H O K K A I D O U N I V E R S I T Y O P E N C O U R S E W A R E

INTRO D U C I N G
ENG L A N D

DR PHILIP SEATON,

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

RESEARCH FACULTY OF MEDIA AND

COMMUNICATION, HOKKAIDO
UNIVERSITY
A video series about English history and
culture

In this four-part video series you will
have a chance to learn a little about
some aspects of English history and
culture: 1) London, 2) Pubs, 3)
Cathedrals, Churches and Chapels, and
4) Trains.
This booklet accompanying the four more about England, English, and English
videos also provides handy hints about culture.
listening to mini-lectures in English and
understanding the cultural as well as
linguistic issues in the videos. Philip Seaton
I hope that you enjoy the videos and Hokkaido University
find them useful for learning a little bit

Video 3: Cathedrals,
Video 1: London Churches and
Chapels

Video 2: Pubs Video 4: Trains

Video 1: London

As you watch the video, try and find the

answers to the following questions. P H OTO S
Question 3:
Question 1: What year was the London Eye
Philip Seaton is not from London. opened?
True or False? a) 1999
b) 2000

c) 2001
Question 2: d) 2002
The person who said “When a man is THE VIEW FROM
TRAFALGAR SQUARE
tired of London, he is tired of life” was: Question 4:
a) an actor Which bridge appears in the video?
b) a politician a) Tower Bridge
c) a writer b) Westminster Bridge
d) a TV personality c) Stamford Bridge
d) London Bridge

THE RIVER THAMES

ANSWERS ARE ON THE
PENULTIMATE PAGE OF
THIS BOOKLET

PICC ADILLY CIRCUS

HOME
Video 1: Script
What is the thing that most as true today. the Houses of Parliament?
reminds you of home? For me it
is the gentle sound of birds London means different things to Here we are again on terra firma.
singing in the garden. I grew up in different people. To some it is a [4] Thebuilding next to the Eye
the suburbs of London. It is a tourist destination full of used to be the Greater London
huge, vibrant city of over 8 international icons such as Big Council building, but now it is a
million people. Nevertheless, it is Ben. To others it is a place of movie museum and aquarium.
nature that most reminds me of work or play. To others it is a Another popular way to see
home: birdsong, flowers in the place to live: home. And amid all London is to take a ride on an
garden, and yes[1], those are the hustle and bustle of life in open-topped tourist bus.You can
cherry blossom trees lining the the big city, it is still possible to see a couple of these crossing
road where I spent my find an oasis of peace and quiet Westminster Bridge just now.
childhood. in a garden or park. And there is Big Ben, silhouetted
against the late afternoon sun.
Hello, my name is Philip Seaton. I There are endless things to say
am an associate professor in the about London. But I will give you If you ever visit London, why
Research Faculty of Media and a brief overview[3], quite literally, don’t you try a flight on the
Communication at Hokkaido from the London Eye. London Eye?
University. This video series is
about England, my home First let’s look at some basic data In the next video in this series I
country. I will be introducing to about the London Eye. The Eye will introduce an aspect of
you various aspects of its history was opened in March 2000 as British culture that is very
and culture. part of the Millennium popular in London and the rest
celebrations. It is now London’s of the country: the pub.
Notice how I said my home most popular paying tourist
country is “England”. I am from attraction with 3.5 million Notes:
London. It is the capital of the visitors per year. It is 135 metres [1] This “and yes” shows that I
anticipate people have already guessed
United Kingdom of Great Britain tall, which makes it London’s or wondered if the trees are cherry
and Northern Ireland. The UK is fourth highest structure.You get blossoms.
made up of four countries: a spectacular panoramic view [2] In lists we usually have “and”
England, Scotland, Wales and over the city and visibility is 40 between the penultimate and last items
in the list. But here, the “and” is
Northern Ireland. While these kilometres on a clear day. The omitted for dramatic effect.
four nations are all part of the wheel moves continuously and [3] This is a play on words. Overview
United Kingdom, they have very slowly. One rotation takes usually means “summary”, but in this
distinctive histories and cultures. thirty minutes. case it refers to “a view over London”.
The phrase “quite literally” alerts the
In this series I will talk only listener to this.
about England. And let’s start Here we are at the top of the [4] Terra firma, on solid ground. This is
with my hometown: London. London Eye. Below is the River one of many phrases from Latin that
survive in modern English.
Thames that runs through the
London is vibrant, energetic, a bit city. As you can see, London is
crazy[2] – everything you would not a city of skyscrapers, but
expect from a modern capital there are a few in the distance in
city. But it is also full of the financial district.
fascinating history and diverse
cultures. Dr Samuel Johnson, the And this is the view looking
famous writer and down on parliament. Everyone
lexicographer, once said, “When knows Big Ben. But do you know
a man is tired of London, he is that Big Ben is actually the name
tired of life”. His words are just of the bell in the clock tower of
Handy Hints: Listening to Mini Lectures

When you are listening to a

mini-lecture, note that the
words used by the lecturer
and the words on a slide or
handout are not always the
same (actually it is bad style to
just read from your
powerpoint slides). Slides
contain key points or bullet
points only, while the
lecturer’s script uses full
sentences. Please be aware of
this because there can be
important differences in
grammar. Compare this
example from the section
about the London Eye.

The script is as follows:

Notice how many words have been cut in the slide, or how some words have been changed (a → per,
lasts → takes, etc.). Words on the slide are in italics:

 First let’s look at some basic data about the London Eye.
 The Eye was opened in March 2000 as part of the Millennium celebrations.
 It is now London’s most popular paying tourist attraction with 3.5 million visitors per year.
 It is 135 metres tall, which makes it London’s fourth highest structure.
 You get a spectacular panoramic view over the city and visibility is 40 kilometres on a clear day.
 The wheel moves continuously and very slowly. One rotation takes thirty minutes.

Handy Hint: When you are writing an essay or making a presentation, use full sentences. When
making handouts, use bullet point style.
Video 2: Pubs

Answer the questions from the pub quiz

in the video.
P H OTO S
1) How much is a pint? 4)When drinking at a pub, what is a
a) 465 millilitres “round”?
b) 530 millilitres a) A table that people sit around.
c) 568 millilitres b) Buying one drink for every person
in your group.
2) What are the laws on smoking in c) Drinking every beer on the menu.
English pubs?
a) Smoking is allowed anywhere inside 5) What country’s festival was being
the pub. celebrated?
b) Smoking rooms in pubs must be a) Ireland
THE B AR
separate from non-smoking areas. b) Scotland
c) Pubs are completely non-smoking. c) England

3) What is the queuing system at the

bar?
a) People form one queue.
b) People form one queue for each
bartender.
c) There is no queue. A good
bartender knows the correct order
to serve people.
A PUB IN YORK

ANSWERS ARE ON THE

PENULTIMATE PAGE OF
THIS BOOKLET

BEER!

FISH AND CHIPS

Video 2: Script
One thing I always look forward Other pubs have fascinating system at the bar? People form
to when I return to England is a histories. This pub in St Albans, one queue. People form one
pint at the pub. I know various just north of London, claims to queue for each bartender. There
places to drink British beer in be one of the oldest pubs in the is no queue. A good bartender
Sapporo, but it’s just not the country. It is believed Oliver knows the correct order to
same. Here’s why ... Cromwell stayed here during the serve people. The answer is
English civil war in the mid- there is no queue.You stand at
This is the village of Barrington, seventeenth century. And this the bar and catch the bartender’s
just outside Cambridge. It is a pub in York is built over the eye. He or she will ask what you
classic, picturesque village in the remains of some Roman baths, want when it is your turn.
English countryside, with a village which you can actually go down
green, small shop, parish church, and visit. This pub in Greenwich Question 4: When drinking at a
and the village pub. All pubs have is owned by Britain’s oldest pub, what is a “round”? A table
an interesting name and a sign brewery. that people sit around. Buying
outside. This is The Royal Oak. It one drink for every person in
is in a Tudor-style building with a So much fascinating history can your group. Drinking every beer
thatched roof. The outside of the be found in pubs. This is why they on the menu. The answer is
pub is decorated with hanging are an important part of English buying one drink for every
flower baskets. Inside, you can history and culture. person in your group. This
feel the history. There are low practice is especially common
ceilings supported by old One traditional activity in an among close friends who are
wooden beams, and antique English pub is a quiz night. Let’s regular drinking partners. It is
pictures on the wall. see how much you know about bad manners to avoid paying
pubs. your fair share. If you drank
Like many pubs it serves food as more than you paid for this
well as drink. People often say Question 1: How much is a pint? time, you buy the first round
that the English have no cuisine, 465 millilitres, 530 millilitres, 568 next time.
but you can have many millilitres. The answer is 568
traditional English dishes at millilitres. And that means 568 Question 5: We are sitting
pubs: fish and chips, steak and millilitres of liquid. The head, in outside an English pub. But, what
kidney pie, or how about a other words the bubbles, are country’s festival is being
sandwich? Sandwich is the name free! celebrated? Ireland. Scotland.
of a town in England where the England. Here’s an extra hint for
sandwich was first made Question 2: What are the laws you. A pint of Guinness: so, the
popular. And then how about a on smoking in English pubs? answer must be Ireland. It’s St
delicious pudding? British people Smoking is allowed anywhere Patrick’s Day, March the
love to finish a meal with inside the pub. Smoking rooms in seventeenth. St Patrick is the
something sweet. Here is a pubs must be separate from non- patron saint of Ireland. There are
traditional favourite: apple smoking areas. Pubs are many people of Irish descent
crumble. completely non-smoking. The living in England; but even for
answer is that pubs are people without any Irish blood,
The Royal Oak is a typical village completely non-smoking. A law what could be better than sitting
pub, but there are many other introduced in 2007 made it illegal outside a pub on a beautiful
types. Every pub is different and to smoke in places of work. Bar spring afternoon, drinking a pint
has its own unique staff work in pubs, so smoking of Guinness?
characteristics. This pub in became illegal in pubs. If you
central London is often full of want a cigarette, you have to go Next time I will talk about
workers in the city before they outside. another important building in
go home. This pub has a street every English town and village:
terrace that gives it a cafe feel. Question 3: What is the queuing the church.
Handy Hints: Listening to Mini Lectures

When listening to a lecture in English, there are two reasons why you might not understand:
1) linguistic – you do not understand the grammar construction or a piece of vocabulary;
2) cultural – the speaker assumes you have cultural knowledge, but you do not.

In the video A Drink at an English Pub there was quite a lot of assumed cultural knowledge, which
probably made the video difficult to understand in places. This sheet provides that cultural knowledge.

“Tudor style”:
The Tudor period of English history was
1485-1603 (from the reign of King Henry VII to
Queen Elizabeth I). During this period, many
houses were built using a characteristic design of
black planks of wood on a white background. This
style is still popular today.

Oliver Cromwell is one of

the most famous figures in
British history. He led the
parliamentary army during
the Civil War (1642-51).
After the execution of
King Charles I, he became
Lord Protector (effectively
dictator) of England. His
statue stands outside the
Houses of Parliament
today.

Place names: There were a

number of towns mentioned in
the video. Their locations are
given on this map. St Patrick is the patron
saint of Ireland. He was a
missionary in Ireland
during the fifth century.
He is celebrated on 17
Handy Hint: When you are finding March every year. All around the world, St Patrick’s
it difficult to understand a passage, do Day is a celebration of everything Irish.
not automatically think that your
English is not good enough. There
might be cultural knowledge you are
missing. When you have the cultural knowledge, understanding the passage becomes much
easier. After reading this sheet, try watching the video again!
Video 3: Cathedrals, Churches and Chapels

As you watch the video, try and find the

answers to the following questions.
P H OTO S
Question 1: Question 3:
Which towns contain the chapels Two decorated Gothic stained glass
discussed in the video? Choose 2. windows are introduced. Which towns
a) Cambridge are they in?
b) Greenwich a) Cambridge
c) St Albans b) Greenwich
d) York c) St Albans
d) York
Question 2:
C AMBRIDGE
There is discussion of Roman history in Question 4:
the video. Which town’s history is Which town contains a UNESCO
discussed? World Heritage site?
a) Cambridge a) Cambridge
b) Greenwich b) Greenwich
c) St Albans c) St Albans
d) York d) York

ANSWERS ARE ON THE

GREENWICH
PENULTIMATE PAGE OF
THIS BOOKLET

ST ALB ANS

YORK
Video 3: Script
Christianity has played a vital One of the key features of Let’s now look at some of the
role throughout British history. Gothic architecture is the features of the three periods of
In every town and village across pointed arch. Here we can see Gothic style. We are at York
England there is a church. examples in a stained glass Cathedral, which is the largest
window, the ceiling, and on the Gothic cathedral in northern
In this video we will look at walls. Europe. Let’s concentrate on
some architectural styles in stained glass windows.
English churches. We will look at At this point you might be asking
two cathedrals and two chapels: yourself a question: “Why are These windows are from the
York Cathedral, St Albans there different styles in the same Early English period. Notice the
Cathedral, King’s College Chapel cathedral?” Well, cathedrals took pointed arches but simple
in Cambridge, and the Chapel of a very long time to build, often a design. And here’s a view from
The Old Royal Navy College in number of centuries. Sometimes outside.
Greenwich, London. they needed to be repaired or
rebuilt. And over time, fashion The next windows are from the
Do you know the difference and technology changed. There decorated Gothic style. This is a
between a cathedral, church and are actually very few English typical decorated Gothic
chapel? Perhaps the simplest way cathedrals that are completely, window in St Albans cathedral.
to think of it is to say that a or even almost completely, in a Notice the elaborate
cathedral serves a large single style. St. Albans Cathedral decorations towards the top.
geographical area called a is a good example of a cathedral And this is a window at York
diocese, a church serves a parish with many styles. It has Norman Cathedral. Its nickname is “Heart
(which basically means a town or arches, Gothic arches and of Yorkshire”.
village), and a chapel serves an decorations, choir seats and
organization, such as a school or floor tiles from the 19th century, We are up on the roof of York
hospital. and an entrance hall and Cathedral. We have a spectacular
education centre opened in the view of the city. But up here we
But, we will concentrate on 1980s. have a chance to see another
architecture. We will look at feature of Gothic architecture.
three main periods: Norman, And, St Albans Cathedral has one These are called buttresses. They
Gothic (subdivided into Early more piece of interesting support the weight of the roof
English, Decorated Gothic and history. St Albans used to be an and allowed the roofs of Gothic
Perpendicular Gothic), and important Roman town. There cathedrals to become higher and
English Renaissance. are many Roman ruins, including more decorated.
this theatre, where there used to
Let’s start with Norman style. be plays and occasionally Finally, let’s look at perpendicular
The main characteristic of gladiator fights. When the style. In perpendicular style,
Norman architecture is a semi- Normans started building St there are many vertical lines. In
circular arch. Albans Cathedral in the 11th this style, the pictures in the
century, they used many pieces glass are more important than
Here we can see a typical of stone from Roman ruins. the stone decorations. One of
Norman arch in St Albans Stone from this theatre was the best examples of
Cathedral. But notice how there probably used, too. So, some perpendicular style architecture
are two different styles in this parts of the cathedral are only is King’s College Chapel in
picture. On the right is Norman thirty years old. The Norman Cambridge. This magnificent
architecture. On the left is arches are nearly 1000 years chapel seems to reach up to the
Gothic architecture. In 1323, part old. And some of the building sky.
of the cathedral collapsed and it materials date back over 1600
was rebuilt in Gothic style. years to Roman times.
Video 3: Script (cont.)
Next, let’s look at Renaissance
style architecture.
We are at the Old Royal Naval
College in Greenwich, London. It
was built as a hospital for sailors First, in the roofs of the buildings to represent the cross on which
before being converted to a
Naval College. It is a UNESCO
World Heritage Site.
This is the chapel. It is in a
neoclassical style. Notice how
the key point of the design has
changed from stonework to
painting and carving.
We have looked mainly at
aspects of design and
decoration, but to end with let’s
think about the shape of the
building as a whole.
we have looked at, one can also Jesus died. But the more
see the progression of
construction technology, from
tower, to spire, to dome.
Second, have you noticed
something about the shape of
York Cathedral and St Albans
Cathedral? Look at these
pictures of St Albans.
The answer is that the cathedral
is built in the shape of a cross.
Many other cathedrals are, too.
One theory is that cathedrals
were built in the shape of a cross
common theory is that the cross
shape provided extra space, and
stability to the tower.
In the next video in the
Introducing England series, we
will look at an English invention
that now exists in every
country: the train.

References

Cathedral Architecture, The Pitkin Guide

Maritime Greenwich, A World Heritage Site,The Official Guide
St Albans Cathedral (Visitor Guidebook), Jarrold Publishing
Welcome to York Minster (Visitor Pamphlet)
Handy Hints: Listening to Mini Lectures

Every talk will contain some key vocabulary “families”, i.e. groups of words about a particular topic
or having particular properties. In this video there was a lot of discussion of shapes.

Sometimes shapes were used as nouns, and sometimes as adjectives. Look at the list of vocabulary
and notice the differences between the noun and adjective forms. This vocabulary is particularly
important for people studying sciences. Make sure that you learn it. Why not try learning useful
vocabulary in your subject by making similar lists of words with similar meanings or usages?

Noun Translation Adjective

rectangle 長方形 rectangular

square 正方形 square

triangle 三角形 triangular

(semi-)circle 円形 (semi-)circular

cross 十文字 cross-shaped

arch アーチ arched

rounded arch
heart ハート形 heart-shaped circular window

point とがった先端 pointed

cube 立方体 cubic

sphere 球体 spherical

cone 円錐体 conical

dome ドーム dome-shaped

pointed roof decorations
star 星 star-shaped

Other useful words:

perpendicular 垂直の

horizontal 地平線（上）の

vertical 直立した

parallel 平行の
dome
Video 4: Trains

As you watch the video, try and find the

answers to the following questions.
P H OTO S
Question 1: Question 3:
Which train is not mentioned in the Which are true about Docklands and
video? the Docklands Light Railway. Choose 2.
a) The Mallard a) DLR is mostly underground.
b) The Tube b) DLR trains are driven by computers.
c) The Intercity Express c) Docklands is a depressed area.
d) Eurostar d) Warehouses in Docklands have been
converted into apartments. EUROSTAR
Question 2:
What was the problem with the early Which is older?
underground lines? a) The Channel Tunnel
a) It was very expensive. b) Seikan Tunnel
b) The stations were always full of
smoke.

c) The cut and cover technique.

d) The horses got tired quickly.
ANSWERS ARE ON THE MIND THE GAP!
PENULTIMATE PAGE OF
THIS BOOKLET

STEAM

THE ROYAL TRAIN

Video 4: Script
London is a city on the move. heat water, it was able to large numbers of people to get
But just think how much busier generate a lot more steam underground. Workmen dug the
it would be up here, if there power. The age of the steam train tunnels from inside metal rings,
weren’t three million people a had arrived. which increased safety. This is
day traveling down here. This is where the nickname “tube”
the Tube. By the way, “the Tube” Here at the National Railway comes from. The tunnels are in
is the nickname for the London Museum in York, a replica of the the shape of a tube.
Underground. Subway is Rocket is on display. Next to it is
American English. another steam engine that made Outside central London, the
history. This is the Mallard. It tracks were built over ground.
Trains have played a very holds the record for the fastest New suburbs and commuter
important role in the history and speed by a steam engine: 126 towns developed around the
culture of England. In this video miles per hour, set in 1938. tube stations. Posters like these
we will take a short trip through promoted the convenience of
the history of trains. The first Overall, steam engines were a the tube: “From country to the
stop is steam trains, followed by vital component of the industrial heart of town, 30 minutes”.
the Tube, Docklands Light revolution in the nineteenth
Railway, and finally Eurostar. century. Over 110,000 were built Before the invention of trains
in Britain between 1804 and and the popularity of buses in
Railways have played an 1971. the nineteenth century, the River
important role in British Thames was the great highway
industrial history. Wagons pushed The London Underground is the through London. In the East End
on rails were being used in oldest underground railway of London were the docks, from
English mines as early as the system in the world. The first line which goods were shipped to
fourteenth century. In the was opened in 1863. It was built the rest of Britain and overseas.
eighteenth century, iron railroads using a method called cut and The docks closed down as
started appearing. Wagons were cover. After the route was London became a global financial
pulled by horses and used for decided, a trench (called a centre. But now Docklands is
carrying freight to the canal cutting) was dug. The railroad enjoying a renaissance as an up-
system. In 1803, Richard was laid at the bottom of the market residential and business
Trevithick invented the first trench. Finally a roof was put district. Many fashionable
steam engine, but over 20 years over the railroad. apartments and businesses have
later, steam engines were still not been built in converted dock
being used for passenger trains But, the early underground lines warehouses.
on the first passenger line had a serious problem. This is a
between Stockton and locomotive that ran on the very The Docklands Light Railway
Darlington. first underground line. It is a (DLR) has been built to serve
steam train. The tunnels and this new community. One
This was changed in 1829 by the stations were always full of interesting feature of this train is
Rocket. George Stephenson and smoke. that you can actually sit next to
his son Robert entered a the driver. Or perhaps we should
competition organized by the But, despite such problems the say operator. The train’s
Liverpool to Manchester line. It network was popular and computer does the driving. The
won the competition by traveling expanded rapidly. By the 1880s, operator does safety checks.
a total of 70 miles at an average new technology allowed a truly DLR runs mostly above ground
speed of 13 miles per hour. The underground system. Electric on raised rails. But here it is
design revolutionized steam trains solved the problem of disappearing into the tunnel
engines. By using many tubes polluted air. Lifts and escalators under the Thames.
rather than one large tank to were developed that enabled
Video 4: Script (cont.)
And speaking of tunnels ... longest underwater tunnel”. But, and Paris in 3 hours.
look carefully. The Channel
Let’s finish this video with a brief Tunnel has the longest section We have reached the end of the
discussion of the greatest ever under the ocean, but the Seikan line, as it were, for this short
railway engineering project in Tunnel is the longest tunnel with “Introducing England” video
England: the Channel Tunnel. And a section under the ocean. I will series. I hope you have enjoyed
let’s do so by comparing it with let you choose which is “the this brief look at aspects of my
the Seikan Tunnel. The Channel world’s longest underwater home country. Perhaps there will
Tunnel was opened in 1994, six tunnel”. Running through the be more videos Introducing
years after the Seikan Tunnel. Channel Tunnel is Eurostar. This England in the future, but for
Both can claim to be “the world’s express train connects London now, goodbye.

References:

London Transport Museum, LTM Guidebook

The World’s Largest Railway Museum, Official Guidebook, National
Railway Museum,York
The Story of the Train, National Railway Museum,York
Eurotunnel/Seikan Tunnel Websites
Handy Hints: Listening to Mini Lectures

In the video Trains there were some references to the imperial weights and measures system. In
England, this measuring system is being replaced by the metric system because of European Union
law. But in America, the imperial system is still widely used.

You will often hear these weights and measures in English, including in idiomatic expressions. You do
not need to remember their exact values, but be aware of the system, and that it is a little different in
the US and UK!

Unit Imperial Metric UK US

Lengths Mile 1,760 yards 1,609 metres

Yard 3 feet 0.9144 metres
Foot 12 inches 30.48 centimetres

Inch 2.54 centimetres

Liquids Gallon 4 quarts 4.5 litres 3.8 litres

Quart 2 pints 1.14 litres 0.94 litres
Pint 568 millilitres 470 millilitres

Weights Ton 2,240 pounds (UK) 1,016.1 kilogrammes 907.2 kilogrammes

2,000 pounds (US)
Pound 16 ounces 454 grammes

Ounce 28.3 grammes

Example sentences:
She drove at 50 miles per hour (= 80 kilometres per hour).
Gareth is six feet two inches (= 188 cm) tall.
Annie was seven pounds one ounce (= 3206 grams) when she was born.

Idiomatic sentences:
This weighs a ton. (= This is extremely heavy.)
He was miles ahead of the other runners. (= He was a long way ahead of the other runners.)
I need a pint. (= I want to drink a beer.)
The ball was only inches away. (= The ball was very close.)
 TRAINS
1) The Intercity Express
2) The stations were always full of smoke.
3) DLR trains are driven by computer &
Warehouses in Docklands have been
converted into apartments.
4) Seikan Tunnel
AND CHAPELS
C ATHEDRALS, CHURCHES
1) Cambridge and Greenwich
2) St Albans
3) York and St Albans
4) Greenwich
PUBS
1) 568 ml
2) Pubs are completely non-smoking.
3) There is no queue. A good bartender
knows the correct order to serve
people.
4) Buying one drink for every person in
your group.
5) Ireland.
LONDON
1) False
2) a writer
3) 2000
4) Westminster Bridge
VID E O

How did you do?

Answers
HOPE YO U E N J OY E D T H E C O U R SE!

AS OPEN COURSEWARE THE VIDEOS AND BOOKLET

FOR THE “INTRODUCING ENGLAND” SERIES ARE
FREE TO DOWNLOAD AND USE FOR INDIVIDUAL
STUDY OR CLASSROOM TEACHING. BUT, PLEASE
DO NOT RE-PUBLISH, SELL OR CHANGE THE
MATERIALS WITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION
OF PHILIP SEATON. THANK YOU!

© PHILIP SEATON AND HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY

2009