en longueur d’onde de la résonance λ0 d’une
valeur déterminée. Dans un premier temps et pour une analyse préalable, nous proposons un
biocapteur RI à base de cristaux photoniques, les spectres de transmission sont calculés pour
cinq solutions de couverture homogènes (différents indices de réfraction n=1 jusqu’a n= 1.5
avec un pas d’indice de 0.1).
(a) (b)
1,0
0,8
n=1
Transmission (a.u.)
n=1.1
0,6 n=1.2
n=1.3
n=1.4
0,4
0,2
0,0
1,50 1,55 1,60 1,65 1,70 1,75 1,80 1,85
longueur d'onde (µm)
Figure .3. (a) Cavité à modulation locale de la largeur d’un défaut linéique rA=0.465a nm, rB=
0.416a nm. (b) Spectre de transmission du biocapteur pour cinq solutions de couverture
homogènes .
La Figure 3(b) présente le spectre de transmission du biocapteur pour cinq indices de réfraction,
On constate que les décalages de la longueur d'onde de résonance λ0 augmentent avec
l'augmentation de l’indice de couverture du milieu RI. Pour calculer la sensibilité S et la limite
de détection (LD) du biocapteur RI à CPs, on calcule le décalage de longueur d'onde de
résonance λ0 pour la plus petite variation de l’indice de réfraction possible. La cavité donne un
décalage le la longueur d’onde de résonance λ0 de 4.75nm pour une variation d’indice 0.01
(limite de détection LD=0.01). Si nous définissons la sensibilité comme S= Δλ0 / Δn, un shift
de 4.75 nm est calculé correspondant à une sensibilité de 475 nm/RIU (RIU refractive index
unit).
13
IV. Biocapteur RI à base d’un couplage en série entre un guide W1KA et
une cavité
IV.1. Structure du Biocapteur RI proposé (structure de référence)
Les capteurs à base de guide-cavité couplée, offrent plusieurs avantages en termes de
compacité, de sensibilité et de facteur de qualité (Q) élevé, d'extension facile aux réseaux de
capteurs et de capacité de mesure parallèle (Wang et al. 2008 ; Dorfneret al.2008 ; Harhouz et
al. 2015) Pour cela une nouvelle conception basée sur cette approche de couplage, est donc
proposée. Considérons maintenant les mêmes paramètres de structure que précédemment, c'est-
à-dire, une matrice 19 x 13 triangulaire de trous d'air de périodicité a = 0.47 µm, percés dans
une membrane de Si d'indice n = 3.42 et de rayon des trous r = 0.19 µm. Le biocapteur
comprend deux tronçons de guides (W1, 2) suivant la direction ГK et une cavité H1 formée
par l'omission d'un trou. La lumière d'excitation (un mode du guide d'onde) se propage dans le
premier guide et se couple au deuxième à travers la microcavité. Cette lumière peut être détectée
à la sortie du guide d'ondes (figure 4(a)). Ce couplage type permet d’extraire une ou plusieurs
fréquences se propageant dans le guide. Ces fréquences peuvent éventuellement être
réorientées, de manière directive, vers un second guide également juxtaposé à la cavité.
(a) (b)
1,0
0,9
n=1 (air)
n=1.33 (eau désionisée)
0,8
0,7
Transmission
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
1,25 1,30 1,35 1,40 1,45 1,50 1,55 1,60
Longueur d'onde µm
Figure .4. a) Structure de référence du biocapteur RI à base d’une approche de Fabry-Perot

(couplage en Série entre un guide W1KA et une cavité), réseau triangulaire de trous d’air sur
membrane de Si, a=0.47, r=0.19 [141]. b) Spectre de transmission calculé par la méthode FDTD-
2D d’un guide- cavité couplés à CP-2D dans la direction ГM pour les indices de réfraction des trous
n=1 et n=1.33.
Lorsque les trous d’air du CP sont remplis d’eau désionisée homogène (n eau= 1.33), La
longueur d’onde de la résonance λ0 de cette structure se déplacera en conséquence avec la
variation de RI (figure 4.b). Un shift de 74.01 nm est calculé pour une variation d’indice de
0.33 RIU correspondant à une sensibilité de 224.27nm /RIU (RIU refractive index unit).
14
Dans cette partie, un nouveau design de biocapteur (figure 5.a) est proposé pour
améliorer la sensibilité ainsi que la limité de détection du biocapteur. Le rayon des trous
localisés de chaque côté du guide est optimisé afin d’avoir une sensibilité et transmission
élevées. Ce rayon est varié comme suit 𝑟 ′ =0.18, 0.19, 0.2, 0.21. La méthode FDTD est utilisée
pour le calcul de la transmission et la position de longueur d’onde de la résonance λ0 en variant
𝑟 ′ .D’après les deux figures 5.b et 5.c, nous remarquons que les structures où le rayon r’ égal à
0.18, 0.19 et 0.21 possède des régions très faiblement sensibles aux variations de l’indice de
réfraction. La transmission la plus élevée est donnée pour la structure où r’ =0.2 (81% et 83.5%).
(a) (b)
1,46
longueur d'onde de résonance 0

r'=0.18 µm
1,44 Très faible sensibilité r'=0.19 µm
r'=0.2 µm
r'=0.21 µm
1,42
Très faible sensibilité
(µm)
1,40
Très faible sensibilité

1,38
1,36
1,322 1,324 1,326 1,328 1,330 1,332 1,334
Indice de Réfraction n
(c)
1,0
r'=0.18 µm
r'=0.19 µm
0,9
r'=0.2 µm
r'=0.21 µm
0,8
Transmission
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
1,322 1,324 1,326 1,328 1,330 1,332 1,334
Figure .5. Structure du biocapteur modifié, en variant le rayon des trous r’. avec les paramètres
de réseau donné : a=0.47, r=0.19. b) Décalage de longueur d'onde de résonance λ0 du biocapteur RI
pour les diverses conceptions proposées (r’ varie) en fonction de l’indice de réfraction.
c)Transmission du biocapteur RI pour les diverses conceptions proposées (r’ varie) en fonction de
l’indice de réfraction.
15
(a) (b)
1,398 Très faible sensibilité
1,397
1,396
longueur d'onde de résonance 0

1,395
1,394
1,393
1,392
1,391 1 Trou
1,390 2 Trous
1,389 3 Trous
1,388 4 Trous
(µm)
1,387 Très faible sensibilité
1,386
1,385
1,384
1,383
1,382
1,324 1,326 1,328 1,330 1,332 1,334
(c)
1,00
1 Trou
0,95 2 Trous
0,90 3 Trous
4 Trous
0,85
0,80
Transmission
0,75
0,70
0,65
0,60
0,55
0,50
0,45
0,40
1,322 1,324 1,326 1,328 1,330 1,332 1,334
Figure .6. a) Structure du biocapteur modifié, en variant le nombre de trous autour de la cavité,
avec les paramètres de réseau donné : a=0.47, r=0.19, r’=0.2. b) Décalage de longueur d'onde de
résonance λ0 du biocapteur RI pour les diverses conceptions proposées (nombre de trous autour de la
cavité varie) en fonction de l’indice de réfraction. c)Transmission du biocapteur RI pour les diverses
conceptions proposées (nombre de trous autour de la cavité varie) en fonction de l’indice de
réfraction
D’après les deux figures 6.b et 6.c, il est clair que la transmission est plus élevée pour la
structure à deux trous autour de la cavité, mais cette dernière a une sensibilité très faible lorsque
la variation de RI est autour de ces valeurs : 1.325, 1.326, 1.33 et 1.331 (longueur d'onde de
résonance : 1.390272, 1.390277, 1.391953, et 1,391955 μm, respectivement). Pour la structure
constituée d'un et quatre trous autour de la cavité, la transmission est la plus basse (entre 51%
et 54%). Les résultats montrent que pour la structure à trois trous d'air, la transmission est plus
élevée (entre 81% et 83,5%), et elle est sensible pour toutes les valeurs de RI
Comme exemple d’application de la dernière structure optimisée, nous étudierons, le
capteur de température (Hocini et al; 2016). La sensibilité du capteur est estimée, en infiltrant
des liquides de différents RI, et le changement d’indice de la membrane Si est due à la variation
de température. Par conséquent, le procédé consiste à déterminer le spectre de transmission du
capteur correspondant à l'infiltration d'eau distillée à différentes températures (n = 1,323 à 1,333
16
correspond au changement de température de T =90 ° C à 20 ° C (Hawkes et al; 1948), tout en
considérant les effets de dilatation thermique, les effets thermiques et la constante du réseau.
Le RI de la membrane Si est isotrope, et sa variation avec la température est donné par la relation
suivante (Schroder et al ; 1978):
𝑛 = 3.38(1 + 10−5 𝑇) (IV.3)
Avec 77<T<400 (T Kelvin)
0,9
1.323
0,8 1.324 90°C
1.325
0,7 1.326
1.327
0,6 1.328
Transmission
1.329
0,5 1.33
1.331
0,4 1.332
1.333
0,3 20°C
0,2
0,1
0,0
1,380 1,385 1,390 1,395 1,400 1,405 1,410
Longueur d'onde µm
Figure .7. Transmission du capteur de température (structure couplé avec 3 trous autre
de la cavité, et r’=0.2) pour différents RI de 1.323 à 1 .333 correspond 0 une variation de
température de 90°C à 20°C respectivement [143].
IV. 2. Structure optimisée du biocapteur RI

Une conception optimisée du biocapteur RI à base d’un couplage série entre un guide
W1KA et une cavité à CP, est décrite en figure 5(a et b). On note que le rayon optimal des trous
localisés de chaque côté du guide est de r’=0.2µm, ainsi que le nombre optimal de trous autour
de la cavité est de N=3 trous. Comme il a été montré précédemment, le mode guidé dépend
fortement de la taille des trous d’air constituants la structure du guide. La transmission dans les
régions centrales où le champ est intense, augmente considérablement dans cette structure,
améliorant ainsi la sensibilité. Dans cette partie, la structure CP-2D étudiée consiste à un réseau
triangulaire de trous d'air gravés dans une membrane de silicium Si sur le SiO2. Afin de valider
nos résultats et simplifier le calcul nécessaire pour FDTD-3D, le CP est remplacé par un
système 2D avec le fond diélectrique ayant l'indice de réfraction effectif de 2,775 , qui
17
correspond à l'indice effectif du mode TM guidé dans une membrane de silicium de 220 nm
d'épaisseur sur une couche de silice (SiO2) de 1500 nm d'épaisseur à une longueur d'onde de
1550 nm (figure 8(a)). La couche de SiO2 à faible indice se trouvant sous la membrane Si à
indice élevé contribue à confiner la lumière à l'intérieur du noyau de cavité, empêchant ainsi les
pertes optiques dans le substrat inférieur, le confinement de la lumière dans la direction verticale
est alors assuré par réflexion interne totale.
(a) (b)
Figure .8. a) Structure verticale (Vue latérale schématique) de biocapteur RI à CP proposée

dans un substrat SOI. b) Structure du biocapteur RI à CP proposée.
0,7
l'eau distillée n=1.3147

0,6
Le méthanol n=1.316
l'eau désionisée n=1.33
0,5
Analyte n=1.331
Transmission
l'acétone n=1.3445
0,4 Alcool isopropylique n= 1.363
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
1,45 1,46 1,47 1,48 1,49 1,50 1,51 1,52
Longueur d'onde µm
Figure .9. Transmission de la structure optimisée du biocapteur pour cinq analytes infiltrés
dans les trous de CP (avec un fond diélectrique de la structure CP ayant l'indice de réfraction effectif
de 2,77).
La figure 9 montres le spectre de transmission du biocapteur optimisé calculée par
FDTD-2D avec un indice effectif de la membrane égale 2.77 (approche 3D), Les spectres sont
calculés pour cinq solutions de couverture homogènes. La transmission à diminué de 20% par
rapport à celle du calcul précédant, elle peut varier entre 40% et 68%, et un shift de 0.53 nm
18
pour une variation d’indice de 0.001 est obtenue et correspond à une sensibilité de 530nm/RIU.
Le tableau 1 présente une Comparaison du biocapteur RI proposé avec différents designs à
bases CPs.
Sensibilité
Références Type du capteur Δn
(nm/RIU)
biocapteur RI formé de deux guides
Wang et al.2008 330 0.001
d’ondes et une microcavité
Capteurs RI à base de guide d’onde à
F.Bougriou et al 2011 240 __
CP
Capteurs RI à base de guide d’onde à
Shruti et al 2011 200 0.0014
CP
Zhanga et al . 2012 Capteurs RI à base de cavité L3 à CP 35 0.038
Dutta. et al 2013 Biocapteurs RI à base de guide 260 0.001

d’onde à CP
Notre travail biocapteur RI formé de deux guides
425 0.001
2015 (2D) [141] d’ondes et une microcavité
Notre travail 2017
biocapteur RI formé de deux guides
(Approximation de l’indice 530 0.001
d’ondes et une microcavité
effectif – approche 3D)
Tableau. 1. Comparaison du biocapteur proposé avec différents designs à base des

cristaux photoniques.
V. Conclusion
Dans ce travail, nous avons exposé des propositions de biocapteur RI à cristaux

photoniques bidimensionnels, et plus particulièrement les CPs-2D membranaires, utilisant un
réseau de trous d’air triangulaire percés dans une membrane Silicium sur une couche de SiO2 à
faible indice. Le premier concept du biocapteur RI proposé est basé sur une cavité à modulation
locale de la largeur d’un défaut linéique. En premier lieu, nous avons présenté le principe
d’ouverture de bandes interdites photoniques et la carte des bandes qui permet de sélectionner
les paramètres du cristal et le type de structure à étudier dans le cadre de ce travail. Les
paramètres du réseau triangulaire sont sélectionnés soigneusement pour ouvrir une large bande
interdite à fin d’avoir une large plage de détection du biocapteur dans une gamme de fréquence
souhaitée. L’introduire d’un défaut linéaire dans le cristal photonique bidimensionnel étudié,
assure le confinement de la lumière dans une dimension et sa propagation dans l’autre
dimension, ce qui constitue un guide d’onde permettant de traiter toute l’information sous forme
lumineuse et de miniaturiser les circuits actuels. A l’aide des simulations PWE et FDTD-2D,
19
on observe clairement le guidage du cristal triangulaire proposé, le long du défaut W1 KA
suivant la direction ΓK.
Afin de valider nos résultats et de simplifier les calculs nécessaires pour FDTD-3D en
FDTD-2D, ce CP est remplacé par un système 2D, se comportant comme un matériau
homogène. Il est décrit par un indice effectif pour une polarisation d'intérêt du mode guidé dans
une membrane de silicium d'épaisseur h sur une couche de silice (SiO2). Cette couche de SiO2
à faible indice se trouvant sous la membrane en Si à indice élevé, contribue à confiner la lumière
à l'intérieur du noyau de cavité, empêchant ainsi les pertes optiques dans le substrat inférieur.
Le confinement de la lumière dans la direction verticale est alors assuré par réflexion interne
totale. La transmission calculée avec cette approche 3D, varie entre 40% et 68%. Cependant,
une sensibilité de 530nm/RIU est obtenue pour une variation d’indice de 0.001 RIU.
Cette amélioration est susceptible d’intérêt pour les applications des biocapteurs où, par
exemple, les réactions biochimiques sont contrôlées en mesurant les faibles changements
d'indice de réfraction dans des milieux réactionnels. D’après les résultats obtenus, les structures
proposées dans ce travail constituent une plateforme prometteuse pour les applications de bio-
détection.
Références
Bayn, I. & Salzman, J. « Ultra high-Q photonic crystal nanocavity design: The effect of a low-
ɛ slab material », Opt Exp Vol. 16, Issue 7, pp. 4972-4980, 2008.
Bougriou, F. Bouchemat, T. Bouchemat, M. & Paraire, N. « High sensitivity of sensors
based on two-dimensional photonic crystal », Electronics, Communications and
Photonics Conference (SIECPC), 2011 Saudi International. 978-1-4577-0069-9, pp
1-4. April 2011.
Coccioli, R. Boroditsky, M. KIM, K.W. Rahmat-Samii, Y. Yablonovitch, E. « Smallest
possible electromagnetic mode volume in a dielectric cavity », IEEE Proceedings
optoelectronics, vol. 145, n° 6, 1998.
Dorfner, D. F. Hürlimann, T. Zabel, T. Frandsen, L. H. Abstreiter G. et al. « Silicon photonic
crystal nanostructures for refractive index sensing », Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 181103,
2008.
Dutta, H. S. Pal, S. « Design of a highly sensitive photonic crystal waveguide platform for
refractive index based biosensing », Opt. Quantum. Electron, Vol 45, N° 9, pp 907–
917. 2013.
Harhouz, A. Hocini, A. Palpant, B. « Modelling’ and analysis of the sensitivity in 2D photonic
crystal tapered microcavity », Games of Light with Meta-Molecules:
Communicating, Sensing and Imaging, GLEAM’ 15, PARIS , 1et 2 Juin 2015.
20
Harhouz, A. Hocini, A. « Design of high-sensitive biosensor based on cavity-waveguides
coupling in 2D photonic crystal », Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and
Applications, Vol. 29, No. 5, 659–667, 2015.
Hawkes J. B. and Astherimer, R. W. « Temperature coefficient of the refractive index of water

», J. Opt. Soc. Am. 38(9), 804–806, 1948.
Hocini, A. Harhouz, A. "Modeling and analysis of the temperature sensitivity in two-
dimensional photonic crystal microcavity," J. Nanophoton. 10(1), 016007 2016.
Huang, A. B. HuipingTian, A .B. JianZhou, A. QiLiu, A. PanZhang, A. Yuefeng J. A.
« Label-free optical sensor by designing a high-Q photonic crystalring–slotstructure
», Opt. Commun. Vol 335, N°15, pp 73–77, 2015.
Johnson, S. G. Villeneuve, P. R. Fan, S. and Joannopoulos, J. D. « Linear waveguides in
photonic-crystal slabs », Phys. Rev. B, Vol 62, N°12, pp 8212-8220, 2000.
Kuramochi, E. Notomi, M. Mitsugi, S. Shinya, A. Tanabe, T. et Watanabe, T. « Ultrahigh-Q
photonic crystal nanocavities realized by the local width modulation of line effect »,
Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol.88, N° 4, pp 041112-041113 , 2006.
Kurt. H. and Citrin, D. S. « Photonic crystals for biochemical sensing in the terahertz region
», Appl. Phys. Lett. Vol 87, N° 4, 041108, 2005.
Lacaze, P. C. « Les nanotechnologies : Concepts et applications », Lavoisier, pp 113-114,
2013.
Najafgholinezhad, S. Olyaee, S. « A photonic crystal biosensor with temperature dependency
investigation of micro-cavity resonator », Optik 125, N° 21, pp 6562–6565, 2014.
Nguyen, M. H. Lee, M. Tseng, F. G. « Study of photonic crystal cavities for biosensors», 10th
IEEE the International Conference on Nanotechnology, Seoul, Korea. p. 786–789,
2010.
Scherer, A. Qiu, Y. « Photonic crystal laser sources for chemical detection», Appl. Phys. Lett,
Vol 82, N° 26, pp 4648–4650, 2003.
Schroder, D. K. Thomos, R. N. and Swartz, J. C. « Free carrier absorption in silicon », IEEE
Trans. Electron Devices 25(2), 254–261, 1978.
Shiramin, L. A. Kheradmand, R. and Abbasi, A. « High-Sensitive Double-Hole Defect
Refractive Index Sensor Based on 2-D Photonic Crystal », IEEE. Sens. J, Vol 13,
N°5, pp 1483 – 1486, MAY 2013.
Shruti, K. R. Sinha, and Bhattacharyya, R. « Photonic crystal slab waveguide-based infiltrated
liquid sensors: design and analysis », J. Nanophoton. 053505-1 Vol. 5, 2011.
Skivesen, Nina Têtu, Amélie Martin Kristensen, Jorgen Kjems, Lars H. Frandsen,and Peter I.
Borel. « Photonic-crystal waveguide biosensor », Opt. Express, Vol 15, N°6, pp
4648-4650, March 2007.
Suh, Wonjoo. Yanik, M. F. Olav Solgaard, and Shanhui Fan, « Displacement-sensitive

photonic crystal structures based on guided resonance in photonic crystal slabs »,
Appl.Phys. Lett, Vol 82, N°13, pp 1999- 2001, 2003.
21
Takasumi, T. Notomi, M. Kuramochi, E. Shinya, A. & Taniyama, H. « Trapping and
delaying photons for one nanosecond in an ultrasmall high-Q photonic-crystal
nanocavity», Nature Photonics 1, pp 49 - 52, 2007.
Topolancik, J. Bhattacharya, P. Sabarinathan, J. Yu, P. C. « Fluid detection with photonic
crystal-based multichannel waveguides », Appl. Phys. Lett, Vol 82, N° 8, pp1143–
1145, 2003.
Wang, X. Xu, Z. Lu, N. Zhu, J. and Jin, G. « Ultracompact refractive index sensor based on
microcavity in the sandwiched photonic crystal waveguide structure », Opt.
Commun, Vol 281, N° 6, pp 1725-1731, 2008.
Yablonovitch, E. « Photonic band-gap crystals », J. Phys: Condensed Matter, Vol 5 N°16, pp.
2443-2460, 1993.
Zhanga, L. Cao, T. Li, Z. G. Qin K. R. and Yan, W. P « Study of photonic crystal cavity sensor
integrated with microfluidic channel in the visible region. Proceedings », Advanced
sensor systems and applications; 85610A, pp 1–7. 2012.
22
Capteur de température plasmonique hautement sensible basé sur
des résonances Fano dans un guide d'ondes MIM
Couplé avec un résonateur ovale défectueux
I. Introduction
Les plasmons de surface (SPs) sont des modes électromagnétiques confinés à l’interface
d’un diélectrique et d’un conducteur. Ils sont associés à une oscillation collective des électrons
libres du métal (MacDonald et al., 2009; Barnes et al., 2003). Une intense activité est consacrée
au développement de dispositifs intégrant des composants plasmoniques, comme des
modulateurs et des coupleurs….etc. Le but est de créer une technologie pour les connections
optiques entre les puces (Ebbesen et al., (2008). Dans ce cas on parle de plasmon polaritons de
surface (SPPs), qui se propagent le long d’une interface. Néanmoins la génération de SPPs avec
un dispositif compact et intégrable reste un défi.
La maitrise des SPs est un champ intrigant de manipulation optique, qui ouvre les portes
à différentes applications, comme, contrôle, traitement (Yin et al., 2012; Zhou et al., 2015;
Ozbay, 2006), détection [(Liu et al., 2010; Yan et al., 2015; Achi et al., 2020)] et nano-
intégration (Barnes et al., 2003). Les SPs permettent aussi d’obtenir l’émission stimulée en
dessous de la limite de diffraction, en réalisant un laser ultra-rapide, nommé SPASER (Bergman
et al., 2003).
Récemment, le plasmonique a été largement appliqué en bio-détection sans marquage,
en raison de sa capacité à produire des points chauds à l'échelle nanométrique, qui sont proches
de la taille des bio-particules. Les capteurs biologiques et chimiques basés sur la technologie
plasmon de surface sont devenus des outils privilégiés de détection et d'analyse (Liu et al., 2010;
Yan et al., 2015; Achi et al., 2020; Tong et al., 2014).
A ce jour, plusieurs conceptions plasmoniques basées sur des SPPs ont proposé pour
réaliser des capteurs à hautes performances de détection. Ces appareils sont basés sur des guides
d'ondes métal-isolant-métal (MIM) couplés à des résonateurs. En raison des bonnes propriétés
de confinement de la lumière (Wen et al., 2014 ; Yu et al., 2019), de la large gamme de
fréquences disponibles, et de la facilité de fabrication, les capteurs basés sur les guides d'ondes
plasmoniques MIM ont suscité un grand intérêt (Achi et al., 2020 ; Wang et al., 2019 ; Ghorbani
et al., 2018).
23
En outre, les résonateurs couplés au guide d'ondes MIM peuvent produire des effets
optiques spéciaux, tels que la résonance de Fano (Wen et al., 2014 ; Piao et al., 2011 ; Yu et al.,
2015) et, dans certains cas, la transparence induite électro-magnétiquement (EIT ) ) (Piao et al.,
2012). La résonance Fano présente une forme de ligne asymétrique nette dérivant de
l'interférence entre un état discret et un état continu large, offrant un facteur de mérite élevé
(FOM) en mesures (Wen et al., 2014 ; Ghorbani et al., 2018) . Par rapport au profil de forme
lorentzien symétrique supportée par le LSPR des MNP, les systèmes plasmoniques basés sur la
résonance Fano sont susceptibles d'être des capteurs très sensibles en raison de ses propriétés
utiles telles que l'asymétrie forme de ligne, confinement élevé à l'échelle nanométrique, fort
renforcement du champ électromagnétique (Chen et al., 2015 ; Wen et al., 2015). La diminution
du de spectre de transmittance de pic à creux est facilement atteint. largeur à mi-hauteur
complète (full wide half magnitude FWHM) de ce spectre de transmittance est relativement
mince, elle peut être facilement identifiée et suivie, ce qui améliore considérablement la
résolution de détection (Binfeng et al., 2016).
En raison des propriétés utiles de la résonance Fano, récemment, un groupe de
chercheurs a utilisé ce type de résonance pour la détection de la température (Kong et al., 2016
; Chatterjee et al. ; Chen et al., 2019 ; Lin et al., 2019) , où les performances de détection
dépendent d'une configuration spectrale plus précise ; ce qui conduit à une plus grande figure
de mérite (FOM) pour fournir une mesure haute précision et robuste.
Afin d'acquérir un capteur de température plasmonique miniature à haute sensibilité et
FOM, un dispositif à base de résonance Fano à l'échelle nanométrique composé d'un guide
d'ondes MIM plasmonique couplé est proposé dans ce travail. Le capteur est composé d'un
guide d'ondes MIM à nano-paroi couplé latéralement avec un résonateur ovale. Quatre
résonances Fano peuvent être générées sur la base de cette conception. Les Fano résonances
sont étudiées avec différentes températures d'éthanol infiltré dans le résonateur ovale, la
transmission de pic, la longueur d'onde de résonance et la largeur de ligne peuvent également
être ajustées par les paramètres géométriques. Certifié par simulation numérique basée sur la
méthode des différences finies dans domaine temporel (FDTD), le capteur de température
plasmonique optimisé offre une sensibilité supérieure à 0,44 nm/C avec un facteur de mérite
FOM élevé compétitif avec les capteurs rapportés.
II. Conception de prototype et méthode de simulation
24
La structure du capteur plasmonique basée sur la résonance Fano est schématisée sur la
Fig. 1a, elle se compose d'un résonateur ovale défectueux et d'un guide d'ondes MIM avec une
nano-paroi métallique mince directement sous le résonateur ovale. Trois rainures rectangulaires
en argent (fig. 1.b) de largeur (Ws) et de longueur (XC, X) sont insérées dans le résonateur
ovale pour générer un défaut, et leurs positions sont décrites par la distance (Ds). Pour s’assurer
que le seul mode SPP fondamental de type TM0 peut être excité et transmis, la largeur du guide
d'onde MIM est fixée à w = 50 nm au long de ce travail (Gai et al., 2007), et l'épaisseur du
nano- paroi est D. Le guide d'ondes MIM est couplé à un résonateur ovale latéral au-dessus de
la nano-paroi, avec R est le rayon de deux disques entrelacés avec la distance (E). Les zones
grises et blanches représentent la couche d'argent et le matériau diélectrique respectivement. Le
constant diélectrique de l’argent dépendant de la fréquence est exprimé par le modèle de
Lorentz – Drude (Lu et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2016a; Dong et al., 2018) :
2
𝜔𝑝
𝜀𝑚 (𝜔) = 𝜀∞ − 𝜔(𝜔+𝑖𝛾)
Où 𝜀∞ est le constant diélectrique à la fréquence angulaire infinie avec une valeur de 3.7, 𝜔
est la fréquence de l'onde incidente. 𝜔𝑝 = 1.38 × 1016 Hz est la fréquence de plasmon du
métal, et 𝛾 = 2.73 × 1013 𝐻𝑧 est fréquence de collision électrons.
(a) (b)
z Air Ag
E
Ws
x Ds
y
R R XC
X
G (c)
SPPs W
Out
In D S1+ kr S2-
SPPs k2
k1
S1- S2+
In Out
fig. 1 a le design proposé. b structure de la cavité. c Modèle analytique équivalent pour CMT. Les paramètres
géométriques de la structure proposée ont été définis comme w = 50 nm, D = 50 nm, R = 300 nm, G = 10 nm,
E= 60nm, Ws = 60 nm, Ds = 60 nm, XC = 300 nm, X = 250 nm
Dans notre scénario de simulation, les caractéristiques de transmission des guides

d'ondes MIM couplés à des cavités nano-parois et ovales sont simulées par la FDTD implantée
dans le module fullwave du simulateur commercial R-Soft. La topologie proposée dans ce
25
travail est la topologie bidimensionnel pour laquelle le FDTD 2D a été utilisé, c'est-à-dire le
long de la direction Y la structure est supposée infinie. Cependant, en réalité, la structure doit
avoir une hauteur finie. Dans une étude précédente (Danaie et Shahzadi, 2019), les résultats 2D
et 3D ont été comparés à différentes valeurs de hauteur le long de la direction Y. Cette étude a
montré que pour les structures 2D, comme notre cas, lorsque la longueur de la structure le long
de l'axe Y augmente, les résultats 3D tendent vers les résultats 2D. Les conditions aux limites
absorbantes de couches parfaitement adaptées (PML) sont utilisées pour simuler les limites
supérieure et inférieure de la structure. La grille de maillage uniforme ( 𝛥𝑥, 𝛥𝑧) égale à 5 nm a
été choisie dans les deux directions x et z (Bensalah et al., 2019) pour assurer la rapidité, la
précision du calcul et la convergence numérique le la méthode.La méthode des équations
différentielles auxiliaires (ADE) est utilisée pour modéliser des matériaux dispersifs dans
FDTD dans le domaine temporel, reliant la polarisation et la densité de flux électrique. Dans
les calculs et les résultats qui suivront, seul le mode TM constitué des composants Ex, Ez et H
est pris en compte en raison de son excitation évidente du plasmon sur les surfaces métalliques.
La source est une lumière gaussienne, placée sur le côté gauche du guide d'ondes. Une fois que
la lumière incidente polarisée en TM, les SPP seront excités, confinés et transmis dans le guide
d'ondes MIM. le guide d'ondes MIM couplé à la nano-paroi et à la cavité ovale sont analysés
sur la base de la théorie des modes couplés (CMT) (Li Et al., 2010).
Pour clarifier les phénomènes de résonance Fano, certains paramètres sont introduits
dans la Fig.1c, à savoir, l'onde SPP de la cavité (Si, St) et les coefficients de couplage entre le
guide d'onde d'entrée et la cavité nano-paroi (k1), entre la sortie du guide d'onde MIM et la
cavité nano-paroi (k2), et entre la cavité nano-paroi et la cavité ovale (kr). Lorsqu'une certaine
onde optique de fréquence ω est lancée sur le port d'entrée du guide d'ondes MIM, la
transmittance T peut être calculée comme suit (Piao et al., 2011 ; Tang et al., 2017) :
2
𝑆 2 𝑘1 𝑘1 [𝑗(𝜔−𝜔𝑟 )+𝑘𝑟2 ]
𝑇 = |𝑆𝑡 | = | (2)
𝑖 [𝑗(𝜔−𝜔𝑠 )+𝑘12 +𝑘22 +𝑘𝑟2 ][𝑗(𝜔−𝜔𝑟 )+𝑘𝑟2 ]−𝑘𝑟2
Où 𝜔𝑠 et 𝜔𝑟 sont les fréquences de résonance des cavités nano-paroi et ovale.
III. Résultats et discussions

Dans cette section, les résultats numériques dus à l'interaction des ondes incidentes
avec notre capteur conçu sont présentés.
26
Afin de comprendre l'effet d'un résonateur ovale défectueux couplé latéralement à une
nano-paroi sur le guide d'ondes, les spectres de transmission simulés sont calculés
numériquement par la méthode FDTD et donnés sur la figure 2a.
ici, les paramètres géométriques de la structure proposée ont été définis comme
w=50nm, D=50nm, R=300nm, G= 10 nm, E=60nm, Ws=60nm, Ds=60nm, XC=300nm,
X=250nm. La courbe verte (Fig. 2a) montre les spectres de transmission du guide d'onde MIM
simple, la transmission est supérieure à 0,8 dans la gamme de 600-2500nm. La transmission du
guide d'ondes avec un nano-paroi métallique (courbe noire) est inférieure à 0,16 dans la même
plage précédente. De toute évidence, le nano-paroi bloquera pratiquement la transmission et le
spectre peut être considéré comme un large état continu.
La courbe rouge montre les spectres de transmission du guide d’onde couplé avec la
cavité ovale, elle montre quatre fortes baisses de la transmittance, dont les vallées de
transmission très étroites peuvent être considérées comme quatre états discrets. Une fois que la
nano-paroi est insérée dans le guide d'ondes MIM et couplée au résonateur ovale, l'interférence
destructive entre l'état continu et les quatre états discrets susmentionnés se produira, ainsi,
quatre résonances Fano nettes et asymétriques apparaîtront dans le spectre de transmission.
Comme indiqué dans la courbe bleue de la figure 2a, dans laquelle les pics de résonance Fano
sont respectivement marqués par FR1, FR3, FR2 et FR4. Pour mieux comprendre la réponse
spectrale du système couplé, les Fig.2b-2e montrent les distributions de champ magnétique (H-
field) pour𝜆𝐹𝑅1 = 606 𝑛𝑚,𝜆𝐹𝑅2 = 842.1 𝑛𝑚, 𝜆𝐹𝑅3 = 1142.8 𝑛𝑚 and 𝜆 𝐹𝑅4 = 1702.1 𝑛𝑚 ( les pics
de gauche à droite). Les modes de résonance sont classés par TMm. Où m est le nombre de
nœuds d'ondes stationnaires dans le résonateur ovale. D'après la figure 2be, les modes de
résonance sont TM6, TM4, TM4 et TM2, respectivement. Le rapport de contraction de la
longueur d'onde de résonance définie comme 𝑇𝑐 = 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥/𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛, où Tmax est le bord maximal
du pic et Tmin est le montant le plus bas du pic, est également un paramètre clé pour les
applications pratiques. Les rapports de contraction ont été déterminés à 16,75, 21,23, 12,47 et
114,59, pour les longueurs d'onde des creux de 606 nm, 842,1 nm, 1142,8 nm et 1702,1 nm,
respectivement. Par conséquent, notre structure proposée à un taux de contraction élevé, ce qui
est très avantageux pour une utilisation opérationnelle.
27
(a)
1,0
1.0
0.9
0,9
0,8
0.8
Transmission 0,7
0.7
0,6
0.6 Guide d'onde MIM Simple
Avec nano-paroi
0,5
0.5 Avec résonateur ovale
Système couplé
0,4
0.4 FR4
FR1 FR2
0.3
0,3
FR3
0,2
0.2
0,1
0.1
0.0
0,0
0,6
0.6 0,8
0.8 1,0
1.0 1,2 1.41,4 1.61,6 1.81,8 2.0 2,0 2.2 2,2
1.2
Longueur d'onde (m)
(b) (c) (d) (e)

λ FR1=0.6060606µm λ FR2=0.8421053µm λ FR3=1.142857µm λ FR4=1.702128µm
De plus, pour le quatrième pic de résonance Fano (mode TM2), l'énergie des ondes
électromagnétiques était principalement confinée dans le résonateur ovale. Par conséquent, ce
pic est plus sensible à la variation de l'indice de réfraction autour de la surface de distribution,
ce qui est très utile pour améliorer la sensibilité et les performances du biocapteur RI.
Ensuite, les caractéristiques de transmission à la sortie de la structure proposée ont été
étudiées avec différentes valeurs pour certains paramètres de base. Au départ, on garde les
paramètres précédents, et à chaque fois on analyse la transmission avec la variation d'un seul
paramètre. Les résonances de Fano peuvent être ajustées par les paramètres géométriques de la
28
nano-paroi métallique ou du résonateur ovale. L'effet de l'épaisseur de la nano-paroi D sur les
spectres de transmission est étudié et représenté sur la figure 3a. Ici, c’est clairement que la
transmission diminue avec l'augmentation de D. Puisque nous nous intéressons à l'étude de la
transmission de FR4 qui a un bon champ électromagnétique confiné, nous pouvons obtenir un
bon rapport de contraction Tc et Tmax lorsque D= 60nm (fig. 3b).
(a) (b)
1.0
1,0 220
FR4
0,98
0,9
0.9 D=40nm
D=50nm
200 Tc
0,96
0,8
0.8 D=60nm Tmax
D=70nm 180
0.7
0,7 0,94
FR2
Tmax de FR4
Transmission
Tc de FR4
0,6
0.6 160 0,92
0,5
0.5 FR1
0,90
140
FR3
0,4
0.4
0,88
120
0,3
0.3
0,86
0.2
0,2 100
0,84
0.1
0,1 80
40 45 50 55 60 65 70
0,0
0.0 D
0,6
0.6 0,8
0.8 1,0
1.0 1.2
1.4
1,2 1,4 1,6
1.6 1,8
1.8 2.0
2,0 2,2
2.2
(c) (d)
1.0
1,0 1,0
1.0
0,9
0.9 0.9
0,9
R=280
0,8
0.8 G=10nm 0.8
0,8 R=290
0,7 G=20nm 0,7
0.7 R=300
0.7
G=30nm R=310
Transmission
Transmission
0,6 0.6
0,6
0.6 R=320
0,5
0.5 0,5
0.5
0,4
0.4 0.4
0,4
0.3
0,3 0,3
0.3
0,2
0.2 0,2
0.2
0,1
0.1 0.1
0,1
0,0
0.0 0,0
0.0
0,6
0.6 0,8
0.8 1.0
1,0 1,2
1.2 1.4
1,4 1.6
1,6 1.8
1,8 2,0
2.0 2,2
2.2 0,6
0.6 0,8
0.8 1,0
1.0 1,2
1.2 1,4
1.4 1.6
1,6 1,8
1.8 2,0
2.0 2,2
2.2
Longueur d'onde (m) Longueur d'onde (m)
(e) (f)
1.0
1,0
600
0,97
0,9
0.9
FR4
E=50nm 500 0,96
0,8
0.8
E=60nm Tc
E=70nm
0.7
0,7 Tmax 0,95
E=80nm
Tmax de FR4
FR2
400
Tc de FR4
Transmission
0.6
0,6 E=90nm 0,94
FR1
0,5
0.5 0,93
300
0,4
0.4 FR3
0,92
0,3
0.3 200 0,91
0,2
0.2 0,90
100
0.1
0,1 0,89
0.0
0,0
50 60 70 80 90
0,6
0.6 0.8
0,8 1,0 1.2
1,2 1,4 1,6 1.8
1,8 2,0 2,2
1.0 1.4
1.6 2.0 2.2
E
Fig. 3 a : Spectre de transmission pour t différentes épaisseurs de la nano-paroi D. b Le rapport de contraction

Tc et la transmission maximal Tmax du pic FR4 pour différentes valeurs de D. c, d et e Spectres de transmission
pour different gap G, rayon R des deux disques et la distance E entre les deux disques entrelacés, respectivement.
f Le rapport de contraction Tc et la transmission maximal Tmax du pic FR4 pour différentes valeurs de E.
29
Comme le montre la figure. 3c, l'augmentation du gap G est de 10 nm à 30 nm peut
affecter la diminution du spectre de transmission. De plus, à partir de la figure 3d on peut
observer, que les longueurs d'onde de résonance Fano ont un très léger décalage lorsque le rayon
R augmente de 280 nm à 320 nm. L'augmentation du rayon R de l'ovale ne peut augmenter que
légèrement la longueur efficace du résonateur ovale. De plus, les meilleures performances avec
une valeur de transmission de 0,94 ont été observées pour FR4 à R=300 nm. Pour étudier
l’influence de E la distance entre les deux disques entrelacés sur les caractéristiques de
transmission, E est progressivement augmenté de E=50nm à E=90nm. La figure 3e montre les
spectres de transmission pour différentes valeurs de E. On peut voir que lorsque E augmente,
la transmission augmente jusqu'à atteindre sa valeur maximale pour E=80 nm et ensuite elle
diminue. Ainsi, les meilleures performances avec une valeur de transmission de 0.96 et un
rapport de concentration de 550.25 ont été observées pour FR4 à E=80 nm (fig.3e).
La structure proposée peut être utilisée comme capteurs d'indice de réfraction, en raison
des caractéristiques extrêmement sensibles aux différents matériaux diélectriques. La
Sensibilité (S) est un paramètre vital pour les capteurs. Elle est caractérisée par le décalage de
longueur d’onde 𝛥𝜆 avec le changement d’indice de réfraction (IR) 𝛥𝑛 (Wang et al., 2016;
Zhang et al.,2016b), et elle peut être exprimé comme 𝑆 = ∆𝜆 / 𝛥𝑛. En plus de la sensibilité,
l'autre terme utilisé pour évaluer les performances d'un capteur plasmonique est le facteur de
mérite (FOM), qui peut être exprimé à la fois en termes de sensibilité (S) et de pleine largeur à
𝑆
mi-hauteur (FWHM) du pic de résonance, 𝐹𝑂𝑀 = (𝐹𝑊𝐻𝑀 ) (Zhang et al., 2017).
Comme nous l'avons mentionné précédemment, l'énergie des ondes électromagnétiques

était principalement confinée dans le résonateur ovale. Par conséquent, les pics sont sensibles
à l'altération de l'indice de réfraction autour de la surface de distribution. on peut induire un
décalage du spectre de résonance, en faisant varier l'indice de réfraction de l'ovale de n=1 à
n=1.02.
Les performances de détection de la structure proposée ont été étudiées avec différentes
valeurs des paramètres géométriques du résonateur ovale. De plus, les effets de ces paramètres
sur la sensibilité et le FOM ont été analysés pour optimiser les performances du capteur (Fig.
4a, b et c). La sensibilité est calculée en faisant varier l’indice de réfraction du résonateur ovale
(Δn=0,02). L'effet de la distance Ds sur la sensibilité est étudié (Fig. 4a). On voit clairement,
que seul le pic FR3 est affecté par la variation de la distance Ds de 20 nm à 40 nm, et pour les
autres pics une très légère variation.
30
La haute sensibilité est obtenue avec Ds=20 nm et 30 nm. La relation entre la sensibilité
et la longueur X des rectangles latéraux est présentée sur la figure 4b.
Apparemment, la sensibilité élevée est obtenue pour FR4 avec X=400 nm (Fig. 4b). Le
maximum 2.7 × 104 de FOM, correspondant à FR2 avec X= 300 nm est calculé (Fig. 4c), ce
qui indique un fonctionnement mieux que la plupart des autres capteurs RI (Zhang et al., 2017,
2018; Zhao and Yu, 2018). De plus, le FOM du pic FR4, qui nous intéresse et qui a une
sensibilité élevée, variant de 9.78×103 à 2.43×104 lorsque X varie de 250nm à 450nm. Enfin,
les spectres de transmission de la conception optimale proposée avec différents indice de
réfraction présentés sur la figure 4d.
(a) (b) (c)
3000 40000
2200
2000
FR1 FR1
FR2 FR2
1800 2500
FR3 30000 FR3
FR1
Sensibilité (nm/RIU)
FR4
Sensibilité (nm/RIU)
1600
FR2 FR4
1400 2000
FR3
FOM
1200 FR4 20000
1000 1500
800
600 1000 10000

400
200
500
0 0
20 25 30 35 40 250 300 350 400 450
DS (nm) 250 300 350
X (nm)
400 450 X (nm)
(d)
1.0
1,0
0.9 n=1
0,9 Air Ag n=1.02
n=1.04
0,8
0.8 Analyte n=1.06
n=1.08
0.7
0,7
SPPs
Transmission
0.6
0,6
0,5
0.5
0.4
0,4
0,3
0.3
0.2
0,2
0.1
0,1
0.0
0,0
0.8
0,8 1,0
1.0 1.2
1,2 1,4
1.4 1,6
1.6 1.8
1,8 2,0
2.0 2,2
2.2 2,4
2.4 2,6
2.6
Fig. 4 a et b la sensibilité avec des différentes valeurs de Ds et X, respectivement. c Le FOR avec différentes
valeurs de X. d Spectres de transmission pour différents n.
IV. Perspective d'application

En raison de la forme de ligne extrêmement nette et de la dépendance entre les longueurs
d'onde maximales de Fano et l'indice de réfraction du matériau diélectrique, un FOM et une
sensibilité élevée de la réponse spectrale peuvent être donnés par la résonance de Fano en faisant
varier l'indice de réfraction du milieu environnant.
31
En remplaçant l'air dans l'ovale par l'éthanol dont l'indice de réfraction est 𝑛 =
1.36084 − 3.94 × 10−4 (𝑇 − 𝑇0 ), ici 𝑇0 = 20 °C (Wu et al., 2015), la structure conçue peut
servir d’ un capteur de température plasmonique sur puce. Le spectre de transmission est
représenté sur la figure 5a. À mesure que la température ambiante varie, l'indice de réfraction
de l'éthanol infiltré dans le résonateur ovale change, ce qui module les formes et les positions
spectrales. Des mesures très sensibles de température sont récupérées à partir de la forme
spectrale asymétrique induite par la résonance Fano. Avec les paramètres optimaux de la
conception proposée, la sensibilité du capteur de température est de 2,463 nm/°C. De plus, selon
l'ajustement linéaire, les longueurs d'onde des résonances Fano varient linéairement avec la
variation de température (figure 5b).
Le tableau 1 compare la sensibilité, pour le capteur proposé avec celles obtenues par
d'autres dispositifs récemment proposés, ce qui montre que le capteur proposé présente des
avantages en sensibilité.
(a) (b)
0,8
0.8
T=20C° 3,0
Longueurd'onde de résonance (m)
T=60C° FR1
Air Ag
T=100C° FR2
0,6
0.6 Ethanol
T=-20C° 2,5 FR3
T=-60C° FR4
Transmission
SPPs
2,0
0.4
0,4
1,5
0.2
0,2
1,0
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

0.0
0,0
0,8
0.8 1.0
1,0 1,2 1.4
1,4 1,6 1.8
1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3,0 3,2 3,4
Température C°
1.2 1.6 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4
Fig. 5 a Spectres de transmission pour différentes de température. b Ajustement linéaire entre les longueurs
d'onde du pic de résonance de Fano et la température.
32
Table 1. Comparaison de sensibilité de différentes structures de capteurs.
Longueur
Sensibilité
Référence Structure type d’onde année
(nm/℃)
(nm)
(Kong et Résonateur Rectangulaire couple latéralement
1100-1350 0. 36 2017
al., 2017) avec MDM guide d’onde
(Chen et Résonateur anneau couplé au guide d'onde droit
800-1400 0.31 2019
al., 2019) MDM avec un déflecteur
[(Tian et Résonateur disque défectueux couplé au guide 1200-1700 0. 3925 pour LFR et 2020
al., 2020) d'ondes droit MDM avec un déflecteur 0.4575for RFR.
0.18 pour FR3, 0.21
(Yu et al., Guide d'onde MIM comportant un déflecteur et
le SSCDR couplé inséré avec un bloc 600-2000 pour FR4 et 0.33 pour 2020
2020)
métallique FR6
Guide d’onde MIM avec Nano-paroi couple 0.44 pour FR1, 0.94
Ce travail latéralement avec un résonateur ovale 800-3200 pour FR2, 1.282 pour 2020
défectueux et FR3. 2.46 pour FR4
V. Conclusion
En résumé, quatre résonances Fano peuvent être formées par une structure plasmonique
composée d'un guide d'onde MIM avec une nano-paroi mince couplé latéralement avec un
résonateur ovale défectueux. Le couplage cohérent et l'interférence entre l'état continu qui est
supporté par le guide d'onde à nano-paroi et les quatre états discrets qui sont généré par le
résonateur ovale défectueux, génèrent les résonances Fano. Des simulations numériques basées
sur la FDTD sont effectuées pour étudier les dépendances des paramètres géométriques sur les
propriétés de transmission. Comme l'une des applications potentielles, c'est-à-dire le capteur
plasmonique à indice de réfraction, les résultats simulés ont prouvé que le capteur proposé peut
atteindre un FOM et une sensibilité élevée, 2,27 × 104 et 2844, 95 nm/RIU, respectivement,
correspondant au pic FR4. De plus, une autre application possible, capteur de température
plasmonique, dont les sensibilités sont de 0,44nm/℃, 0,94 nm/℃, 1,282 nm/℃ et 2,46 nm/℃
correspondant à FR1, FR2, FR3 et FR4, respectivement. Enfin, cette conception est très adaptée
à une utilisation dans des circuits hautement intégrés, en raison de sa petite taille, et de sa
sensibilité élevée.
33
Références
Achi, S. E., Hocini, A., Salah, H. B., and Harhouz, A. (2020). Refractive index sensor mim
based waveguide coupled with a slotted side resonator. Progress In Electromagnetics
Research, 96:147{156.
Barnes, W. L., Dereux, A., and Ebbesen, T. W. (2003). Surface plasmon subwavelength optics.
nature, 424(6950):824{830.
Bashiri, J., Rezaei, B., Barvestani, J., and Zapata-Rodr__guez, C. (2019). Bloch surface waves
engineering in one-dimensional photonic crystals with a chiralcap layer. JOSA B,
36(8):2106{2113.
Bensalah, H., Hocini, A., Temmar, M., Khedrouche, D., et al. (2019). Design of mid infrared
high sensitive metal-insulator-metal plasmonic sensor. Chinese Journal of Physics,
61:86{97.
Bergman,D. J. and Stockman M. I., Surface Plasmon Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation : Quantum Generation of Coherent Surface Plasmons in Nanosystems,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 027402 (2003).
Binfeng, Y., Hu, G., Zhang, R., and Yiping, C. (2016). Fano resonances in a plasmonic
waveguide system composed of stub coupled with a square cavity resonator. Journal
of Optics, 18(5):055002.
Chatterjee, S., Palermo, G., Letsou, T., Lio, G., De Luca, A., and Strangi, G. Temperature and
refractive index sensing based on plasmonic fano resonance.
Chen, F., Zhang, H., Sun, L., Li, J., and Yu, C. (2019). Temperature tunable fano resonance
based on ring resonator side coupled with a mim waveguide. Optics & Laser
Technology, 116:293{299.
Chen, Z., Yu, L., Wang, L., Duan, G., Zhao, Y., and Xiao, J. (2015). Sharp asymmetric line
shapes in a plasmonic waveguide system and its application in nanosensor. Journal
of Lightwave Technology, 33(15):3250{3253.
Danaie, M. and Shahzadi, A. (2019). Design of a high-resolution metal{ insulator{metal
plasmonic refractive index sensor based on a ring-shaped si resonator. Plasmonics,
14(6):1453{1465.
Dong, L., Xu, X., Li, C., Guo, Y., Sun, K., and Ding, Y. (2018). Plasmon-induced transparency
in sensing application with semicircle cavity waveguide. Optics Communications,
410:751{755.
Ebbesen, T. Genet, W. C. and Bozhevolnyi, S. I. Surface-plasmon circuitry, Physics Today
61, 44 (2008).
Gai, H., Wang, J., and Tian, Q. (2007). Modi_ed debye model parameters of metals applicable
for broadband calculations. Applied optics, 46(12):2229{ 2233.
Ghorbani, S., Dashti, M. A., and Jabbari, M. (2018). Plasmonic nano-sensor based on metal-
dielectric-metal waveguide with the octagonal cavity ring. Laser Physics,
28(6):066208.
Goyal, A. K. and Pal, S. (2020). Design analysis of bloch surface wave based sensor for
haemoglobin concentration measurement. Applied Nanoscience, 10:3639{3647.
Goyal, A. K. and Saini, J. (2020). Performance analysis of bloch surface wave- based sensor
using transition metal dichalcogenides. Applied Nanoscience, 10(11):4307{4313.
34
Hocini, A., Khedrouche, D., Melouki, N., et al. (2020). A high-sensitive sensor and band-stop
_lter based on intersected double ring resonators in metal{ insulator{metal structure.
Optical and Quantum Electronics, 52(7):1{10.
Hocini, A., Salah, H. B., and eddine Temmar, M. N. (2021). Ultra-high- sensitive sensor based
on a metal{insulator{metal waveguide coupled with cross cavity. Journal of
Computational Electronics, pages 1{9.
Kong, Y., Qiu, P., Wei, Q., Quan, W., Wang, S., and Qian, W. (2016). Refractive index and
temperature nanosensor with plasmonic waveguide system. Optics Communications,
371:132{137.
Kong, Y., Wei, Q., Liu, C., and Wang, S. (2017). Nanoscale temperature sensor based on fano
resonance in metal{insulator{metal waveguide. Optics Communications, 384:85{88.
Li, Q., Wang, T., Su, Y., Yan, M., and Qiu, M. (2010). Coupled mode theory analysis of mode-
splitting in coupled cavity system. Optics express, 18(8):8367{8382.
Lin, G., Yang, H., Deng, Y., Wu, D., Zhou, X., Wu, Y., Cao, G., Chen, J., Sun, W., and Zhou,
R. (2019). Ultra-compact high-sensitivity plasmonic sensor based on fano resonance
with symmetry breaking ring cavity. Optics Express, 27(23):33359{33368.
Liu, N., Weiss, T., Mesch, M., Langguth, L., Eigenthaler, U., Hirscher, M., Sonnichsen, C.,
and Giessen, H. (2010). Planar metamaterial analogue of electromagnetically
induced transparency for plasmonic sensing. Nano letters, 10(4):1103{1107.
Lu, H., Liu, X., Mao, D., Gong, Y., and Wang, G. (2011). Induced transparency in nanoscale
plasmonic resonator systems. Optics letters, 36(16):3233{3235.
MacDonald, K. F., S_amson, Z. L., Stockman, M. I., and Zheludev, N. I. (2009). Ultrafast active
plasmonics. Nature Photonics, 3(1):55{58.
Ozbay, E. (2006). Plasmonics: merging photonics and electronics at nanoscale dimensions.
science, 311(5758):189{193.
Piao, X., Yu, S., Koo, S., Lee, K., and Park, N. (2011). Fano-type spectral asymmetry and its
control for plasmonic metal-insulator-metal stub structures. Optics express,
19(11):10907{10912.
Piao, X., Yu, S., and Park, N. (2012). Control of fano asymmetry in plasmon induced
transparency and its application to plasmonic waveguide modulator. Optics express,
20(17):18994{18999.
Tang, Y., Zhang, Z.,Wang, R., Hai, Z., Xue, C., Zhang, W., and Yan, S. (2017). Refractive
index sensor based on fano resonances in metal-insulator-metal waveguides coupled
with resonators. Sensors, 17(4):784.
Tian, J., Wei, G., Yang, R., and Pei, W. (2020). Fano resonance and its application using a
defective disk resonator coupled to an mdm plasmon waveguide with a nano-wall.
Optik, 208:164136.
Tong, L., Wei, H., Zhang, S., and Xu, H. (2014). Recent advances in plasmonic sensors.
Sensors, 14(5):7959{7973.
Wang, M., Zhang, M., Wang, Y., Zhao, R., and Yan, S. (2019). Fano resonance in an
asymmetric mim waveguide structure and its application in a refractive index
nanosensor. Sensors, 19(4):791.
35
Wang, R., Xia, H., Zhang, D., Chen, J., Zhu, L., Wang, Y., Yang, E., Zang, T., Wen, X., Zou,
G., et al. (2017). Bloch surface waves con_ned in one dimension with a single
polymeric nano_bre. Nature communications, 8(1):1{10.
Wang, Y., Li, S., Zhang, Y., and Yu, L. (2016). Ultrasharp fano resonances based on the circular
cavity optimized by a metallic nanodisk. IEEE Photonics Journal, 8(6):1{8.
Wen, K., Hu, Y., Chen, L., Zhou, J., Lei, L., and Guo, Z. (2015). Fano resonance with ultra-
high _gure of merits based on plasmonic metal-insulator- metal waveguide.
Plasmonics, 10(1):27{32.
Wen, K., Yan, L., Pan, W., Luo, B., Guo, Z., Guo, Y., and Luo, X. (2014). Electromagnetically
induced transparency-like transmission in a compact side-coupled t-shaped
resonator. Journal of lightwave technology, 32(9):1701{1707.
Wu, T., Liu, Y., Yu, Z., Ye, H., Peng, Y., Shu, C., Yang, C., Zhang, W., and He,H. (2015). A
nanometeric temperature sensor based on plasmonic waveguide with an ethanol-
sealed rectangular cavity. Optics Communications, 339:1{6.
Yan, S.-B., Luo, L., Xue, C.-Y., and Zhang, Z.-D. (2015). A refractive index sensor based on a
metal-insulator-metal waveguide-coupled ring resonator. Sensors,
15(11):29183{29191.
Yin, Y., Qiu, T., Li, J., and Chu, P. K. (2012). Plasmonic nano-lasers. Nano Energy, 1(1):25{41.
Yu, S., Piao, X., Hong, J., and Park, N. (2015). Progress toward high-q perfect absorption: A
fano antilaser. Physical Review A, 92(1):011802.
Yu, S., Wang, S., Zhao, T., and Yu, J. (2020). Tunable plasmonic system based on a slotted
side-coupled disk resonator and its multiple applications on chip-scale devices.
Optik, page 164748.
Yu, S., Zhao, T., Yu, J., and Pan, D. (2019). Tuning multiple fano resonances for on-chip
sensors in a plasmonic system. Sensors, 19(7):1559.
Zayats, A. V., Smolyaninov, I. I., and Maradudin, A. A. (2005). Nano-optics of surface plasmon
polaritons. Physics reports, 408(3-4):131{314.
Zhang, X., Qi, Y., Zhou, P., Gong, H., Hu, B., and Yan, C. (2018). Refractive index sensor
based on fano resonances in plasmonic waveguide with dual
side-coupled ring resonators. Photonic Sensors, 8(4):367{374. Zhang, X., Shao, M., and Zeng,
X. (2016a). High quality plasmonic sensors based on fano resonances created
through cascading double asymmetric cavities. Sensors, 16(10):1730.
Zhang, Y., Li, S., Chen, Z., Jiang, P., Jiao, R., Zhang, Y.,Wang, L., and Yu, L. (2017). Ultra-
high sensitivity plasmonic nanosensor based on multiple fano resonance in the mdm
side-coupled cavities. Plasmonics, 12(4):1099{1105.
Zhang, Y., Li, S., Zhang, X., Chen, Y., Wang, L., Zhang, Y., and Yu, L. (2016b). Evolution of
fano resonance based on symmetric/asymmetric plasmonic waveguide system and its
application in nanosensor. Optics Communications, 370:203{208.
Zhao, T. and Yu, S. (2018). Ultra-high sensitivity nanosensor based on multiple fano resonance
in the mim coupled plasmonic resonator. Plasmonics, 13(4):1115{1120.
Zhou, N., Ye, C., Polavarapu, L., and Xu, Q.-H. (2015). Controlled preparation of au/ag/sno 2
core{shell nanoparticles using a photochemical method and applications in lspr based
sensing. Nanoscale, 7(19):9025{9032
36
Conclusion générale
A la fin de ce manuscrit, il convient maintenant de dresser un bilan de nos activités de

recherche et de présenter nos perspectives en termes de rayonnement scientifique. Revenons
donc sur nos activités passées (2013-2017). D’une manière générale, notre travail a été consacré
à l’étude et la conception des capteurs à base de cristaux photoniques bidimensionnels (CP-2D) pour
application en optique intégrée. La structure proposée pour ce type de capteur est basé sur CPs-2D
membranaires, utilisant un réseau de trous d’air triangulaire percés dans une membrane de
Silicium sur une couche à faible indice de SiO2. L’objectif visé est l’optimisation de la
sensibilité et la limite de détection du biocapteur. A travers les simulateurs « FullWave et
BandSolve » de Rsoft, des simulations ont été consacrée à l’étude, la conception et l’analyse
du biocapteur RI (refractive index) proposé, en utilisant la méthode FDTD et la méthode des
ondes planes PWE.
Deux concepts de biocapteur RI à CP ont également été proposés et optimisés afin

d’améliorer la transmission, la sensibilité et la limite de détection. La première proposition est
basée sur une cavité à modulation locale de la largeur d’un défaut linéique. Pour le deuxième
concept, nous avons proposé une nouvelle structure à base d’un couplage entre deux guides
W1KA et une cavité en série. Ce type de couplage offre plusieurs avantages en termes de haute
sensibilité et de facteur de qualité Q élevé, la possibilité de multi-analytes et des systèmes
compactes de détection ainsi que la capacité à détecter de petites quantités d'analyte et des
échantillons à faible concentration.
S'inscrivant dans une certaine continuité avec les travaux antérieurs, ce travail constitue
néanmoins une nouvelle étape dans mes travaux de recherche. Ces derniers trois ans, je me suis
intéressé à l’étude d’un nouveau concept du biocapteur optique label-free à base des structures
plasmonique. Ces derniers ont été largement appliqués en bio-détection sans marquage, en
raison de leurs capacités à produire des points chauds à l'échelle nanométrique, qui sont proches
de la taille des bio-particules. Les capteurs biologiques et chimiques basés sur la technologie
plasmon de surface sont devenus des outils privilégiés de détection et d'analyse.
A ce stade des travaux, nous avons proposé nouveau capteur de température

plasmonique miniature à haute sensibilité et FOM. La structure de ce capteur est composée d'un
guide d'ondes MIM à nano-paroi couplé latéralement avec un résonateur ovale. Quatre
résonances Fano peuvent être générées sur la base de cette conception. Le couplage cohérent et
37
l'interférence entre l'état continu qui est supporté par le guide d'onde à nano-paroi et les quatre
états discrets qui sont généré par le résonateur ovale défectueux, génèrent les résonances Fano.
Des simulations numériques basées sur la FDTD sont effectuées pour étudier les dépendances
des paramètres géométriques sur les propriétés de transmission. Les résultats simulés ont
prouvé que le capteur proposé peut atteindre un FOM et une sensibilité élevée. Enfin, cette
conception est très adaptée à une utilisation dans des circuits hautement intégrés, en raison de
sa petite taille, et de sa sensibilité élevée.
Finalement, au niveau de la recherche, Nous comptons à élargir ce sujet, il serait

intéressant de se pencher sur la réalisation et la fonctionnalisation de ce capteur afin de le tester
au sein d’un environnement réel. Cette perspective est aussi une ouverture de collaboration
internationale, afin de mener à bien ces applications expérimentales de bio-détection. Il reste
encore à la science, dans les prochaines années, à réaliser de beaux défis.
Au plan institutionnel, nous tâcheron de nous impliquer dans la construction des

nouveaux masters en particulier à notre département d’électronique. C’est donc aussi dans cette
dimension pédagogique que je souhaite développer mon implication au niveau de la recherche
et de l’enseignement.
38
Annexe A Diplômes et titres
Annexe B Publication et communications
Optical and Quantum Electronics (2021) 53:439
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-03088-3
Highly sensitive plasmonic temperature sensor based

on Fano resonances in MIM waveguide coupled
with defective oval resonator
Ahlam Harhouz1 · Abdesselam Hocini1
Received: 22 December 2020 / Accepted: 16 June 2021

© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2021
Abstract
High sensitivity and a large detection range with simple design are highly desirable to real-
ize temperature sensor. A highly sensitive temperature sensor based on Fano resonances
in metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide with Nano-wall side-coupled to oval resonator
is proposed in this work. The Fano resonance is originated from the coherent coupling
and interference between the discrete and the continua state. It shows a different profile,
which is typically asymmetric and sharp line, in comparison with the Lorentzian reso-
nance profile. The transmission properties are numerically simulated by finite-difference
time-domain method. Structural parameters have a key role in the sensor’s sensitivity and
transmission spectrum that are studied to systematically analyze the sensing characteristics
of such structure. The results of our study indicate that there exist Four-fano resonance
peaks in the transmission spectrum. All of which has a linear relationship with the refrac-
tive index of the analyte under sensing. Through the optimization of structural parameters,
sensitivity of 2.463 nm∕◦ C is achieved, indicating the designed sensor can pave the way in
the nano-integrated plasmonic devices for high-accurate temperature detection.
Keywords Fano resonance · plasmonic temperature sensor · metal-insulator-metal (MIM)

waveguide · FDTD · RI sensor
1 Introduction
Surface plasmons polaritons (SPPs) are electromagnetic waves that trap on metal-dielectric
interface (MacDonald et al. 2009; Barnes et al. 2003; Barnes et al. 2003) , which has the
capability to overcome the typical diffraction limit and is regarded as an intriguing field
optical manipulation (Zayats et al. 2005), control, processing (Yin et al. 2012; Zhou et al.
2015; Ozbay 2006) , sensing (Liu et al. 2010; Hocini et al. 2021; Yan et al. 2015; Achi
et al. 2020), and nano integrating (Barnes et al. 2003).
* Ahlam Harhouz
ahlam.harhouz@univ-msila.dz
1
Laboratoire d’Analyse des Signaux et Systèmes, Department of Electronics, University of M’Sila,
P.O.BOX.166, 28000 Route Ichbilia, M’Sila, Algeria
13
Vol.:(0123456789)
439 Page 2 of 11 A. Harhouz, A. Hocini
In recent years, surface wave-based sensing techniques like Bloch surface wave (BSW)
and surface plasmon (SPR) have been used in a variety of bio-sensing applications due to
their inherent advantages, such as immune to electromagnetic interference, rapid response
time, real-time and label-free detection.(Goyal and Saini 2020; Wang et al. 2017; Bashiri
et al. 2019; Goyal and Pal 2020) Plasmonic sensing has been an important research field
and has been widely used in detecting trace molecules in biology and chemistry (Liu
et al. 2010; Yan et al. 2015; Achi et al. 2020; Tong et al. 2014) . To date, many plasmonic
designs based on SPPs have been proposed to realize sensors with high performance of
detection. These devices are based on MIM waveguides and made up of waveguides cou-
pled with resonators. Due to the good properties of light confinement (Wen et al. 2014; Yu
et al. 2019) , wide available frequency range, the absence of bending loss and easy to man-
ufacture, sensors based on MIM plasmonic waveguides have aroused a great interest (Achi
et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2019; Hocini et al. 2020; Ghorbani et al. 2018) . furthermore, MIM
waveguide coupled resonators can produce special optical effects, such as Fano resonance
(Wen et al. 2014; Piao et al. 2011; Yu et al. 2015) and in some cases, electromagnetically
induced transparency (EIT) (Piao et al. 2012). Fano resonance exhibits a sharp asymmetric
line-shape deriving from the interference between a discrete state and a wide continuum
state, providing high figure of merit (FOM) in measurements (Wen et al. 2014; Ghorbani
et al. 2018) . Compared to the symmetric Lorentzian characteristic line-shape supported by
the LSPR of MNPs , plasmonic systems based on Fano resonance are likely to be highly
sensitive sensors due to their useful properties such as asymmetric line-shape, hight con-
finement to the nanometer scale, strong electromagnetic field enhancement, (Chen et al.
2015; Wen et al. 2015). The reduction of the levels of transmittance spectrum from peak
to trough is easily achieved. The full wide half magnitude (FWHM) of this transmittance
spectrum is relatively slender, can easily be identified, and tracked resulting in significant
enhancement in the sensing resolution (Binfeng et al. 2016).
Due to the useful properties of the Fano resonance, recently, a group of researchers have
used Fano resonance for temperature sensing (Kong et al. 2016; Chatterjee et al. 2019;
Chen et al. 2019; Lin et al. 2019) , where the sensing performance depends on sharper
spectral configuration; which leads to higher figure of merit (FOM) to provide high-accu-
rate and robust measurement.
In order to acquire miniature plasmonic temperature sensor with high sensitivity and
FOM, a nanoscale Fano resonance based device composed of coupled plasmonic MIM
waveguide is proposed in this study. The sensor is composed of MIM waveguide with
Nano-wall side-coupled to oval resonator. Four fano resonances can be generated based
on this design. The Fano resonances are investigated with different ethanol temperatures
infiltred in the oval resonator, Peak transmittance, the resonant wavelength and line width
can also be tuned by the geometric parameters. Certified by numerical simulation based on
the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, the optimized plasmonic temperature
sensor gives sensitivity greater than 0.44 nm∕◦ C with high figure of merit FOM that is
competitive with the reported sensors.
2 Prototype design and simulation method
The plasmonic structure based on Fano resonance is schematically shown in Fig. 1a, it
consists of a defective oval resonator and a MIM waveguide with a thin metal nano-wall
directly below the oval resonator. Three rectangular silver grooves (Fig. 1b) with width
13
Highly sensitive plasmonic temperature sensor based on Fano… Page 3 of 11 439
Fig. 1 a the proposed design. b The zoomed defective cavity. c analytic equiva-
lent model for CMT .The geometrical parameters of the proposed structure were set as
w = 50 nm, D = 50 nm, R = 300 nm, G = 10 nm, E = 60 nm, Ws = 60 nm, Ds = 60 nm, XC = 300 nm, X = 250 nm
(Ws) and length (XC, X) are inserted into the oval resonator to generate a defect, and their
positions are described by the distance (Ds). To ensure that only the fundamental TM0
type SPPs mode can be excited and transmitted, the width of MIM waveguide is fixed as
w = 50 nm throughout this work (Gai et al. 2007), and the thickness of the nano-wall is D.
The MIM waveguide is coupled with a side oval resonator above the nano-wall, with R as
radius of two disks intertwined with distance (E). The gray and white areas represent the
silver layer and the dielectric material respectively. Due to the lower ohmic loss, the metal
in the model (Silver) is selected as material whose relative permittivity can be described by
the Drude model (Lu et al. 2011; Zhang et al. 2016a; Dong et al. 2018) :
𝜔2p )
𝜀m (𝜔) = 𝜀∞ − (1)
𝜔(𝜔 + i𝛾)
where 𝜀∞ is the dielectric constant at the infinite angular frequency with a value of 3.7,
𝜔 is frequency of incident wave,𝜔p = 1.38 ∗ 1016 Hz is the bulk plasma frequency, and
𝛾 = 2.73 ∗ 1013 Hz is the electron collision frequency.
In our simulation scenario, the transmission characteristics of the MIM waveguides
coupled with nano- wall and oval cavities are simulated by FDTD using the commercial
simulator R-Soft. The propose topology in this paper is 2D for which the 2D FDTD has
been used, that is to say, along the y direction the structure is supposed to be infinite. How-
ever, in reality the structure has to have a finite height. In a previous study (Danaie and
Shahzadi 2019) the 2D and 3D results have been compared to different values of height
along the y direction. This study has shown that 2D structures , such as our case, when
the structure’s length along the y axis increases, the 3D results tend to the 2D results. The
Perfectly Matched Layers (PMLs) is utilized to simulate the top and bottom boundaries of
the structure. The uniform mesh grid ( Δx,Δz ) equal to 5 nm was chosen in both the x and
z directions (Bensalah et al. 2019) to ensure the speed and the accuracy of the calculation.
The source is Gaussian light, placed on the left side of the waveguide. Once the incident
light is TM-polarized wave, the SPPs will be excited, confined and transmitted in the MIM
waveguide. The MIM waveguides coupled with the nano-wall and oval cavity are analyzed
13
based on the temporal coupled-mode theory (CMT) (Li et al. 2010). To clarify the Fano
resonance phenomena, certain parameters are introduced in Fig.1c, namely, the SPP wave
of the cavity ( Si , St ) and the coupling coefficients between the input waveguide and the
nano-wall cavity ( k1 ), between the output MIM waveguide and the nano-wall cavity ( k2 ),
and between the nano-wall cavity and defective oval cavity ( kr ) . When a certain optical
wave with 𝜔 frequency is launched on the input port of the MIM waveguide, transmittance
T can be calculated as follows (Piao et al. 2011; Tang et al. 2017) :
| s |2 k1 k2 [j(𝜔 − 𝜔r ) + kr2 ]
T = || t || = |2 (2)
| si | [j(𝜔 − 𝜔s ) + k12 + k22 + kr2 ][j(𝜔 − 𝜔r ) + kr2 ] − kr2
where 𝜔s and 𝜔r are the resonance frequencies of the nano-wall and oval cavities.
2.1 Analysis and discussion
In this section, the numerical results due to the interaction of the incident waves with our
designed sensor are presented. In order to comprehend the effect of an inserted nano-wall
side-coupled to defective oval resonator on the waveguide, the simulated transmission
spectra are numerically calculated by FDTD method and given in Fig. 2a. here the geomet-
rical parameters of the proposed structure were set as w = 50 nm , D = 50 nm , R = 300 nm ,
G = 10 nm , E = 60 nm , Ws = 60 nm , Ds = 60 nm , XC = 300 nm , X = 250 nm . The green
curve (Fig. 2a) shows the transmission spectra of the simple MIM waveguide, it is greater
than 0.8 in the range of 600–2500 nm. The transmittance of the waveguide with a metal
nano-wall (black curve) is less than 0.16 in the same previous range. Obviously, the nano-
wall will practically block the transmission and the spectrum can be seen as a wide con-
tinuum state. The red curve shows the transmission spectra of the waveguide with defec-
tive oval cavity, it is shown four sharp dips in the transmittance, of which the very narrow
transmission valleys can be regarded as four discrete states. Once the nano-wall is inserted
into MIM waveguide and coupled with defective oval resonator, the destructive interfer-
ence between the one continuum state and the aforementioned four discrete states will
happen, thus, four sharp and asymmetric Fano resonances will appear in the transmission
spectrum. as indicated by the bleu curve in Fig. 2a, in which the Fano resonant peaks are
respectively marked by FR1, FR3, FR2 and FR4.
to better comprehend the spectral response of the coupled system, Fig.2b–e shows the
magnetic field distributions (H-field) 𝜆FR1 = 606 nm , 𝜆FR2 = 842.1 nm , 𝜆FR3 = 1142.8 nm
and 𝜆FR4 = 1702.1 nm (from left to right peak). The resonance modes are classified by
TMm . Where m is the number of nodes of stationary waves in the defective oval resonator.
From Fig. 2b–e apparently, the resonant modes are TM6 , TM4 , TM4,and TM2 , respectively.
The contraction ratio of the resonant wavelentgh defined as Tc = Tmax , where Tmax is the
T
min
maximal edge of the peak and Tmin is the the lowest amount of the peak, is also a key
parameter for practical applications. For the dips with wavelengths of 606 nm, 842.1 nm,
1142.8 nm and 1702.1 nm, the contraction ratios were determined as 16.75, 21.23, 12.47
and 114.59, respectively. Therefore, our proposed structure has a high contraction ratio,
which is highly advantageous for operational usage in the same line, for the fourth fano
resonance peak (TM2 mode), the electromagnetic wave energy was mainly confined in
defective oval resonator. Therefore, this peak is more sensitive of the alteration of the
refractive index around the surface of distribution, which is very helpful for enhancing the
sensitivity and the performance of the biosensor.
13
(a)
(b) (c) (d) (e)

Fig. 2 a Transmission spectrum of the MIM waveguide, MIM waveguide with only Nano-wall, MIM wave-
guide with only defective oval resonator, and the coupled system (MIM waveguide with Nano-wall side-
coupled to oval resonator) b–e Hy distribution of the coupled system with different resonance wavelength
The output characteristics transmission of the proposed structure were then studied
with various values for some of the basic parameters. At the start, we keeped the previ-
ous parameters, and each time we analysed the transmission with the variation of a sin-
gle parameter. The Fano resonances can be adjusted by the geometrical parameters of the
metal nano-wall or the defective oval resonator. The effect of the thickness of the nano-wall
D on the transmission spectra is studied and displayed in Fig. 3a. It is clear that the trans-
mission decreases with increase of D. Since we are interested in studying the transmission
of FR4 that has good confined electromagnetic field, we can obtain a good contraction ratio
Tc and Tmax when D = 60 nm (fig. 3b).
As shown in Fig. 3c, the increase of gap G from 10 to 30 nm can affect decrease the
transmission spectrum. Additionally, It can be observed from Fig. 3d, the fano resonant
wavelengths marked a very slight shift when the radius R of the defective oval increases
from 280 to 320 nm. The reason is that for the given parameters, the increase the radius R
of the oval can only slightly increase the effective length of the oval resonator. Moreover,
the best performances with transmission value 0.94 were observed for FR4 at R = 300 nm.
13
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
Fig. 3 a Transmission spectra with different thickness of the nano-wall D. b The contraction ratio Tc and the
maximal edge Tmax of the peak FR4 with different values of D. c, d and e transmission spectra with different
gap G, radius R of defective oval and distance E between the two disks intertwined, respectively. f The con-
traction ratio Tc and the maximal edge Tmax of the peak FR4 with different values of E,
To study the influence of the distance E between the two disks intertwined on the trans-
mission characteristics, E is gradually increased from E = 50 nm to E = 90 nm . Fig.3e
shows the transmission spectra for different values of E. It can be seen that as the distance
E increases, the transmission increases, it reaches its maximum value for E = 80 nm and
after that it decreases. Therefore, the best performances with transmission value of 0.96
and centration ratio 550.25 were observed for FR4 at E = 80 nm (Fig.3e).
The proposed structure can be employed in refractive index sensors, Owing to the
extremely sensitive characteristics to different dielectric materials. the sensitivity (S) is
13
a vital parameter for sensors. It is characterized by the unit wavelength shift Δ𝜆 of the
unit RI change Δn (Wang et al. 2016; Zhang et al. 2016b), which can be expressed as
S = Δ𝜆
Δn
. In addition to the sensitivity, the other term employed to evaluate the perfor-
mance of a plasmonic sensor is the figure of merit (FOM), which can be expressed in
terms of both the sensitivity (S) and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the
resonance peak, FOM = (FWHM) S
(Zhang et al. 2017).
As we mentioned before, the electromagnetic wave energy was mainly confined
in defective oval resonator. Therefore, the peaks are sensitive of the alteration of the
refractive index around the surface of distribution. By varying the refractive index of
the defective oval from n = 1 to n = 1.02 , can induce a shift of the resonance spectrum.
The sensing performance of the proposed structure was studied with various values
of the defective resonator parameters. Furthermore, the effects of the geometric param-
eters on the sensitivity and FOM were analyzed to optimize the performance of the
sensor (Fig. 4a, b, c). The sensitivity is calculated by varying RI of the oval resona-
tor (Δn = 0.02) . The effect of the distance Ds on sensitivity is studied (Fig. 4a). It is
evident that only the peak FR3 is affected by the variation of the distance Ds from 20
to 40 nm, and for others peaks a very slight variation. The high sensitivity is obtainted
with Ds = 20 nm and 30nm. The relation between the sensitivity and the length of the
lateral rectangle X is presented in Fig. 4b. Apparently, the high sensitivity is obtained
for FR4 with X = 400 nm (Fig. 4b). The maximum 2.7 ∗ 104 of FOM, matching FR2
with X = 300 nm is calculated (Fig. 4c), which performs better than most other RI sen-
sors (Zhang et al. 2017, 2018; Zhao and Yu 2018). In addition, the FOM of the peak
FR4 that interests us and that has a high sensitivity varying from 9.78 ∗ 103 to 2.43 ∗ 104
(a) (b) (c)
(d)
Fig. 4 a and b the sensitivity with different values of Ds and X, respectively. c The FOM with different val-
ues of X. d Transmission spectra for different n
13
when X varies from 250 nm to 450 nm. Finally, the transmission spectra of the optimal
proposed design with different RI are presented in Fig. 4d.
3 Application prospect
Due to the extremely sharp line-shape, and dependency between the Fano peak wave-
lengths and the RI of the dielectric material, a high FOM and sensitivity of the spectral
response can be given by the Fano resonance with varying the refractive index of the sur-
rounding medium. By replacing the air in defective oval with ethanol whose refractive
index is n = 1.36084 − 3.94 ∗ 10−4 (T − T0 ) , here T0 = 20◦ C (Wu et al. 2015), the designed
structure can be served as an on-chip plasmonic temperature sensor.
The transmission spectrum is shown in Fig. 5a. As environmental temperature varies,
the RI of the ethanol infiltrated in oval resonator change, which modulates spectral shapes
and positions. High sensitive temperature measurements are recovered from the asymmet-
ric spectral shape induced by the Fano resonance. With optimal parameters of the pro-
posed design, the sensitivity temperature sensor is 2.463 nm∕◦ C . Furthermore, according
to linear fitting, the fano resonances wavelengths vary linearly with temperature variation
as shown in Fig. 5b. Table 1 compares the sensitivity, for the proposed sensor with those
obtained by other recently proposed devices, which shows that the proposed sensor has
advantages in sensitivity.
4 Conclusion
In summary, four Fano resonant transmission spectra can be formed by a combined plas-
monic structure made up of a MM waveguide with a thin nano-wall and a defective oval
resonator. The coherent coupling and interference between the continua state which are
supported by the waveguide with nano-wall and the four discrete states Which is gener-
ated by the defective oval resonator, generate the Fano resonance. FDTD-based numerical
simulations are performed out to study the dependences of the geometry parameters on the
(a) (b)
Fig. 5 a Transmission spectra with temperature variations. b Linear fitting between wavelengths of Fano
resonances peak and temperature
13
Table 1 Sensitivity comparison of different sensor structures

Reference Structure type Wavelength Sensitivity
(nm) (nm/◦ C)
(Kong et al. 2017) Rectangular resonator side coupled 1100–1350 0. 36

to MDM straight waveguide with a
groove
(Chen et al. 2019) Ring resonator side coupled to MDM 800–1400 0.31
straight waveguide with a baffle
(Tian et al. 2020) Defective disk resonator side 1200–1700 0. 3925 for LFR
coupled to MDM straight and
waveguide with a baffle 0.4575 for RFR
(Yu et al. 2020) MIM waveguide embodying 600–2000 0.18 for FR3,
a baffle and the coupled 0.21for FR4
SSCDR inserted with and
a metallic block 0.33 for FR6
This study MIM waveguide with Nano-wall 800–3200 0.44 for FR1,
side-coupled to defective 0.94 forFR2,
oval resonator 1.282 for FR3.
2.46 for FR4
transmission properties. As one of the potential applications, i.e., the plasmonic RI sensor,
the simulated results proved that the proposed sensor can achieve a high sensitivity and
FOM, 2844. 95 nm/RIU and 2.27 ∗ 104 respectively corresponding to FR4 peak. In addi-
tion, another possible application is plasmonic temperature sensor, whose sensitivities are
respectively 0.44 nm/◦ C , 0.94 nm/◦ C , 1.282 nm/◦ C and 2.46 nm/◦ C corresponding to FR1,
FR2, FR3 and FR4. Finally, this design due to its small size , high sensitivity and high
value of FoM, is very suitable for use in highly integrated circuits..
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Algerian Ministry of Higher Education and Scien-
tific Research and La Direction Générale de la Recherche Scientifique et du Développement Technologique
(DGRSDT) via funding through the PRFU Project No. A25N01UN28012 0180001.
References
Achi, S.E., Hocini, A., Salah, H.B., Harhouz, A.: Refractive index sensor MIM based waveguide coupled
with a slotted side resonator. Progress Electromagn. Res. 96, 147–156 (2020)
Barnes, W.L., Dereux, A., Ebbesen, T.W.: Surface plasmon subwavelength optics. Nature 424(6950), 824–
830 (2003)
Bashiri, J., Rezaei, B., Barvestani, J., Zapata-Rodríguez, C.: Bloch surface waves engineering in one-dimen-
sional photonic crystals with a chiral cap layer. JOSA B 36(8), 2106–2113 (2019)
Bensalah, H., Hocini, A., Temmar, M., Khedrouche, D., et al.: Design of mid infrared high sensitive metal-
insulator-metal plasmonic sensor. Chin. J. Phys. 61, 86–97 (2019)
Binfeng, Y., Hu, G., Zhang, R., Yiping, C.: Fano resonances in a plasmonic waveguide system composed of
stub coupled with a square cavity resonator. J. Opt. 18(5), 055002 (2016)
Chatterjee, S., Palermo, G., Letsou, T., Lio, G., De Luca, A., Strangi, G.: Temperature and refractive index
sensing based on plasmonic fano resonance, Proceedings of the 3 rd International Conference of Theo-
retical and Applied Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (TANN’19) Ottawa, Canada – June (2019)
13
Chen, F., Zhang, H., Sun, L., Li, J., Yu, C.: Temperature tunable fano resonance based on ring resonator side
coupled with a mim waveguide. Opt. Laser Technol. 116, 293–299 (2019)
Chen, Z., Yu, L., Wang, L., Duan, G., Zhao, Y., Xiao, J.: Sharp asymmetric line shapes in a plasmonic
waveguide system and its application in nanosensor. J. Lightwave Technol. 33(15), 3250–3253
(2015)
Danaie, M., Shahzadi, A.: Design of a high-resolution metal-insulator-metal plasmonic refractive index
sensor based on a ring-shaped si resonator. Plasmonics 14(6), 1453–1465 (2019)
Dong, L., Xu, X., Li, C., Guo, Y., Sun, K., Ding, Y.: Plasmon-induced transparency in sensing applica-
tion with semicircle cavity waveguide. Opt. Commun. 410, 751–755 (2018)
Gai, H., Wang, J., Tian, Q.: Modified debye model parameters of metals applicable for broadband calcu-
lations. Appl. Opt. 46(12), 2229–2233 (2007)
Ghorbani, S., Dashti, M.A., Jabbari, M.: Plasmonic nano-sensor based on metal-dielectric-metal wave-
guide with the octagonal cavity ring. Laser Phys. 28(6), 066208 (2018)
Goyal, A.K., Pal, S.: Design analysis of bloch surface wave based sensor for haemoglobin concentration
measurement. Appl. Nanosci. 10, 3639–3647 (2020)
Goyal, A.K., Saini, J.: Performance analysis of bloch surface wave-based sensor using transition metal
dichalcogenides. Appl. Nanosci. 10(11), 4307–4313 (2020)
Hocini, A., Khedrouche, D., Melouki, N., et al.: A high-sensitive sensor and band-stop filter based on
intersected double ring resonators in metal-insulator-metal structure. Opt. Quant. Electron. 52(7),
1–10 (2020)
Hocini, A., Ben Salah, H. & Temmar, M.N.: Ultra-high-sensitive sensor based on a metal–insulator–
metal waveguide coupled with cross cavity. J. Comput. Electron. 20, 1354–1362 (2021)
Kong, Y., Qiu, P., Wei, Q., Quan, W., Wang, S., Qian, W.: Refractive index and temperature nanosensor
with plasmonic waveguide system. Opt. Commun. 371, 132–137 (2016)
Kong, Y., Wei, Q., Liu, C., Wang, S.: Nanoscale temperature sensor based on fano resonance in metal-
insulator-metal waveguide. Opt. Commun. 384, 85–88 (2017)
Li, Q., Wang, T., Su, Y., Yan, M., Qiu, M.: Coupled mode theory analysis of mode-splitting in coupled
cavity system. Opt. Express 18(8), 8367–8382 (2010)
Lin, G., Yang, H., Deng, Y., Wu, D., Zhou, X., Wu, Y., Cao, G., Chen, J., Sun, W., Zhou, R.: Ultra-
compact high-sensitivity plasmonic sensor based on fano resonance with symmetry breaking ring
cavity. Opt. Express 27(23), 33359–33368 (2019)
Liu, N., Weiss, T., Mesch, M., Langguth, L., Eigenthaler, U., Hirscher, M., Sonnichsen, C., Giessen, H.:
Planar metamaterial analogue of electromagnetically induced transparency for plasmonic sensing.
Nano Lett. 10(4), 1103–1107 (2010)
Lu, H., Liu, X., Mao, D., Gong, Y., Wang, G.: Induced transparency in nanoscale plasmonic resonator
systems. Opt. Lett. 36(16), 3233–3235 (2011)
MacDonald, K.F., Sámson, Z.L., Stockman, M.I., Zheludev, N.I.: Ultrafast active plasmonics. Nat. Pho-
tonics 3(1), 55–58 (2009)
Ozbay, E.: Plasmonics: merging photonics and electronics at nanoscale dimensions. Science
311(5758),189–193 (2006)
Piao, X., Yu, S., Koo, S., Lee, K., Park, N.: Fano-type spectral asymmetry and its control for plasmonic
metal-insulator-metal stub structures. Opt. Express 19(11), 10907–10912 (2011)
Piao, X., Yu, S., Park, N.: Control of fano asymmetry in plasmon induced transparency and its applica-
tion to plasmonic waveguide modulator. Opt. Express 20(17), 18994–18999 (2012)
Tang, Y., Zhang, Z., Wang, R., Hai, Z., Xue, C., Zhang, W., Yan, S.: Refractive index sensor based on fano
resonances in metal-insulator-metal waveguides coupled with resonators. Sensors 17(4), 784 (2017)
Tian, J., Wei, G., Yang, R., Pei, W.: Fano resonance and its application using a defective disk resonator
coupled to an mdm plasmon waveguide with a nano-wall. Optik 208, 164136 (2020)
Tong, L., Wei, H., Zhang, S., Xu, H.: Recent advances in plasmonic sensors. Sensors 14(5), 7959–7973
(2014)
Wang, M., Zhang, M., Wang, Y., Zhao, R., Yan, S.: Fano resonance in an asymmetric mim waveguide
structure and its application in a refractive index nanosensor. Sensors 19(4), 791 (2019)
Wang, R., Xia, H., Zhang, D., Chen, J., Zhu, L., Wang, Y., Yang, E., Zang, T., Wen, X., Zou, G., et al.:
Bloch surface waves confined in one dimension with a single polymeric nanofibre. Nat. Commun.
8(1), 1–10 (2017)
Wang, Y., Li, S., Zhang, Y., Yu, L.: Ultrasharp fano resonances based on the circular cavity optimized by
a metallic nanodisk. IEEE Photonics J. 8(6), 1–8 (2016)
Wen, K., Hu, Y., Chen, L., Zhou, J., Lei, L., Guo, Z.: Fano resonance with ultra-high figure of merits
based on plasmonic metal-insulator-metal waveguide. Plasmonics 10(1), 27–32 (2015)
13
Wen, K., Yan, L., Pan, W., Luo, B., Guo, Z., Guo, Y., Luo, X.: Electromagnetically induced transpar-
ency-like transmission in a compact side-coupled t-shaped resonator. J. Lightwave Technol. 32(9),
1701–1707 (2014)
Wu, T., Liu, Y., Yu, Z., Ye, H., Peng, Y., Shu, C., Yang, C., Zhang, W., He, H.: A nanometeric temperature
sensor based on plasmonic waveguide with an ethanol-sealed rectangular cavity. Optics Communica-
tions 339, 1–6 (2015)
Yan, S.-B., Luo, L., Xue, C.-Y., Zhang, Z.-D.: A refractive index sensor based on a metal-insulator-metal
waveguide-coupled ring resonator. Sensors 15(11), 29183–29191 (2015)
Yin, Y., Qiu, T., Li, J., Chu, P.K.: Plasmonic nano-lasers. Nano Energy 1(1), 25–41 (2012)
Yu, S., Piao, X., Hong, J., Park, N.: Progress toward high-q perfect absorption: a fano antilaser. Phys. Rev. A
92(1), 011802 (2015)
Yu, S., Wang, S., Zhao, T., Yu, J.: Tunable plasmonic system based on a slotted side-coupled disk resonator
and its multiple applications on chip-scale devices. Optik, pp. 164748 (2020)
Yu, S., Zhao, T., Yu, J., Pan, D.: Tuning multiple fano resonances for on-chip sensors in a plasmonic system.
Sensors 19(7), 1559 (2019)
Zayats, A.V., Smolyaninov, I.I., Maradudin, A.A.: Nano-optics of surface plasmon polaritons. Phys. Rep.
408(3–4), 131–314 (2005)
Zhang, X., Qi, Y., Zhou, P., Gong, H., Hu, B., Yan, C.: Refractive index sensor based on fano resonances in
plasmonic waveguide with dual side-coupled ring resonators. Photonic Sensors 8(4), 367–374 (2018)
Zhang, X., Shao, M., Zeng, X.: High quality plasmonic sensors based on fano resonances created through
cascading double asymmetric cavities. Sensors 16(10), 1730 (2016a)
Zhang, Y., Li, S., Chen, Z., Jiang, P., Jiao, R., Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Yu, L.: Ultra-high sensitivity plasmonic
nanosensor based on multiple fano resonance in the mdm side-coupled cavities. Plasmonics 12(4),
1099–1105 (2017)
Zhang, Y., Li, S., Zhang, X., Chen, Y., Wang, L., Zhang, Y., Yu, L.: Evolution of fano resonance based on
symmetric/asymmetric plasmonic waveguide system and its application in nanosensor. Opt. Commun.
370, 203–208 (2016b)
Zhao, T., Yu, S.: Ultra-high sensitivity nanosensor based on multiple fano resonance in the mim coupled
plasmonic resonator. Plasmonics 13(4), 1115–1120 (2018)
Zhou, N., Ye, C., Polavarapu, L., Xu, Q.-H.: Controlled preparation of au/ag/sno 2 core-shell nanoparticles
using a photochemical method and applications in lspr based sensing. Nanoscale 7(19), 9025–9032
(2015)
Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations.
13
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
PAPER • OPEN ACCESS
Ultracompact gas-sensor based on a 2D photonic crystal waveguide

incorporating with tapered microcavity
To cite this article: A Harhouz et al 2021 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 1046 012001
View the article online for updates and enhancements.
This content was downloaded from IP address 129.45.78.128 on 23/06/2021 at 21:02

5th International conference on advanced sciences ICAS5 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1046 (2021) 012001 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1046/1/012001
Ultracompact gas-sensor based on a 2D photonic crystal

waveguide incorporating with tapered microcavity
A Harhouz1, A Hocini1,*and H Tayoub1,2

1
Laboratoire d’Analyse des Signaux et Systèmes, Department of Electronics,
University of M’Sila BP.166, Route Ichebilia, M’Sila, 28000, Algeria.
2
Research Center in Industrial Technologies CRTI, P.O.BOX :64, Cheraga 16014,
Algiers, Algeria
*E-mail: abdesselam.hocini@univ-msila.dz
Abstract. In this study, a new ultra compact gas-sensor, based on a 2D photonic crystal
waveguide incorporating with tapered microcavity, is designed to detect small refractive index
changes. The refractive index (RI) sensor is formed by a point-defect resonant cavity in the
sandwiched waveguide on Si slab with triangular lattice. The properties of the sensor are
simulated by using the plane wave expansion (PWE) method and the finite-difference time-
domain (FDTD) algorithm. The transmission spectra of the sensor with different ambient
refractive indices ranging from n = 1.0 to n = 1.01 are calculated. The calculation results show
that a change in ambient refractive index of ∆n=1×10-4is apparent. The proposed sensor
achieves a sensitivity (Δλ/Δn) of 523.2 nm/RIU. It was found that the resonance wavelength is
a linear function of the refractive index in under study range. The sensor is appropriate for
detecting homogeneous media.
1. Introduction
Photonic crystal (PC) sensors attracted attention of many researches due to the locally confined
optical state into tiny volume [1, 2]. One among the types of optical sensors are refractive index-based
sensors whose application has become widely covering many functions, for instance, measurement of
parameters such as humidity [3], temperature [4], gas [5, 6], chemical composition|, and biosensing.
The refractive index (RI) biosensors have received substantial attention in the development of label-
free biomedical and biochemical measure. Accordingly, the target analytes can be sensed in their
natural forms with no need of any adjustments [7-9]. Besides, RI change is directly associated with the
concentration of liquids or gases, or their existence rather than the entire sample volume, therefore,
sensitive free-label detection with small sample volumes can be realized by the RI sensor.
Photonic crystal is a periodic dielectric structure with the potential of directing and manipulating
light at the optical wavelength scale [10]. Specifically, the periodic air hole microstructure of hole-
type PC is a natural candidate for housing target liquids or gases. PCs are appealing sensing platforms
since they provide strong light confinement. Unlike many platforms that use the interaction between
the small evanescent tail of of the electromagnetic field and the analyte, PCs can be designed to
localize the electric field in the low RI region which makes the biosensors extremely sensitive to a
small RI change produced by infiltrated analytes on the air holes [11].
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
The quality factor Q of wavelength-sized microcavities in two dimensional (2D) photonic crystal
slab structures [12, 13] was formerly considered as being limited by vertical radiation loss. Yet, a
pletora of studies have indicated that these structures can achieve a high Q value [14, 15] in case of
using a proper design intended to decrease the perpendicular radiation. The PCs heterostructure
concept is used, a line-defect structure whose width is locally adjusted, to achieve high and ultrahigh
quality-factor cavities [16].
This study puts forward a novel ultra-compact gas-sensor based on new design for the microcavities
in a PCs;namely, a line-defect structure whose width is locally adjusted. The mode gap, existing in the
waveguide, results in the confinement found in the direction of a line defect. The mode gap’s location
can be changed by changing the geometrical parameters of line-defect waveguides [17-19], this
enables the creation of a local confinement potential within theoretically lossless waveguides. The
properties of the sensor are simulated using the plane wave expansion (PWE) method and the finite-
difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm (RSoft Photonic Suite).
2. Structure design
First, a precise geometry of 2D photonic crystal Si slab infiltration is proposed, specifically, targeting
the waveguide where most of the mode energy exists as an optical detector.
We consider a 2D PC slab with a triangular array of air holes (nair= 1) in a silicon slab (nsi= 3.42)
with h=230 nm of thickness, as illustrated in figure 1, making use of the triangular PCs is practically
important due to their large transverse electric band gap, which is expected to serve as a good platform
for photonic integrated circuits and ultra-compact optical sensors [20].The structure has holes of
radius=140 nm with lattice constant a=430 nm.
Figure 1. The host structure of PC, 2D triangular lattices, consisting of air holes
with a lattice constant of a=430 nm, air hole radius r, is equal to 140 nm and size
of photonic crystal is 23×23.
To support the Si Slab, Silicon dioxide (SiO2) layer with a thickness of 1500 nm is used as a base.
The low index of SiO2 layer located underneath the high index of Si slab enables to confine light
within the cavity core, hence, avoiding optical losses into the lower substrate. Consequently, the light
confinement in the vertical direction is ensured by total internal reflection.
In 3D-FDTD calculation, CPU time and a large computer memory are requisite. Meantime, 2D-
FDTD calculation using effective RI approximation method notably cuts down both the computer
memory and the simulation times, leading to a reasonable estimation. In 2D-FDTD method, the
vertical confinement achieved in z direction is totally ignored; however, the magnitude of the loss in z
direction is very low. To reduce the computational efforts required for the full 3D calculations, the PC
is replaced by a 2D system with the background dielectric medium having the effective refractive
2
index of 2.838 that corresponds with the efficient index of the fundamental guided TM mode at
wavelength of 1550 nm.
The following procedure was the calculation of a photonic bandgap for TM polarization, which
ranges of1241.69nm to 1659.93 nm (figure2). It was calculated along the Γ-K-M-Γ edge for the
Brillouin zone using a 2D plane wave expansion (PWE) method of the RSoft (BandSOLVE) software
and the FDTD algorithm of the RSoft (full wave).
A PC slab waveguide can also be formed by removing one row of air holes in the ΓK direction.
Light, which propagates in the waveguide with a frequency within the bandgap of the crystal, is
confined too, and can be directed along the waveguide (figure 3).
During the simulation process, the light source was positioned in the input line defect waveguide
head, as for the monitor, it was placed at the end of the output line waveguide. The normalized central
frequency of Gauss pulse source is centered around 0.26(2πc/a). Since there must be a careful
consideration of the boundary conditions at the spatial edges of the computational domain, one-spatial
unit thick perfectly matched layer (PML) encircling the simulated area is set to absorb the fields
enabling the simulated region to implement reflections.
The transmission spectrum of the PC waveguide, obtained by using of a 2D FDTD method, has
shown in figure 4. For PC structures, the nature of waveguide modes depends on its location in the
bandgap. One can observe that light with a frequency within the bandgap can propagate in the
waveguide.
Figure 2. Photonic bandgap for TM Figure 3. Schematic view of the proposed

polarization, using PWE method of the RSoft waveguide in Si slab.
(BandSOLVE) software.
1,0
0,9
0,8
Normalized Trasmission
0,7
0,6
Figure 4. Transmission spectrum for the PC
0,5
waveguide; using FDTD algorithm of the RSoft
0,4
(full wave).
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
1,25 1,30 1,35 1,40 1,45 1,50 1,55 1,60 1,65
wavelength μm
3
(a) (b)
1,0
Normalized transmission
guide
0,5 cavity
0,0
1,3 1,4 1,5
Wavelength μm
Figure 5. (a)The reference design of the proposed RI sensor.The hole’s radiuses are:
rA=0.442a nm, rB= 0.395a nmandrC=0.372a.(b)The transmission spectra of the designed
structure.
Sensors based on PC waveguides incorporating with microcavities hold numerous merits in

compactness, high quality (Q) factor and sensitivity, easy extension to sensor arrays and various
choices of materials, and in parallel measurement capacity [21-26]. Furthermore, a tapered-shift
structure along the line defect increases the quality factor of the cavity [27]. Thus, the proposed RI
sensor is created by means of two waveguide couplers and microcavity in the PC with a triangular
lattice of air holes (see figure5).
The microcavity is designed by changing of the size of 30 air holes in the center of the line defect.
The holes radiuses areas rA=0.442anm, rB =0.395anm an drC=0.372 anm. Another defect is realized by
increasing the waveguide width at the center of the microcavity by moving the surrounding holes A,
B, C away from the waveguide by a distance of -d, +d.
The FDTD method has been applied by the considered grid-size (Δx, Δz) of 43 nm when the lattice
constant is 430 nm, so the resolution is set to 10 (that is, with a grid size of a/10, where a represents
the lattice constant). A Gaussian exciter has been used with a central wavelength of 1.550μm. Pulsed
light is launched from the left (arrow).The output is measured at the right (time monitor), and the time
step of 0.035 a/c is employed. All the simulations are carried out with the same mesh size and time
step for future equivalent results. The FDTD algorithm depends on structure meshing, accordingly, the
prominent impact to be noticed is the dependence of the results on mesh size. Reducing the mesh size
should bring the results to a given limit, however, reduction of mesh size can also reduce time step
which can lead to deviations in the comparison of the results. In the X and Z directions, when the
mesh is reduced from 43 to 21.5 nm (the half), the results remain almost constant indicating that the
method has converged.
3. Simulation results and discussion

The sensing principle is based on the shift of resonance wavelength λ 0, which occurs due to the change
in RI of the sensor when the PC’s air holes are full of homogenous gas. The effective RI of the slab
and the RI contrast between the holes and the slab region are changed, by varying the local RI. Since
the transmitted wavelengths depend directly on the effective index of the slab [23], the device can be
used as a sensor by detecting the output transmission spectrum. With the presence of gas, the effective
RI changes and hence causes a shift in the cut-off wavelength or resonance wavelength λ 0 (waveguide
or waveguide incorporating with micro-cavities) of the output spectrum. This phenomenon can be
4
analyzed by using the first-order electromagnetic perturbation theory. This latter is due to a small
perturbation Δε≈2nΔn [28].
1,0
0,9
0,8
0,7 n=1
n=1.01
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
1,38 1,40 1,42 1,44 1,46 1,48 1,50 1,52
Wavelength μm
Figure 6. Calculated transmission spectra for TM

polarization of the reference RI sensor.
The microcavity gives a shift of 3.667nm, equivalent to the sensitivity of 366.7 nm/RIU for a
change in RI value of 0.01. (figure6). concerningRI measurements, the sensitivity (S) is calculated as
the ratio of the resonance wavelength λ0 shift and the change in the RI and its unit is given by nm/RIU.
Thus, equation can be written as:
S=∆ λ0⁄∆n (2)
where∆n=n-n0 and n0=1.
To improve the sensitivity of the sensor, we present a new design (figure7 (a)). It is necessary to
highlight here that ring-shaped holes configuration does not only offer more flexibility, indesigning
new structures compared to circular shaped ones, but also enhance the optical field confinement and,
hence, the light-fluid (gas) interactions within the ringed low-dielectric material area[9,29,30].
(a) (b)
1,0
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6 n=1 air

n=1.01
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
1,43 1,44 1,45 1,46 1,47 1,48 1,49 1,50 1,51
wavelength μm
Figure 7. (a)The design of the proposed RI sensor. (b) The transmission spectra of the designed
device for Rin=0.325a.
The optical free-label detection properties of the designed structure has been quantitatively
estimated by the sensitivity parameter S (Δλ/Δn), which is defined as the ratio of shift in the
wavelength (Δλ0) to the change in the RI due to gas infiltration (Δn). According to the obtained results
the output resonant wavelength is red-shifted due to the increase in the ambient RI of the sensing area
5
(figure 7 (b)), which confirms the gas identification. A change in the RI of Δn=0.01 results in a
spectral red-shift of 5.225 nm which corresponds to a RI sensitivity of 522.5 nm/RIU.
(a) (b)
550 700000
1,56
Resonant wavelength μm 600000
1,54 Sensitivity
500
1,52 500000
Resonant wavelength μm
Quality Factor (Q)

1,50
450 400000
Sensitivity
1,48
300000
1,46
400
1,44 200000
1,42
350 100000
1,40
0
1,38
300
0,24 0,26 0,28 0,30 0,32 0,34 0,36 0,38 0,24 0,26 0,28 0,30 0,32 0,34 0,36 0,38
Rin/a Rin/a
Figure 8.(a)The sensitivity and the resonant wavelength variations according to the change of
the inner radius (Rin) from 0.255a to 0372a. (b) The quality factor Q as afunction of the inner
radius change (Rin).
Table 1.Resonant wavelength (λ0), sensitivity (S) as function of Refractive index (RI).
RI λ0 (μm) S (nm/RIU)
1 1.474625 -----
1.000139 1.474700 539.56
1.00026 1.474750 480.76
1.00047 1.474870 521.27
The sensor, additionally, needs to have high transmission efficiency and high Q factor, which can
increase the detection feasibility and make it easier. The transmission efficiency can be denoted
asA0/Ai, where A0 is the output amplitude of magnetic-field at resonance peak, Ai is the input
amplitude of magnetic-field at the same frequency. The Q factor is defined as ω0/ωx, where ωx is the
full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the resonator’s Lorentz a response, and ω 0, is the resonance
frequency [38].
Table 2. Comparison of the proposed gas sensor with various PC designs.
References Sensing structure Sensitivity Q factor Detection limit
(nm/RIU) (RIU)
Photonic crystal waveguide utilizing
[34]
width modulated microcavity 80 40 000 10−4
[35]
Photonic crystal microcavity 433 3000 10−4
[36]
Air-slot Photonic crystal nanocavity 510 2.6 × 104 10−5
RI biosensor formed by two
Waveguide and one microcavity
[37] (Double-Hole Defect) 500 1.7 890 104 0.0001
Photonic crystal waveguide utilizing
This work width modulated microcavity 539 1.7735105 10−5
Figure 8a shows the sensitivity and the resonant wavelength variations according to the change of
the inner radius (Rin) from 0.255a to 0372a and the Figure 8b shows the quality factor as a function of
Rin,which enlarges as the inner ring radius (Rin) from 0.256a to 0.372a and reaches its maximum of
6
6.388х105 at the resonant mode located at 1.47425nm for Rin=0.302a,then followed by a sharp
decrease. The increase in the inner radius value is goes along with the decrease of the annular air area.
When the Rinreaches a value that is more than 0.302athe rings area becomes seriously thin. This results
in a reduction in the light confinement within the cavity area and a significant performance of the
optical leakages, which have a negative effect on the photon lifetime within the cavity area that results
in a sharp decrease in the Q factor value.
1,0
0,8
Normalized Trasmission
Air n=1
0,6
H2 n =1.00039
N2 n= 1.00027
0,4
CO2 n= 1.000407
0,2
0,0
1,471 1,472 1,473 1,474 1,475 1,476 1,477 1,478 1,479
wavelength μm
Figure 9. Resonant wavelength changes of the designed sensor as function as a

function of changes in the refractive index corresponding to the three
infiltration states of gas.
To assess the sensing potential of the sensor, we expose the sample to the gases of different
refractive indices, such as, He (1.000139), N2 (1.000270), and CO2 (1.000407) [31-33]. The refractive
index values were obtained in an atmospheric pressure and were recalculated for λ=1570 nm in room
temperature T=20° C using the ideal gas model [35]. The FDTD simulation result show that the
resonance wavelength shifts upped by the change of the gas refractive index (figure9).
4. Conclusion
In summary, we have simulated an ultra-compact RI sensor based on tapered-shift defect microcavity
introduced to the center of waveguides in the 2D triangular lattice of air holes. A 5.225 nm resonance
wavelength shift was observed corresponding to a sensitivity of522.5 nm/RIU for a change in RI value
of 0.01.The high-enough sensitivity makes this design useful for realizing photonic crystal-based
refractometric and biochemical sensors. And because of the minimized size of the proposed RI sensor,
it can be used for measurement in some harsh environments and exceptional conditions.
Acknowledgments
This work is part of the PRFU project No. A25N01UN280120180001 fully funded by the Algerian
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research and La Direction Générale de la Recherche
Scientifique et du Développement Technologique (DGRSDT).
References
[1] Fan X, White I M, Shopova S I, Zhu H, Suter J D and Sun Y 2008 Anal. Chim. Acta 620 8
[2] Säynätjoki A, Mulot M, Vynck K, Cassagne D, Ahopelto J and Lipsanen H 2008 Photonics
Nanostruct. -Fundam Appl. 6 42
[3] Lopez-Torres D, Elosua C, Villatoro J, Zubia J, Rothhardt M, Schuster K and Arregui F J 2017
Sensor. Actuat. B-Chem. 251 1059
7
[4] Hocini A and Harhouz A 2016 J. Nanophotonics 10 016007

[5] Xu H, Wu P, Zhu C, Elbaz A and Gu Z Z 2013 J. Mater. Chem. C 1 6087
[6] Islam M I, Ahmed K, Sen S, Chowdhury S, Paul B K, Islam M S, Miah M B and Asaduzzaman
S 2017 Photonic. Sens. 7 234
[7] Gouveia C, Jorge P A, Baptista J M and Frazao O 2011 IEEE Sens. J. 121 7
[8] Harhouz A and Hocini A 2015 J. Electromagn. Waves. Appl. 29 659
[9] Arafa S, Bouchemat M, Bouchemat T, Benmerkhi A and Hocini A 2017 Opt. Commun.384 93
[10] Zamani M and Hocini A2016 Opt. Mater. 58 306
[11] Boufenar R, Bouamar M and Hocini A 2017 Photonics. Nanostruct. 24 47
[12] Johnson SG and Joannopoulos JD 2001Photonic Crystals: the Road from Theory to Practice
(Kluwer Academic, Norwel, MA, USA: Springer Science & Business Media)
[13] Hocini A, Moukhtari R, Khedrouche D, Kahlouche A and Zamani M 2017 Opt. Commun. 384
111
[14] Akahane Y, Asano T, Song B S and Noda S 2003 Nature. 425 944
[15] Song B S, Noda S, Asano T and Akahane Y2005 Nat. Mater. 4 207
[16] Di Falco A, O’faolain L and Krauss T F 2009 Appl. phys. Lett. 94 063503
[17] Notomi M, Yamada K, Shinya A, Takahashi J, Takahashi C and Yokohama I 2001 Phys. Rev.
Lett. 87 253902
[18] Notomi M, Shinya A, Yamada K, Takahashi J I, Takahashi C and Yokohama I 2002 IEEE. J.
Quantum. Electron. 38 736
[19] Maache M, Hocini A and Khedrouche D 2017 Chin.J.Phys. 55 2318
[20] Kahlouche A, Hocini A and Khedrouche D 2014 J. Comput. Electron. 13 490
[21] Wang X, Xu Z, Lu N, Zhu J and Jin G 2008 Opt. Commun. 281 1725
[22] Joannopoulos J D, Johnson S G, Winn J N and Meade R D 2008 Molding the Flow of Light.
(Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton Univ. Press).
[23] Mandal S and Erickson D 2008 Opt. Express. 16 1623
[24] Huang L, Tian H, Yang D, Zhou J, Liu Q, Zhang P and Ji Y 2014 Opti. Commun. 332 42
[25] Huang L, Tian H, Zhou J, Liu Q, Zhang P and Ji Y Opt. Commun. 335 73
[26] Zhou J, Tian H, Yang D, Liu Q and Ji Y 2014 Opt. Commun. 330 175
[27] Kuramochi E, Notomi M, Mitsugi S, Shinya A, Tanabe T and Watanabe T 2006 Appl. Phys.
Lett. 88 041112
[28] Joannoupoulos J D, Meade R D and Winn J N 1995 Photonic Crystals (Princeton, NJ, USA:
Princeton Univ. Press).
[29] Dutta H S, Goyal A K and Pal S2014J. Nanophotonics. 8 083088
[30] Zouache T, Hocini A, Harhouz A and Mokhtari R 2017 Acta Phys. Pol. A 131 68
[31] Le Thomas N, Houdré R, Kotlyar M V, O'Brien D and Krauss T F 2007 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 24
2964
[32] Canadian Liquid Air Ltd Division scientifique 1976 Encyclopédie des Gaz (Elsevier).
[33] Simmons A C 1978 Opt. Commun. 25 211
[34] Sünner T, Stichel T, Kwon S H, Schlereth T W, Höfling S, Kamp M and Forchel A 2008 Appl.
Phys. Lett. 92 261112
[35] Wang X, Lu N, Zhu J and Jin G 2008 Proc. SPIE. 6831 68310D
[36] Jágerská J, Zhang H, Diao Z, Le Thomas N and Houdré R 2010 Opt. let. 35 2523
[37] Shiramin L A, Kheradmand R and Abbasi A 2012 IEEE. Sens. J. 13 1483
[38] Villeneuve P R, Fan S and Joannopoulos J D1996 Phys. Review B 54 7837
8
Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 96, 147–156, 2020
Refractive Index Sensor MIM Based Waveguide Coupled

with a Slotted Side Resonator
Salah E. Achi, Abdesselam Hocini* , Hocine B. Salah, and Ahlam Harhouz
Abstract—In this paper, a plasmonic sensor based on a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide with
a slotted side-coupled racetrack cavity is proposed. The transmission characteristics of the cavity are
analyzed theoretically, and the improvements of performance for the racetrack cavity structure compared
to a single disk cavity are studied. The influence of structural parameters on the transmission spectra
and sensing performances is investigated thoroughly. The achieved sensitivity for the first mode was
S = 959 nm/RIU and S = 2380 nm/RIU for the second one. Its corresponding sensing resolution is
1.04 × 10−5 RIU for mode 1 and 4.20 × 10−6 RIU for mode 2, respectively, and high transmissions are
achieved at the two resonant wavelengths of 898.8 nm and 1857.1 nm. The proposed plasmonic sensor
is a good candidate for designing novel devices and applications, in the field of chemical and biological
sensing, and also in the field of plasmonic filters, switches, etc.
1. INTRODUCTION
Due to the advances achieved in the investigations of electromagnetic properties of nanostructure

materials, the interest in the field of nanoplasmonics is rapidly increasing [1–3], which has opened
up many opportunities toward practical applications. The extreme confinement and enhancement of
light at the nanoscale are very interesting features of metallic nanostructures [4–7]. The understanding
of this confinement has led to the development of a wide range of interesting materials for various
fields. Plasmonic field represents the study of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and
free electrons of a metal [1, 2]. In certain conditions these interactions are conduced to a collective
excitation of conductive band electrons, a surface plasmon (SP) that is [1].
Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are particularly important in the integrated optics research
field [8–10]. SPPs are electromagnetic waves that propagate along the metal-air or metal–dielectric
interface in plasmonic nanostructures due to their specific merit of confining and manipulating light in
subwavelength scale [11–13]. They have attracted a great deal of attention and been applied to various
devices and technologies based on the SPPs, such as plasmonic filters, metamaterials [14–17], optical
couplers [18, 19], optical switching [20], slow-light [21, 22], and biosensors [23–26].
Among the different plasmonic structures, SPPs-based MIM waveguide [27] structures at the
subwavelength scale have aroused great interest due to their good properties of light confinement [28, 29],
the wide range of available frequencies, the absence of bending losses, and the ease of manufacturing.
Accordingly, it is considered as an important and promising component in integrated optical circuits,
and a promising candidate for integrated plasmonic biosensing devices [25, 26, 29–32]. Zhang et al. [30]
proposed a plasmonic refractive index (RI) sensor based on MIM waveguide, coupled with a concentric
double ring resonator (CDRR).
Received 18 June 2020, Accepted 4 September 2020, Scheduled 23 September 2020

* Corresponding author: Abdesselam Hocini (abdesselam.hocini@univ-msila.dz).
The authors are with the Laboratoire d’Analyse des Signaux et Systèmes, Department of Electronics, Faculty of Technology, University
of Msila, Algeria.
148 Achi et al.
Wang et al. [31] reported an RI nano-sensor composed of a MIM waveguide with a baffle and a
circular split-ring resonator cavity. Ben Salah et al. [26] proposed a plasmonic refractive index (RI)
sensor based on MIM waveguide coupled with double teeth and a rectangular shaped defect inside the
first tooth cavity. Recently, in another study presented by Yu et al. [25], a slotted side-coupled disk
resonator (SSCDR) was inserted with a metallic block based on the subwavelength MIM waveguide
containing a baffle, applied to nano-filters, RI sensors, temperature sensors, and slow light devices.
In this paper, a slotted side-coupled racetrack resonator is proposed as a specific sensor to
theoretically demonstrate that the cavity with a slotted racetrack resonator infiltration can be used for
RI sensing, where the increase in the RI is accompanied with changes to the resonance characteristics
of the cavity.
The simulation results show that the resonance wavelength is shifted with the variation of RI and
the proposed cavity exhibit high RI sensitivity, with high transmission and wide measurement range.
2. STRUCTURAL AND THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
The proposed structure is shown in Figure 1, which consists of a MIM slit (waveguide) with w = 50 nm
as a width and fixed to that value so the only excited mode is (TM) in the MIM waveguides [33],
embodying a baffle with a width D. This waveguide is coupled with a Slotted-Side Coupled Racetrack
Resonator (SSCRR), with R as the radius of two disks intertwined with distance X. H is the width of
slot in the cavity, with a length L1. Y and L2 represent the length and width of the inserted metallic
block. The values of D, R, L1 = L2, and H are respectively fixed to: 30 nm, 300 nm, 180 nm, and
50 nm. Gap = 10 nm is the distance between the SSCRR and the waveguide. The gray area represents
the silver layer, and the white one represents the dielectric material. The frequency dependent dielectric
constant of silver is calculated and expressed by Lorentz-Drude model [34]:
ωp2
εm (ω) = ε∞ − (1)
ω(ω + iγ)
In Eq. (1), ε∞ is the dielectric constant at the infinite angular frequency with a value of 3.7, ωp the bulk
plasma frequency (ω = 1.38 × 1016 Hz), γ the electron collision frequency (γ = 2.73 × 1013 Hz), and ω
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the proposed structure.

Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 96, 2020 149
the angular frequency of the incident wave in vacuum [35].

To simulate the excitation process in SPP mode, the incident light must be polarized in TM mode,
from where the magnetic field is parallel to y axis [36]. The resonance wavelength λm of the plasmonic
elliptical cavity can be obtained theoretically by [37]:
2neffS
λm = (2)
φref
m−
π
where neff is the real part of effective refractive index, S the effective length of the resonator, ϕref the
phase, and m a positive integer which signifies the resonance order in the resonator.
3. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A two-dimensional FDTD method of Rsoft tool is used to analyze the structure with perfectly matched
layer (PML) absorbing boundary condition in x and z directions of the simulation domain [38]. The
incident light for excitation of the SPP mode is TM-polarized. In the simulation domain, the grid sizes
(a)
(b)
Figure 2. (a) The transmission spectra of MIM plasmonic waveguides coupled with disk and racetrack
cavity with n = 1, X = 40 nm, Y = 300 nm. (b) Magnetic field patterns of the MIM plasmonic
waveguides coupled with racetrack cavity at resonance wavelengths of = 0.8695 µm (left), 1.7391 µm
(right).
150 Achi et al.
in x and z directions are chosen to be Δx = Δz = 5 nm and Δt < cΔx √ due to the Courant condition
2
which are sufficient enough for numerical convergence.
The transmitted light was collected at the right side of the waveguide which is defined as
T = P out/P in. Initially, the structural parameters are set to X = 40 nm, Y = 300 nm, and both
the insulator in the dielectric core and the cavities have a refractive index n of 1.
As we can see in Figure 2(a), the structure with SSCDR cavity [25] exhibits a low transmission
peaks (black line), compared to our design with the SSCRR (red line), at the resonance wavelengths of
λ1 = 869.5 nm and λ2 = 1739.1 nm, corresponding to the first and second resonance modes. Compared
to the SSCDR structure when X = 0 [25], it is obvious that when X = 0 (transformation of the disk
resonator to racetrack resonator), the structure has a relatively high transmittance, and it is clearly seen
that there is an enhancement in the transmission of 32% for the first peak at wavelength λ1 = 869.5 nm,
and 61% for the second peak at λ2 = 1739.1 nm in our proposed racetrack resonator compared to the
disk one.
Figure 2(b) depicts the field distributions |Hy| of the proposed structure. It is clear that the
incident light with the wavelengths of λ1 = 869.5 nm and λ2 = 1739.1 nm couples to the output, while
the rest of the wavelengths are blocked, at these wavelengths, and the light remains confined in the
structure.
To investigate the underlying physics of the Fano line shapes in the proposed structure, the structure
could be divided into the following two structures: a MIM waveguide with baffle and an individual
SSCRR resonator. The transmission profile of an isolated MIM waveguide with a baffle Figure 3
(Bleu line) corresponds to the broadband continuous spectrum, which has a negative slope and a low
transmittance. The transmission profile of the individual SSCRR resonator (red line) has two narrow
transmission dips, hence, we consider this as a narrowband discrete state.
Figure 3. The FDTD simulation results. The transmission spectra of the single metal baffle, and
coupled waveguide plasmonic structure, single ring resonator.
The two Fano resonances were excited by the MIM waveguide with a baffle mode interacting with
the symmetric two modes of the SSCRR resonator.
The interference of the continuous spectrum (resonator) and the discrete spectrum (baffle which is
the new resonator) results in an asymmetric Fano-like line (green line).
Figure 4(a) depicts the transmission spectra of the proposed structure, by increasing the refractive
index from 1 to 1.08 in steps of 0.02. The increase in the refractive index led to a red-shift of resonance
wavelengths of the transmitted spectra, with a larger shift in mode 2 than mode 1. Figures 4(b) and
(c), show the linear relationships between the refractive index and the wavelength of modes 1 and 2.
(a)
(b) (c)
Figure 4. (a) The transmission spectrum of MIM sensor for different refractive index n. (b) The
resonance wavelength versus the refractive index n of the material under sensing for mode 1. (c) The
resonance wavelength versus the refractive index n of the material under sensing for mode 2.
For designing and analyzing the SPR based sensors, the sensitivity is a very important aspect,
which can be calculated as S = Δλ/Δn (nanometer per refractive index (nm/RIU)) [39], where Δλ
denotes the shifting rate of resonant peak wavelength of transmittance, and Δn represents the changing
rate in the refraction index in the plasmonic sensor structure.
Keeping other parameters unchanged and increasing the refraction index from n = 1 to n = 1.08, the
sensitivity for the first mode is around 860 nm/RIU and for the second mode is around 1571.4 nm/RIU.
Subsequently, we will calculate and optimize the transmission and sensitivity of the SSCRR by adjusting
the geometrical parameters of the racetrack cavity made by air, the intertwined distance X, and the
length of the inserted metallic block Y .
At first, in order to study the effect of the difference X between the radii of two disks on the
transmission characteristics, X is gradually increased from X = 0 to X = 65 nm (X = 0, 20, 40, 60, and
65 nm), and other parameters are fixed at Y = 300 nm and n = 1. Figure 6(a) shows the transmission
spectra of the two modes for different values of X, where it can be noted that as the distance X
152 Achi et al.
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
Transmission
0.6
0.5
0.4 x=0
x=20 nm
0.3
x=40 nm
0.2 x=60 nm
x=80 nm
0.1
0.0
0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6
Wavelength (µm)
(a) (b)
Figure 5. (a) Transmission spectra of MIM sensor for X varying from 0 to 65 nm. (b) The transmission
versus the distance X = 0, 20, 40, 60 and 65 nm and Y =30 nm of the two modes.
increases, the resonance wavelength exhibits a slight blue-shift, with an increase followed by a decrease
in the transmission. From Figure 5(b), it is seen that when the distance X is increased and within
the interval of 0–60 nm, the transmission level is enhanced, conversely to the case outside this interval,
where the transmission level is decreased.
Racetrack resonator possesses characteristics of both rectangle and disk cavity. A rectangle
resonator can support Fabry-Perot modes FPMs, and a disk resonator can have whispering-gallery
modes WGMs [40]. Therefore, such a racetrack resonator possesses a hybrid characteristic of both
rectangle and disk resonators via changing parameter X of the ellipse, and the resonant wavelengths of
FPMs and WGMs can be independently tuned and close to each other.
The best transmission values of 0.95 and 0.86 were observed for mode 1 and mode 2, respectively,
at X = 60 nm.
Secondly, in order to study the influence of the length of the inserted metallic block Y , on the
position of the resonance wavelength, Y is gradually increased from Y = 280 nm to Y = 360 nm with an
interval of 20 nm, and the other parameters are fixed at X = 60 nm and n = 1. Figure 5(a) illustrates
the transmission spectra of MIM structure for different values of Y .
It is noted that the resonance wavelength increases with the increment in the value of Y (see
Figure 6(a)), meaning that the change in Y causes a shift in resonance wavelength, and the shift for
mode 2 is larger than that in mode 1. Figure 6(b) shows an approximately linear relationship in the
resonance wavelengths of the two modes as a function of Y .
Third, we also study how the length of the inserted metallic block Y affects the sensitivity of the
MIM sensor. The refractive index n is gradually increased from n = 1 to n = 1.08 nm in steps of 0.02
for different lengths of the inserted metallic block Y (Y = 280 nm to Y = 360). Figure 7(a) shows the
linear relationship between the resonance wavelength and the refractive index for different values of Y
for both mode 1 and mode 2.
Figure 7(b) depicts the sensitivity as a function of the length of the inserted metallic block Y . It
is noted that an enhancement of the sensor’s sensitivity is achieved by increasing the value of Y in the
range of 280–340 nm. For mode 1, the sensitivity was 959 nm/RIU whereas in the case of mode 2, the
sensitivity was 2380 nm/RIU.
With the wavelength detection resolution of Δλ = 0.01 nm, which is a high-resolution, optical
spectrum analyzer can process it, the sensing resolution of the refractive index sensor, defined as
R = (dn/dλ)Δλ [41], will be 1.04 × 10−5 RIU for mode 1 and 4.20 × 10−6 RIU for mode 2, respectively
corresponding to the value Y = 340 nm, in comparison to sensitivity of 840 nm/RIU for mode1 and
1776.5 nm/RIU for mode 2 where the value of Y was 280 nm.
(a) (b)
Figure 6. (a) Transmission spectra of MIM sensor for different lengths of the inserted metallic block
Y . (b) Resonance wavelength as a function of the length of the inserted metallic block Y .
(a) (b)
Figure 7. (a) The resonance wavelengths versus the refractive index for different Y . (b) Sensitivities
of MIM sensors as a function of Y .
Table 1. Sensitivity comparison of different sensor structures.
Reference Sensitivity (nm /RIU ) Year

[42] 1540 for mode 1 and 1010 for mode 2 2018
[30] 1060 2018
[31] 1114.3 2019
[26] 2602.5 2019
[25] 1700 for mode 2 and 900 for mode 1 2020
Our results 2380 for mode 2 and 959 for mode 1 2020
154 Achi et al.
Table 1 compares the sensitivity (S) of our proposed structure to other MIM based plasmonic
sensors in the literature.
4. CONCLUSION
A slotted side-coupled racetrack cavity for RI variation measurement was theoretically proposed and
optimized. When the transmission sensitive characteristics of the structure are incorporated with the
resonance characteristics of the cavity, the variation of RI could be theoretically obtained by monitoring
the output resonance wavelength of the cavity. After optimizing the structural parameters of the
proposed design, the proposed slotted side-coupled racetrack cavity sensor exhibited a high sensitivity
of 959 nm/RIU and 2380 nm/RIU for mode 1 and mode 2. It was also demonstrated that the optimized
cavity could be used in a large scale of RI measurements, making it a possible candidate for gas sensing
applications.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by the Algerian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research and La
Direction Générale de la Recherche Scientifique et du Développement Technologique (DGRSDT) via
funding through the PRFU Project No. A25N01UN28012 0180001.
REFERENCES
1. Maier, S. A., Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications, Springer, Bath, UK, 2007.
2. Strobbia, P., E. R. Languirand, and B. M. Cullum, “Advances in plasmonic nanostructures for
sensing: A review,” Optical Engineering, Vol. 54, No. 10, 100902, 2015.
3. Aberasturi, D. J., A. B. Serrano-Montes, and L. M. Liz-Marzán, “Modern applications of plasmonic
nanoparticles: From energy to health,” Advanced Optical Materials, Vol. 3, No. 5, 602–617,
May 2015.
4. Zarrabi, F. B. and M. N. Moghadasi, “Investigated the Fano resonance in the nano ring
arrangement,” Optik, Vol. 138, 80–86, 2017.
5. Giannini, V., A. I. Fernandez-Dominguez, S. C. Heck, and S. A. Maier, “Plasmonic nanoantennas:
Fundamentals and their use in controlling the radiative properties of nano emitters,” Chem. Rev.,
Vol. 111, 3888–3912, 2011.
6. Pandesh, S., M. Maleki, and F. B. Zarrabi, “The sub-wavelength plasmonic nano-antenna based
on cross structure,” Optik, Vol. 127, 3770–3774, 2016.
7. Zarrabi, F. B., M. Naser-Moghadasi, S. Heydari, M. Maleki, and A. S. Arezomand, “Crossslot
nano-antenna with graphene coat for bio-sensing application,” Optics Commun., Vol. 371, 34–39,
2016.
8. Barnes, W. L., A. Dereux, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Surface plasmon subwavelength optics,” Nature,
Vol. 424, 824–30, 2003.
9. Tang, B. J., J. C. Wang, X. S. Xia, X. Y. Liang, C. Song, and S. N. Qu, “Plasmonic induced
transparency and unidirectional control based on the waveguide structure with quadrant ring
resonators,” Appl. Phys. Express, Vol. 8, No. 3, 032202, 2015.
10. Bana, X., X. Pang, X. Li, B. Hu, Y. Guo, and H. Zheng, “A nonlinear plasmonic waveguide based
all-optical bidirectional switching,” Opt. Commun., Vol. 406, 124–127, 2017.
11. Gramotnev, D. and S. Bozhevolnyi, “Plasmonics beyond the diffraction limit,” Nat. Photonics,
Vol. 4, No. 83, 2010.
12. Zayats, A., I. Smolyaninov, and A. Maradudin, “Nano-optics of surface plasmon polaritons,”
Physics Reports, Vol. 408, Nos. 3–4, 131–314, 2005.
13. Barnes, W., W. Murray, J. Dintinger, E. Devaux, and T. Ebbesen, “Surface plasmon polaritons
and their role in the enhanced transmission of light through periodic arrays of subwavelength holes
in a metal film,” Physic Review Letters, Vol. 92, 107401, 2004.
14. Chen, Z., H. Li, B. Li, Z. He, H. Xu, M. Zheng, and M. Zhao, Tunable ultra-wide band-stop filter
based on single-stub plasmonic-waveguide system,” Applied Physics Express, Vol. 9, No. 10, 102002,
2016.
15. Zhan, G., R. Liang, H. Liang, J. Luo, and R. Zhao, “Asymmetric band-pass plasmonic nanodisk
filter with mode inhibition and spectrally splitting capabilities,” Optics Express, Vol. 22, No. 8,
9912–9919, 2014.
16. Yang, C., W. Shen, J. Zhou, X. Fang, D. Zhao, X. Zhang, C. Ji, B. Fang, Y. Zhang, X. Liu, and
L. Gu, Adv. Opt. Mater., Vol. 4, 1981, 2016.
17. Shi, L., J. He, C. Tan, Y. Liu, J. Hud, X. Wu, M. Chen, X. Zhang, and S. Zhan, “Plasmonic filter
with highly selective wavelength in a fixed dimension based on the loaded rectangular ring cavity,”
Optics Communications, Vol. 439, 125–128, 2019.
18. Sun, W., Q. He, S. Sun, and L. Zhou, “High-efficiency surface plasmon meta-couplers: Concept
and microwave-regime realizations,” Light: Science & Applications, Vol. 5, e16003, 2016.
19. Huang, Y., C. Min, and G. Veronis, “Compact slit-based couplers for metal-dielectric-metal
plasmonic waveguides,” Optics Express, Vol. 20, No. 20, 22233–22244, 2012.
20. Hoessbacher, C., Y. Fedoryshyn, A. Emboras, A. Melikyan, M. Kohl, D. Hillerkuss, C. Hafner, and
J. Leuthold, “The plasmonic memristor: A latching optical switch,” Optica, Vol. 1, No. 4, 198 202,
2014.
21. Raza, S. and S. Bozhevolnyi, “Slow-light plasmonic metamaterial based on dressed-state analog of
electromagnetically induced transparency,” Optics Letter, Vol. 40, No. 18, 4253–4256, 2015.
22. Huang, Y., C. Min, P. Dastmalchi, and G. Veronis, “Slow-light enhanced subwavelength plasmonic
waveguide refractive index sensors,” Optics Express, Vol. 23, No. 11, 23, 14922–14936, 2015.
23. Gao, Y., S. Zhan, Q. Liu, and Y. Liu, “Controllable plasmonic sensing based on Fano resonance
in a cavity coupled defective MDM waveguide,” Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 49,
265109, 2016.
24. Im, H., H. Shao, Y. Park, V. Peterson, C. Castro, R. Weissleder, and H. Lee, “Label-free detection
and molecular profiling of exosomes with a nano-plasmonic sensor,” Nat. Biotechnol., Vol. 32, No. 5,
490, 2014.
25. Yu, S., S. Wang, T. Zhao, and J. Yu, “Tunable plasmonic system based on a slotted side-coupled
disk resonator and its multiple applications on chip-scale devices,” Optik — International Journal
for Light and Electron Optics, Vol. 212, 164748, 2020.
26. Ben Salah, H., A. Hocini, M. N. Temmar, and D. Khedrouche, “Design of mid infrared high sensitive
metal-insulator-metal plasmonic sensor,” Chinese Journal of Physics, Vol. 61, 86–97, 2019.
27. Zhang, Q., X. Huang, X. Lin, J. Tao, and X. Jin, “A subwavelength coupler-type MIM optical
filter,” Optics Express, Vol. 17, No. 16, 7549, 2009.
28. Wen, K., L. Yan, W. Pan, B. Luo, Z. Guo, Y. Guo, and X. Luo, “Electromagnetically induced
transparency-like transmission in a compact side-coupled t-shaped resonator,” Journal of Lightwave
Technology, Vol. 32, No. 9, 1071–1707, 2014.
29. Yu, S., T. Zhao, J. Yu, and D. Pan, “Tuning multiple fano resonances for on-chip sensors in a
plasmonic system,” Sensors, Vol. 19, No. 7, 2019.
30. Zhang, Z., J. Yang, X. He, J. Zhang, J. Huang, D. Chen, and Y. Han, “Plasmonic refractive index
sensor with high figure of merit based on concentric-rings resonator,” Sensors, Vol. 18, 116, 2018.
31. Wang, M., M. Zhang, Y. Wang, R. Zhao, and S. Yan, “Fano resonance in an asymmetric MIM
Waveguide structure and its application in a refractive index nanosensor,” Sensors, Vol. 19, 791,
2019.
32. Hocini, A., H. Ben Salah, D. Khedrouche, and N. Melouk, “A high-sensitive sensor and band-stop
filter based on intersected double ring resonators in metal-insulator-metal structure,” Opt. Quant.
Electron., Vol. 52, 336, 2020.
33. Gai, H. F., J. Wang, and Q. Tian, “Modified debye model parameters of metals applicable for
broadband calculations,” Appl. Opt., Vol. 46, No. 12, 2229–2233, 2007.
34. Johnson, P. B., “Optical constants of the noble metals,” Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 6, 4370–4379, 1972.
156 Achi et al.
35. Zhang, X., M. Shao, and X. Zeng, “High quality plasmonic sensors based on fano resonance created
through cascading double asymmetric cavities,” Sensors, Vol. 16, 1730, 2016.
36. Wei, P. K., Y. C. Huang, C. C. chieng, F. G. Tseng, and W. Fann, “Off angle illumination induced
surface plasmon coupling in subwavelength metallic slits,” Opt. Express, Vol. 13, No. 26, 10784–
10794, 2005.
37. Zhang, Q., X. G. Huang, X. S. Lin, J. Tao, and X. P. Jin, “A subwave length coupler-type MIM
optical flter,” Opt. Express, Vol. 17, No. 9, 7549–7555, 2009.
38. Rsoft Design Group, FullWAVE, Inc., 200 Executive Blvd., Ossining, NY 10562.
39. Wu T., Y. Liu, Z. Yu, Y. Peng, C. Shu, and H. He, “The sensing characteristics of plasmonic
waveguide with a single defect,” Optics Communications, Vol. 323, 44–48, 2014.
40. Zhang, Z. et al., “A plasmonic ellipse resonator possessing hybrid modes for ultracompact chipscale
application,” Phys. Scr., Vol. 94, 125511, 2019.
41. Dolatabady, A., et al., “A nanoscale refractive index sensor in two dimensional plasmonic waveguide
with nanodisk resonato,” Optics Communications, Vol. 300, 265–268, 2013.
42. Ghorbani, S., M. A. Dashti, and M. Jabbari, “Plasmonic nano-sensor based on metal dielectric-
metal waveguide with the octagonal cavity ring,” Laser Physics, Vol. 28, 066208, 2018.
Instrumentation Mesure Metrologie
Vol. 18, No. 2, April, 2019, pp. 165-169
Journal homepage: http://iieta.org/journals/i2m
Mid-infrared Refractive Index Sensor Based on a 2D Photonic Crystal Coupled Cavity-two

Waveguides
Hadjira Tayoub1,2*, Abdesselam Hocini1, Ahlam Harhouz3
1
Département d’Electronique, Faculté de Technologie, Université Mohamed Boudiaf de M’sila, BP.166, Route Ichebilia,
M’sila 28000, Algeria
2
Research Center in Industrial Technologies CRTI, P.O.BOX :64, Cheraga 16014, Algiers, Algeria
3
UniversitéMouloud Mammeri de TiziOuzou, Algeria
Corresponding Author Email: hadjira.tayoub@gmail.com
https://doi.org/10.18280/i2m.180211 ABSTRACT
Received: 9 January 2019 In this paper, a viable design of mid-infrared refractive index sensor based on photonic crystal
Accepted: 29 March 2019 coupled cavity-two waveguides is proposed. An increasing number of works are dedicated to
investigate the behavior of refractive index sensor based on photonic crystal in the mid-infrared
Keywords: range. We define the sensitivity of our sensor by detecting the shift in the resonance
mid-infrared, photonic crystal cavity, wavelength as a function of the refractive index’s variations in the region around the cavity.
photonic crystal waveguide, Ri-based The purpose of this study is to design a highly sensitive mid-infrared photonic crystal sensor.
sensing, high sensitivity Consequently, an improved sensitivity of 650 nm/RIU (refractive index units) with a detection
limit of 0.001 RIU has been obtained. The sensitivity can be improved from 394 nm/RIU to
758 nm/RIU with a detection limit of 0.01 RIU in the wavelength range of 2,97 µm to 3,71 µm
by increasing the number of the infiltrated holes. The same design has been used as a liquid
sensor and a sensitivity of 550 nm/RIU has been achieved with a detection limit of 0.001 RIU
for RI=1.33 and RI=1.331. The properties of the sensor are simulated using the finite-
difference time-domain (FDTD) method from the RSoft software package.
1. INTRODUCTION vibrations [23, 24]. However, mid-IR sensors based on

photonic crystal are comparatively unexplored when
Photonics crystals (PhC) as known today have been defined compared to the near-IR and visible sensors, it is therefore of
for the first time by E.Yablonovitch [1] and S. John [2], they great necessity to provide a mid-IR RI sensor based on PhC
have inspired inclusive interest for as far back as decades coupled cavity-waveguide with high sensitivity.
because of the existence of photonic bandgap (PBG) and the Herein, a novel mid-IR refractive index sensor based on
ability to control the propagation of the electromagnetic (EM) PhC coupled cavity-two waveguides is designed and described.
waves inside it; which is extremely required for designing PC- Sensing technique is established on the change of the
based optical devices [3]. PBG in PhC prohibits the refractive index of holes in the range of n=1.01 to n=1.04, and
propagation of light in the material. Frequencies falling in the as a result, the detection of the shifted resonance wavelength
bandgap are not permitted to propagate because of the 𝜆0 . The comportment of the designed sensor is analyzed using
inexistence of the optical modes. Yet, introducing certain the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method from the
defects such as point defects as cavities or line defects as RSoft software package.
waveguides, and their coupled elements in the structure can
adjust the dispersion diagram hence permit to particular modes
to propagate in the bandgap [4]. 2. SENSOR DESIGN
The interaction between a cavity resonator and a waveguide
system has been previously demonstrated in [5-8], tremendous To investigate mid-IR refractive index sensing, a sketch of
research works are done in biosensing [9-14], chemical and a two-dimensional RI sensor based on PhC coupled cavity-two
gas sensing [15-17], temperature sensing [18], stress sensing waveguides composed by using a hexagonal lattice structure
[19]. It was also shown that a PhC cavity and waveguides has been proposed in figure 1. In the proposed structure, the
sensor might be used in refractive index (RI) sensing where size of photonic crystal is (39 × 21), the lattice constant (a)
the detection of an analyte may be done by a local RI shift [20- equal to 1 µm, the effective index profile of the silicon slab is
21]. nsi=2.654, the ration of the radii of air holes (r) and lattice
In the few past years, photonic crystal structure in the mid- constant is 0.3, where the radius of the defected holes is
infrared (mid-IR) spectral range has gained worldwide r1=0,45a. The studied sensor is made up of two waveguides
attention of scientific community due to the transparency couplers and a cavity; the basic two waveguides are a Γ-K
window of silicon for the mid-IR wavelength range (between directional waveguides formed by removing one row of air
1.1 and 8.5 µm) as proposed by Soref [22]. On the other hand, holes.
the mid-IR range is highly interesting for chemical and gas
sensing, since photon energies here match well with molecular
165
distribution of PC cavity in x–y plane. As seen, the TE-like
polarized light is strongly confined in the x-direction.
(a)
Figure 1. Designed photonic crystal coupled cavity-two

waveguides sensor
(b)
3. NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Figure 2. (a) Transmittance of the designed device for n=1.
As it was proved by Edwards et al. [25], by using the (b) The y-component electric field (Ey) distribution of PC
effective index method the 2D analysis would be close similar cavity in x–y plane
to the 3D analysis. The effective index of the proposed
structure has been taken equal to 2,654 for a silicon guiding The result of the FDTD simulation with a grid size of 0.05
layer with a central wavelength of 3600 nm. of the proposed structure is shown in figure 3. The normalized
The designed photonic crystal structure having band gap in transmission spectrum of the resonant mode peak wavelengths
the wavelength range of 2,9736 µm to 3,7145 µm for TE- for different refractive indices shows a shift in the resonance
polarized wave; which is calculated by 2D Plane Wave wavelength of 6.5 nm for n =0.001 and a sensitivity of 650
Expansion (PWE) method. The photonic band structure (nm/RIU) is observed (Table 1).
principally depends on the radius of holes and the lattice
constant of the structure.
Several approaches are used to create a cavity resonance
such as increasing or reducing the radius of particular holes
[26]. In the first design A, a microcavity was created within
the structure by changing the radius of the holes surrounding
the central hole (showing in yellow color in figure 1) to
confine light within the cavity, and by separating the
microcavity by three holes of the both sides of the waveguides.
In this sensor, we used the input of the waveguide to apply
a Gaussian pulse around 3,6 µm to excite the resonant modes
of the cavity. In addition, a power monitor was positioned at
the end of the waveguide to monitor the trapped mode in order
to determine the sensitivity of the proposed sensor [27].
Based on the designed device, the transmittance spectra
corresponding the refractive index n=1 is represented in figure
2.a. The result presents two different resonant peak Figure 3. Normalized transmission spectrum of the proposed
wavelengths at 3,39 µm and 3,6 µm, A resonant wavelength design as a function of wavelength for different refractive
of 3,39 µm is selected since it has the highest sensitivity. indices
Figure 2.b illustrate the y-component electric field (Ey)
166
Table 1. The sensitivity of the sensor for different RI section, as seen in figure 6.a, the sensing properties of the
studied sensor were investigated by changing the number of
Refractive Index Sensitivity n (RIU) functionalized holes N (6, 12, 18 and 28) when r 1=0,45a.
(nm/RIU)
1 - n0
1.001 650 0.001
1.01 575 0.01
1.02 576.5 0.02
1.03 583 0.03
1.04 582.5 0.04
1.33 550 0.001
A microcavity is created in the structure by increasing the

central hole’s radius (RC) (shown in magenta color in figure.1)
for RC equal to 0.27, 0.28, and 0.29 µm. (a)
The simulation results reveal that sensitivities of 577, 592
800 1,05
and 592 (nm/RIU) are achieved at RC equal to 0.27, 0.28 µm
and 0.29 µm, respectively (figure 4). By increasing the radius 750
1,00
of the central hole, an acceptor defect state pulled from the 700
Normalized Transmittance
dielectric band into the band-gap, is excited [28]. 650 0,95
Sensitivity (nm/RIU)
600
0,90
600 550
0,990 Sensitivity
500 Transmittance 0,85
595
0,985 450
0,80
Normalized Transmittance
0,980 400
590
350 0,75
0,975 5 10 15 20 25 30
585 Number of defected holes N
Sensitivity
0,970
Transmittance
580
0,965 (b)
0,960
575
Figure 6. (a) Schematic diagrams of defected holes when
570
0,955
N=6, 12, 18 and 28 (holes in yellow color refers to the
0,270 0,275 0,280 0,285 0,290
sensing region filled with analyte), (b) Relationships of the
Radius of central hole RC
sensitivity and the normalized transmittance of our improved
sensor to number of defected holes N
Figure 4. Relationships of the sensitivity and the normalized
transmittance of our sensor to radius of central hole RC Table 2. Comparison of the proposed sensor with several
similar PhC designs
In order to achieve a better sensitivity, the mentioned above
design A was changed to the design B. In design B, the radii Sensing structure Sensitivity detection Year
(nm/RIU) limit
of the holes positioned in the vicinity of the two-waveguides
(RIU)
(shown in blue color in figure 1) can therefore be enlarged to [30] RI biosensor formed 330 0.001 2008
benefit from an improved light-matter interaction level [18]. by two waveguides and
As seen in figure 5, the simulation results reveal that a one microcavity.
sensitivity of 623 (nm/RIU) is achieved at R1 equal to 0.35 µm. [31] RI sensor formed by 70-200 0.018 2008
Two types of defect
nanocavities L3 and H1−r
630 embedded between two
W1 photonic crystal
620
waveguides
[17] RI sensor formed by 500 0.05 2016
610
PhC microcavity
600
[32] PhCW based RI 260 0.001 2013
590
sensor
[13] RI biosensor formed 425 0.001 2015
580 by two waveguides and
one microcavity
570
0,29 0,30 0,31 0,32 0,33 0,34 0,35 The proposed sensor 650 0.001 -
Radius of holes R1
As it can be expected, a sensitivity of 758 nm/RIU has been

Figure 5. Variation of sensitivity as a function of the achieved, the sensitivity increases rapidly to a greater number
different radiuses of the first row of holes R1 of functionalized holes (figure 6.b). this can be explained by
the reduced effective refractive index between the infiltrated
As mentioned, previous, our main goal is to design a new holes and the semiconductor membrane [14, 29].
mid-IR refractive index sensor based on PhC coupled cavity- Consequently, a local infiltration guarantees a better
two waveguides with the highest possible sensitivity. In this sensitivity.
167
A brief comparison between our results and some of the [9] Skivesen, N., Horvath, R., Thinggaard, S., Larsen, N.B.,
results already published in scientific research papers is Pedersen, H.C. (2007). Deep-probe metal-clad
illustrated in Table 2. waveguide biosensors. Biosensors and Bioelectronics,
These results display that the proposed sensor possesses a 22(7): 1282-1288.
better sensing property and well apply to RI sensing in mid-IR. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2006.05.025
[10] Lee, P.T., Lu, T.W., Yu, C.M., Tseng, C.C. (2007).
Photonic crystal circular-shaped microcavity and its
4. CONCLUSIONS uniform cavity-waveguide coupling property due to
presence of whispering gallery mode. Optics Express,
To conclude, we have effectively designed and simulated in 15(15): 9450-9457.
this paper a novel mid-IR 2D photonic crystal coupled cavity- https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.15.009450
two waveguides platform for RI-based sensing application [11] Kurt, H., Yilmaz, D.Y., Akosman, A.E., Ozbay, E.
nearby 𝜆0 =3.6 µm and the extensive simulation results show (2012). Asymmetric light propagation in chirped
that the proposed sensor is highly sensitive to a small change photonic crystal waveguides. Optics Express, 20(18):
in refractive index, a high sensitivity of 758 nm/RIU in the RI 20635. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.020635
range of 1.01-1.04 was accomplished. Due to the improvement [12] Areed, N.F.F., Hameed, M.F.O., Obayya, S.S.A. (2017).
in the limit of detection with high sensitivity, the high Highly sensitive face-shaped label-free photonic crystal
transmittance and the small size, our improved sensor is well refractometer for glucose concentration monitoring.
matched for applications in mid-IR sensing and it would be a Optical and Quantum Electronics, 49(1): 1–12.
great potential platform in other on-chip photonic circuits. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-016-0847-9
Improving the achieved sensitivity by using slotted waveguide [13] Harhouz, A., Hocini, A. (2015). Design of high-sensitive
coupled cavity sensor will be subject of future studies. biosensor based on cavity-waveguides coupling in 2D
photonic crystal. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and
Applications, 29(5): 659-667.
REFERENCES https://doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2015.1012597
[14] Arafa, S., Bouchemat, M., Bouchemat, T., Benmerkhi,
[1] Yablonovitch, E. (1987). Inhibited spontaneous emission A., Hocini, A. (2017). Infiltrated photonic crystal cavity
in solid-state physics and electronics. Physical Review as a highly sensitive platform for glucose concentration
Letters, 58(20): 2059-2062. detection. Optics Communications, 384: 93-100.
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.58.2059 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2016.10.019
[2] John, S. (1987). Strong localization of photons in certain [15] Yang, D., Tian, H., Ji, Y. (2011). Nanoscale photonic
disordered dielectric superlattices. Physical Review crystal sensor arrays on monolithic substrates using side-
Letters, 58(23): 2486-2489. coupled resonant cavity arrays. Optics Express, 19(21):
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.58.2486 11709–11717. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.020023
[3] Chhipa, M.K, Radhouene, M., Robinson, S., Suthar, B. [16] Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y., Lv, R. (2015). A review for optical
(2017). Improved dropping efficiency in two- sensors based on photonic crystal cavities. Sensors
dimensional photonic crystal-based channel drop filter Actuators A: Physical, 233: 374-389.
for coarse wavelength division multiplexing application. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2015.07.025
Optical Engineering, 56(1): 015107. [17] Goyal, A.K., Dutta, H.S., Pal, S. (2016). Design and
https://doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.56.1.015107 analysis of photonic crystal micro-cavity based optical
[4] Goyal, A.K., Duttaa, H.S., Pal, S. (2017). Recent sensor platform. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1724(1):
advances and progress in photonic crystal based gas 020005. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4945125
sensors. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 50(20). [18] Hocini, A., Harhouz, A. (2016). Modeling and analysis
https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aa68d3 of the temperature sensitivity in two-dimensional
[5] Olivier, S.N., Smith, C.J.M., Benisty, H., Weisbuch, C., photonic crystal microcavity. Journal of Nanophotonics,
Krauss, T.F., Houdre, R., Oesterle, U. (2002). Cascaded 10(1): 016007. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JNP.10.016007
photonic crystal guides and cavities: Spectral studies and [19] Yang, Y., Yang, D., Tian, H., Ji, Y. (2013). Photonic
their impact on integrated optics design. IEEE Journal of crystal stress sensor with high sensitivity in double
Quantum Electronics, 38(7): 816-824. directions based on shoulder-coupled aslant nanocavity.
https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.2002.1017592 Sensors Actuators: A Physical, 193: 149-154.
[6] Kim, G., Lee, Y. (2004). Coupling of small, low-loss https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2013.01.045
hexapole mode with photonic crystal slab waveguide [20] Buswell, S.C., Wright, V.A., Buriak, J.M., Van, V., Evoy,
mode. Optics Express, 12(26): 6624-6631. S. (2008). Specific detection of proteins using photonic
https://doi.org/10.1364/OPEX.12.006624 crystal waveguides. Optics Express, 16(20): 15949-
[7] Okano, M., Kako, S., Noda, S. (2003). Coupling between 15957. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.16.015949
a point-defect cavity and a line-defect waveguide in [21] Zhao, Y., Zhang, Y., Wu, D., Wang, Q. (2012). Fiber
three-dimensional photonic crystal. Physical Review B, loop ring-down refractive index sensor based on high-Q
68(23): 1-10. photonic crystal cavity. IEEE Sensors Journal, 14(6): 3–
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.68.235110 6. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2014.2305971
[8] Zhang, Z., Qiu, M. (2005). Compact in-plane channel [22] Soref, R. (2010). Mid-infrared photonics in silicon and
drop filter design using a single cavity with two germanium Nat. Photonics, 4(8): 495-497.
degenerate modes in 2D photonic crystal slabs. Optics https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2010.171
Express, 13(7): 2596-2604. [23] Liu, F.M., Lu, W., Cai, Z.Y. (2018). Design and
https://doi.org/10.1364/OPEX.13.002596 implementation of an infrared radiation sensor based on
168
STC12C5A. Instrumentation, Mesure, Metrologie, 17(4): https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.3380
593-603. https://doi.org/10.3166/I2M.17.593-603 [29] Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y., Wang, Q. (2015). Measurement of
[24] Blanco-Redondo, A., Sarriugate, P., Garcia-Adeva, A., methane concentration with cryptophane E infiltrated
Zubia, J., Hillenbrand, R. (2014). Coupling mid-infrared photonic crystal microcavity. Sensors Actuators B:
light from a phCotonic crystal waveguide to metallic Chemical, 209: 431–437.
transmission lines. Applied Physics Letters, 104(1): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2014.12.002
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4859635 [30] Wang, X., Xu, Z., Lu, N., Zhu, J., Jin, G. (2008).
[25] Edwards, D.F., Ochoa, E. (1980). Infrared refractive Ultracompact refractive index sensor based on
index of silicon. Applied Optics, 19(24): 4130-4131. microcavity in the sandwiched photonic crystal
https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.19.004130 waveguid. Optics Communications, 281(6): 1725–1731.
[26] Pal, S., Guillermain, E., Sriram, R., Miller, B., Fauchet, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2007.11.040
P.M. (2010). Microcavities in photonic crystal [31] Dorfner, D.F., Hurlimann, T., Zabel, T., Frandsen, L.H.,
waveguides for biosensor applications. Frontiers in Abstreiter, G., Finley, J.J. (2008). Silicon photonic
Pathogen Detection: From Nanosensors to Systems, crystal nanostructures for refractive index sensing.
7553: 755304–10. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.848237 Applied Physics Letters, 93(18): 2006–2009.
[27] Akahane, Y., Asano, T., Song, B., Noda, S. (2003). High- https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3009203
Q photonic nanocavity in a two-dimensional photonic [32] Dutta, H.S., Pal, S. (2013). Design of a highly sensitive
crystal. Nature, 425: 944-947. photonic crystal waveguide platform for refractive index
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02015.1 based biosensing. Optical and Quantum Electronics,
[28] Yablonovitch, E., Gmitter, T.J., Meade, R.D., Rappe, 45(9): 907–917. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-013-
A.M., Brommer, K.D., Joanopoulos, J.D. (1991). Donor 9697-x
and acceptor modes in photonic band structure. Physical
Review Letters, 67(24): 3380–3383
169
Vol. 131 (2017) ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A No. 1
Special Issue of the 6th International Congress & Exhibition (APMAS2016), Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey, June 1–3, 2016
Design of Pressure Sensor Based

on Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystal
T. Zouache∗ , A. Hocini, A. Harhouz, R. Mokhtari
Laboratoire d’Analyse des Signaux et Systèmes, Electronics Department P. 166, Route Ichebilia,
Université Mohamed Boudiaf de M’sila, M’sila 28000, Algeria
In this work, we design a new pressure sensor based on two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguide coupled
to a point-defect resonant microcavity. The mechanism of sensing is based on the change of the germanium
refractive index as function of the hydrostatic pressure P . The resonant wavelength will shift when pressure
variation induces change in the refractive indexes of the structure. The pressure variation causes the shifting of
defect modes. The properties of the refractive index sensor are simulated using the finite-difference time-domain
algorithm and the plane wave expansion method. These kinds of sensors have many advantages in compactness,
high sensitivity, and various choices of materials.
DOI: 10.12693/APhysPolA.131.68
PACS/topics: 42.70.Qs, 78.67.Pt, 07.07.Df, 42.79.–e
1. Introduction 2. 2D sensor design
The photonic crystal (PhC) explores a new research The structure presented in this work consists of a pe-
direction in optical sensing field. Photonic crystal is a periodic disposition of 31 × 31 matrix of air holes (nair = 1)
riodic dielectric structure with lattice parameter on the with a radius of r = 0.43a in a germanium (Ge) slab, this
order of wavelength of propagated electromagnetic wave. structure is organized in a triangular lattice with a spa-
One of very important characteristics of photonic crystal tial period, a = 550 nm (with index profile of germanium
is its light confinement and controlling property. These slab (nGe ≈ 4.0) and air (nair = 1)) (Fig. 1a). Utilizing
characteristics allowed the crystal to use in various sen- the triangular PhCs is practically important since they
sing applications [1–3]. The photonic crystal sensors has have a large band gap (the largest band gap for trans-
received considerable attention in developing label-free verse electric (TE) polarization in the connected struc-
pressure sensor, besides, refractive index (RI) change is ture, and transverse magnetic (TM) in the deconnected
directly linked to the existence of the force onto a sen- structure) and it is expected to serve as a good platform
sing surface of the device, the refractive index sensor can for photonic integrated circuits and ultra-compact opti-
realize sensitive detection with small sample volumes. cal sensors [5]. Figure 1b shows a preliminary analysis of
In this work, we design new pressure sensor based on a dispersion diagram showing normalized frequency versus
2D photonic crystal waveguide incorporating with micro- the wave vector for TM modes of the 2D photonic cry-
cavity to sense small refractive index changes. The pro- stal. It has been calculated along the Γ −K−M −Γ edge
posed RI sensor is formed with waveguides and a microca- for the Brillouin zone by employing a 2D PWE method
vity in the PhC with a triangular lattice of air holes. The of the RSoft (Band SOLVE) software. The regular PhC
sensing principle is based on the shift of resonance wave- structure exhibits a large band gap between 1271.2 nm
length, which occurs due to the change in RI of the sensor and 2286.6 nm for TM polarization.
when the germanium PhC’s refractive index is changed In photonic crystal with proper periodicity no wave-
by the application of a hydrostatic pressure onto a sen- length is allowed to propagate in the range of photonic
sing surface. The sensor is appropriate for detecting ho- band gap (PBG). The localization of light can be obtai-
mogeneous pressure. A theoretical model is developed to ned in the range of PBG by inducing defect (cavity and
evaluate the change of the refractive index of 2D photonic waveguide) [1].
crystal induced by the application of the pressure onto Our proposed pressure sensor is formed with waveguide
a sensing surface. The properties of the sensor are si- incorporating with microcavity. The waveguide is obtai-
mulated using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) ned by removing one row of air holes in the Γ K direction.
algorithm and the plane wave expansion (PWE) met- The microcavity is obtained by removing only one hole
hod. Based on a previous paper [4], the present paper near the wave guide as shown in Fig. 1a. The incident
describes a new kind of pressure sensor using germanium source is a Gauss impulse light with a wave length of
slab, since this material is compatible with the standard 1.55 µm (which is a standard WL for telecom devices)
CMOS processing of the microelectronics industry. located at the input of the waveguide and the monitor is
placed at the end of the waveguide.
The sensor exploits the variation of the germanium
refractive index, when a hydrostatic pressure P is app-
∗ corresponding author; e-mail: T.Zouache@univ-msila.dz lied to its sensitive surface (Fig. 2). The relation between
(68)
Design of Pressure Sensor Based on Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystal. . . 69
Fig. 1. (a) The designed pressure sensor, (b) calculated photonic band gap.
Fig. 3. Transmittance of the sensor at 0 pressure.

Fig. 2. Ge refractive index as a function of pressure.
hydrostatic pressure P and germanium relative permit- pressures change. This result is also shown in Fig. 4b.
tivity is given by [6]: From Fig. 4a,b we can see clearly that the response of
√ p the designed sensor has a good transmittance and also
nGe = εrGe = 15.94 − 0.36P + 0.014P 2 . (1) for the region corresponding to high P , the peak positi-
This relation allows to have the εrGe of germanium known ons are narrower. This can be explained by the existence
at ambient pressure given by literature [7, 8] with an of a relatively strong non-linearity in the nGe vs. pressure
accuracy of 5%. curve for this value of P .
Using the relation (1) we draw the variation of the The microcavity gives a shift of 15.8 nm, equivalent to
germanium refractive index for a range of pressure from the sensitivity of 362.38 nm/RIU for a change in RI value
0 GPa to 10 GPa. The results are shown in Fig. 2. of 0.0436 (which corresponds to the change of 1 GPa of
This curve shows a low non-linearity dependence of pressure, Fig. 4a). For RI measurements, the sensitivity
refractive index as a function of applied pressure. This (S) is calculated as the ratio of resonance wavelength λ0
means that we can use the considered range of pressure shift and the change in the RI and its unit is given by
in our sensor simulation. nm/RIU.
Figure 3 shows the transmittance obtained when ex- The sensitivity is the most important performance
citing only the wave guide (red curve) and then when indicator that is worth investigating. It is calculated as
exciting the microcavity (black curve) for a RI of ger- the ratio of resonant wavelength shift and the change in
manium corresponding to a 0 GPa pressure. The re- the pressure and its unit is given by nm/GPa. It depends
sponse of the sensor for this last case is a peak located at on the shift in resonant wavelength; the more shift is,
λ0 = 1566.65 nm which corresponds to its response for an the higher is the sensitivity. It is obtained from the
ambient pressure. This curve is very important because relation
all shifts of λ corresponding to the non-ambient applied ∆λ ∆λ ∆n
pressures are measured with respect to λ0 positions. ∆SP = = . (2)
∆P ∆n ∆P
Now, knowing the λ0 position we draw our sensor re- The obtained results are shown in Fig. 5. From
sponse for a pressure variation from 0 GPa to 10 GPa this figure we see clearly that the sensitivity of sen-
with 1 GPa step and the results are presented in Fig. 4a. sor can reach 15.8 nm/GPa, the results show that
This figure shows the existence of a λ shifting when the sensitivity decreases and reaches the lowest value
70 T. Zouache et al.
Fig. 4. (a) Transmittance for different applied pressure within the range 0–10 GPa. (b) The pressure vs. the output
drop wavelength.
References
[1] J.D. Joannopoulos, S.G. Johnson, J.N. Winn,

R.D. Meade, Photonic Crystals: Molding the Flow
of Light, 2nd ed., Princeton University Press, Prince-
ton (NJ) 2008.
[2] A. Hocini, A. Harhouz, J. Nanophoton. 10, 016007
(2016).
[3] A. Harhouz, A. Hocini, J. Electromagn. Wave Appl.
29, 659 (2015).
[4] T. Stomeo, M. Grande, A. Qualtieri, A. Passaseo,
A. Salhi, M. De Vittorio, D. Biallo, A. D’orazio,
M. de Sario, V. Marrocco, V. Petruzzelli, F. Pruden-
zano, Microelectron. Eng. 84, 1450 (2007).
[5] A. Kahlouche, A. Hocini, D. Khedrouche, J. Comp.
Electron. 13, 490 (2014).
Fig. 5. Sensitivity s variation with a change of pres-
sure. [6] A.R. Goni, K. Syassen, M. Cardona, Phys. Rev. B
41, 10104 (1990).
of sensitivity 10.15 nm/GPa. Comparing with other pres- [7] H.K. Mao, Science 200, 1145 (1978).
sure sensor using PhCs which has a sensitivity of about [8] M. Kobayashi, T. Nagahama, Y. Nisida, in: Proc.
13.9 nm/GPa under the dynamic range between 0 and 18th Int. Conf. on the Physics of Semiconductors,
2 GPa [9] our designed sensor has higher sensitivity. Stockholm 1986, Ed. O.Engstrom, World Scientific,
Singapore 1986.
3. Conclusion
[9] Shangbin Tao, Deyuan Chen, Juebin Wang, Jing
In this paper we propose a new design of a PhC strain- Qiao, Yali Duan, Photon. Sens. 6, 137 (2016).
sensitive device (pressure sensor) consisting of a PhC
waveguide (PhCW) coupled to a PhC microcavity obtai-
ned by creating a point defect in the regular 2D periodic
pattern based on germanium slab. The refractive index
of Ge changes along with the applied pressure due to the
photo-elastic effect. Through simulation, we have found
that the resonant wavelength shifts and follows a linear
law. The designed sensor detects pressure from 0 GPa
to 10 GPa. The sensitivity of pressure sensor can reach
15.8 nm/GPa. The results of simulation give an impor-
tant step to achieve a monolithic integration of pressure
sensor.
Modeling and analysis of the
temperature sensitivity in two-
dimensional photonic crystal
microcavity
Abdesselam Hocini
Ahlam Harhouz
Modeling and analysis of the temperature sensitivity in
two-dimensional photonic crystal microcavity
Abdesselam Hocini* and Ahlam Harhouz

Mohamed Boudiaf University of M’sila, Laboratoire d’Analyse des Signaux et Systèmes,
Department of Electronics, BP.166, Route Ichebilia, M’sila 28000, Algeria
Abstract. We propose a temperature sensor design based on the two-dimensional (2-D) photonic
crystals (PhCs) microcavity coupled to two waveguides. We consider a Si 2-D PhC, and the
refractive index (RI) of distilled water in holes has been taken as temperature dependent.
The resonant wavelength will shift when temperature variation induces change in the RIs of
the distilled water. The temperature variation causes the shifting of defect modes. The transmis-
sion characteristics of light in the sensor under different RIs that correspond to the change in
temperatures are simulated by using the finite-difference time-domain method. A sensitivity of
84 pm∕°C was achieved with the structure proposed. This property can be exploited in the
design of a temperature sensor. © 2016 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)
[DOI: 10.1117/1.JNP.10.016007]
Keywords: two-dimensional photonic crystal; temperature sensor; microcavity; waveguide;
finite-difference time-domain method; refractive index.
Paper 15084 received Aug. 19, 2015; accepted for publication Feb. 3, 2016; published online
Feb. 19, 2016.
1 Introduction
Photonic crystals (PhCs), which were independently proposed by Yablonovitch and John in
1987, are periodic arrays of dielectric materials, and they have a photonic bandgap (PBG),
which is the essential physical characteristic of this material.1,2 This PBG is a function of
the refractive index (RI) modulation that defines the crystal. While most RI sensing approaches
rely on the interaction between a weak evanescent wave and the analyte, PhCs allow strong light
confinement to the sensing region, potentially even primarily within the analyte itself. PhCs are
attractive optical structures for controlling and manipulating the flow of light. Various devices,
such as smaller optical waveguides, microscopic optical cavities, and PBG structures, open up
various possibilities for photonic devices.3 Recently, PhC-based sensing technology has gained
much attention. PhCs present an effective solution for achieving high performance in sensing
applications.4,5 Different types of RI optical sensor devices, such as temperature, pressure, and
gas sensors, have been designed based on the PhC structure.6–10
Sensors based on PhC waveguides incorporated with microcavities11–17 have high sensitivity,
easy extension to sensor arrays, various choices of materials, and the capability of parallel meas-
urement. Additionally, sensors based on two-dimensional (2-D) PhC configuration are capable
of achieving high sensitivity for RI sensing. Analyte infiltration in PhCs changes the RI contrast,
which changes the effective index of the slab and thus changes the output spectrum accordingly.
In general, the shift in wavelength of a particular reference level corresponding to the change in
the output spectrum is directly related to the filling factor, i.e., the area available for sensing.18
In this study, a temperature sensor is designed based on a 2-D PhC structure with a triangular
lattice of air holes. It is formed by two waveguides and one microcavity. The 2-D finite-differ-
ence time-domain (FDTD) method with perfectly matched layer (PML) is employed to simulate
and research its sensing characteristics. A PML is an artificial absorbing layer for wave equa-
tions, commonly used to truncate computational regions in numerical methods to simulate
*Address all correspondence to: Abdesselam Hocini, E-mail: abdesselam.hocini@univ-msila.dz

1934-2608/2016/$25.00 © 2016 SPIE
Journal of Nanophotonics 016007-1 Jan–Mar 2016 • Vol. 10(1)

Hocini and Harhouz: Modeling and analysis of the temperature sensitivity in two-dimensional photonic. . .
problems with open boundaries. It is designed so that the waves incident upon the PML from a
non-PML medium do not reflect at the interface. This property allows the PML to strongly
absorb outgoing waves from the interior of a computational region without reflecting them
back into the interior.
Sensitivity of the sensor is estimated by infiltrating liquids of different RIs, and the change of
the RI of the Si wafer is with temperature; then we calculate the shift in the resonance wavelength
λ0 , which occurs due to the change in RI of the sensor when the PhC’s air holes are full of
distilled water. The RI of distilled water is from n ¼ 1.323 to 1.333, and the RI of the Si
wafer is from nSi ¼ 3.4278 to 3.4186, corresponding to a change in temperature from
T ¼ 90°C to 20°C.19,20 The relationship between the resonance wavelength λ0 in the transmission
spectra and the change in temperature is analyzed. Additionally, the structural parameters of the
sensor impact on sensitivity are analyzed to optimize the performance.
2 Analyses
The electromagnetic fields’ evolution and the transmission spectra are calculated by using the
FDTD. This method has been one of the most commonly used to simulate the interaction of
electromagnetic waves with complex systems.21 The electric and magnetic fields are evaluated
at different grid points in leapfrog and staggered grid forms. The Maxwell’s equations are written
as follows:22
∂Hx 1 ∂Ez
¼− ; (1)
∂t μ ∂y
EQ-TARGET;temp:intralink-;e001;116;489
∂H y 1 ∂Ez
¼ ; (2)
∂t μ ∂x

∂Ez 1 ∂Hy ∂H x
¼ − − σEz ; (3)
∂t ε ∂x ∂y
where μ is the permeability, ε represents the permittivity, and σ is the conductivity.

In this work, the structure is actuated with a Gaussian pulse with transverse magnetic (TM)
mode into the first waveguide, then the resonant wavelength is detected from the end of the
second waveguide. The electromagnetic field components of TM polarization consist of H x ,
H y , and Ez .
The spatial and temporal steps are related through the following equation:
1
Δt ≤ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ; (4)
c Δx2 þ Δy1 2
1
where c is the speed of light in vacuum and Δx and Δy are the spatial steps in the x and y
directions, respectively. In order to terminate the computational domain, the PMLs are
employed.23
3 Simulation, Results, and Discussion

The host structure presented in this work consists of a triangular lattice of a spatial period,
a ¼ 470 nm. It is formed by a periodic disposition of air holes (r ¼ 190 nm) in a silicon
(Si) wafer. The index profile of the silicon slab is nSi ¼ 3.42, and that of air is nair ¼ 1
[Fig. 1(a)]. Utilizing the triangular PhCs is practically important, since they have a large trans-
verse electric bandgap and it is expected to serve as a good platform for photonic integrated
circuits and ultracompact optical sensors.24 Currently, the best way to extract the PBG of
PhCs is the numerical methods. Some of the best software for calculating the PBG using
plane wave expansion (PWE) is BandSOLVE.25,26 PWE theory is applied to solve complex

Fig. 1 (a) Sight of top of the PhC with a triangular lattice (19 × 13), with a ¼ 470 nm and
r ¼ 190 nm. (b) Dispersion curves and bandgaps for TM and TE polarizations for the 2-D lattice
without defects.
Maxwell fully vectorial equations for 2-D periodic dielectric structures. The PBG diagram can be
reached by continuously connecting the obtained normalized frequency ωa∕2πc ð¼ a∕λÞ with
the corresponding k value along these lines for each band. Fortunately, for the most common
applications of locating and optimizing bandgaps and calculating the dispersion relation of
defect modes, it is only necessary to examine a small subset of points in the first Brillouin
zone. Figure 1(b) shows a preliminary analysis of dispersion diagram showing normalized fre-
quency versus the wave vector for TM modes of the 2-D PhC. It has been calculated along the
Γ-K-M-Γ edge for the BZ by employing a 2-D PWE method of the RSoft (BandSOLVE) soft-
ware. The regular PhC structure exhibits a large bandgap between 1135 and 1860 nm for TM
polarization; the device also shows smaller bandgaps for TE polarization.
The proposed structure is formed with two waveguide couplers and one microcavity in the
PhC with a triangular lattice of air holes (Fig. 2). The two waveguides are obtained by removing
one row of air holes in the ΓK direction. They are used to couple light in and out of the PhC
microcavity. A simple microcavity was formed by removing one hole in the center of PhC struc-
ture, and it is separated from the input and output waveguides by three holes of the PhC. The
incident source is Gauss pulse located at the input of the first waveguide. An important parameter
that is properly designed to increase sensing performance in the single-line PhC waveguide sen-
sor is the radius of holes localized at both sides of the line defect.17,27–29
In principle, a higher quality factor and high transmittance allow more sensitive detection in
the photonic sensor, and numerical simulations show that a weak sensitivity leads to a low trans-
mittance and/or low quality factor.30–37 Therefore, the designed high-sensitivity sensor can be
adjusted by changing either the radius (r 0 ) of the air holes localized at each side of the line defect

Fig. 2 The design proposed on a hole-type PhC structure of lattice constant (a ¼ 470 nm) and
hole radius (r ¼ 190 nm). The structure consists of waveguide 1, microcavity, and waveguide 2,
and r 0 is the radius of holes localized at each side of waveguide (r 0 ¼ 0.18; 0.19; 0.2, and
0.21 μm). Pulsed light is launched from the left (arrow) and the output is measured at the right
(time monitor).
to enhance the transmission31,38–40 or the distance between the two waveguides and the cavity by
adjusting the number of holes (the number of holes is increased from 2 to 4).10,17,30
In order to study the sensitivity of the sensor as a function of the radius of holes localized at
both sides of the two line defects, the initial radius is set to r ¼ 0.19 μm. This dimension was
chosen in order to maintain as large a PBG as possible. Using FDTD, the iteration of the sim-
ulation is repeated for given values of the parameter r (r 0 ¼ 0.18, 0.19, 0.2, and 0.21 μm)
(Fig. 2). Hence, the process is one in which we determine the corresponding output transmission
spectrum for infiltration of distilled water for different temperatures (n ¼ 1.323 to 1.333 cor-
responds to the change in temperature from T ¼ 90°C to 20°C) for this design, and at the same
time, we consider the thermal expansion and thermal-optic effects and the lattice constant, and
the RI of the Si wafer will change with the temperature. The RI of the Si wafer is isotropic, and
the change with temperature is given by20
n ¼ 3.38ð1 þ 3.9 × 10−5 TÞ77 < T < 400 ðTKelvinÞ:

EQ-TARGET;temp:intralink-;sec3;116;404
For estimating the functionality of the structure, distilled water is supposed to be in contact
with the sensor. In simulation, it is carried out by changing the RI of the holes from 1.323 (dis-
tilled water at 90°C) to 1.333 (distilled water at 20°C). This leads to a shift in the output trans-
mission spectrum that corresponds to the change in the RI. Figures 3 and 4 show the resonant
Fig. 3 Resonance wavelength shift for various proposed designs for change in RI from 1.323 to
1.333, corresponding to the change in temperature from T ¼ 90°C to 20°C.

Fig. 4 Transmission of the sensor for various proposed designs for change in RI from 1.323 to
1.333, corresponding to the change in temperature from T ¼ 90°C to 20°C.
wavelength and transmission of the sensor using the FDTD method with the PML boundary
condition.
The FDTD method applied by the grid size (Δx; Δz) of 45 nm was considered when the
lattice constant is 450 nm, so the resolution is set to 10 (i.e., with a grid size of a∕10,
where a represents the lattice constant). A normalized central frequency of Gauss pulse source
is centered at 0.32 (2πc∕a), pulsed light is launched from the left (arrow), and the output is
measured at the right (time monitor); the time step of 0.035a∕c is employed. All the simulations
are carried out with the same mesh size and time step for future comparable results. The FDTD
method depends on meshing the structure, thus the important effect to observe is the dependence
of the results on mesh size. Reducing the mesh size should converge the results to some limit;
however, reduction of mesh size also reduces the time step, which can make comparison of the
results not straightforward. In the x and z directions, when the mesh is reduced from 45 to
22.5 nm (halved), the results remain almost invariant; thus, it shows that the method has
converged.
Figures 3 and 4 show clearly that the design with r 0 ¼ 0.2 μm is sensitive for all values of RI.
The design with r 0 ¼ 0.18 μm has the lowest transmission between 43.5% and 44.3%. Also, it is
observed that designs with r 0 ¼ 0.180; 0.19, and 0.21 μm are very low sensitive for several val-
ues of RI (Fig. 3). It can be observed that the enlarged holes localized at both sides of the two
waveguides have a stronger transmission. As a result, the variation of the resonant wavelength is
very sensitive to the variation of RI due to the large degree of light–matter interaction inside the
two waveguides and the cavity.
It can easily be seen from Figs. 3 and 4 that the design with r 0 ¼ 0.2 μm has the highest
transmission and sensitivity among the various designs. To ensure the functionality of this
design, we have compared it with other designs where we change the number of air holes around
the cavity (Fig. 5).
In order to achieve high transmission and sensitivity, the number of air holes separating the
two waveguides was optimized. The iteration of the simulation is repeated for given values of the
number of air holes (1, 2, 3, and 4). The FDTD method is used to calculate the transmission as a
function of RI varying from 1.323 to 1.333 (corresponding to the change in temperature from
T ¼ 90°C to 20°C) (Fig. 6).
It is clear from Figs. 6 and 7 that the transmission is higher for the structure of two holes, but
this has a very low sensitivity when the variation of RI is around these values: 1.325, 1.326, 1.33,
and 1.331 (resonant wavelength: 1.390272, 1.390277, 1.391953, and 1.391955 μm, respec-
tively). For the structures consisting of one and four holes around the cavity, the transmission
is the lowest (between 51% and 54%). The results show that for the structure with three air holes,
the transmission is higher (between 81% and 83.5%), and it is sensitive for all values of RI from

Fig. 5 The optimization of the length of the waveguide. The length of the waveguide is varied
when the number of air holes between the cavity and the waveguide is changed from 1 to 4
correspondingly.
Fig. 6 The relation of the transmission and RI.
Fig. 7 The relation of the resonant wavelength and RI.

n ¼ 1.323 to 1.334 (Fig. 7). Changing the number of holes around the cavity is a variation of the
length of the central waveguide L, which causes a change in the sensitivity and transmission.
Consequently, we have noticed that the design with r 0 ¼ 0.2 μm and three air holes around
the cavity has the highest transmission. With these parameters, our designed PhC microcavity
gives a shift of 4.25 nm, for a change in RI value of 0.01.
The transmission spectra of resonant mode peak wavelengths under different temperatures
are calculated by the FDTD method. Figure 8 shows the output spectrum of the sensor with
respect to temperatures of distilled water ranging from 90°C to 20°C. A shift of 0.44 nm in
the resonant wavelength is achieved for a change of 0.001 in RI.
Figure 8 depicts the peak of the transmission spectra as a function of the temperature.
Obviously, the peak shifts to lower wavelengths with the increase of the temperature.
Figure 9 shows the resonant wavelengths shift as a function of the temperature changes. It can
be seen from the figure that the resonance wavelength shifts down when the temperature
increases. The temperature sensitivity is defined as Δλ∕ΔT (pm∕°C), and from the proposed
design structure (with r 0 ¼ 0.2 μm and three air holes around the cavity), we can achieve
a sensitivity of 84 pm∕°C for a measurement temperature range between 20°C and 90°C.
Fig. 8 Transmission of the temperature sensor (with r 0 ¼ 0.2 μm and three air holes around the
cavity) versus the RI ranging from 1.323 to 1.333, corresponding to the change in temperature
from 90°C to 20°C.
Fig. 9 The resonance wavelengths of the temperature sensor versus the temperature.

Finally, the light emitted from the source propagates through waveguide 1 and is coupled to
waveguide 2 through the microcavity, and the corresponding transmission spectrum is detected
by a spectrometer. The PhC microcavity should be selected carefully in order to realize the high
sensitivity and the wide measurement range. Meanwhile, the higher transmission efficiency can
be realized by optimizing the parameters of the waveguides. The detected spectrum has a
Lorentzian line shape, and the peak occurs when the PhC cavity is at resonance. When the
PhC’s air holes are full of distilled water, the resonance wavelength of this sensor will shift
accordingly due to the variation of RI when the temperature of distilled water changes.
Waveguide 1 and waveguide 2 are assigned to promote transmission efficiency. Therefore, with
a proper operating frequency, the structure can work as an ultracompact RI sensor. There are two
advantages of this device: one is that only a small amount of sample analytes would be needed,
thus fast response detection is possible. The other is that a high sensitivity and miniature RI
sensor could be realized due to the excellent resonant properties of the PhC cavity.
4 Conclusion
An analysis of the sensitivity and the transmission of a 2-D PhC structure formed by two wave-
guides and one microcavity as a function of two parameters (size of holes and number of holes)
has been presented using the FDTD method to provide theoretical predictions that certain geom-
etries can lead to high-sensitivity and high-transmission performance.
In order to enhance the sensitivity of the sensor, we have modified the design by enlarging the
dimensions of holes localized at each side of the waveguide and by changing the number of air
holes around the microcavity. The temperature measurement is attributed to the resonance wave-
length λ0 shift resulting from the thermal-optic effect of distilled water. A temperature sensitivity
of 84 pm∕°C has been obtained by 2-D FDTD simulations.
References
1. E. Yablonovitch, “Inhibited spontaneous emission in solid-state physics and electronics,”
Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2059–2062 (1987).
2. S. John, “Localization of photons in certain disordered dielectric superlattices,” Phys. Rev.
Lett. 58, 2486–2489 (1987).
3. H. Benisty et al., “Recent advances toward optical devices in semiconductor based photonic
crystals,” Proc. IEEE 94, 997–1023 (2006).
4. R. V. Nair and R. Vijaya, “Photonic crystal sensors: an overview,” Prog. Quantum Electron.
34(3), 89–134 (2010).
5. O. Frazao et al., “Optical sensing with photonic crystal fiber,” Laser Photonics Rev. 2, 449–
459 (2008).
6. S. Colodrero et al., “Response of nanoparticle-based one-dimensional photonic crystals to
ambient vapor pressure,” Langmuir 24(16), 9135–9139 (2008).
7. F. Hai-Wei et al., “Study on a novel photonic crystal temperature sensor,” Optoelectron.
Lett. 7(6), 419–422 (2011).
8. J. Derbali, F. AbdelMalek, and H. Bouchriha, “A novel design of a photonic crystal sensor
with improved sensitivity,” Optik 124(19), 3936–3939 (2013).
9. T. Chen et al., “Terahertz gas sensing based on a simple one-dimensional photonic crystal
cavity with high-quality factors,” Appl. Opt. 53(16), 3454–3458 (2014).
10. J. R. García, M. G. Granda, and S. Fernández, “Planar waveguide photonic crystals as an
alternative for refractive index optical sensors design: theoretical evaluation,” J. Mod. Opt.
56(7), 927–935 (2009).
11. J. D. Joannopoulos et al., Photonic Crystals: Molding the Flow of Light, Princeton
University Press, Princeton, New Jersey (2011).
12. S. Mandal and D. Erickson, “Nanoscale optofluidic sensor arrays,” Opt. Express 16(3),
1623–1631 (2008).
13. X. Wang et al., “Ultracompact refractive index sensor based on microcavity in the sand-
wiched photonic crystal waveguide,” Opt. Commun. 281(6), 1725–1731 (2008).

14. L. Huang et al., “Optimization of figure of merit in label-free biochemical sensors by

designing a ring defect coupled resonator,” Opt. Commun. 332, 42–49 (2014).
15. L. Huang et al., “Label-free optical sensor by designing a high-Q photonic crystal ring–slot
structure,” Opt. Commun. 335, 73–77 (2015).
16. J. Zhou et al., “Integration of high transmittance photonic crystal H2 nanocavity and broad-
band W1 waveguide for biosensing applications based on silicon-on-insulator substrate,”
Opt. Commun. 330, 175–183 (2014).
17. A. Harhouz and A. Hocini, “Design of high-sensitive biosensor based on cavity-waveguides
coupling in 2D photonic crystal,” J. Electromagn. Wave Appl. 29(5), 659–667 (2015).
18. H. S. Dutta, A. K. Goyal, and S. Pal, “Sensitivity enhancement in photonic crystal wave-
guide platform for refractive index sensing applications,” J. Nanophotonics 5(1), 053505
(2011).
19. J. B. Hawkes and R. W. Astherimer, “Temperature coefficient of the refractive index of
water,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 38(9), 804–806 (1948).
20. D. K. Schroder, R. N. Thomos, and J. C. Swartz, “Free carrier absorption in silicon,” IEEE
Trans. Electron Devices 25(2), 254–261 (1978).
21. J. B. Jensen et al., “Photonic crystal fiber based evanescent-wave sensor for detection of
biomolecules in aqueous solutions,” Opt. Lett. 29(17), 1974–1976 (2004).
22. K. S. Yee, “Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving Maxwell’s
equations in isotropic media,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 14(3), 302–307 (1966).
23. J. P. Berenger, “A perfectly matched layer for the absorption of electromagnetic waves,”
J. Comput. Phys. 114(2), 185–200 (1994).
24. A. Kahlouche, A. Hocini, and D. Khedrouche, “Band-gap properties of 2D photonic crystal
made by silica matrix doped with magnetic nanoparticles,” J. Comput. Electron. 13(2), 490–
495 (2014).
25. B. Hamed and M. Farhad, “Bandgap calculation of 2D hexagonal photonic crystal struc-
tures based on regression,” J. Opt. Commun. 33, 285–293 (2013).
26. F. Lacour, A. Sabac, and M. Spajer, “Nanostructuring optical waveguides by focused ion
beam milling. near-field characterization,” J. Korean Phys. Soc. 47, S175–S181 (2005).
27. F. Bougriou et al., “Optofluidic sensor using two-dimensional photonic crystal wave-
guides,” Eur. Phys. J.: Appl. Phys. 62(1), 11201–11205 (2013).
28. F. Bougriou et al., “Sensitivity analysis of a photonic crystal waveguide for refraction index
sensing,” Phys. Scr. 2012, 014064 (2012).
29. L. Zhanga et al., “Study of photonic crystal cavity sensor integrated with microfluidic chan-
nel in the visible region,” Proc. SPIE 8561, 85610A (2012).
30. Y.-N. Zhang, Y. Zhao, and Q. Wang, “Measurement of methane concentration with cryp-
tophane E infiltrated photonic crystal microcavity,” Sens. Actuators, B 209, 431–437
(2015).
31. H. S. Dutta and S. Pal, “Design of a highly sensitive photonic crystal waveguide platform
for refractive index based biosensing,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 45(9), 907–917 (2013).
32. S. Najafgholinezhad and S. Olyaee, “A photonic crystal biosensor with temperature depend-
ency investigation of micro-cavity resonator,” Optik 125(21), 6562–6565 (2014).
33. C. Yang et al., “193 nm lithography fabricated high sensitivity photonic crystal microcavity
biosensors for plasma protein detection in patients with pancreatic cancer,” presented at
CLEO Biosensing, Paper STu4K, Optical Society of America (2015).
34. S. Olyaee and S. Najafgholinezhad, “Computational study of a label-free biosensor based
on a photonic crystal nanocavity resonator,” Appl. Opt. 52(29), 7206–7213 (2013).
35. W. Liang et al., “Highly sensitive fiber Bragg grating refractive index sensors,” Appl. Phys.
Lett. 86, 151122 (2005).
36. A. K. Goyal and S. Pal, “Design and simulation of high sensitive photonic crystal wave-
guide sensor,” Optik 126(2), 240–243 (2015).
37. J. Zhou et al., “Refractive index sensing utilizing parallel tapered nano-slotted photonic
crystal nano beam cavities,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 31(8), 1746–1752 (2014).
38. F. Bougriou et al., “High sensitivity of sensors based on two-dimensional photonic crystal,”
in the first Saudi Int. Electronics, Communications and Electronics Conference
(SIECPC’11), IEEE, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (2011).

39. S. Xiao et al., “Proposal of highly sensitive optofluidic sensors based on dispersive photonic
crystal waveguides,” J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 9(9), S463–S467 (2007).
40. S. H. Kwon et al., “Ultrahigh-Q photonic crystal cavity created by modulating air hole
radius of a waveguide,” Opt. Express 16(7), 4605–4614 (2008).
Abdesselam Hocini received his PhD, Magister, and Engineer degrees in electronics instrumen-
tation from Constantine University, Algeria, in 2008, 2002, and 2000, respectively. Currently, he
is an assistant professor in the Electronics Department at Mohamed Boudiaf University of
M’sila, Algeria. His research interests include the design and characterization of photonic devi-
ces. In particular, his research concerns sensing solar cells and realizing advanced functional
photonic crystal devices.
Ahlam Harhouz is a PhD student in electronics at the Electronics Department of Mohamed

Boudiaf University of M’sila, Algeria. After receiving her Engineer degrees in electronics in
industrial control from the same department and her Magister in modern communications sys-
tems from l’Université des sciences et de la Technologies d’Oran USTO, she started her PhD in
2013. Currently, her interests are focused on the design and characterization of photonic devices.
In particular, her research concerns sensing based on photonic crystals and realizing advanced
functional photonic crystal devices.

This article was downloaded by: [105.103.240.238]
On: 02 April 2015, At: 07:08
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered
office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and

Applications
Publication details, including instructions for authors and
subscription information:
http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tewa20
Design of high-sensitive biosensor

based on cavity-waveguides coupling in
2D photonic crystal
a a
Ahlam Harhouz & Abdesselam Hocini
a
Département d’Electronique, Faculté de Technologie, Université
Mohamed boudiaf de M’sila, BP.166, Route Ichebilia, M’sila 28000,
Algeria
Published online: 05 Mar 2015.
Click for updates
To cite this article: Ahlam Harhouz & Abdesselam Hocini (2015) Design of high-sensitive biosensor
based on cavity-waveguides coupling in 2D photonic crystal, Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and
Applications, 29:5, 659-667, DOI: 10.1080/09205071.2015.1012597
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2015.1012597
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the
“Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis,
our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to
the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions
and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors,
and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content
should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources
of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims,
proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or
howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising
out of the use of the Content.
This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any
substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing,
systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms &
Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-
and-conditions
Downloaded by [105.103.240.238] at 07:08 02 April 2015
Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 2015
Vol. 29, No. 5, 659–667, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2015.1012597
Design of high-sensitive biosensor based on cavity-waveguides

coupling in 2D photonic crystal
Ahlam Harhouz and Abdesselam Hocini*
Département d’Electronique, Faculté de Technologie, Université Mohamed boudiaf de M’sila,

BP.166, Route Ichebilia, M’sila 28000, Algeria
(Received 9 December 2014; accepted 23 January 2015)
In this work, we design a new biosensor concept that uses a microcavity in 2D

photonic crystal (PhC) to sense small refractive index (RI) changes. The RI sensor
is formed by a point-defect resonant cavity in the sandwiched waveguide with
triangular lattice of air holes. The properties of the sensor are simulated using the
finite-difference time-domain method. The calculation results show that a change in
ambient RI is apparent; the sensitivity of the sensor is achieved. We succeeded to
obtain a new sensitivity value of 425 nm/RIU with a detection limit of 0.001 RIU,
which proves the ability of the structure to produce biosensor PhC.
Keywords: photonic crystals; biosensor; microcavity; waveguide; refractive index
1. Introduction
Photonic crystals (PhC) are periodic dielectric materials with the capability to control
and manipulate light propagation. The periodicity can be formed by etching holes in a
dielectric material that provides the photonic band gap, and then, a range of frequency
over which propagation is strictly forbidden.[1–3] PhC have been used in a wide range
of applications such as bend waveguides, filters, sensors, lasers, amplifiers, and
resonators.
Their applications as biosensors have known an increasing development in recent
years; these rapid advances in photonic technologies have significantly improved the
detection performance, especially in the areas of light–analyte interaction and miniaturi-
zation of the device. The PhC-based structures are very promising for microfluidics
sensing as the holes can be injected with analytes that can provide variation in refrac-
tive index (RI) and hence manipulate the dispersion of photonic crystal waveguides
(PhCW).[4] Among previous biosensor using PhCs, the change of RI is Dn ¼ 0:1226,
Dn ¼ 0:0056 and Dn ¼ 0:001 using waveguide, microcavity laser structure,[5,6] and
microcavity in sandwiched PhCW structure, respectively.[7] Recently, Dutta and Pal [8]
have proposed a new PhCW platform for RI-based biosensing, the structure consists of
a triangular arrangement of holes in a SOI substrate with a lattice constant of 500 nm
and a hole radius of 200 nm, the defect-line is modified and optimized, which leads to
a sensitivity (Δλ/Δn) of 260 nm/RIU with a detection limit of 0.001 RIU. Biosensors
based on PhC waveguides incorporating with microcavities have many advantages in
*Corresponding author. Email: hocini74@yahoo.fr
© 2015 Taylor & Francis

660 A. Harhouz and A. Hocini
compactness, high sensitivity and quality (Q) factor, easy extension to sensor arrays
and various choices of materials, and capability of parallel measurement.[7,9–13]
In this paper, we present a new design of a biosensor formed by two waveguides
and one microcavity in a PhC with a triangular lattice of air holes. The PhC microcavi-
ty location should be selected carefully in order to realize the high sensitivity and the
wide measurement range. Meanwhile, the higher transmission efficiency can be realized
by optimizing the parameters of the waveguides. With this structure, we can achieve a
better resolution and a wider measurement range of RI. The sensing principle is based
on the shift of resonance wavelength λ0, which occurs due to the change in RI of the
sensor when the PhC’s air holes are full of homogenous deionized water (n = 1.33) or
other liquid (distilled water n = 1.3147, methanol n = 1.316, acetone n = 1.3445,
isopropyl alcohol n = 1.363 [14]). The properties of the sensor are simulated using the
finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm (RSoft CAD).
2. Theory and principle

The electromagnetic fields evolution and the transmission spectra are calculated using
the FDTD method. This method has been one of the most commonly used to simulate
the interaction of electromagnetic waves with complex systems.[15] The electric and
magnetic fields are evaluated at different grid points in leapfrog and staggered grid
forms. The Maxwell’s equations are written as follows [16]:
@Hx 1 @Ez
¼ (1)
@t l @y
@Hy 1 @Ez
¼ (2)
@t l @x

@Ez 1 @Hy @Hx
¼ rEz (3)
@t e @x @y
where μ is the permeability, ε represents the permittivity, and σ is the conductivity.
In this work, the structure is actuated with a Gaussian pulse with transverse mag-
netic (TM) mode into the first waveguide, and then, the resonant wavelength is detected
from the end of the second waveguide. The electromagnetic field components of TM
polarization consist of Hx, Hy, and Ez.
The spatial and temporal steps are related through this equation:
1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Dt Dx2 þ Dy2 (4)
c
where c is the speed of light in vacuum, and Δx and Δy are spatial steps in the x- and
y-directions, respectively. In order to terminate the computational domain, the perfectly
matched layers (PMLs) are employed.[17]
3. Design and simulation

3.1. Geometric parameters
The host structure of PhC is realized in a silicon (Si) wafer. It is based on 2D triangular
lattices, consisting of air holes with a lattice constant a of 470 nm, air hole radius r is
Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications 661
190 nm, and the size of photonic crystal is 19 × 13. (Figure 1), with index profile of Si
slab (nsi = 3.42) and air (nair = 1). Utilizing the triangular PhCs is practically important
since they have a large transverse electric band gap and it is expected to serve a good
platform for photonic integrated circuits and ultra-compact optical sensors.[18] A
preliminary analysis of dispersion diagram showing normalized frequency vs. the wave
vector for TM modes of the 2D photonic crystal is given in Figure 1(b). It has been
calculated along the Γ-K-M-Γ edge for the Brillouin zone by employing a 2D plane
wave expansion method of the RSoft (BandSOLVE) software. The regular PhC struc-
ture exhibits a large band gap between 1135 and 1860 nm for TM polarization; the
device also shows a smaller band gap for TE polarization.
3.2. The structure of the biosensor

Like what have already been said about the advantages of based structures on PhC
waveguides incorporating with microcavities, the first proposed biosensor (design A) is
Figure 1. (a) Sight of top of the photonic crystal with a triangular lattice (19 × 13), with
a = 470 nm, r = 190 nm, and (b) dispersions curves and bandgaps for TM polarizations for the
2D lattice without defects.
formed with two waveguide couplers and one microcavity in the PhC with a triangular
lattice of air holes which is shown in Figure 2.
The two waveguides are obtained by removing one row of air holes in the ΓK
direction. They are used to couple light in and out of the PhC microcavity. A simple
microcavity was formed by removing one hole in the center of PhC structure and sepa-
rated from the input and output waveguides by three holes of the PhC. In the simula-
tion process, light source is placed at the head of the input line defect waveguide and
the monitor is placed at the end of the output line waveguide. Since the boundary con-
ditions at the spatial edges of the computational domain must be carefully considered,
one-spatial unit thick PML which surrounds the simulated area absorbs the fields leav-
ing the simulated region to implement reflections. The resolution is set to 10 (that is,
with a grid size of a/10, where a represents the lattice constant), and the time step of
0.035 a/c is employed. All the simulations are carried out with the same mesh size and
time step for future comparable results.
For estimating functionality of the structure, a sample, for example liquid, is sup-
posed to be in contact with the sensor. The simulation is carried out by changing the
RI of the holes from 1.3147 (distilled water) to 1.363 (isopropyl alcohol). This leads to
a shift in the output transmission spectrum that corresponds to the change in the RI.
The transmission spectrum of the PhC sensor is obtained using the FDTD method
which is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3 shows clearly that two analytes (n = 1.33 and 1.331) have the same reso-
nant wavelength (1.42584 μm), so this sensor cannot detect a variation of 0.001 RIU.
An important parameter to be properly designed to increase sensing performance in
single line PhC waveguide sensor is the radius of holes localized at both sides of the
line defect.[19–21] To further improve the sensitivity, transmittance, and quality factor,
we optimize the PhC waveguide structure by varying the radius (rʹ) of the air holes
localized at each side of the line defect (Figure 4 – design B). The size is obtained by
a geometrical adjustment.
The initial radius is set to rʹ = 0.180 μm. Using Rsoft CAD, the transmittance and
the quality factor of the structure were monitored as the rʹ parameter (Figure 4).
The iteration of the simulation was repeated for a given values of the parameter rʹ.
Hence, the process is one in which we determine the transmittance and the quality fac-
tor as the rʹ is gradually increased, and a series of transmittance points were calculated.
Figure 2. Layout drawing of the sensor based on 2D PhC using triangular lattice of air holes
(design A). The structure consists of waveguide 1, microcavity, and waveguide 2. Pulsed light is
launched from the left (arrow), and the output is measured at the right (time monitor).
0,9
Distilled water n=1.3147
0,8 Methanol n=1.316
Water n=1.33
0,7
Analyte n=1.331
Acetone n=1.3445
0,6
Transmission Isopropyl Alcohol n= 1.363
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
1,41 1,42 1,43 1,44 1,45 1,46 1,47
Wavelength µm
Figure 3. Transmission of the sensor vs. the RI ranging from 1.3147 to 1.363 (design A).
Figure 4. Layout drawing of the sensor based on 2D PhC using triangular lattice of air holes
(design B).
It can be easily seen from the Figure 5 that the design B with rʹ = 0.2 μm has
the highest transmission among the various designs (with rʹ = 0.18, rʹ = 0.19, and
rʹ = 0.21 μm).
Next, it was necessary to design a structure with high-quality factor which is an
important requirement for photonic crystal micro cavity devices, because almost every
kind of active and passive integrated optic device based on microcavity is designed to
work only with selective frequency mode of propagation. As result, it was found that
for rʹ = 200 nm, the quality factor is Q = 1.47 × 104.
The transmission spectra of the design of the PhC-based biosensor with rʹ = 0.2 μm
is obtained using the FDTD method with the different liquids varying from n = 1.3147
to n = 1.363, and it is shown in Figure 6.
0,90
r'=0.18µm
0,85
r'=0.19µm
0,80 r'=0.2 µm
r'=0.21µm
0,75
Transmission 0,70
0,65
0,60
0,55
0,50
0,45
0,40
1,31 1,32 1,33 1,34 1,35 1,36 1,37
Refractive Index n (RIU)
Figure 5. Resonance wavelength shift for different radius sizes rʹ = 0.18, 0.19, 0.2, and
0.21 μm (the RI ranging from 1.3147 to 1.363).
The FDTD simulation results showed that the resonance wavelength for biosensor
structure shifts up by 0435 μm for Dn ¼ 0:001, while this change in RI has been
applied for all air holes. So the sensor’s sensitivity is S = 425 nm/RIU. These results
reveal that the resonant peaks of the PhC microcavity are sensitive to the fill of the
liquids into the air holes, which brings its possible sensitivity, which could make the
detection feasible and easy.
Figures 7 and 8 show the resonant wavelength shift and the transmission as func-
tions of the RI changes. It can be seen from the figure that the resonance wavelength
shifts up when RI increases, and the transmission can reach about 73–84.4% in the
0,9
Distilled water n=1.3147

0,8
Methanol n=1.316
Water n=1.33
0,7
Analyte n=1.331
0,6 Acetone n=1.3445

Isopropyl Alcohol n= 1.363
Transmission
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
1,380 1,385 1,390 1,395 1,400 1,405 1,410 1,415 1,420 1,425 1,430 1,435 1,440
Wavelength µm
Figure 6. Transmission of the sensor vs. the RI ranging from 1.3147 to 1.363 (design A with
rʹ = 0.2 μm).
1,408
1,406
1,404
Resonance wavelength µm 1,402
1,400
1,398
Y=0.342x+0.941
1,396
1,394
1,392
1,390
1,310 1,315 1,320 1,325 1,330 1,335 1,340 1,345 1,350 1,355 1,360 1,365 1,370
Refractive index (n)
Figure 7. Transmission of the sensor vs. the RI ranging from 1.3147 to 1.363.
0,86
0,84
0,82
0,80
Transmission
0,78
0,76
0,74
0,72
0,70
1,310 1,315 1,320 1,325 1,330 1,335 1,340 1,345 1,350 1,355 1,360 1,365 1,370
Refractive Index n (RIU)
Figure 8. The resonance wavelength vs. function of the RI ranging from 1.3147 to 1.363.
Table 1. The sensitivity of the sensor (for six liquid with different RI).
Liquid Refractive index Sensitivity (nm/RIU) Δn (RIU)

Distilled water 1.3147 329.41 0.0153
Methanol 1.316 330 0.014
Water 1.33 – n0
Analyte 1.331 435 0.001
Acetone 1.3445 349.65 0.0145
Isopropyl alcohol 1.363 347.57 0.033
Table 2. Comparison of the proposed sensor with various PhC designs.
Sensitivity
References Type of device (nm/RIU) Δn
[7] RI biosensor formed by two waveguide and one microcavity 330 0.001
[20] PhC waveguide 240 –
[22] PhC slab waveguide 200 0.0014
[21] L3 PhC cavity biosensor 35 0.038
[8] PhCW platform for RI-based biosensing applications 260 0.001
This work RI biosensor formed by two waveguides and one microcavity 425 0.001
index range of 1.3147−1.363. From Figure 7, and if we assume that the relationship
between the resonance shift and the RI is approximately linear, the following equation
describes the resonance shift for a given liquid index to predict resonance frequency
after linear fitting of simulation data:
Y ½lm ¼ ð0:342n þ 0:941Þ½lm (5)
There is a linear relation between the resonance shift and the RI changes.
The sensitivity (S = Δλ0/Δn) is a key performance indicator that is worth investigat-
ing. It is calculated as the ratio of resonant wavelength shift and the change in the RI
and its unit is given by nm/RIU, it depends on the shift in resonant wavelength; the
more shift is, the higher is the sensitivity,[8] where Dn ¼ n n0 and n0 = 1.33.
For all six curves (transmission spectra of six liquids), we have calculated the reso-
nant wavelength and the sensitivity of the sensor. And these parameters are given in
Table 1.
The precise simulation results showed that the sensitivity decreased dramatically
and reached the lowest amount of s = 329.41 nm/RIU, and then, it stabilizes in it. In
comparison with other biosensor using PhCs,[7,8] our designed sensor has higher
sensitivity (Table 2).
4. Conclusion
In summary, we have proposed a new design sensor for RI-based biosensing applica-
tions. The structure formed by two waveguides and one microcavity in 2D PhC with a
triangular lattice of air holes. The principle of detection is based on the measurement
of resonant wavelength λ0 to change in RI, which leads to a shift in the output
transmission spectrum.
It is well known that for increasing sensing performance in single line PhC
waveguide sensor, the radius of holes localized at both sides of the line defect must
be increased. In this work, a new design of integrated sensor based on PhC two
waveguides coupled with microcavity has been proposed with a change of the air
holes size localized at each side of the two lines defect. We have found that this
structure gives better sensitivity and quality factor then the other structures, the
resonance wavelength shifts up by 0.435 nm for Dn ¼ 0:001, the sensitivity of sensor
can reach 425 nm/RIU, and the transmission efficiency can reach 73–84.4% in the RI
range of 1.314–1.363.
References
[1] Baba T. Slow light in photonic crystals. Nat. Photonics. 2008;2:465–473.
[2] Lin SY, Chow E, Johnson SG, Joannopoulos JD. Demonstration of highly efficient wave-
guiding in a photonic crystal slab at the 1.5-µm wavelength. Opt. Lett. 2000;25:1297–1299.
[3] Vlasov A, Boyle M, Hamann H, McNab J. Active control of slow light on a chip with
photonic crystal waveguides. Nature. 2005;438:65–69.
[4] Nguyen MH, Lee M, Tseng FG. Study of photonic crystal cavities for biosensors. 10th IEEE
the International Conference on Nanotechnology; 2010; Seoul, Korea. p. 786–789.
[5] Topolancik J, Bhattacharya P, Sabarinathan J, Yu PC. Fluid detection with photonic
crystal-based multichannel waveguides. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003;82:1143–1145.
[6] Loncar M, Scherer A, Qiu Y. Photonic crystal laser sources for chemical detection. Appl.
Phys. Lett. 2003;82:4648–4650.
[7] Wang X, Xu Z, Lu N, Zhu J, Jin G. Ultracompact refractive index sensor based on micro-
cavity in the sandwiched photonic crystal waveguide. Opt. Commun. 2008;281:1725–1731.
[8] Dutta HS, Pal S. Design of a highly sensitive photonic crystal waveguide platform for
refractive index based biosensing. Opt. Quantum Electron. 2013;45:907–917.
[9] Joannopoulos JD, Johnson SG, Winn JN, Meade RD. Photonic crystals: molding the flow of
light. 2nd ed. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press; 2008.

[10] Mandal S, Erickson D. Nanoscale optofluidic sensor arrays. Opt. Express. 2008;16:
1623–1631.
[11] Huang L, Tian H, Yang D, Zhou J, Liu Q, Zhang P, Ji Y. Optimization of figure of merit in
label-free biochemical sensors by designing a ring defect coupled resonator. Opt. Commun.
2014;332:42–49.
[12] Huang L, Tian H, Yang D, Zhou J, Liu Q, Zhang P, Ji Y. Label-free optical sensor by
designing a high-Q photonic crystal ring–slot structure. Opt. Commun. 2015;335:73–77.
[13] Zhou J, Tian H, Yang D, Liu Q, Ji Y. Integration of high transmittance photonic crystal H2
nanocavity and broadband W1 waveguide for biosensing applications based on Silicon-
on-Insulator substrate. Opt. Commun. 2014;330:175–183.
[14] Kim CB, Su CB. Measurement of the refractive index of liquids at 1.3 and 1.5 micron using
a fibre optic Fresnel ratio meter. Meas. Sci. Technol. 2004;15:1683–1686.
[15] Jensen JB, Pedersen LH, Hoiby PE, Nielsen LB, Folkenberg JR, Riishede J, Noordegraaf D,
Nielsen K, Carlsen A, Bjarklev JR. Photonic crystal fiber based evanescent-wave sensor for
detection of biomolecules in aqueous solutions. Opt. Lett. 2004;29:1974–1976.
[16] Yee KS. Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving Maxwell’s
equations in isotropic media. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 1966;14:302–307.
[17] Berenger JP. A perfectly matched layer for the absorption of electromagnetic waves. J.
Comput. Phys. 1994;114:185–200.
[18] Kahlouche K, Hocini A, Khedrouche D. Band-gap properties of 2D photonic crystal made
by silica matrix doped with magnetic nanoparticles. J. Comput. Electron. 2014;13:490–495.
[19] Troia B, Paolicelli A, Leonardis FD, Passaro VMN. Photonic crystals for optical sensing: a
review. In: Vittorio P, editor. Advances in photonic crystals. Rijeka: InTech; 2013.
p. 241–295.
[20] Bougriou F, Bouchemat T, Bouchemat M. High sensitivity of sensors based on two dimen-
sional photonic crystals. Electronics, Communications and Photonics Conference; SIECPC;
2011; Riyadh. p. 1–4.
[21] Zhanga L, Cao T, Li ZG, Qin KR and Yan WP. Study of photonic crystal cavity sensor
integrated with microfluidic channel in the visible region. Proceedings; SPIE 8561;
Advanced sensor systems and applications; Beijing; 2012;85610A:1–7.
[22] Shruti S, Sinha RK, Bhattacharyyab R. Photonic crystal slab waveguide-based infiltrated
liquid sensors: design and analysis. J. Nanophotonics. 2011;5:053505.
Design of High Sensitive Optical Sensor
for Seawater Salinity
Ahlam Harhouz and Abdesselam Hocini
Abstract A novel optical sensor was designed for the measurement of salinity in
seawater. The principle is to measure the refractive index variation of seawater that
corresponds to the change in salinity. The sensor based on the two-dimensional
photonic crystal (PhC) microcavity coupled to two waveguide. We have used the
FDTD method to simulate the sensor in 2D PhC with triangular lattice of air holes.
The influence of the geometrical parameter and refractive index on transmission are
studied, and an enhancement in sensitivity in 2D PhC is achieved which proves the
ability of the structure to produce salinity sensor using PhC.
1 Introduction
During recent years integrated optical sensors have been used extensively in sen-
sitive (bio) chemical analysis. And the Optical sensing mechanisms receive con-
siderable attention in the areas of industrial process control, military, environmental
monitoring, and medical diagnostics… [1, 2].
Monitoring of water quality is a major factor in protecting public health, besides
high-quality freshwater is also a key input in agriculture and many industrial pro-
cesses. Salinity (S) is among the most fundamental parameters for oceanic, marine
environment monitoring, seasonal climate prediction, mariculture, and solar engi-
neering, which is essential to climate models, therefore, measurement of such
parameters for chemical oceanography has become increasingly attracted to optics
sensors community [3, 4]. Salinity sensors play an important role in manufacturing
process control and protection of ecosystems. Among the optical sensing mecha-
nism, is to detect the effective refractive index of the resonator that is changed due
A. Harhouz A. Hocini (&)

Electronics Department, University of M’sila, PO. Box. 166 Ichebilia Road M’sila,
M’sila, Algeria
e-mail: hocini74@yahoo.fr
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 219

A.Y. Oral et al. (eds.), 2nd International Congress on Energy Efficiency
and Energy Related Materials (ENEFM2014), Springer Proceedings in Energy,
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-16901-9_27
to analytes binding on it. In order to enhance the sensitivity of detection, one of the
most straightforward ways to detect the sensing signal is the resonant wavelength
detection/shift and intensity variation. On the other hand, PhCs structure provided a
good solution to enable extremist small ring resonator with ultra low bending loss
owing to the excellent light confinement [5]. Sensors based on PhC waveguides
incorporating with microcavities [6, 7] having high sensitivity, easy extension to
sensor arrays, various choices of materials and capability of parallel measurement.
In this work, a novel Optical sensor for seawater salinity proposed. It is formed
by two waveguide and one microcavity in a PhC with a triangular lattice of air
holes. The sensing principle is based on the shift of resonance wavelength λ0,
which occurs due to change in refractive index (RI) of the sensor when the PhC’s
air holes are full of seawater. The RI seawater is from n = 1.33300 to n = 1.34031
corresponds to the change in salinity from S = 0 % to 40 % (g/l) over the tem-
perature 20 °C [3].
The sensor is formed by enlarging the dimension of holes localized at each side
of waveguide in order to achieve further improvement in sensitivity. The properties
of the sensor are simulated using the (FDTD) algorithm (RSoft Photonic Suite).
2 Theory and Principle
PhC are periodic dielectric material with the capability to control and manipulate
light propagation. The periodicity can be formed by etching holes in a dielectric
material that provides the photonic band gap, a range of frequency over which
propagation is strictly forbidden [8–10]. PhCs with defects in the periodic lattice
can thus be exploited to control the propagation of light forming a waveguide and
cavity. By varying the local RI, the effective RI of the slab and the RI contrast
between the holes and the slab region are changed. Since it is known that the
wavelengths of transmission depend directly on the effective index of the slab [11],
thus the device can be used as a sensor by detecting the output transmission
spectrum. With the presence of analyte, the effective RI changes and hence causes a
shift in the of resonance wavelength λ0 of the output spectrum.
The transmission spectra of resonant mode peak wavelengths under different RI
are calculated by FDTD method [12]. The results provide a theoretical basis for the
two-dimensional photonic crystals sensor design. FDTD method is a time-domain
electromagnetic field numerical computation method. In this approach, the finites
difference is applied to the two Maxwell’s curl equations in time- and
space-domain. So, we can compute electric and magnetic field at each space
location and each time step, which can get the wave scattering and propagating
process in the designed sensor. The electric and magnetic fields are evaluated at
different grid points in leapfrog and staggered grid forms. As the capacity limita-
tions of computer, we can only calculate the electromagnetic field in a limited
region. In order to simulate the electromagnetic wave propagating in open domain,
Design of High Sensitive Optical Sensor for Seawater Salinity 221
Fig. 1 Layout drawing of the sensor, the structure consists of waveguide. 1 Microcavity, and
waveguide. 2 Pulsed light is launched from the left (arrow) and the output is measured at the right
(time monitor)
the absorbing boundary conditions must be given. In this paper, we use Berenger’s
perfect matched layer (PML) as the absorbing boundary conditions [13].
A 2D triangular lattice of 19 × 13 PhC structure in a silicon (Si) wafer is
considered for designing the sensor. The radius of the air holes is r = 0.19 µm and
the distance between any two nearest holes is a = 0.47 µm. The index profile of
silicon slab (nSi = 3.42) and air (nair = 1)). Utilizing the triangular PhCs is practi-
cally important since they have a large transverse electric band gap and it is
expected to serve a good platform for photonic integrated circuits and ultra-compact
optical sensors [14]. A preliminary analysis of dispersion diagram showing nor-
malized frequency versus the wave vector for transverse magnetic (TM) modes of
the 2D photonic crystal. It has been calculated along the Γ-K-M-Γ edge for the
Brillouin zone by employing a 2D plane wave expansion (PWE) method. The
regular PhC structure exhibits a large band gap between 1135 and 1860 nm for TM
polarization; the device also shows smaller bands gaps for TE polarization.
As a first step, we proposed the structure of the sensor’s design in the Fig. 1. It is
formed with two waveguides couplers and one microcavity. The waveguides are
obtained by removing one row of air holes in the ΓK direction. They are used to
couple light in and out of the PhC microcavity. A simple microcavity was formed
by removing one hole in the center of PhC structure, it is separated from the input
and output waveguides by three holes of the PhC.
3 Results and Discussions
For estimating functionality of the structure, a sample, for example water, is sup-
posed to be in contact with the sensor. In simulation, it is carried out by changing
the RI of the holes from 1 (air) to 1.33 (water). This leads to a shift in the output
Fig. 2 Transmission of the 0,7

sensor versus the RI ranging
from 1 to 1.33485 (design A) 0,6 n=1 air
n=1.33 water
0,5 n= 1.333
Transmission
n=1.33395
0,4 n =1.33485
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
1,44 1,46 1,48 1,50 1,52 1,54 1,56
(
Wavelength (µm
Table 1 Refractive index, Refractive Resonant wavelength Transmission

resonant wavelength, and index (µm)
transmission for the sensor
(design A) 1.00000 1.447245 0.6090046
1.33000 1.536646 0.5581615
1.33300 1.537668 0.5511807
1.33395 1.538179 0.5482122
1.33485 1.538179 0.5482122
transmission spectrum that corresponds to the change in the RI. The transmission
spectrum of the PhC sensor is obtained using the Finite-Difference Time Domain
(FDTD) method is shown in Fig. 2.
Refractive index of air holes, resonant wavelength, and transmission for the
sensor at 20 °C are tabulated in Table 1. It clearly shows that the resonant wave-
length increases while increasing the refractive index for all air holes. However, the
transmission decreases. And two refractive index (1.33395 and 1.33485) have the
same resonant wavelength 1.538179 µm. so with this structure, our sensor can’t
detect a change of Δn = 0.0009.
The sensor is sensitive to the change of RI in the air hole and it can be optimized
to realize high sensitivity, wide measurement range [15, 16]. By change the size of
the air holes localized at each side of the line defect (rʹ = 0.2 µm, green colored).
The second proposed design (Design B) is shown in Fig. 3.
Figure 4 shows the output spectrum of the sensor with respect to salinity of
seawater ranging from 0 to 40 %. The resonant wavelength and transmission of the
sensor with 0 % of salinity are 1.418406 µm, 0.5455746 respectively. It is observed
that, approximately, 1.03 % reduction in transmission for every 5 % increasing
salinity and 435–436 pm shift in resonant wavelength (Fig. 5).
Fig. 3 Layout drawing of the sensor based on 2D PhC using triangular lattice of air holes
0,65
0,60 n=1.33300 S=0%

0,55 n=1.33395
n=1.33485
0,50
n=1.33580
0,45 n=1.33670
0,40 n=1.33760
Transmission
n=1.33940
0,35
n=1.34031 S=40%
0,30
0,25
0,20
0,15
0,10
0,05
0,00
1,4061,4081,4101,4121,4141,4161,4181,4201,4221,4241,4261,4281,4301,4321,434
Wavelength µm
Fig. 4 Transmission of the sensor (design B) versus the RI ranging from 1.333 to 1.34031
corresponds to the change in salinity from 0 to 40 % (g/l)
The level of salinity with its refractive index, resonant wavelength, sensitivity
and transmission for the sensor at 20 °C are given in Table 2.
The precise simulation results showed that, the sensitivity of sensor can reach
452.36 nm/RIU with a detection limit of 0.00095 RIU.
0,55
1,4215
Resonant Wavelength
1,4210 0,54
Transmission
1,4205
0,53
(µm)
Resonant Wavelength
1,4200 Transmission
0,52
1,4195
1,4190 0,51
1,4185
0,50
1,4180
0 10 20 30 40
salt level in seawater (%)
Fig. 5 The resonant wavelength and the transmission of the sensor (design B) with the various in
salt level of seawater
Table 2 The salinity with refractive index of seawater, resonant wavelength, transmission and
sensitivity for the sensor (Design B) at 20 °C
Salt Refractive Resonant Transmission Sensitivity Δn
level index (RIU) wavelength (S = Δλ0/Δn) (RIU)
(%) (µm) (nm/RIU)
Δn = n − n0
n0 = 1.333
0 1.333 1.41841 0.54557 –
5 1.33395 1.41884 0.54014 452.36 0.00095
10 1.33485 1.41928 0.53494 470.27 0.00185
15 1.3358 1.41971 0.52879 505.15 0.0028
20 1.3367 1.42015 0.52236 470.27 0.0037
25 1.3376 1.42058 0.51573 471.73 0.0046
35 1.3394 1.42102 0.50717 407.81 0.0064
40 1.34031 1.42146 0.50248 417.23 0.00731
4 Conclusion
A PhC sensor is proposed and designed for sensing the salinity of seawater. The
capability of the proposed sensor for sensing the salinity is between 0 and 40 %
(g/l). The structure formed by two waveguides and one microcavity in 2D PhC with
a triangular lattice of air holes. The defect-line is modified and optimized for
achieving the highest possible sensitivity, by change the size of the air holes
localized at each side of the line defect. The principle of detection is based on the
measurement of resonant wavelength λ0 to change in RI corresponds to the change
in salinity of seawater, which leads to a shift in the output transmission spectrum.

The sensitivity of sensor can reach 452.36 nm/RIU with a detection limit of
0.00095 RIU.
References
1. D. Clerc, W. Lukosz, Integrated optical output grating coupler as biochemical sensor. Sens.
Actuators B 19, 581(1994)
2. lUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd edn. (Blackwell Scientific Publications,
Oxford, 1997)
3. S. Robinson, R. Nakkeeran, Photonic Crystal based Sensor for Sensing the Salinity of
Seawater. IEEE-International Conference on Advances in Engineering, Science and
Management March 30, 31 (2012)
4. Y. Zhao, Y.B. Liao, Novel optical fiber sensor for simultaneous undersea temperature and
salinity measurement. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 86(1), 63–67 (2002)
5. Z. Qiang, W. Zhou, R.A. Soref, Optical add-drop filters based on photonic crystal ring
resonators. Opt. Expr. 15, 1823–1831 (2007)
6. J.D. Joannopoulos, et al., Photonic crystals: Molding the Flow of Light, 2nd edn. (Princeton
University Press, 2011), 304 p
7. S. Mandal et al., Nanoscale optofluidic sensor arrays. Opt. Expr. 16, 1623 (2008)
8. T. BaBa, Slow light in photonic crystals. Nat. Photonics 2, 465–473 (2008)
9. S.Y. Lin, E. Chow, S.G. Johnson, J.D. Joannopoulos, Demonstration of highly efficient
waveguiding in a photonic crystal slab at the 1.5-μm wavelength. Opt. Lett. 25(17), 1297–
1299 (2000)
10. A. Vlasov, M. Boyle, H. Hamann, J. McNab, Active control of slow light on a chip with
photonic crystal waveguides. Nature 438, 65–69 (2005)
11. T. Hasek, H. Kurt, D.S. Citrin, M. Koch, Photonic crystals for fluid sensing in the subterahertz
range. Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 173508-1–173508-3 (2006)
12. G. Benqing, FDTD Method (Publishing House of China National Defence Industry, 1995)
13. I.P. Berenger, A perfectly Matched Layer for the absorption of electromagnetic waves.
J. Comput. Phys. 114, 185 (1994)
14. A. Kahlouche, A. Hocini, D. Khedrouche, Band-gap properties of 2D photonic crystal made
by silica matrix doped with magnetic nanoparticles. J. Comput. Electron. 13(2), 490–495
(2014)
15. A. Harhouz, A. Hocini, Design of high-sensitive biosen sor based on cavity-waveguides
coupling in 2D photonic crystal. J. Electromagnetic Wave. Appl. 29(5), 659–667 (2015)
16. H.S. Dutta, S. Pal, Design of a highly sensitive photonic crystal waveguide platform for
refractive index based biosensing. Opt. Quantum Electron, 45, 907–917 (2013)
Journal of Advanced Research in Science and Technology
ISSN: 2352-9989
Multidate Quality Assessment of Alsat-1 Satellite’s Imager
Ahlam Harhouz 1∗, Azzedine Rachedi 2 and Abderrahmane Belghoraf 3

1
Electronics Department, University of, M’sila, PO.Box.166,
Ichebilia road, M’sila, Algeria

2
Center of Space Technics, CTS, BP 13, Arzew 31200, Algeria
3
Electronics Department, University of Science and Technology of Oran USTO
BP 1505, El M'naouar, 31000 Oran Algeria
Abstract. Control of image quality of an earth observation satellite must be permanently carried out during all
orbit life. To achieve this, reference images of three types of targets were taken into consideration, by Alsat-1
(First Algerian launched Satellite) between early 2004 and late 2006: The first target is a homogeneous white
region (clear snow) of the Antarctica and above the Arctic regions. The second target is a dark region taken by
night over the Pacific Ocean in order to emphasize variations of dark noise, The third target is a clear area along
the Rail Road Valley (Nevada, United States) in which radiation is measured on the ground and simultaneously
to get the absolute calibration of on board instruments.
The purpose of this paper is to assess the variation of the camera quality over a three years period of
Alsat-1 operations, by analyzing the images reference taken in the period stated above. We also analyzed the
channel light sensitivity (green, red and infrared) through a radiometric estimation, pixel by pixel of two images
for a typical homogeneous site (scenes with a uniform background radiation) at two distinguished periods of
time, while maintaining the same setting. This radiometric evaluation concerns two types of targets only (dark
target and bright target). To this aim, we used a variety of assessment methods, all based on mathematical and
algorithmic tools. They includes objective assessment such as PSNR (sigle de Peak Signal to Noise Ratio),
entropy, AMBE (Absolute Mean Brightness Error-AMBE), etc.., and much more other subjective methods, such
as visual analysis,use of statistical indicator, etc...
Keywords: Alsat-1, Satellite images, radiometric quality, CCD sensor, SLIM-6-, Dark noise.
Résumé. Le contrôle de la qualité des images pour un satellite d’observation de la terre doit se faire pendant
© 2014 JARST. All rights reserved
toute sa duré de vie en orbite, à cet effet, des images de référence ont été prises par Alsat-1 entre le début 2004 et
la fin 2006. Elles ont été prises pour trois types des cibles: La première cible est une région enneigée homogène
claire (blanche) au dessus de l’Antarctique (en automne/hiver) et au dessus de l’Arctique (au printemps/été). La
deuxième est une région sombre prise de nuit au dessus de l’océan pacifique pour mettre en évidence les
variations du bruit d’obscurité, La troisième est une région claire du Nevada (USA) appelée Rail Road Vallée
dont la radiation est mesurée au sol pendant l’acquisition de l’image par le satellite et ceci pour ajuster le
calibrage absolue des instruments embarqués. L'objectif de ce travail est d'évaluer la variation de la qualité de la
caméra SLIM-6 durant une période de trois ans de fonctionnement d’Alsat-1 en analysant les images obtenues
par l’observation des cibles de référence prises entre le début 2004 et la fin 2006.
*
Corresponding author.
E-mail: harhouz7ahlam@gmail.com .
Address: BP 37 Ain El hadjel M’sila 28310 Algérie
120
Harhouz A. et al., Journal of Advanced Research in Science and Technology, 2014, 1(2), 120-129.
Nous avons aussi analysé la sensibilité lumineuse pour chaque canal (vert, rouge et infra-rouge), en faisant une
comparaison de l’évaluation radiométrique, pixel à pixel, entre deux images des sites homogènes (scènes avec
un rayonnement de fond uniforme) en deux dates différentes avec les mêmes conditions de prise de vue. Cette
évaluation radiométrique a été faite sur deux types des cibles (noires et lumineuses). A cet effet, on a utilisé
plusieurs méthodes d’évaluation basé sur des outils mathématique et algorithmique. En peut cite des méthodes
d’évaluation objective (PSNR, Entropie, AMBE) ainsi que d’autre méthodes d’évaluation subjective (analyse
visuel, utilisation des indicateur statistique).
Mots clés: Alsat-1, image satellitaire, télédétection, la qualité radiométrique, capteur CCD, SLIM-6-, bruit
d’obscurité).
1. Introduction
ALSAT-1 is the first Algerian satellite put into orbit. It was launched November 2002, 28th at
6:07 GMT into a 700 KM sun-synchronous orbit. Alsat-1 payload is a multispectral imager [1,2], with
two banks of 3 channels. Each channel is equipped with a CCD sensor and an optical convergent
associated electronic circuit [3].
The image quality of ALSAT-1 depends on the quality of imager and design. For the control, a set
of radiometric measurements of the imager are performed before the satellite launch [4] and during the
beginning of its life in orbit, by analyzing the first reference images. Then you have to detect and
analyze changes in the radiometric quality of the camera caused by aging instruments and satellite.
This analysis should be periodic to locate the smallest defects on raw images. In order to evaluate the
variation in the quality of the camera SLIM-6 in flight, it analyzes the images obtained from the
reference targets taken.
The aim of our study was to analyze the sensitivity of each channel, by comparing pixel by pixel
of two images for a typical homogeneous sites (scenes with a uniform background radiance) acquired
on two different dates at two distinguished periods of time, while maintaining the same setting.
2. Payload description
The Alsat-1 payload is a multispectral camera which works in a push-broom mode (forward scan is
provided by the spacecraft motion). It is in fact a couple of two imagers (of three channels each) which
work separately or both together.
© 2014 JARST. All rightsreserved
Fig. 1. Alsat-1 Image.
This adds flexibility to program images (satellite operations). For each spectral band (green, red,
near-infrared), two channels (from both banks) provide a 600 km swath with (5% overlap between
them) at 32 meters ground sampling distance in three spectral bands [1,2].
Each channel is in fact an independent camera and contains a complete optic-system plus a PCB
supporting the sensor & linked to the main PCB board in the stack (one main board per bank) thanks
to a flexi-rigid PCB cable.
121
• Optics: The lens is a Schneider Apo-Componon HM 150mm FL (aperture f/4). It’s a flight
proven lens (flown onboard Tsinghua-1 satellite in 2000). This commercial lens has been
subject to a set of test prior to use.
• Filters: They are high quality dichroïc filters in the optical assembly provided by BARR
Associates Inc.. Due to the mission requirement, the spectral band is red [523-605nm], Green
[629-690nm] and Near Infrared [774-900nm]. The spectral characteristics are identical to the
Landsat ETM+ bands (2, 3 and 4).
• Sensor: It is a KLI-10203 linear CCD sensor, designed for color scanning applications. This is
an RGB, 3 channels, 10k pixels. Due to the mission requirements, this COTS element was
requested from Kodak without the RGB organic dye filters (applied to the light sensitive
areas) but with a multilayer AR coated cover glass [1,5].
The KLI-10203 is tri-linear array designed for high-resolution color scanning applications. Each
device contains 3 rows of 10200 photoelements, consisting of high performance ''pinned diodes'' for
improved sensitivity, lower noise and the elimination of lag. Each channel has two (02) shift registers,
one for even pixels and the other for odd pixels (Figure 2). In the case of Alsat-1, the organization of
the pixels is adopted as follows: (20 Dark reference pixels + 10 000 active pixel + 4 Dark reference
pixels) [1, 2, 6].
3. Evaluation methods and tools
Gray
level
Pixels
20 Dark 10000 active pixels 4 Dark

reference reference
pixels pixels
Fig. 2. Ideal Radiometric response of the camera for Alsat-1.
To the flight evaluation of the imager Alsat-1, we compare the radiometric responses for each
detector array (banc0, banc1) for each sensor (green, red and NIR bands) to characterize their response
to both dark (this is to highlight the variations of dark noise) and bright targets obtained at different
dates.
3.1. Subjective Quality Assessment

Recommended in the literature, the visual analysis of the images is needed to verify and evaluate
the results and quality differences. The visual analysis is subjective as the judgment of a person on the
qualitative result image will depend on knowledge, expectations and application.
3.2. Objective Quality Metrics:

• Entropy: it allows assessing the wealth of informative image. It is defined from the
occurrence probability of a value relative to the entire image [7].
122
H(x) = -∑i Pi log2 (Pi) (1)

• AMBE (absolute mean brightness error) : is calculated from equation below
ΑΜΒΕ = | E(X) – E(Y) | (2)

Where E(X) and E(Y) are mean of new and original gray level of image, respectively. Generally,
classing number of histogram region affects to AMBE value. The more one is, the less AMBE. Also,
suddenly hanging of slope of gray level in image indicates that contrast is either increase or decrease
[8].
• MSE and PSNR : Given a reference image I and a test image Î , both of size M×N,
the PSNR between I and Î is defined by
= 10 (3)
#
1
= ( ( , ) − ( , ))
×
" !"
(4)
The PSNR value approaches infinity as the MSE approaches zero; this shows that a higher
PSNR value provides a higher image quality. At the other end of the scale, a small value of the PSNR
implies high numerical differences between images [9].
4. Dark Images
Table.1 Acquisition Details for the Dark Images
image Date Time
DA000264sm 12/12/2004 05:12:15
DA00026csm 23/12/2004 05:32:00
DA0002f5sm 24/06/2005 05:18:22
DA000264pm 12/12/2004 05:12:15
DA00026cpm 23/12/2004 05:32:00
DA0002f5pm 24/06/2005 05:18:22
Integration time : 2048 µs
To simplify the comparison between these images, we calculated the average radiometric
responses of each column of the image and obtained a single line that represents the entire image. We
analyze the average detectors radiometric responses for each camera, and then we took the radiometric
response of the green channel for both banks (camera 1 and 4), which showed a greater dispersion
compared to other channels.
123
DA000264s 12/12/2004
15
10
0
0 1 000 3 000 5 000 7 000 9 000
DA00026cs 23/12/2004
15
GRAY LEVEL
10
0
0 1 000 3 000 5 000 7 000 9 000
DA0002f5s 24/06/2005
15
10
0
0 1 000 3 000 5 000 7 000 9 000
COLUMN
Fig.3. the average detectors radiometric responses (camera 1)
DA000264p 12/12/2004
15
10
0
0 1 000 3 000 5 000 7 000 9 000
DA00026cp 23/12/2004
15
GRAY LEVEL
10
0
0 1 000 3 000 5 000 7 000 9 000
DA0002f5p 24/06/2005
15
10
0
0 1 000 3 000 5 000 7 000 9 000
COLUMN
Fig.4. The average detectors radiometric responses (Camera 4)
Figures (4 and 5) show the average detectors responses (in gray level) of the camera 1 and 4 for three
images taken at different dates.

• The results, for each camera, of the three images taken at different dates provided the same level of
information, and confirmed a low variability between them.
• Peaks coincide in location and amplitude confirmed that: the photosite 6864 of the camera 1and
photosite 6640 of the camera 4 have a reduced radiometric sensitivity. the photosite 8902 has a
higher radiometric sensitivity than the other.
• Small step (visible in the responses of the even pixels) similar location in all images (pixel 6840 in
Figure 3 and pixel 6640 in Figure 4).
124
• The variations of the gray levels of the camera 4 are in the inside of a wider range, related to the
increase of the gap between the responses of even and odd pixels, and this due to the channel
separation for odd and even pixels in the internal architecture of the sensor.
• The decrease of gray levels related at the decrease in the charge moved from one register to another
for the right during the transfer operation.
5. Snow Scene
Table.2 Acquisition details for images
Image « greenland » date Time Solar Angle (°) Observation
DA000208s 07/07/04 10:27:58 27,76 Cloudy (75%)

DA0002e7s 12/06/05 10:21:52 28,81 clair
DA000208p 07/07/04 10:27:58 27,76 Cloudy (50%)
DA0002e7p 12/06/05 10:21:52 28,81 clair
DA0001dap 03/06/04 10:25:47 27,9 Cloudy
DA0001ebp 16/06/04 10:23:47 28,57 clair
DA00021bp 20/07/04 10:25:52 25,64 Cloudy (50%)
Image «Antarctique»
DA000286s 17/01/05 11:37:56 14,53 Cloudy (50%)
DA000270s 27/12/04 11:35:41 16,69 clair
DA000286p 17/01/05 11:37:56 14,53 Cloudy (30%)
DA000270p 27/12/04 11:35:41 16,69 clair
We noted from the table that most of the images are cloudy, Knowing which were taken with the
same shooting conditions, so it is difficult for us to compare. To solve this problem, we tried to make
the most out of clear windows to the comparison.
Fig.5. Images of Antarctica and selected windows (camera-1).
125
Table.3 statistical indicators for both windows (images of the Antarctic-bank-1)

First window (600x1000)
PSNR
Image Mean Standard Deviation H AMBE
DA000270s 63.0685 1.4363 2.5683 29.9911

Green band 7.9041
DA000286s 55.1644 1.2852 2.4055
DA000270s 47.3963 1.1206 2.2051 32.9774
Red band 5.5545
DA000286s 41.8419 1.0457 2.1023
DA000270s 38.2267 1.3279 2.4493 34.4825
NIR band 4.5580
DA000286s 33.6687 1.2644 2.3766
2nd window (1000x300)
DA000270s 68.8044 1.4742 2.6065
Green band 9.1685 28.7497
DA000286s 59.6359 1.3234 2.4493
DA000270s 51.2700 1.1334 2.223 6.3100
Red band 31.9263
DA000286s 44.9601 1.0532 2.1141
DA000270s 41.2110 1.2872 2.4033
NIR band 5.2794 33.3182
DA000286s 35.9316 1.2689 2.3807
Table (3) shows the values of quantitative analysis of selected windows. For each channel, we see that
all values are close, and all the gray levels are clustered around the mean value; Values of the standard
deviation confirm this result.
The small differences in the standard deviation and entropy show a small variability between
multidate images. The AMBE values indicate for the three channels a small degradation of the
brightness of the image. PSNR values are between 28 and 34.5, which means that all the windows are
closer at the quality.
In the following study, we analyzed the radiometric medium responses of the camera 1, 2 and 3
for both windows.
first window-DA000270sm 27/12/2004 first window -DA000286sm 17/01/2005

70 70
65 65 Green channel
60 60
Green channel 55
55
50 50
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
55 55
GRAY LEVEL
GRAY LEVEL
50 50 Red channel
45 45
40 Red channel 40
35 35
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
50 50
45 45
40 40 NIR channel
35 35
NIR channel
30 30
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
COLUMN COLUMN
Fig.6. average detectors radiometric responses (Images of Antarctica- first window)
126
2nd window-DA000270sm 27/12/2004 2nd window-DA000286sm 17/01/2005

75 75
70 70 Green channel
65 65
Green channel
60 60
55 55
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
60 60
GRAY LEVEL
GRAY LEVEL
55 55
Red channel
50 50
45 Red channel 45
40 40
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
50 50
45 45
NIR channel
40 40
35 NIR channel 35
30 30
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
COLUMN COLUMN
Fig.7. The average radiometric responses (Images of Antarctica- 2nd window)
The analysis of the average radiometric responses (Fig. 7 and 8) confirms the previous results.
For each channel, all the gray levels are clustered around the mean value. And degradation of the
brightness of the image between the two windows which was taken on 27/12/2004 and the other was
taken on 17/01/2005; we noticed from the shooting information, a difference of two degree solar angle
(14.53 ° for DA000270sm image and 16.69°for DA000286sm image), and from the literature, when
the variation of the solar angle is less than 6 ° the influence on the brightness of the image is very low.
So in this case the degradation of the brightness is not related to this variation.
In the general shape of all the curves we have noticed a growing radiometric response, this
anomaly related to the optical effect.
Then we did the same work for windows extracted from images of Greenland.
Fig.8. Images of Greenland and selected windows.
127
Table.4 statistical indicators for both windows (images of the Greenland-bank-0)

Window (550x900)
Image Mean Standard Deviation H AMBE PSNR
Green DA000208p 102.7083 2.9579 3.1914 6.2117 31.4660
band DA0002e7p 96.4966 3.3718 3.6923
Red DA000208p 74.4098 3.5340 3.5144 4.6221 33.8786
band DA0002e7p 69.7877 3.6380 3.8537
NIR DA000208p 53.9993 4.7016 3.4789 2.7214 37.7398
band DA0002e7p 51.2779 4.7109 3.7974
We noted that:
For each channel, all the values of the statistical indicators are close. AMBE values indicate a
small degradation of the brightness between the two images. The near infrared channel showed a small
dispersion compared to other channels.
Then we analyzed the radiometric medium responses of the camera 4, 5 and 6 for the two
windows.
DA000208pm 07/07/2004 DA0002e7pm 26/06/2005

120 120
Green channel
90 90
Green channel
50 50
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
GRAY LEVEL
GRAY LEVEL
80 80 Red channel
60 60
Red channel
40 40
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
60 60
NIR channel
40 40
20 NIR channel
20
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
COLUMN COLUMN
Fig.9. The average radiometric responses (Images of Greenland)
Given the results, we note that the general shape of the curves appear stable for two windows, with
a small difference in brightness between the two windows which was taken on 07/07/2004 and the
other to was taken on 12/06/2005.
We also noticed, for the red channels and near infrared, variations of gray levels is the interior of
an interval larger than green channel and other channels of the bank 1, and this anomaly related to the
increase of the difference between odd and even pixels in the bank(0).
We did the same work for multiple windows extracted from the selected images to confirm the
previous results.
128
We have also noticed a decrease in sensitivity along certain columns to four cameras. This
anomaly can be associated to the difference in sensitivity of photosites, or for the presence of dust or
task at the optical CCD sensor:
• Cameras-1 (green): 4522 to 4570 photosite.
• Camera-2 (red): 1140 to1200 photosite.
• Camera-3 (near infrared): 3722 to3810 photosite.
• Camera-4 (green): 9479 to 9523 photosite.
6. Conclusion
This work has presented and interpreted results of multidate assessments of Alsat-1 Satellite’s
Imager. We have analyzed the sensitivity of each channel using the first test images taken before the
satellite launch, and 141 reference images taken during the beginning of its life in orbit. It shows a
stable quality of the imager during three years of operation. Some anomalies remain apparently linked
in part to the design of the imager, and secondly, the elements making up each part of channel
(camera). All results showed a decrease in sensitivity along certain columns to four cameras, which
are: camera 1(green channel), 2(red channel); 3(NIR channel) and 4(green channel). We also noted the
appearance of a small difference in brightness between multidate images. This clearly indicates a low
variability between these images that may be due to aging of camera. This remains a hypothesis
because the number of images is not sufficient to validate.
7. Reference
[1] A. RACHEDI, N. HADJ-SAHRAOUI, & A.BREWER, ‘’Alsat-1 First Results of Multispectral Imager’’,
The XXth international Congress for Photogrammetric and remote sensing, Turkey, July 2004, 5p.
[2] A.B. BENBOUZID, A. RACHEDI & K. LAIDI. ‘’ A New Micro-Satellite CCD Camera Controller
Design’’. Conference Proceedings of RAST 2005: Recent Advances in Space Technologies. IEEE
conference publications 10.1109/RAST.2005.1512552.
[3] STEPHENS & all. ‘’Launch of the International Disaster Monitoring Constellation; the development of a
novel international partnership in space’’. Conference Proceedings of RAST 2003: Recent Advances in
Space Technologies. IEEE conference publications 0-7803-8 142-4/03, 2003.
[4] ‘’Alsat pre-flight radiometric calibration’’, document interne CTS, 2003, 16p.
[5] Kodak KLI 10203 Technical data. Revision: 06, 12/5/01 document of Eastman Kodak Company from
http://www.kodak.com (access : 21/05/2011).
[6] K. BELKACEMI. ‘’ Radiometric characterization of Alsat-1 Camera’’, Master thesis, Centre of Space
Techniques, 2007, 112p.
[7] R. CALOZ et C. COLLET, ‘’Précis de la télédétection : traitement numérique d’images de télédétection’’,

volume 3. University Press of Quebec, 2001, 386 p.
[8] S. D. CHEN and A. RAMLI, “Minimum mean brightness error bi-histogram equalization in contrast
enhancement” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 49, no.4, pp.1310-19.
[9] Z. Wang, A. C. Bovik, H. R. Sheikh, and E. P. Simoncelli, “Image quality assessment: from error visibility
to structural similarity”, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 600-612, 2004.
129
Annexe C Attestions d’enseignement et
d’encadrement
Annexe D Divers
Annexe E Résumé de la thèse de Doctorat
I
Résumé
Les cristaux photoniques (CPs) sont des structures artificielles réalisées dans le but
d’ouvrir une bande interdite suivant les différentes directions, dans cette bande il apparaît une
gamme de fréquence pour laquelle la lumière ne peut plus se propager. L’ouverture d’une bande
interdite est due à la variation périodique de l’indice diélectrique à l’échelle de la longueur
d’onde, cette variation peut être unidimensionnelle, bidimensionnelle ou tridimensionnelle. Ces
propriétés rendent les cristaux photoniques intéressants pour de nombreuses applications en
optique intégrée. Les applications potentielles des cristaux photoniques sont très vastes :
réalisation des cavités résonantes de taille très réduite, des guides d’ondes, des virages, des
filtres sélectifs, des fibres optiques et des capteurs.
Dans ce contexte, cette thèse vise à l’étude et la conception des capteurs à base de
cristaux photoniques bidimensionnels (CP-2D) pour application en optique intégrée. Les
biocapteurs CPs à base de guide à cavité couplé CCWG (Coupled Cavities Wave Guide) offrent
plusieurs avantages en termes de sensibilité, de facteur de qualité Q élevé et de large gamme
de détection. Pour cela, nous avons basé, dans notre étude, sur deux conceptions : biocapteur
à indice de réfraction (RI) à base d’une cavité à modulation locale de la largeur d’un défaut
linéique, et biocapteur RI à base de guide à cavité couplée. L’objectif est d’améliorer la
sensibilité et la limite de détection de ces biocapteurs en fonction des paramètres physiques et
géométriques. Nous avons également proposé une nouvelle structure de biocapteur RI à base
de guide à cavité couplée. Afin d'acquérir simultanément une sensibilité optimale et une valeur
élevée de la transmission de ce biocapteur, notre amélioration a porté sur l’optimisation de la
région sensible du biocapteur, seulement les deux lignes de trous d'air localisés de chaque côté
de la ligne du défaut ont été modifiés, ainsi que le nombre de trou autour de la cavité. Pour
effectuer ces simulations, nous avons utilisé deux logiciels de Rsoft CAD, dont le premier
module est appelé BandSOLVE qui est basé sur la méthode des ondes planes (PWE), et le
second appelé FullWave, basé sur la méthode des différences finies temporelles (FDTD). Le
biocapteur est très sensible à la variation de RI dans les trous d'air, et il peut être optimisé pour
réaliser une large plage de mesure et une grande sensibilité. On a calculé une sensibilité de 530
nm/RIU pour une variation d’indice de 0.001 RIU, a été obtenue.
Mots-Clés : cristaux photoniques, l'optique intégrée, capteurs, guides d’ondes, cavité,
FDTD
Summary
Photonic crystals (PhCs) are artificial structures carried out for the purpose of opening a band
gap in different directions, in this band there appears a frequency range for which the light cannot
propagate, the opening of a band gap is due to the periodic variation of the dielectric index on the
wavelength scale, this variation can be one-dimensional, two-dimensional or three-dimensional. These
properties make photonic crystals interesting for many applications in integrated optics. Potential
applications of photonic band gap materials are many and varied: production of resonant cavities of very
small size, waveguides, turns, splitters, selective filters, optical fibers and sensors. In this context, the
aim of this thesis is to study and design of two-dimensional photonic crystal (PhC-2D) sensors for
application in integrated optics. The Coupled Cavities Wave Guide (CCWG) biosensors provide several
advantages in terms of sensitivity, high quality factor (Q) and a wide range of detection. For this, we
have based, in our study, on two conceptions. A refractive index (RI) biosensor based on a cavity
realized by the local width modulation of a line defect, and RI biosensor based on a coupled cavity
guide. The aim is to improve the sensitivity and limit of detection of these biosensors as a function of
the physical and geometrical parameters. We have proposed a novel coupled cavity guide biosensor
structure. In order to acquire the high sensitivity and transmission of this biosensor simultaneously. Our
improvement focused on the optimization of the sensitive region of the biosensor, by changing either
the radius of the air holes localized at each side of the line defect, and adjusting the number of holes
around the cavity.To perform these simulations we used two software of Rsoft CAD, the first module is
called BandSOLVE which is based on the plane wave method (PWE), and the second called FullWave,
based on Finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD). The biosensor is very sensitive to the variation
of RI in the air holes and can be optimized to achieve a wide measuring range and high sensitivity. A
sensitivity of 530 nm / RIU was calculated for an index change of 0.001 RIU.
Keywords: photonic crystals, integrated optics, sensors, waveguides, cavity, FDTD
‫الملخص‬
،‫البلورات الضوئية هي هياكل اصطناعية نفذت لغرض فتح فجوة غير مسموح فيها النتشار الضوء في اتجاهات مختلفة‬
‫ و يمكن أن يكون هذا االختالف ذا‬،‫ فتح هذه فجوة يرجع إلى االختالف الدوري لمعامل انكسار العازل على مقياس الطول الموجي‬،
‫هذه الخصائص تجعل البلورات الضوئية مثيرة لالهتمام للعديد من التطبيقات في مجال البصريات‬.‫ ثنائي األبعاد أو ثالثي األبعاد‬،‫بعد واحد‬
,‫ مرشحات انتقائية‬,‫ موجه موجات‬,‫ تحقيق فجوات رنانة صغيرة الحجم‬: ‫التطبيقات المحتملة لمواد ذات أشرطة ضوئية ممنوعة‬, ‫المدمجة‬
.‫ فإن الهدف من هذا البحث هو دراسة وتصميم أجهزة استشعار باستعمال البلورات واأللياف البصرية وأجهزة االستشعار‬,‫في هذا السياق‬
‫ أجهزة االستشعار المصممة باستعمال اقتران بين موجه الموجه والفجوة الخطية‬.‫الضوئية ثنائية األبعاد للتنفيذ في البصريات المدمجة‬
‫ ركزنا في دراستنا‬،‫ لهذا‬.‫ باإلضافة الي مجال واسع لالستشعار‬, ‫ ومعامل جودة مرتفع‬، ‫تقدم العديد من المزايا من حيث حساسية عاليه‬
‫ باستعمال تجويف ناتج التعديل المحلي لعرض‬IR ‫ جهاز االستشعار البيولوجي على أساس معامل االنكسار‬, ‫على نوعين من التصاميم‬
. ‫ باستعمال اقتران بين موجه الموجه والفجوة الخطية‬IR ‫ جهاز االستشعار البيولوجي‬, ‫عيب الخطي‬
‫لقد‬ ‫ اعتمادا على المعلمات الفيزيائية والهندسية‬, ‫والهدف هو تحسين حساسية والحد االدنى الستشعار الجهاز البيولوجي‬
‫ حيث اعتمادنا‬.‫ باستعمال اقتران بين موجه الموجه والفجوة الخطية‬IR ‫ هيكال جديدا لجهاز االستشعار البيولوجي‬, ‫اقترحنا في هذا العمل‬
‫ حيث تم تعديل‬، ‫ أوال ركزنا على االستفادة المثلى للمنطقة الحساسة لجهاز االستشعار البيولوجي‬, ‫من اجل تحسين خصائص الجهاز على‬
‫ في عملنا‬.‫ على تعديل عدد الثقوب حول والفجوة الخطية‬,‫ ثانيا‬,‫سطرين فقط من ثقوب الهواء التي تقع على كل جانبي موجه الموجة‬
‫ والذي يقوم على طريقة‬EVLOSdnaB‫ االول اسمه‬, IACtfosR ‫ لتنفيذ المحاكاة استعملنا نوعين من البرمجيات ل‬,‫هذا‬
.)eRDR( ‫ والذي يستند على طريقة الفروق المتناهية في المجال الزمني‬,evaaWVup ‫) و االخر اسمه‬EWB "CLOpAAnnaVLp"(
IRR\Ln035 ‫ ولقد تم الحصول على حساسية تعادل‬,‫ في ثقوب الهواء‬IR ‫جهاز االستشعار البيولوجي المصمم حساس جدا الختالف‬
IR ‫ ل‬5.550 ‫من اجل تغير ب‬
DFDF،‫ تجويف‬،‫ والموجه الموجي‬،‫ أجهزة االستشعار‬، ‫ البصريات المدمجة‬, ‫ البلورات الضوئية‬:‫الكلمات المفتاحية‬

Synthèse Des Travaux Scientifiques

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Synthèse Des Travaux Scientifiques

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE

MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEURE

Université Mohamed Boudiaf - M’sila

Synthèse des Travaux Scientifiques

En vue de l’obtention de L’Habilitation Universitaire

Soutenue le:….../….../…. Devant le jury composé de :

Année Universitaire 2020/2021

1) Données d’identification du candidat :

Nom : Harhouz Prénom : Ahlam

Date et lieu de naissance : 27/07/1985 Ain Elhadjel M’sila

Adresse : BP 37 Ain Elhadjel M’sila

Tel : 0797613751 email : ahlam.harhouz@univ-msila.dz

Etablissement et Date d’obtention du Magister : 25/09/2012

Spécialité de Magister : Systèmes de communications modernes

Etablissement et Date d’obtention de Doctorat : Université Mohamed Boudiaf m’sila 27/04/2017

Intitulé du sujet de Doctorat/Intitulé de la thèse : Contribution à l’étude et la conception des capteurs à

2) Identification de la publication principale :

Intitulé de la Revue : Optical and Quantum Electronics (OQEL)

Catégorisation de la revue : A B C Autres

2) Identification de la communication internationale ou nationale principale :

3) Expérience dans le domaine de l’enseignement :

4) Encadrement des mémoires Master :

4) Autres travaux scientifiques (Publications, Communications nationales ou internationales, ouvrages,

Le candidat : (Nom/Prénom et signature)

Partie II : synthèse des travaux scientifique après le Doctorat es-Science

Annexe A : Diplômes et titres

DATE & LIEU DE

GRADE ACTUEL Màîtré dé Conféréncés Clàssé B

CURSUS UNIVERSITAIRE  2017 : Diplomé dé Doctoràt én sciéncés én Eléctroniqué à l’univérsité dé M'silà ,

POSTES OCCUPES MAITRE DE CONFERENCES CLASSE B , L’UNIVERSITE DE M’SILA

ENS CACHAN ÉCOLE CENTRALE, PARIS

ALGERIAN CEMENT COMPANY, M'SILA

15 Juillét 2007 àu 15 Aout 2007 : Stàgé dé formàtion pràtiqué én éléctroniqué àu séin dé

SENTRAX ELECTRONICS, BORDJ-BOU-ARRÉRIDj

01Juillét 2006 àu 01 Aout 2006 : Stàgé dé formàtion pràtiqué én éléctroniqué àu séin dé

COMMUNICATION A. Harhouz, A. Hocini, “Réfràctivé indéx sénsing utilizing à microcàvity-wàvéguidés

ACTIVITÉS A. MODULES & MATIERES ENSEIGNES

TERMINOLOGIE ET NORMES DANS LE BIOMEDICAL (COURS)

TRAITEMENT DU SIGNAL (COURS, TD ET TP)

INSTRUMENTATION ET SIGNAL (TP)

TRAITEMENT DES SIGNAUX PHYSIOLOGIQUES (COURS ET TD)

PROBABILITES ET STATISTIQUES (TD)

S2 Licéncé 1, Fàculté dés màthémàtiqués ét informàtqués, 2013/2014 Enséignànt

TERMINOLOGIE SCIENTIFIQUE (COURS)

CODAGE DE L’INFORMATION (TD)

BEN MESROUK FATIMA

BIZET ACHRAF FAYÇAL

MOHADI MOHAMMED ELAMIN

I. Contexte des recherches

L’augmentation des besoins industriels dans le domaine de l’optoélectronique

II. Objectif de la thèse

III. Biocapteur RI à base de cavité à modulation locale de la largeur d’un

III.2. La bande interdite photonique

III.4. Cavité à modulation locale de la largeur d’un défaut linéique

longueur d'onde (µm)

Figure .4. a) Structure de référence du biocapteur RI à base d’une approche de Fabry-Perot

longueur d'onde de résonance 0

Très faible sensibilité

Très faible sensibilité

longueur d'onde de résonance 0

IV. 2. Structure optimisée du biocapteur RI

Figure .8. a) Structure verticale (Vue latérale schématique) de biocapteur RI à CP proposée

l'eau distillée n=1.3147

Dutta. et al 2013 Biocapteurs RI à base de guide 260 0.001

2 Prototype design and simulation method

Table 1 Sensitivity comparison of different sensor structures