c


 
cThe presence of gallstone in the gall
bladder, which are composed of
cholesterol, calcium, salts, and bile
pigments. When gallstones block the
flow of bile, the gall bladder becomes
swollen, leading to possibility of
pain, inflammation and infection.

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6 contain excess of

unconjugated pigments in the
bile.
a.c Risk Factor:
i.c Cirrhosis
ii.c Hemolysis
iii.c Infection of the
biliary tree
2.c   
 6 result from
bile supersaturated with
cholesterol, due to
increased synthesis of
cholesterol and decrease
synthesis of bile acids that
dissolve the cholesterol.
a.c Risk Factor:
i.c Gender(women have
four times higher
incidence than man

c
c

ii.c ultiparous status

iii.c Obesity
iv.c Increased risk
related to diabetes,
gastrointestinal
disease, T6tube
fistula, and ileal
resection or bypass.

c

 

c abdominal pain
c xaundice
c Fever

c    
  
c Gallstones may be silent, producing
no pain and only mild
gastrointestinal symptoms.
c ay be acute or chronic with
epigastric distress after a high fat
meal.
c Fever and palpable abdominal mass
c ‘ery dark urine, clay colored stool
c eficiencies of ‘itamin a, , E, and
K(fat soluble vitamins)

c
c

c 

  

ca   6 
to 2o
of gall stones
are calcified sufficiently to be
visible on such x6rayc
cu 
 6 it is rapid and accurate and
can be used in patients with liver
dysfunction and jaundice. It does
not expose to ionizing radiation.c
6The procedure is most
accurate if the patient fasts
overnight so that the gall
bladder is distended.
6 can detect 9
accuracy
calculi in the gall bladder.
c 
 
   

 m
Permits direct visualization of
structure that could be seen only
during laparotomy

c  
 
cThe major objective of medical
therapy are to reduce the incidence
of acute episodes of gall bladder
pain and cholecystitis by supportive
and dietary management, and if
possible, to remove the cause of
cholecystitis by pharmacologic
therapy, endoscopic procedure, or
surgical intervention.c
c c

c
c

c
c
 
 
cGoal of surgery is to relieve
persistY csymptoms, remove the cause
of colic in the gall bladder and to
treat acute cholecystitis.c

cJ

 

c Encourage to do deep breathing
exercise
c Observe and document location,
severity(060), and a character of
pain
c Promote bed rest
c Control environment temperature
c ake time to listen and maintain
frequent contact with the client.
c administer medications as
prescribed.
c
m
 

  

’c Relieving painc
’c Improving respiratory statusc
’c Promoting skin carec
’c Improving nutritional statusc
’c onitoring and managing potential
complicationsc

c
c

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