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p 
Thanks to God because created many kinds of living things in order we
can learn anything to know how biggest the lord. The variation of organisms both
individual and total count of species in community really determine the character
of the community, however, not all organisms have the same contribution to the
character set. The influence of organisms in the formation of community character
is determined by counting the individual and the number of species that are
mathematically shown by the relative dominance. Value or relative has a sense of
control or mastery of species on a community based on counting individual
species, instead of kinship in a taxonomy. Thus, these species may have
taxonomic systematic in a much different, but in the community have a synergy in
the relationship functions in the flow of energy or materials cycle.
Species is an important community character and much discussed in depth
both in terms of the technical concept and its application in the field. In the natural
habitat of various types of animal life, each of which consists of counting
individual species are among a group of different species with other species. The
amount of this type can not be interpreted as diversity, because diversity is not
only to consider how the number of species making up the community (species
richness). Thus, diversity is a combination of species richness and evenness of
species.
If someone wants to give something special community within the limited
area, the region easily accessible, usually people will not make a complete census
with community, but instead simply use the next method on the land where the
community is present. In studying animal communities, it is impossible to do
research on all areas occupied by a community, especially if the area is very
spacious. Therefore, we can do about some of the areas experiment community,
provided that section to represent the whole community.
 The diversity of the community is usually determined by calculating the
diversity of the community is the diversity index. Population diversity index more
and more if the number of species and abundance of organisms more proportional
type of each type bigger. This is what then can the background of a study /
experiment / lab work, so that we know far more about the diversity of the
community itself.
p
The purpose from this experiment is to train students to investigate the
diversity of the community of a particular ecosystem through diversity index,
dominance index, and evenness index.
cp 
The benefit from this experimnet is the student can investigate the
diversity of the community of a particular ecosystem through diversity index,
dominance index, and evenness index. And as material to teach in future
 c






p
 
„ay/„ate : Thursday, 27th April 2011
Time : At 01.00 pm until 03.00 pm
Place : Green House of Mathematic and Science Faculty,
Makassar State University.
p  
!p  
 p Plot
"p Stationary
#p  
Animal Species
cpÿ
1.p Provide plots measuring 1 × 1 meter.
2.p Throwing the plot at the location where the observation at random.
Then silence for 2 minutes
3.p Finding and counting insects on the soil surface and flying insects
4.p Repeating the experiment 16 times.
5.p Noting the results of all observations on the observation table










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p 
 !
 % '"
! Monomorium sp. (black ant) (
# Jereng #
 #
 % '"
! Monomorium sp. (black ant) !
# Jereng )
( „issotura sp. (Grassopher) !
 (
 % '"
! Culiseta longiareolata*mosquito) (
# Jereng !#
 +

 % '"
! Culiseta longiareolata*mosquito) !
# Jereng ,
( „issotura sp. (Grassopher) #
+ „rosophila melanogaster -
 )

 % '"
! Culiseta longiareolata*mosquito) (
# Jereng ,
 .
 % '"
! Monomorium sp. (black ant) /
 # Jereng .
( „issotura sp. (Grassopher) !
 ,

 % '"
! Culiseta longiareolata*mosquito) #
# Jereng -
 -

 % '"
! Culiseta longiareolata*mosquito) (
# Monomorium sp. (black ant) !
( „rosophila melanogaster #
 !0

 % '"
! Libellula sp („ragon Fly) !
# Monomorium sp. (black ant) !!
( „rosophila melanogaster #
 !!

 % '"
! Jereng  !
# Monomorium sp. (black ant) /
 !#

 % '"
! Jereng  (
# Monomorium sp. (black ant) )
( „rosophila melanogaster /
+ „issotura sp. (Grassopher) (
 !(

 % '"
 ! Jereng  !(
# Acanthops fuscifolia (praying mantis) !
( „rosophila melanogaster !!
+ „issotura sp. (Grassopher) #
 !+

 % '"
! Jereng  +
# „issotura sp. (Grassopher) (
( Culiseta longiareolata*mosquito) .
 !/

 % '"
! Jereng  ,
# Monomorium sp. (black ant) /

p

From this experiment our we got many species that are
Culiseta longiareolata *mosquito), Monomorium sp. (black ant), jereng,
„issotura sp. (Grassopher), Acanthops fuscifolia (praying mantis),
„rosophila melanogaster.
In green house the are consist of grass, bush, and low plant maybe this
cause only this species we got it. The temperature when we observed is rain and
land is moist, so there is no many species out from nest.
Insects can be found in different habitats or the environment, both land
and waters. On land insects living in trees, shrubs, or in the soil surface, or live
parasites in other animals. While in the water such as stagnant water or running
water. There are insects that live in water all his life, while some are simply living
in the water at the larval or nymph stage and migrate onto land as adults, such as
mosquitoes and dragonflies. Like other animals, insects also can make a sound, eg
crickets, grasshoppers night, and katydid. The sound of insects is not removed
from his mouth, but results from friction between certain parts of his body. The
sound produced by friction grasshopper night the two wings of the base face. In a
loud voice katydid that is caused by the presence of fragments in the lower
abdomen (Anonym, 2011).
Communities that experience harsh environmental situations and
unpleasant physical conditions which continue to suffer, occasionally or regularly,
tend to consist of a small number of abundant species. In soft or pleasant
environment, a large number of species, but none are plentiful. The diversity of
species can be taken to mark the number of species in a particular region or as the
number of species among the total number of individuals from existing species.
This relationship can be expressed numerically as an index of diversity. The
number of species in a community is important in terms of ecology because of the
diversity of species appear to grow when the community becomes more stable.
Severe disruption caused a significant decrease in diversity (Anonym, 2011)



























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pc 
Insects can be found in different habitats or the environment, both land
and waters. On land insects living in trees, shrubs, or in the soil surface, or live
parasites in other animals. While in the water such as stagnant water or running
water. Communities that experience harsh environmental situations and
unpleasant physical conditions which continue to suffer, occasionally or
regularly, tend to consist of a small number of abundant species. In soft or
pleasant environment, a large number of species, but none are plentiful.
p%
1.p For laboratory
The laboratory must prepared the tools and material for practicum
2.p For assistant
The assistant must give clear explanation to assistant
3.p For practicant
The practicant must obey the toola manner in laboratorys

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Complete report of Animal Ecology with title ³„iversity of Community´.
Which made by:
Name : Rabiatul Adawiyah
Reg.Number : 081 404 180
Group : IV
Class : ICP Biology
After checked by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, so the report accepted.

Makassar, may 2011

Assistant Coordinator, Assistant,

Muh Jufri
Reg No. 071404176 Qadriani Maria Ulpa
Reg No. 071404157

Lecture resposibility

„rs. Jutje Lahay



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In its most general form, the concept of community refers to a state of
being held in common, so that in the most general sense and from an ontological
and structural point of view, community refers to a relation between things. As
such, the idea of community can have application to an indefinitely large range of
relationships. At ecological terms. For example, a community refers to any
population grouping found living together in a particular environment or habitat
(Smithka, 2002).
A community comprises the populations of different species that naturally
occur and interact in a particular environment. Some communities are relatively
small in scale and may have well-defined boundaries. Some examples are: species
found in or around a desert spring, the collection of species associated with
ripening figs in a tropical forest, those clustered around a hydrothermal vent on
the ocean floor, those in the spray zone of a waterfall, or under warm stones in the
alpine zone on a mountaintop. Other communities are larger, more complex, and
may be less clearly defined, such as old-growth forests of the northwest coast of
North America, lowland fen communities of the British Isles, or the community of
freshwater species of Lake Baikal (Harison, 2011).
Community also called biocenose is some of organism that are part of
ecology unit. That is meant is ecology unit is unity of living environment that are
kinds of living thing inside, between living thing do interaction that can be
influence each other. Community from a cosystem has certain characteristic. One
of the characteristic is organism diversity that is the composed. Composition or
characteristic of community diversity is determined by sum of organism and
comparison of sum individual each species with all of species (Lahay, 2011).
Ecology is the scientific study of the relation of living organisms with each
other and their surroundings. The word "ecology" ("oekologie") was coined in
1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834±1919). Ancient philosophers
of Greece, including Hippocrates and Aristotle, were among the earliest to record
notes and observations on the natural history of plants and animals. Charles
„arwin's evolutionary treatise including the concept of adaptation, as it was
introduced in 1859, is a pivotal cornerstone in modern ecological theory. Ecology
is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history or
environmental science (Begon, Noss, and Odum, 2011).
„iversity refers to how many kinds of organisms occur in acommunity and
is ofetn expressed in terms of species richness, or the number of species in a
community. Many factors influence diversity and the importance of any single
factor varies with the particular community. Recently, researches have found an
example of species diversity that illustrates this concept in dramatic fashion
(McKinney, Robert, and Logan, 2007).
Although musch is made of the need to focus nature conservation on area
of high biological diversity, choise are usually made on quite different grounds.
Particular taxonomic groups appeal to the public and their conservation attracts.
Ideally, comprehensive biological inventories of sites, will be needed if full
quantitative measures of biodiversity are to be used in making conservation
decision (Hawksworth, 1996).
A specific prediction derived from this hypothesis is that an increase in
community diversity through invasion by a new species will lead to a reduction of
genetic variation in the native species within that community. So far, changes in
genetic variation as a result of community invasion have been assessed in only
study system. Consistent with thsi finding an increasing number of studies shows
that natives do show phenotype changes (Verhoef and Peter, 2010).

p
  & 1
 3

Begon, Noss, and Odum. 2011. |

 Accessed at http://wikipedia.org. On

May 3rd 2011 in Makassar.

Faulkner, Audrey. 1994. 

   



   
   
.
America: The Howord press.inc.

Harison. 2011. 
  

  Accessed at http://cnx.org. On May 3rd
2011 in Makassar.

Hawksworth, „. L . 1996. 


  


  
  
. UK:
Springer.

Lahay. 2011. 
    |

 
 Makassar: Jurusan Biologi
Fakultas Matematika dan Sains, Universitas Negeri Makassar.

McKinney, Michael L., Robert M. Schoch, Logan . 2007. | 


  




 
. Canada: Jones & Bartlett Learning,

Smithka, Paula. 2002. 
  

   


   
 



 New York: Rodopi,

Verhoef Herman and Peter J. Morin. 2010. 
  |

 





  
. UK: Oxford University Press.

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