FDD-LTE Radio ICIC

ZTE University
Contents

 ICIC Introduction
 ICIC theory and scheme
 ICIC Performance
 ICIC Application
What Is ICIC?
 ICIC (Inter cell Interference Coordination)
 A set of techniques that based on
FFR/SFR( fractional frequency reuse/soft frequency
reuse) and power control/allocation, adaptive
scheduling. It can be used to suppress ICI( inter cell
interference) and to achieve improved coverage
area compared to universal frequency
reuse( frequency reuse factor is equal to one)
network deployment and keep proper system
spectrum efficiency simultaneously.
Interference coordination & management –
Overview
 There are three main interference coordination &
management methods

High spectral efficiency requirement needs mono-frequency network deployment

Mono-frequency interference causes cell edge spectrum efficiency deteriorating

Interference coordination & management methods for handling mono-frequency interference

Interference
Interference Interference
coordination
randomization cancellation
based on SFR/FFR
Interference coordination & management –
Comparison

Though does not decrease interference’s power but whitens it.

Interference SINR improvement is limited. Sole utilization of randomization can
randomization not satisfy the SINR requirement of LTE.
Easy to implement.

High complexity
Interference The last one for Combine
Strict resource allocation requirement
cancellation consideration
Strict inter cell synchronization requirement

SFR/FFR allocates adjacent cells’ cell edge users orthogonal frequency, so inter
Interference cell interference is decreased. Residual interference is decreased by
coordination pro-active mode and passive mode interference coordination based on
based on FFR indicators exchanging between different adjacent eNodeBs.
Balance of complexity and performance.
ICIC types for LTE
 Based on frequency adjustment
 Type-1: Static ICIC;
 Type-2: Semi-static ICIC;
 Type-3: Dynamic ICIC.

 Modes for non-static ICIC:

 Mode-1: Pro-active Mode;
 Mode-2: Reactive Mode.
Comparison of Different ICIC Types in LTE
1 Type 1 Static ICIC
2 Type 2 Semi-Static ICIC
3 Type 3 Dynamic ICIC
Low Complexity, Easy Implementation,
Low Overhead, Low CAPEX and High OPEX,
Fit to load of 35%~50%, Performance lightly
improved. Not fit to varying load.
High Complexity, Not easy Implementation,
Middle Overhead, Middle CAPEX and Low
OPEX, Suitable to load of 35%~70%.
Performance improved more. Fit to slowly
varying load.
High Complexity, Hard Implementation, High
overhead, High CAPEX and Low OPEX, Fit to
load of 35%~70%, Performance improved
most. Fit to varying load.
Contents

 ICIC Introduction
 ICIC theory and scheme
 ICIC Performance
 ICIC Application
Universal Frequency Reuse (Reuse factor = 1)

 Frequency reuse factor 1

 All cells and sectors use
the same frequency
Sector 2

which is showed by the

same grey color. Sector 3 Sector 1

 ICI is generated
Different-Frequency Reuse (Reuse factor = 3)

 Frequency reuse factor 3

 neighbor sectors have
different frequency
Sector 2

which is showed by the

Inner

different colors (red Sector 3 Sector 1

green and blue).

 ICI is decreased
Soft Frequency Reuse
Fractional Frequency Reuse (1<Reuse factor<3)
 1< Frequency reuse factor <3
 Cell edge region in neighbor cells
have different frequency which is
showed by the different colors
(red, green and blue). But cell Sector 2
center region in neighbor cells
have the same frequency which is Inner
Sector 3 Sector 1
showed in the grey color.
 ICI is somehow decreased
compared with mono-frequency
reuse.
 In SFR, total band=A+B+C, D=total
band – cell edge band. In FFR,
total band=A+B+C+D.
 A  C
 B  D
ICIC Modes for LTE

 Modes for Static ICIC

 Type-1: FFR;
 Type-2: SFR/SFR2.

 Modes for Semi-Static ICIC

 Type-1: Pro-active SFR/SFR2;
 Type-2: Reactive SFR/SFR2.
Static ICIC in LTE-introduction
 Static ICIC
 No coordination between different eNodeBs;
 Based on FFR/SFR/SFR2, i.e. , Try to allocate orthogonal cell edge
resources to neighbor cells. The frequency reuse factor target for
cell edge is 3, and the frequency reuse factor target for cell center
is 1. i.e., both the cell edge efficiency and system efficiency is under
consideration in design.
 Different resources allocation is allowed and power control is
allowed for interference mitigation. Such as FFR, SFR, SFR2.
Static ICIC in LTE-Frequency Allocation
Scheme
 Different Frequency Resource Allocation schemes
 FFR (Fractional Frequency Reuse)
 In FFR, one frequency band in a sector is defined as use or not use,
The Power for different frequency band is the same. The system
equivalent frequency reuse factor in the interval of [1, N].
 System bandwidth divided into N orthogonal parts. Each sector
edge use one part orthogonal to neighbor sectors. Each sector
center use the same part with neighbor sectors.
Static ICIC in LTE-Frequency Allocation Scheme
 SFR (Soft Frequency Reuse)
 In SFR, one frequency band in a sector is not defined as use or not
use, but defined as how much power allocated the frequency was
used in a cell. The system equivalent frequency reuse factor in the
interval of [1, N].
 Main principle for SFR:
 1. System bandwidth divided into N orthogonal parts. For each
sector, select some parts as main carriers, others as auxiliary
carriers, The power of main carriers are higher than auxiliary
carriers ;
 2. Main carriers for different neighbor sectors are orthogonal;
 3. Main carriers can be used for overall sector, but auxiliary
carriers can only be used in cell center;
 4. By Adjusting the proportionality between main carrier power
and auxiliary carrier power, SFR can adapt to the load
distribution in cell edge and cell center.
 SFR2(Combination of SFR and FFR)
 Static ICIC in LTE-Frequency Allocation
Scheme
 Different Frequency Resource Allocation schemes

P Cell 1 P Cell 2 P Cell 3

 FFR
F
 system A B C D A B C D F
A B C D F

bandwidth
divided into 4 B,C are not used. A is first allocated A,C are not used. B is first allocated A,B are not used. C is first allocated

bands, Cell to Cell edge user (CEU) . D is only to Cell edge user (CEU) . D is only to Cell edge user (CEU) . D is only
Center reuse
used for Cell center user (CCU). used for Cell center user (CCU). used for Cell center user (CCU).
1,Cell Edge
Unallocated part of A can be used Unallocated part of B can be used for Unallocated part of C can be used for
reuse 3
for CCU together with D. CCU together with D. CCU together with D.

P Cell 1 P Cell 2 P Cell 3

 SFR A B C F
A B C F F
A B C
 system
D1=B+C D2=A+C D3=A+B
bandwidth
A is first allocated to CEU . D1 is only B is first allocated to CEU . D2 is only C is first allocated to CEU . D3 is only
divided into 3
used for CCU. Unallocated part used for CCU. Unallocated part used for CCU. Unallocated part
bands, Cell
Center reuse of A can be used for CCU together of B can be used for CCU together of C can be used for CCU together

(1 3), Cell with D1. with D2. with D3.

Edge reuse 3.
Static ICIC in LTE-Frequency Allocation
Scheme

 Different Frequency Resource Allocation schemes

P Cell 1 P Cell 2 P Cell 3

 SFR2 F
A B C D A B C D F
A B C D F

 system
bandwidth D1=B+C+D D2=A+C+D D3=A+B+D
divided into 4
A is first allocated to CEU. D1 is only B is first allocated to CEU. D2 is only C is first allocated to CEU. D3 is only
bands, Cell
used for CCU. Unallocated part of A used for CCU. Unallocated part of B used for CCU. Unallocated part of C
Center reuse
(1 3), Cell can be used for CCU together with can be used for CCU together with can be used for CCU together with

Edge reuse 3. D1. In D1, D is first allocated to CCU. D2. In D2, D is first allocated to CCU. D3. In D3, D is first allocated to CCU.
Semi-static ICIC in LTE-introduction
 Semi-Static
 Coordination between different eNodeBs; Frequency allocation adapts to
load distribution in Cell edge and cell center. Reallocation is done on a time
scale corresponding to seconds. X2 signaling such as HII, OI and RNTP
are supported.
 Based on FFR, i.e. , Try to allocate orthogonal cell edge resources to
neighbor cells. The frequency reuse factor target for cell edge is 3, and the
frequency reuse factor target for cell center is 1. i.e., both the cell edge
efficiency and system efficiency is under consideration in design.
 Different resources allocation is allowed and power control is allowed for
interference mitigation. Such as FFR, SFR, SFR2.
Semi-static ICIC in LTE-X2 signaling
 X2 signaling interacting
 Introduction
 Interacting signaling: HII and OI are used for uplink semi-static ICIC.
RNTP is used for downlink semi-static ICIC.
 Interacting mode: HII and RNTP are pro-active mode. OI is reactive
mode.
 Interacting interval: Several tens of milliseconds for semi-static ICIC.
 Interacting granularity: Each RB has corresponding indicators.
 Interacting flow chart: different respectively for different indicators.
 Interacting cells: cells in the neighbor cell list(NCL).
Semi-static ICIC in LTE-X2 signaling-HII
 X2 signaling interacting flow chart:
 HII for Uplink
If one PRB is allocated to CEU by scheduler, the HII indicator for the PRB is generated as 1,
otherwise 0. The HII bitmap is generated for each target cell based on cell related CEU’s HII
Indicator statistics in report interval. Upon receiving HII bitmap, in lightly load the HII indicated
PRBs will not be allocated to CEU and high SINR CCU; in high load the power of HII indicated
PRBs will be lowered.

S Classify CEU UE’s RSRP

C and CCU report
H Decide CCU and System load
E CEU Band allocation statistics
D If lightly load,
U HII indicated Service Type
L PRBs will not
Allocate time-frequency be allocated to
E CEU and high Neighbor
and power resources to
R SINR CCU cells’HII
CCU and CEU
If high
load, power
Generate HII for Of HII IoT test on
HII CEU PRB indecated Each PRB
PRBs
be lowered

Decide UE’s power Power UE’s Tx power

variable Control and SINR statistics
Semi-static ICIC in LTE-X2 signaling-OI
 X2 signaling interacting flow chart:
 OI for Uplink
The OI indicator for each PRB is generated in the IOT test. OI have four values: high, medium,
low, and null. The bitmap is generated based on RNTP indicators statistics in report interval
and sent to all neighbor cells in NCL by X2 interface. If OI from strong interfering cells received,
the Tx power of the OI indicated PRB should be Adjusted based on OI, UE’s SINR and Tx
Power statistics.
Generate OI for IoT test on
OI CEU PRB Each PRB
Decide UE’s power Neighbor cells’OI
Power
variable in inner loop
Control
Power control UE’s Tx power
and SINR statistics
S Classify CEU UE’s RSRP
C and CCU report
H Decide uplink
Decide CCU and System load
E power
CEU Band allocation statistics
D variable in
U outer loop
L Allocate time-frequency Power control
E and power resources to for overall cell Service Type
R CCU and CEU
 Semi-static ICIC in LTE-X2 signaling-
Downlink-RNTP
 X2 signaling interacting flow chart:
 RNTP for Downlink
If one PRB is allocated by scheduler, the RNTP indicator for the PRB is generated by eNodeB
as follows. The RNTP bitmap is generated based on RNTP indicators statistics in report
interval and sent to all neighbor cells in NCL. Upon receiving RNTP bitmap, the PRB with
RNTP=1 will not be allocated to CEU whose CQI is too small.

E A ( nPRB ) Classify CEU and UE’s RSRP

if if ( p)
 RNTPthreshold S CCU report
Emax_ nom C
RNTP (nPRB )  0; H Decide CCU and System load
E CEU Band allocation statistics
if no promise about the upper D Neighbor
E (n ) U cells’RNTP
limit of A( p ) PRB is made L
Allocate time-
Emax_ nom frequency and power
E UE’s CQI report
RNTP (nPRB )  1; resources to CCU and power
R
and CEU statistics for UE’s
PRB
Generate RNTP for
Service Type
each PRB
Contents

 ICIC Introduction
 ICIC theory and scheme
 ICIC Performance
 ICIC Application
ICIC Simulation Results-Semi-Static Uplink
Frequency reuse scheme SE ESE RB Usage
bps/Hz/c bps/Hz/us %
 Different system load ell er
simulation. Load=90%
FR=1 1.027 0.0281 93.87
SFR 1.060 0.0217 88.32
HII 1.019 0.0282 93.41
Load=80%
FR=1 0.934 0.0403 82.18
Static SFR 0.969 0.0439 76.26
Semi-static SFR+HII 0.942 0.0419 81.66
Load=70%
FR=1 0.873 0.058 72.55
Static SFR 0.914 0.0594 67.74
Semi-static SFR+HII 0.884 0.0642 72.34
Load=50%
FR=1 0.735 0.0647 54.22
Static SFR 0.780 0.0785 50.79
Semi-static SFR+HII 0.761 0.0798 52.96
Load=35%
FR=1 0.612 0.1006 37.75
SFR 0.628 0.075 34.33
HII 0.627 0.0905 37.79
ICIC Simulation Results-Semi-Static Uplink
 ESE figure for Different
ESE
system load simulation. FR=1
0.12
SFR
HII
0.1 OI
HII+OI

0.08
bps/Hz

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
99% 90% 80% 70% 50% 35%
Load
ICIC Simulation Results-Semi-Static Uplink
 SE figure for Different
SE
system load simulation.
1.200 FR=1
SFR
HII
1.000 OI
HII+OI

0.800
bps/Hz

0.600

0.400

0.200

0.000
99% 90% 80% 70% 50% 35%
Load
ICIC Simulation Results-Semi-Static Uplink
 Some comments
HII is introduced into uplink semi-static ICIC compared with
uplink static ICIC.
Compared with FR=1, semi-static ICIC using HII can improve
cell edge spectrum efficiency.

Compared with static SFR, under high load and low load
scenarios semi-static ICIC is better; under medium load,
semi-static ICIC has near performance.

Compared with static SFR, semi-static ICIC is more capable of

tracking system load variation.
ICIC Simulation Results-Semi-Static Downlink

 70％ load（k＝0.15）
FreqUse CEU
OC RB PwRatio SE ESE ALLRBratio Avg.Bler
Type Ratio
bps/Hz/ce
bps/Hz/user bps/Hz/user %
ll
FR=1 0.5 12 1 1.7469 0.0329 72.7162 5.6788
SFR 0.4 16 2 1.5803 0.0380 69.6275 4.3261

 45％load（k＝0.10）
FreqUse CEU
OC RB PwRatio SE ESE ALLRBratio Avg.Bler
Type Ratio
bps/Hz/ce
bps/Hz/user bps/Hz/user %
ll
FR=1 0.4 16 1 1.1984 0.0206 45.8041 4.0891
SFR 0.4 16 2 1.1011 0.0235 43.9899 2.6279
ICIC Simulation Results-Semi-Static Downlink

Some comments

For downlink ICIC, individual frequency band allocation

will not have obvious advantage to interference mitigation.
Interference mitigation depend on the power allocation
for CCU and CEU. For CEU, signal transmit power is
higher. So performance increasing of CEU must be at the
cost of CCU performance decreasing. From the statistics,
in order to improve ESE, SE is degraded. It can be seen
that, SFR can improve ESE at the cost of SE.
Contents

 ICIC Introduction
 ICIC theory and scheme
 ICIC Performance
 ICIC Application
ICIC Application Scenario
 Rural  Sub-Urban
 ICIC Be suitable;  ICIC Be suitable;
 The service load change very slowly;  Important future living place.
 Rural Scenarios Pls. See figures below.  Sub-Urban Scenarios Pls. See figures
below.
ICIC Application Scenario
 Urban
 static ICIC not suitable;
 density people and complicated radio propagation environment.
 Service load change more quickly because of subscribers
moving;
 Urban Scenarios Pls. See figures below.
ICIC Roadmap

Stage 1-2009Q4 Stage 2-Planning

Static ICIC
Dynamic ICIC
Semi-static ICIC