Kranz

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Africa & Organised Crime

Africa is the world's
01. – 03. Februar 2010 Berlin International Congress Center
second-largest continent
(after Asia);
At about 30.2 million km² African Organised Crime -

it covers 20.4 % of
Earth’s total land area; and its impact upon the EU
With a billion people (as

of 2009) in 53 countries,
it accounts for about
14.72% of the World’s
human population.
© Uwe Kranz, International Security Consultant, 13th European Police Congress, Berlin 2010 © Uwe Kranz, International Security Consultant, 13th European Police Congress, Berlin 2010
Africa & Organised Crime

Africa is also the cradle of
humankind;
Ardi’pithecus is the earliest
„ Ardi“pithecus ramidus.
hominin genus, who lived
about 4.4 million years ago
in Ethiopia (found in 1994-
1995, published in 9/2009);
Australopithecus
africanus was an early
Hominid, who lived
between 2-3 million
years ago in SE-Africa A EU-oriented perspective on OC ...
Contemporary (‚classical‘) Patterns of OC : Africa & Organised Crime
SiSigns of Hope
OC is widening their operational scope & range of 1998 African Political

criminal activities : Systems -
• OCG have passed from strict specialisation Signs of Hope ?
to multi-offer (= multi-crime / poly-crime); Post-colonial development;
Transition OAU to AU vs. EU EPAs;
Civil war, Genocide, political coups;
• Instead of robbing citizens: Offering all what Limited Governance, Juridical Statehood
is forbidden, rare, too expensive, craved; Regionalism, Transnational Areas
Weak Policing/Security governance
• Smuggling, misuse of transport sector, Difficult and diversified economies (REC)
control over black market and illicit labour; Splitting of SADC-14 into SADC-4, SA,
ANG, NAM, and 7 in other EPAs;
• (Mis)use of virtual markets, banking sector, State weakness, AU weakness
stock exchange, sport, gambling, weak or Widespread corruption
failing states, etc…). (DR Congo: „debrouillez-vous“
Organised Crime Definition: Contemporary (‚classical‘) Patterns of OC :

Mafia-type Italian OC Groups
A never ending story: Organised Crime in figures ?
Lithuanian OC Groups
Thousands of OC groups…
Dutch OC Groups
1990/91 tens of thousand criminal members..
Polish OC Groups
GAG Justiz & Polizei/ RiStBV, Anlage E; controlling annually billions of Euro…
German OC Groups
• 1997, October, Ethnic Albanian OC Groups
ENFOPOL 35 R2; Turkish OC Groups
Russian OC Groups
• 1998, March
Romanian OC Groups
JHA Council (Joint Action);
Bulgarian OC Groups
• 2000 April, Chinese OC Groups
UN Convention Against Transnational Colombian OC Groups
Organized Crime (UN-TOC) Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs
• 2002 Moroccan OC Groups

Council of Europe, Recommendation (kvl-homepage) African OC Groups ?
Contemporary (‚classical‘) Patterns of OC : Organised Crime Definition:
ORGANISIERTE
KRIMINALITÄT „A criminal organisation shall mean
Bundeslagebild 2008 a lasting, structured association of
... more than two persons, acting in
„ 3.3.7 Nigerianisch dominierte OK-Gruppen concert with a view to committing
Im Berichtszeitraum wurde gegen 19 nigerianische OK-Gruppen (2007: 20)
ermittelt. Ihre kriminellen Aktivitäten sind auf nur wenige Kriminalitätsbereiche
crimes or other offences which are
beschränkt und betreffen vor allem den Rauschgifthandel und -schmuggel punishable by deprivation of liberty
(Schwerpunkt: Kokain). Ferner waren nigerianische OK-Gruppierungen auch in
den Bereichen des Menschenhandels zum Zweck der sexuellen Ausbeutung
or a detention order of a maximum
und der Wirtschaftskriminalität.“ of at least 4 years or a more serious
Bis 2004 : nigarianische TV sind verdeckt unter „sonstige StAng“
In 2004 : 253 +++ 2005: 221 +++ 2006: 177 +++ 2007: 300 +++ 2008: 261
penalty.“ (Joint Action 2075th JHA Council, March 19, 1998)
Seit 2007 : im Ranking der ausländischen TV auf Platz 3 aufgestiegen
Contemporary (‚classical‘) Patterns of OC : Contemporary (‚classical‘) Patterns of OC :

ORGANISIERTE
KRIMINALITÄT
Bundeslagebild 2008
Anzahl neuer Fälle Tatverdächtige
There might be • 2005: 345
some space for • 2006: 208 Schadenssummen • 2005: 10.641
enhancement… • 2007: 295 2005: 688 Mio € • 2006: 10.244
• 2008: 271 2006: 1.360 Mio € • 2007: 10.356
• Zusätzlich pro Jahr ca. 2007: 457 Mio €
• 2008: 9.472
300 fortgeschriebene 2008: 691 Mio €. • Ca. 42 % deutsche TV, inzw.
Fälle aber über 20% (2007: 18,4%)
Deutsche mit abweichender
Geburts-StAng !
„ Die Umsätze organisierter Krimineller in Deutschland haben einen Umfang

erreicht, der einem Fünftel der Wirtschaftsleistung des Landes in Höhe von
2303 Milliarden Euro entspricht“ (Prof. Dr. Schneider, Uni Linz).
The European OC Situation: Contemporary (‚classical‘) Patterns of OC :
The OCTA landscape 2008: ORGANISIERTE
KRIMINALITÄT
Iberian Peninsula
Bundeslagebild 2008
& beyond -
Especially the Community of Süddeutsche Zeitung 04.12.2009:
Portuguese Language Countries
(CPLP):
VERFOLGUNG VON RECHTSEXTREMEN WIRD
Mainly West and North West LEICHTER
Africa (Maghreb!): Cannabis,, Tenor:
illegal immigration and THB, Übergeordneter Gruppenwille und gemeinsam verübte Straftaten sind entscheidender als
destination for stolen vehicles, alle ‚organisationbezogene Umstände‘ (so z.B. formale Regeln, Mitgliederlisten/ –beiträge
diamond smugggling, crimes oder einheitliche Kleidung)
against property, terrorism Überfällig: Reaktion des deutschen Gesetzgebers, die EU Joint Action von 1998 zu
and ratifizieren
South America: Cocaine, heroin, (BGH, Az. 3 StR 277/09)
kidnapping, home burglaries,
illegal immigration + extortion
The European OC Situation: The European OC Situation:

EU priorities: 27 EUROPOL Member States
Consequently, the Council finds that the following send their annual OC reports
criminal markets should be EU priorities in the fight and contributions to Europol,
against organised crime for 2009/2010: which elaborates a European
• … OC Threat Assement (OCTA)
• Drug trafficking, especially and crime-specific Sit-Reports.
using the West and Central Since 2009, Europol elaborates
African route ( including drugs also a regional report (ROCTA)
from Latin America and Caribbean); In addition, European countries send their OC contributions / reports
• Trafficking in human beings also to the Council of Europe; the UNODC, INTERPOL, regionally
(including from Africa) , to other organisations such as the SECI Regional Center, BSS-TF,
etc. which also collect information and launch OC reports …
•© Uwe Kranz, …….
International Security Consultant, 13th European Police Congress, Berlin 2010 © Uwe Kranz, International Security Consultant, 13th European Police Congress, Berlin 2010
African Patterns of OC : Analytical Power ? African Patterns of OC : Nodes of attraction
In 1997, UNODC founded “UNODC & crime supporting factors:
Southern Africa”, the “Regional
Office for Southern Africa“ which
covers 11 countries:
Angola, SW
Botswana,
the DR of Congo,
ROSAF Lesotho, 2003
Malawi,
Mozambique,
Namibia,
South Africa, 53 countries
Swaziland, The OC hubs: Conceptual entity, generated by a combination of crime
Zambia and supporting factors (proximity to destination markets, infrastructure,
Zimbabwe OCG types, migration Prozesses, diasporas, etc... )
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African Patterns of OC : Analytical Power ? African Patterns of OC : Analytical Power ?

At present, there is no
2005
AFROPOL
or effective organisation in sight,

which acts globally and analyses
the entire African OC situation & 344
periodically develops similar OC

Situation Reports or OC Threat
Assessments on African Organised
Crime in a EU or CoE-style
OASIS: African Patterns of OC : Analytical Power ?
Operational
Assistance,
Services &
Infrastructure
Support to
African Police Forces Launched 2008
All 53 African (Supported by Germany, 4 Mio €)
INTERPOL MC Capacity Building &

connected to
Training at Regional
DB I-24/7, Bureaus:
Harare (Southern Africa);
FIND Abidjan (West Africa);
Nairobi (East Africa);
MIND Yaoundé (Cameroon).
(fingerprints and mug shots, lists of wanted persons, DNA samples, lost/stolen travel documents (LSRD 12 million records)
SARPCCO: African Patterns of OC : Analytical Power ?

Independent ‚Southern Africa Sub-Directorate:
African Regional Police Bi-annual African
Chiefs Cooperation Regional Conferences &
Organisation' Regional Business Plans
1st RBP 2005-2007, Accra, Ghana (18.ARC);
2nd RBP 2007-2009, Arusha, Tanzania (19. ARC).
•Angola (Launched in September 1994, signature of 3rd RBP 2010-2011 (20. ARC).
•Botswana Co-operation Agreement in September 1997,
•Lesotho Headed by the Council of Police Chiefs (CPC). • Extending the I-24/7 communications system and
•Malawi services beyond INTERPOL's NCBs
1. Joint operations
•Mauritius 2. Sensitizing amendments to border control
• Enhancing operational capacity within NCBs
•Mozambique
legislation • Organising national seminars on international police
•Namibia co-operation & training of NCB staff
3. Harmonisation of legislation and practices in
•South Africa
•Swaziland
the region. • Ensuring continuous operational police support
•Tanzania 4. Exchange of criminal intelligence/information services in key transnational crime areas for NCBs
•Zambia 5. Regional training and regional and national policing structures.
•Zimbabwe 6. Facilitate investigators' movements
African Patterns of OC : Analytical Power ? CCPAC:
‘Comités des Chefs de Police
The Institute for Security d’Afrique Centrale (CCPAC)
Studies: A regional think-tank
(Launched in April 1997 at Brazzaville (Congo), last
with an exclusive focus on meeting documented in January 2008)
Africa.
• République du Cameroun
Crime, Justice and Politics Programme (CJPP) • République Centrafricaine 1. Définir une politique sous-régionale
• République du Congo de lutte contre la criminalité ;
„ Organised Crime & Money Laundering Programme“ • République Démocratique
Offices in Adis Abada, Cape Town, Nairobi and Tshwane/Pretoria (Head Office) du Congo 2. Identifier l'émergence de nouvelles
ISS has developed substantial work with and through sub-regional organisations and
• République Gabonaise formes de criminalité ;
• République de Guinée
adopted a co-operative approach in doing so. These organisations include, inter alia, the
Equatoriale
3. Formuler toutes propositions
African Union (AU), Southern African Police Chiefs Cooperating Organisation (SARPCCO), devant favoriser la coopération
• République Démocratique de
Southern African Development Community (SADC), Eastern and Southern African Anti-
Sao Tome et Principe policière et le bon fonctionnement
Money Laundering Group (ESAAMLG), Economic Community of Central African States
• République du Tchad
(ECCAS) and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD). des Bureaux Centraux Nationaux.
African Patterns of OC : Analytical Power ? EAPCCO:

“Organised ‘Eastern Africa Police Chiefs
Crime Cooperation Organisation
Trends (EAPCCO)
in Africa” e((Launched in Feb 1998, last meeting documented in
(Dec 1, 2009) 2009)
• To promote, strengthen and perpetuate
“… a lacuna exists regarding
research reports and articles
co-operation and foster joint strategies…
emanating from the continent”. • To prepare and disseminate relevant
http://www.iss.co information on criminal activities …
Demystifying the advance-fee fraud criminal network (“419-scheme”)++ • To ensure efficient operation and
management of criminal records and
The public sector corruption and organised crime nexus in Malawi+++
efficient joint monitoring of cross-border
An overview of illicit ivory trafficking in Africa+++ crime…
Madagascar’s political crisis +++ • To formulate systematic regional
Understanding the West African cyber crime process+++ training..
Organised Crime ISS, Pretoria Office: Nov 16, 2009:
in South Africa New ‘Tough on Crime’ policy will need a
July 17, 2008 better-trained police force
STRATFOR’s sixth in-depth Pronouncements by the new South African Police
look at organised crime focuses Service (SAPS) management on its approach to harden
on SA. the stance in the fight against crime are creating waves in the public and more
„The abysmal social conditions especially amongst police & security commentators.
created by apartheid made
organized crime appealing to Management’s error in advancing this approach has been the lack of strategies
some segments of the local & systems to support members on the ground in the implementation phases…
population, while organized command and control has to be reinvigorated to ensure coordinated operational
criminals from other countries are responses… poor communication of messages via the mass media… superficial
attracted to South Africa’s changes such as renaming the establishment & changing the ranking of officers.
comparative stability and reliable The South African Police Service identified and investigated 145 organised crime groups during 2007/08, involved in drug-related crime,
http://www.stratfor.com/ infrastructure.“ motor vehicle theft and hijacking, fraud, corruption, and trafficking in non-ferrous metals, precious metals and stones (www. SA info, July 2009).

Organised Crime
mcalumni@marshallcenter.org & Terrorism in
Sub-Saharan Africa
Angola: Suit Filed, Investigation Opened In Togo Team Attack
Yemen, Nigeria: A Warning to the U.S.

Pakistan, U.S.: Rumors and Fallout From the Khost Bombing
Sub-Saharan Africa Angola: An Assertive Stand After a Rebel Strike
Nigeria: Kidnappers of British & Colombian Worker s Demand $1.98 Million Ransom 1/ 2010
Chad: Rebels Near Sudan Border , January 16, 2010, Chadian air force jets attacked rebels
Angola: Suit Filed, Investigation Opened In Togo Team Attack, January 15, 2010
African Organised Crime - Cannabis: African Patterns of OC - General Findings:
Morocco cultivates cannabis on some
60,000 ha, produces about 43,850 mt
cannabis herbs and 80 % of all resin
used in Europe - despite ongoing
decline in cultivation & production !
Morocco
Afghanistan
C.I.S.
Pakistan
Central Asia
Netherlands
‘Africa may have become the continent
Lebanon most targeted by organised crime’.
India UNODC, 2005 TOC in the West African Region
Nepal UNODC, 2008 Annual Report
Spain ISS, 2009 Report
Albania
African Organised Crime – Cannabis: African Patterns of OC - Drugs:

Despite
Paucity
of Data
(Mixed Calculation):
„Europe is the world largest market for all

cannabis products“, although in many EU MS use
is stabilising or slightly declining (except Italy)
Cannabis herbs & resin
30 million users (5,6 %)
Higher potency + Lower prices (-12/20%)
African Organised Crime – Cocaine: African Organised Crime – Cannabis:
Global Consumption Costs :
„Declining trafficking
„Plata o Plomo!“ of cocaine towards
USD 457.05 billion
„ The situation North America; 52,000 tonnes herbal cannabis;
in Mexico is EU is second most 165 million consumers;
worse than in important destination 0,5 g per joint ~ 554 joints/year,
of cocaine (25 % of 3 USD 10/g herbal cannabis =
Colombia.“ million world‘s user)“
Mexican President Felipe 2,770/year/person;
UNODC World Drug Report 2009:
Calderon
European Consumption Costs:
~ 42 % intercepted € 55.78 billion
29 million consumers (5,5 %)
Retail prices: $ 80.0 billion
Wholesale: $ 40.0 billion,
In Peru, farm gate prices increased in 2008 by 21 %, Increasing „sinsemilla“ products (greenhouse
in Colombia only by 2 %, the prices for coca leaves in technology) = higher THC potency (UNODC WDR 2009)
Bolivia were of over USD 6,0/kg, as high as in 2002
39
!
African Organised Crime – Cocaine: African Organised Crime – Cannabis:

“In 2008, the global potential cocaine
production decreased by 15%, from 994 mt
in 2007 to 845 mt in 2008. This is the
lowest amount in the period 2004-2008,
Cocaine seizures remain concentrated in
the Americas (88%) and, to a lesser
extent, in the European Union (11%),
Trafficking of cocaine via (West) Africa,
notably showed an upward trend in 2008
“ …Evidence, that the two streams of illicit drugs

– heroin into Eastern Africa & cocaine into West
Africa – are now meeting in the Sahara, creating
new trafficking routes (via Chad, Niger, Mali)”
(Antonio Costa, UNODC, December 2009”
40
African Organised Crime – Cocaine: African Organised Crime – Cocaine:
The most important cocaine transit countries for
Use of cocaine is rising around emerging cocaine transit Europe in 2007 were still the Dominican
countries in Western & Southern Africa... Republic (11%), Argentina (9%) and Brazil (8%).
?? ?
Estimated number of African users

annually from 1,2 to 3,6 million (0,2 -0,7 %)
African Organised Crime – Opiates: African Organised Crime – Cocaine:
Afghanistan remains
c
hotspot for heroin
production – despite
international support:
2001: 185 mt Opium ( 7,606 ha) (Consequence of Fatwa)

2002: 3,400 mt Opium ( 74,100 ha) (Start of ISAF & OEF)
2003: 3,600 mt Opium ( 80.000 ha)
2004: 4,200 mt Opium (131,000 ha) Farmgate-prices at harvest 2008: COCAINE FROM SOUTH AMERICA
VIA WEST AFRICA TO THE EU
2005: 4,100 mt Opium (104,000 ha) (INCB & Interpol)
time have been constantly Colombia and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of )
Vector to West Africa: Sea, air
2006: 6,100 mt Opium (165.000 ha)
2007: 8,200 mt Opium (193,000 ha) falling from US$ 142 to 70
Vector within West Africa: Land, air
Volume: 20 tons
2008: 7,700 mt Opium (157,000 ha) (2004 to 2008) Value at destination: US$ 1 billion
Slightly declining, but rising consumption
44
African Patterns of OC – ATS: African Organised Crime – Opiates:
Success – but
Afghanistan
remains hot spot
Seizures of ATS in Africa in 2007:
West and Central Africa: 700 kg

South Africa : 18 kg
45
African Organised Crime – TIP: African Organised Crime – Opiates:

United Nations Convention “Seizures in Africa account for only 0.2% of the world total. Traditionally,
Africa has been supplied from South-West Asia (typically via Pakistan or
against Transnational India) and South-East Asia (typically via Thailand)”
Organized Crime and its

Protocols
• the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and
Punish Trafficking in Persons,
especially Women and Children;
Entry into Force: 29 September 2003
Ratification Status: all MS except:
TIP :
Congo,
SOM :
Congo,
• the Protocol against the Smuggling of
“ …Evidence, that the two streams of illicit drugs
Sierra Leone, Sierra Leone, Migrants by Land, Sea and Air; Africa1,000,000
2004-2006:
– heroin into Eastern & cocaine kgintoheroin
West
Swaziland, Swaziland,
Uganda Uganda, Entry into force: 28 January 2004 Africa – are nowtrafficked
meetingacross
in thethe Balkancreating
Sahara, routes
Guinea Bissau new traffic king2004-2006 : Niger,
routes (Chad, 2,500Mali)”
kg heroin
Togo, seized by LEA ( = 0,25 %)
Equatorial Guinea
(Antonio Costa, UNODC, December 2009”
African Organised Crime – THB: African Patterns of OC – TIP-LEGISLATION:
Victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation accounted for about 79% of the
victims detected in 2006, and victims of forced labour for about 18% (in 52
selected countries – widely undetected as well as domestic trafficking).
African Organised Crime – THB: African Organised Crime – THB:
US$ 7 – 28 - 35
billion/year !
Distinct but interrelated transnational acts: Worldwide Problem, but solid data are rare:
Recruitment ...Transportation ... ID-fraud... Coercion by rape, viloence or threat Debt-bondage... Placement...
Micro-brothels ...Model & escort agencies...Long-term exploitation... („chaines of fresh flesh“)...
~ 700,000 (globally, US DoS´s Trafficking In Persons Report)
Less visible crime (NL: only 5 % of all victims ?)
Low risks & high profits crime (UK – 18/23 years?) ~ 500,000 (IOM estimation for women trafficked in Europe)
Punishment of clients of forced prostitutes? (G 2008 ?)
~ 200,000 (by Ethnic Albanian OCG in Europe alone)
UNODC 2009: In 2006, 570 West African victims detected in the EU – If one in 30 were
detected, this suggests a pool of some 17,000 victims in the EU, turnover rate of $
5,700/year = market worth ~ US$ 300 million
~ 1,200,000 (globally, OSCE & UNICEF, children < 18 years, )
African Patterns of OC - THB: African Organised Crime – THB:
Multitude of recent
conferences & studies:
Poverty, unemployment,
domestic violence / civil
war and drug addiction as
the primary “push factors.
Improvements in regard to legal frameworks, but..
lack of implementation & international co-operation
But sadly, there isn’t Still no comprehensive & centralised EU data collection…
enough discussion of the Harmonisation of criminal codes…
Approximation of sentences…
real root of the problem – Enhancement of Co-operation of EUROPOL/FRONTEX/IOM...)
Lacking Co-operation of EU & AU and its sub-organisations
the men. 32% of AU countries recorded no prosecutions from 2003 to 2007, 40% of the countries recorded no convictions from 2003 to 2007.
155 MS responded to the questionnaire
19% of the countries that had a specific offence on trafficking in persons recorded no convictions from 2003 to 2007. (UN-TIP 2009)

(Former) Air Routes UNODC Global Report on TIP, 2009
Bundeslagebild
of THB from West Menschenhandel
Africa to the EU 2005 - 2008
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Key Airports : Abgeschl. EV 317 353 454 482
Lagos, Tatverdächtige 683 694 624 785
Cairo, darunter
Budapest afrikanische TV 26 11 16 16
Rome Nigerianische TV 20 3 10 13
Vienna
Kiev Opfer 642 775 614 609
darunter
Afrikanische O. 32 14 29 30
Do you remember the Austrian Nigerianische O 11 5 19 25
visa scandal in Vienna/Lagos,
the German matching piece
In Kiew, or ... or …?
Land Routes THB Up to 100,000
WHY? from Nigerian women are
„ Osusu“ Western Africa
urged to work as
(save in a kind of building society); • Maghnia •Lampedusa prostitutes in Europe
Magic rituals, ritual killings -Voodo Victims of THB from

priests & Pentecostalists – namely in WB have to pay
• Tamanrasset
Nigeria, Benin, Ghana and Togo exorbitant „ travel-
costs“ (€ 50,000-
• Gao •Agadez 100,000)
SOLWODI, TAMPEP Onlus, FIM, NAPTIP,
Read more:
They are treated as
Nigeria,BAOBAB , EXIT, UNICRI, WEST-Info, Terre slaves, purchased
es Femmes, fiz.info, ILO/IPEC, Amnesty International, and sold to
UNICEF, UN.GIFT, Agisra, KOK, UNODC, UNAID, European countries
Fortress Europe.org, Borderline Europe.org….. (AT, B, ES, G, I, NL, SW, )
© Uwe Kranz, International Security Consultant, 13th European Police Congress, Berlin 2010 © Uwe Kranz, International Security Consultant, 13th European Police C)ngress, Berlin 2010
African Organised Crime – THB & HIV: African Organised Crime – THB:
Sub-Saharan Africa: WHY?
22.4 million living with HIV, “ Madames“ are running the
1.9 million newly infected, business, „ owners mostly
1,4 million died, were former prostitutes;
MENA: 350,000 /35,000/20,000, Franchising System,

However: significant rise Cluster Network, male
recruiters:
December 2008: ‚Trolleys‘ + ‚black boys‘;
33.4 million people living with HIV including Gender and family violence,
2.1 million children widespread rape, threat to
about 2.4 million lost their lives. family members at home,
Nigeria's illiteracy accounts
(UNAIDS AIDS Epidemic Update 2009) for 50 million souls
African Organised Crime – THB: African Organised Crime – THB & HIV :
Continuing disproportionate impact on women and girls in

sub-Saharan Africa.
• Côte d’Ivoire, home to the most serious epidemic in West Africa
A 15-year old slave, herding animals for „his owner“- • Swaziland has the highest HIV prevalence in the world
for several generations, his family has been enslaved by (Sexual and physical violence is a key determinant in the country)
the same family in Tahoua region of Niger. • HIV infection among sex workers/clients plays an important role
International Labour Organization (ILO): (Sub-Saharan Africa: HIV prevalence among sex workers is median 19% -
from zero in Sierra Leone to 49.4% in Guinea-Bissau)
Two million people become enslaved annually! • Southern Africa is the area most heavily affectet by the epidemic 61
African Patterns of OC – TIP: African Organised Crime – THB:

“There are still
some 2,000 child
soldiers with
armed militias in
the Democratic
Republic of
Congo” (UNICEF)
(North Kivu province)
Child soldiers are often forcibly inducted into armed forces, sometimes by
governments but often by rebel militias
African Organised Crime – TIP: African Organised Crime – TIP:
Main Smuggling Routes
Used by Illegal Immigrants
About
About
Baltic Routes
7
7 million
million
Central European illegal
illegal
Routes
Balkan Routes
migrants
migrants
East Mediterranean from
from CIS,
CIS,
Route
North African Route
2,5 million
2,5 million
West-African Atlantic in
in Russia
Russia
Coast Route
Gustave Boulanger :The slave market
Economic requirements caused by the decline of

EU’s population, tightens up the need for more
efficient and controlled migration
African Organised Crime – TIP: African Patterns of OC – TIP:

Annually, 500 000 are War, poverty & climate change
believed to illegally means hunger and thirst for billions
enter the countries of Forbidden
Western Europe, about North East
700,000 do legally. Conflicts
Push & Pull Factors
West
Since 2002, net migration South
into the EU increased to Environmental and Economic
some 2.0 m Security Dilemma Migrants
vs.
~ 20 million third-country Survival Dilemma
nationals (4 % ) reside in
the European Union.
The „ Dover case“ , June 18, 2000
Destination International
Lampedusa ? Labour
Success of Organization:
FRONTEX? Two million people
Solving the become enslaved
problem ? annually!
Thousands die in the desert - on their
way to Europe
Average 25 out of 200 die at sea
2009: 283 (+400?), 2008: 1500, 2007: 2000
Refugee camps overcrowded (850 : 2000),
violence, mistreatment,
International
Organisation for
Migration:
Globally, ca.130 million
migrants -
20-40 million are illegal.

Fabrizio Gatti, “Fortress Europe”?
investigative journalist
of the Italian magazine
„L‘espresso“, as Kurdish
refugee „Bilal“ –
July 15, 2008:
Foundation of the Mediterranean Union,
travelling among illegal migrants from subsequent to the Barcelona Process
Dakar through the Sahara to Lampedusa and the 1995 EuroMed Programme.
Big Business: (ARD, ttt, 24.01.2010)
Transport with a lorry from a starting point in Niger to Libya SIVE (Sistema Integral de Vigilancia Exterior)
€ 150 per person, Spain’s electronic border monitoring in Fueteventura: 3 transportable
platforms to monitor the coast at the public expense of € 10.5 million, plus
1,500 migrants per month each station € 6 million (strongly supported by EU budget).
= 225,000 € illegal profit x 12 months = € 2,7 million It is a radar system with 25 km range + infra-red cameras detecting objects
with a temperature either a human or an engine within a 7 km range 70
African Patterns of OC – Trafficking flows: African Organised Crime – TIP:
Tobacco smuggling … continues to have UN Conference
worrying proportions on Security
(OLAF, Europol, World Bank, Tobacco Control in Africa (TCA), WHO)
Cooperation
2 009-06 Cigarette smuggling into Ghana across
2006-09 Cigarette-smuggling syndicate
cracked in Botswana/South Africa Mediterranean
15 million cigarettes seized Athens, January 27-30, 2010
2009-11 Botswana police smashes Zimbabwe Focus on illegal migration and the smuggling of drugs and guns
cigarette smuggling
2006-11 Regional cigarette-smuggling syndicate Around 60 representatives of the EU& MS, the United States, Mediterranean countries and
cracked in Botswana and South Africa delegates from organisations like the European Police Office (Europol), International
2007-03 Cigarette smugglers nabbed by SARS Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) and the European Agency for Border Control and
forces in Zimbabwe Protection (FRONTEX) will exchange views and share experience on the issues.
2008-05 Philip Morris was supporting the illegal Due to geographical reasons, Greece faces an enormous task regarding border controls , :
smuggling of Marlboro cigarettes into “ The new government will strengthen efforts to guarantee better security for the country and the EU, as well as
South Africa? respect for fundamental rights of victims of smugglers” ( MoI Chrisohoidis)
75
African Patterns of OC – Cigarette smuggle: African Patterns of OC – Trafficking flows:

UN Threat Assessment West Africa (2009)
45 million counterfeit
antimalarial tablets ($438 million)
Cigarette smuggling
(around $775 million)
Illegal oil bunkering

(approx. $1 billion)
Cigarette smuggling from Europe and Asia to West Cocaine trafficking
and North Africa is the major money spinner,
~ 20 mt (about $1 billion)
valued at about 0,75 billion dollars.
As much as 80% of the cigarette market in some
West and North African countries is illicit.
No present-day report on South and East Africa.
African Organised Crime – Financial Crime: African Patterns of OC – e-waste:
Ghana
,,THE 419 SCAM“ („Nigerian letter“)
NOC gangs rose to prominence in

the mid-80s, owing much to the
2009 – 07
globalisation of the world's
economies and the high level of Toxic waste from Europe to
lawlessness already in the country. Africa (Nigeria and Ghana)
NOC gangs typically appear to be less

formal and more organized along familial Key methods:
and tribal lines (at least 75 distinct tribal Mislabelling containers to conceal
languages, less susceptible by infiltration e-waste & mixing waste with a
It is estimated £200 million are scammed this way from Britain
from LEA) legitimate consignment (such as
end-of-life vehicles)
African Patterns of OC – Financial crime: African Patterns of OC – e-waste:

Conflict Diamonds & Diamonds Smuggling Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary
Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal.
Conflict diamonds („cd“) sustained conflicts in (came into force on 5 May 1992).
Angola, Cote d‘Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Kidney
& bones
damages
the Congo, Sierra Leone, Liberia and will Cadmium
sustain future conflicts (Guinea,Somalia, …); Dioxyn, Lung

cancer
liver Plastics
damages Beryllium
(20%)
cancer
As many as 3 million people have died in Monthly,
Monthly,
500,000old
500,000
former wars, further 2 million were displaced PCold PC at
arrive
by war in the DRC, alone; arrive
Lagosat
Trichloro-
Lagos Brain &
Kidney
kidney
and liver ethane Mercury damages
Damien Hirst, „For the love of God“ damages (TCA)
Kimberley Process (2003): Joint effort between
+++ Proper monitoring +++ diamond industry , 43 governments and civil 1991 African Bamako
Trichloro-
INECE-USEPA Workshop
Kidney ethylene Kidney
+++ Authentication +++ Convention – not signed by (TCE) on E-Waste in West Africa,
+++ Boycott illicit and „cd“ society that aims to end the trade of „cd“: Nigeria and Ghana
and liver
damages
and liver
damages
Accra, Ghana, 24-25.06.2009
African Patterns of OC – Piracy: African Patterns of OC – Financial crime:
2009:
214 Diamonds are a girl‘s best friend –
2009:
20,000 ships passing but also best friends and major
- more captures
(despite „ Atalanta“ ),
source of income for gunrunners and
12 terrorists
less success?
263
Erfolgreich 42 47 Several investigations have linked al Qaeda to
diamond deals in Africa (DRC, Tanzania, South
Lösegeld 30-40 ?
Africa);
In Mio $ >150 ? FATF: Gold and diamonds are source of illegal
funds for money laundering;
Tanzanite (bluish precious stone) linked to
Damien Hirst, „For the love of God“
illecit dealings for terrorist financing (e.g. by
„ Tanzanite“ Lebanese groups);
Überfälle aber auch vor Nigerias Küste was the codename of Bin Laden‘s
und im gesamten Golf von Guinea personal secretary Wadih El Hage. Kimberly Process presided by Israel in 2010 ?
African Patterns of OC – Kidnapping: African Patterns of OC – Piracy:

Jihadist kidnappers Organised Crime - or Terrorism ?
November 5, 2005, coast of Somalia:
plague North Africa
January 4, 2010, upi.com; USS Gonzalez helped to drive away
the pirates
Mokhtar Belmokhtar, an elusive al- April 4 to 12, 2008, Pirate
Qaida leader, operating in the Niger
region ( “the uncatchable”);
Center Garaad, Somalia:
30 hostages taken by 25
Algeria-based al-Qaida in the pirates, heavily armed Three-master, Length 88 m
Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) has been (kalashnikovs,guns grenades Luxury Yacht "Le Ponant" © dpa
behind most of the kidnappings,
31 Sahahra Tourists kidnapped
February 21, to April 11, 2003 but also MEND-activists (Niger-Delta). November 15, 2008, south-
east of Mogadishu:MT Sirius
The number of kidnappings has risen since December 2008. Intensification of
Star (330m), load Some 100
AQIM’s presence in Mauritania, Niger, Algeria and in the whole Sahel region.
million USD ($ 250 m ransom?)
Transformation to a multipolar world African Organised Crime – TIP:
THE NATIONAL
INTELLIGENCE
COUNCIL'S 29. Dezember 2009
2025 PROJECT: Neuer Tatendrang bei Europol

“The international system -as constructed („New Power at Europol“)
following the Second World War- will be
almost unrecognizable by 2025 owing to „Die EU-Behörde ist in der
the rise of emerging powers, a globalizing Öffentlichkeit und selbst bei den
economy, an historic transfer of relative
wealth and economic power from West to Polizeidiensten noch zu wenig
East, and the growing influence of nonstate bekannt „
actors“
(Rob Wainwright, 42, Europol Director)
(NIC Nov 20, 2008)
Transformation to a multipolar world Transformation to a multipolar world

Water, Food, and
Climate Change
2010, 21 countries (about 600

million people): Either cropland or
freshwater scarce.
2025, due to population growth,
36 countries (about 1.4 billion
people) are projected to fall into
this category.
Among the new entrants will be
the African States of Ethiopia, Eritrea, Malawi…
African OC and its impact upon the EU Transformation to a multipolar world
Who‘ll be the
It’s dinner
„Latecomer“?
time! Each kind of politic of
„Renationalisation“ fails;
No“Pentagonisation“ (see
AFRICOM);
+++D+++D+++D+++
(Diplomacy,Development,Defence)
Stenghtening OECD & UN

Black Vulcan – and EU‘s ESVP
African OC and its impact upon the EU
Thank you for listening !
Demonstration gegen den Europäischen Polizeikongress

2009 Foto: dpa AFROC
… aber: „Freiheit braucht Sicherheit !“ Uwe Kranz,

General Director Assistant (ret.) , Independent Security Consultant
Gartenstr. 11, D-94130 Obernzell / Germany
Tel: +49-8591-939124 GSM: 0151-155-39022 - Fax: +49-8591-939234 E-mail: kranz_uwe@ web.de

Kranz

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Africa & Organised Crime

At about 30.2 million km² African Organised Crime -

With a billion people (as

Africa & Organised Crime

OC is widening their operational scope & range of 1998 African Political

Organised Crime Definition: Contemporary (‚classical‘) Patterns of OC :

• 2002 Moroccan OC Groups

Contemporary (‚classical‘) Patterns of OC : Contemporary (‚classical‘) Patterns of OC :

„ Die Umsätze organisierter Krimineller in Deutschland haben einen Umfang

The European OC Situation: The European OC Situation:

African Patterns of OC : Analytical Power ? African Patterns of OC : Analytical Power ?

or effective organisation in sight,

periodically develops similar OC

INTERPOL MC Capacity Building &

SARPCCO: African Patterns of OC : Analytical Power ?

African Patterns of OC : Analytical Power ? EAPCCO:

African Patterns of OC : Analytical Power ? African Patterns of OC : Analytical Power ?

Angola: Suit Filed, Investigation Opened In Togo Team Attack

Yemen, Nigeria: A Warning to the U.S.

African Organised Crime – Cannabis: African Patterns of OC - Drugs:

„Europe is the world largest market for all

African Organised Crime – Cocaine: African Organised Crime – Cannabis:

“ …Evidence, that the two streams of illicit drugs

Estimated number of African users

African Organised Crime – Opiates: African Organised Crime – Cocaine:

2001: 185 mt Opium ( 7,606 ha) (Consequence of Fatwa)

Seizures of ATS in Africa in 2007:

West and Central Africa: 700 kg

African Organised Crime – TIP: African Organised Crime – Opiates:

Organized Crime and its

African Organised Crime – THB: African Organised Crime – THB:

African Organised Crime – THB: African Organised Crime – THB:

Magic rituals, ritual killings -Voodo Victims of THB from

MENA: 350,000 /35,000/20,000, Franchising System,

Continuing disproportionate impact on women and girls in

African Patterns of OC – TIP: African Organised Crime – THB:

Gustave Boulanger :The slave market

Economic requirements caused by the decline of

African Organised Crime – TIP: African Patterns of OC – TIP:

African Organised Crime – TIP: African Organised Crime – TIP:

Big Business: (ARD, ttt, 24.01.2010)

African Patterns of OC – Cigarette smuggle: African Patterns of OC – Trafficking flows:

Illegal oil bunkering

NOC gangs rose to prominence in

NOC gangs typically appear to be less

African Patterns of OC – Financial crime: African Patterns of OC – e-waste:

sustain future conflicts (Guinea,Somalia, …); Dioxyn, Lung

African Patterns of OC – Kidnapping: African Patterns of OC – Piracy:

2025 PROJECT: Neuer Tatendrang bei Europol

Transformation to a multipolar world Transformation to a multipolar world

2010, 21 countries (about 600

Stenghtening OECD & UN

African OC and its impact upon the EU

Thank you for listening !

Demonstration gegen den Europäischen Polizeikongress

… aber: „Freiheit braucht Sicherheit !“ Uwe Kranz,

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