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Abstract
Schrödinger-Langevin equation has been constructed for the ion-transport for K-ion channel. The stability of
the solutions of this equation has been discussed under various physical situations. This will shed new light
on the ion transport at nano-scale as well as the possibility of ion trapping and quantum information proc-
essing.
depending upon velocity. So we are in need for a theory Now taking gradient on each side and separating the real
which corresponds to quantized friction. First we will and imaginary part,we come to the 1st moment Equa-
dwell upon the construction of Schrödinger equation in tions (2) and (3). Since we differentiate the energy equa-
terms of Nelson’s stochastic procedure. In this procedure, tion over space and come to the force equations, it might
it is postulated that a kind of Brownian motion agitates not be unique. That is why the arbitrary function t
all particles of matter. We shall assume that every parti- is taken into the equation. By choosing, for each t, the
cle performs a Markov process of the form arbitrary constant in S appropriately we can arrange for
t to be zero.
dx t = b x t , t dt d t (1)
Hence the conventional quantum mechanics can be
where t is a wiener process with t s formulated in terms of stochastic processes. We can then
independent of x r whenever r s t . The diffu- use either of the schemes in order to get the information
about quantum dynamics.
sion coefficient is postulated as = , where is We shall now see how can we extend stochastic me-
2m
chanics so as to incorporate velocity dependent forces.
the reduced Planck’s constant. b is the mean forward ve-
Now let us consider the simplest possible velocity de-
b b*
locity and b* is the mean backward velocity. u = pendent frictional force Fd = v .
2 Considering this force Equation (3) is modified into
b b*
and v = are referred to as osmotic velocity and v 1 2
2 = V v v v u u u (7)
current velocity respectively. t m 2m
Studying the kinematics of this type of motion, we
Now putting the information v = S in Equation (7)
come to the 1st moment kind of equations m
u we get
= v v u (2) v 1 2
t 2m = V S v v u u u (8)
t m 2m
v 1 2
= V v v u u u (3) Now from Equations (2) and (8), by the similar proce-
t m 2m
dure followed previously, we get the Schrödinger equa-
where F = V is an external force acting on the par- tion
ticle and m is the mass of each particle. We now want to
2 2
change the dependent variable as = exp R iS . The i = V S t (9)
osmotic velocity can be expressed in terms of a gradient t 2m
[6] 1
Here S = ln * . So Equation (9) becomes
2i
u = = R (4)
m
2 2
where is the density. i = V ln t (10)
t 2m 2i *
Similarly we set the current velocity as a gradient
This is one particular type of Schrödinger-Langevin (S-L)
equation. One can also introduce other terms in the S-L
v= S (5)
m equation. Here, we will concentrate on this particular S-L
Keeping these assumptions, the Equations (2) and (3) can equation.
be changed into a linear partial differential equation, in
fact the Schrödinger equation. 3. Mathematical Foundation of Stability of
the Solution
2
i = 2 V t (6)
t 2m We check the stability of the solution by the method of
t is an arbitrary constant over time. Lyapunov stability analysis. The solution of a linear equ-
To prove this, we can put the expression ation (in our case linear in time t) is said to be stable if
= exp R iS in the equation and get, there exists a scaler function L x > 0 in the neighbor-
dL
hood of the origin such that 0 in that region. L is
R S
2
2 R i 2 S R iS
2
i i = dt
t t 2m called the Lyapunov function. From a physicist’s point of
V t view Lyapunov function can be understood as the energy
dL v2 ln v
= v Vq V Es dA v Fd dV (13)
dt 2 4
dL derivative of L is calculated. The condition for stability
Vq is the quantum potential. Now it is shown that
dt can be derived by stating the total time derivative of L to
is found to be negative providing the second term in the be negative.
right hand side is negative. Since this term is the rate of
change of energy due to the frictional force, it can be 4. Schrödinger-Langevin Equation
taken as negative.
Following Van & Fülop et al., we take the expectation It has been found that Schrodinger-Langevin equation
value of the energy difference of the present and the sta- can be constructed for the case of ionic diffusion along K
tionary states as the Lyapunov function. Then we calcu- ion channels [13]. The Schrodinger-Langevin equation
late the first variation of L and from that the total time describing the ionic diffusion is as follows
2 2 a
i = V 0 ln *
t 2m x 2 2i
(14)
a t t t a2 t t t
1 0 exp dt ln * 0 exp dt ln *
2i 1 1 2 2
1
2
a1 t t t a2 t t t
= a0
1
0 exp dt 0 exp dt (16)
t 2m x 1 2 2
From Equation (15) we get
x, t = 0 t x 1 t (17)
From Equation (16) we get
1 2 a t t a2 t t
0 t a0 x, t 1
t t
= 0 exp dt 0 exp dt (18)
t 2m 1 1 2 2
exp a0 s
1 t = 1 0 exp a0 t exp a0 t 0 0 s ds exp a0 t 0 exp a0 s B s ds
t 2 t
(21.2)
2m
where A(s) and B(s) are defined as:
a1 s t a2 s t
A s = 0 t dt 0 t dt
s s
a1 s t a2 s t
B s = 1 t dt 1 t dt
s s
ber. Then ing issue for quantum entanglement and build up quan-
t tum computer.
a1 2 0 exp s v ds
1 n 2
n t (29) 6. References
a2
1 exp s v ds
2
0 [1] E. B. Davies, “Quantum Theory of Open Systems,” Aca-
demic Press, London, 1976.
Now previously we have shown that
[2] S. Chandrasekhar, “Stochastic Problems in Physics and
i 1
v= ln = x,t . Again from the Astronomy,” Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 43, No. 1,
2m x * m x 1943, pp 1-89. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.15.1
expression of we get v 2 = M exp 2a0 S where [3] J. Messer, “On the Theory of Quantum Mechanical Lan-
M is some constant over time. Then we get from the in- gevin Systems,” Princeton University Press, Princeton,
equality 1975.
[4] U. Weiss, “Quantum Dissipative Systems,” World Scien-
a1 1
2 (30) tific Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, Singapore, 2008.
a2 n [5] H. P. Breuer and F. Petruccione, “The Theory of Open
is taken to be smaller than 1. where Quantum Systems,” Oxford University Press, Inc., NY,
2003.
1 2a0 t
= exp [6] N. Edward, “Quantum Fluctuations,” Princeton Univer-
n 1 sity Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1985.
[7] L. K. Yu, “Contribution to Plasma Physics,”Introduction
5. Conclusive Remarks in Quantum Theory of Open Systems, Vol. 37, No. 2-3,
1997, pp. 157-166.
The above stability analysis of our S-L equation for ion [8] H. P. Breuer and F. Petruccione, “Concepts and Methods
transport at nano-scale clearly indicates the following: in the Theory of Open Quantum Systems,” ar-Xiv-ph/
0302047, 2003.
In the weak Non-Markovian limit i.e. a0 a1 , a2 ,
the S-L equation has a stable solution and the [9] K. S. Bo-Sture, “Stochastic Mechanics and Dissipative
process is a reversible Markov process for certain Forces,” Journal of Mathematical Physics, Vol. 18, No. 2,
1977, pp. 308-311.
duration of time 0 . This clearly shows that Nel-
son process is realizable in nature atleast in bio- [10] K. Yasue, “Quantum Mechanics of Non-Conservative
Systems,” Annals of Physics, Vol. 114, No.1-2, 1978, pp.
logical domain. This happens in the selectivity fil- 479-496. doi:10.1016/0003-4916(78)90279-8
ter of K-ion channel.
[11] M. D. Kostin, “On the Schrödinger-Langevin Equation ”,
In strong Markovian limit where a1 & a2 can not Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 57, No. 9, 1972, pp.
be neglected, we can get also stable solutions under 3589-3591. doi:10.1063/1.1678812
the condition given by Equation (30).
[12] P. Van and T. Fülöp, “Stability of Stationary Solutions of
It is found from the recent experiments [14] that the the Schrödinger-Langevin Equation,” arXiv:quant-ph/030
ionic oscillations are found in the selectivity filter of 4190v3, 2004.
K ion channel for a certain duration of time. Real sit- [13] S. Roy and R. Llinás, “Relevance of Quantum Mechanics
uation demands [15] a stable solution of S-L equation for on Some Asoect of Ion Channel Function,” C. R. Biolo-
a certain period. Our analysis confirms the stability of gies, Vol. 332, No. 6, 2009 , pp. 517-522.
solutions in the weak non-Markovian limit. In the basket [14] Y. Zhou, J. H. Morais-Cabral, A. Kaufman and R.
region of this channel it clearly shows diffusion of K Mackinnon, “Chemistry of Ion Coordination and Hydra-
ions. It means that the S-L equation should also have a tion Revealed by the K+ Selectivity Filter,” Nature, Vol.
stable solution in the strong Markovian limit under a 414, No. 6859, 2001, pp. 43-48. doi:10.1038/35102009
simple proportionality condition 2 = n 1 . This kind of [15] S. Roy, I. Mitra and R. Llinás, “Non-Markovian Noise
analysis will be helpful in understanding the behaviours Mediated through Anomalous Diffusion within Ion
of nano pores and it’s applications in biological domain. Channels,” Physical Review E, Vol. 78, No. 4, 2008, pp.
041920- 041929. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.78.041920
Our proposal of building S-L equation for ion transport
will shed new light not only in the context of nano-scale
engineering but also in ion-trapping which is a challeng-