Heat and Mass Transfer II

BE2-HHMT2
Winter Term 2010/11

Dr. Darryl R. Overby

Lecturer, Dept. of Bioengineering
Office: RSM 4.33

Dr. Jennifer Siggers (Mass Transport)

Dr. Danny O’Hare (Chemical Kinetics)

BE2-HHMT2, Heat&Mass Transfer II

D.R. Overby, Revised Jan-17-11
Heat and Mass Transfer II
(aka. Transport Phenomena)

BE2-HHMT2, Heat&Mass Transfer II

D.R. Overby, Revised Jan-17-11
Heat and Mass Transfer II
(aka. Transport Phenomena)

BE2-HHMT2, Heat&Mass Transfer II

D.R. Overby, Revised Jan-17-11
Heat and Mass Transfer II
(aka. Transport Phenomena)

5-10 hrs

BE2-HHMT2, Heat&Mass Transfer II

D.R. Overby, Revised Jan-17-11
Heat and Mass Transfer II
(aka. Transport Phenomena)

BE2-HHMT2, Heat&Mass Transfer II

D.R. Overby, Revised Jan-17-11
 Heat and Mass Transfer II
(aka. Transport Phenomena)

Schedule of Events:

Lectures: Mondays 11:00, RSM 2.28

Fridays 16:00, RSM 2.28

Tutorials: Mondays 09:00, RSM 3.21C, 3.03, 4.01

(starting Jan 24, 2011)

Office Hours: Wednesdays 12:00 – 14:00, RSM 4.33

or by appointment

Examination: TBA
BE2-HHMT2, Heat&Mass Transfer II
D.R. Overby, Revised Jan-17-11
 Lecture 1: Introduction and Basic Definitions
Lecture Objectives:
1.  To define transport phenomena and give examples where
transport processes are important for the function of
biological systems.
2.  To describe the two fundamental processes of mass
transport: convection and diffusion.
3.  To describe the engineering definition of a fluid and its
properties, the continuum assumption and the engineering
concept of stress.

Reading: Truskey §1.1-1.3, 2.3.3 (1.4-1.8, extra)

BE2-HHMT2, Heat&Mass Transfer II

D.R. Overby, Revised Dec-28-10
 What is “Transport Phenomena”?
• An engineering science that deals with the motion of mass, momentum
and/or energy through a medium.

• Transport phenomena is often defined by sub-fields:

• momentum transport –how fluid flows in response to applied forces.

(similar to fluid mechanics)

• mass transport – how chemical species move through a solid, liquid

or gaseous medium.

• heat transport – how energy (including heat) moves through a solid,

liquid or gaseous medium.

•  There are links between the transport of heat, mass and momentum.

BE2-HHMT2, Heat&Mass Transfer II

D.R. Overby, Revised Dec-28-10
 What are Transport Phenomena important for biology?
- Homeostasis and normal physiological function requires
substances to be in the right places in the body at the right
concentrations.

-  Knowledge of transport phenomena is essential for:

-  understanding physiology and mechanisms of disease
-  design and operation of medical devices
-  development of new therapies (e.g., drug delivery or
molecular medicine)

- Let’s look at a few examples. (see Truskey §1.4-1.8).

BE2-HHMT2, Heat&Mass Transfer II

D.R. Overby, Revised Dec-28-10
 Example 1: Calcium Transport Within the Cell
Calcium is an important signalling molecule, and it’s concentration is tightly
regulated in the cell.

Contraction in skeletal muscle cells

Alberts et al., 2002 (fig 16-69).

Lodish et al., 2000 (fig 18-29).

BE2-HHMT2, Heat&Mass Transfer II

D.R. Overby, Revised Jan-16-11 http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol105/html/calcium2.jpg
 Example 2: Low-Density Lipoprotein
LDL is a large molecular complex that transports cholesterol from the liver
to tissues throughout the body.

Rose and Afanasyeva, Nat Med, 2003

Hahn and Schwartz, Nature 2009 (Fig1)

BE2-HHMT2, Heat&Mass Transfer II
D.R. Overby, Revised Dec-28-10
 Example 3: Gas Transport in the Lungs
The primary job of the lungs is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
with the blood.

Sapoval et al., 2002

Weibel, 1973
Weibel, 1984

BE2-HHMT2, Heat&Mass Transfer II

D.R. Overby, Revised Dec-28-10
 Fundamental Transport Processes
There are 2 fundamental processes at play in transport phenomena

Diffusion – arises from random motion and collision between molecules.

Convection – transport due to bulk motion of a fluid medium.

Additional Definitions:

Solute – the species of interest that is being transported through the

medium

Solvent – the medium itself, typically water for biological applications.

Usually (but not always!) solvent molecules outnumber solute.

Solution – mixture of solute + solvent

BE2-HHMT2, Heat&Mass Transfer II

D.R. Overby, Revised Dec-28-10
 Diffusion
•  Attributed to Brownian motion (after Robert Brown, 1827)

•  Arises from random collisions or “random walk”

•  Efficient over very small distances (<~ 100 µm)

•  Diffusion time:

L2
td ∝
D
L -- distance molecule diffuses [cm]
D -- Diffusivity [cm2/sec]

€ Generated using Lattice Random Walk in 3D in Mathematica by Stephen Wolfram

Hyperlinks:
http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/109N/more_stuff/Applets/brownian/brownian.html

http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/152.mf1i.spring02/UVaBrownianDemo.mpg BE2-HHMT2, Heat&Mass Transfer II

D.R. Overby, Revised Dec-28-10
 Typical Values of Diffusivity

Diffusing Quantity Diffusion Coefficient* [cm2/sec]

Gases in gases 0.1 – 0.5
Gases in liquids 1x10-7 – 7x10-5
Small molecules in liquids 1x10-5
Proteins in liquids 1x10-7 – 7x10-7
Proteins in tissues 1x10-7 – 7x10-10
Lipids in lipid membranes 1x10-9
Proteins in lipid membranes 1x10-10 – 1x10-12
Truskey, Table 1.1

* binary diffusion coefficient at room temperature

BE2-HHMT2, Heat&Mass Transfer II

D.R. Overby, Revised Dec-28-10
 Convection
•  Arises from bulk flow of solvent.

•  Solute is transported with same local velocity as solvent.

•  Efficient over very large distances (>~ 100 µm).

•  Convection time:

L
tc ∝
V
L -- distance molecule is convected [cm]
V – local solvent velocity [cm/sec]

€
BE2-HHMT2, Heat&Mass Transfer II
D.R. Overby, Revised Jan-17-11
 Quiz
•  Consider the transport of oxygen (O2) through the body by convection and
diffusion.

•  Calculate the time for O2 transport over a distance equal to one cell (10 µm)
and over a distance equal to the thickness of tissue (1 mm).

•  Make the following assumptions:

•  D = 2x10-5 cm2/sec for O2
•  V = 100 µm/sec, corresponding to the capillary blood velocity

O2 Transport Time
L = 10 µm L = 1 mm
Diffusion

Convection

BE2-HHMT2, Heat&Mass Transfer II

D.R. Overby, Revised Dec-28-10
 Quiz
•  Consider the transport of oxygen (O2) through the body by convection and
diffusion.

•  Calculate the time for O2 transport over a distance equal to one cell (10 µm)
and over a distance equal to the thickness of tissue (1 mm).

•  Make the following assumptions:

•  D = 2x10-5 cm2/sec for O2
•  V = 100 µm/sec, corresponding to the capillary blood velocity

O2 Transport Time
L = 10 µm L = 1 mm
Diffusion 0.05 sec 500 sec

Convection 0.1 sec 10 sec

Diffusion Convection
Faster Faster BE2-HHMT2, Heat&Mass Transfer II
D.R. Overby, Revised Dec-28-10
 Peclet Number (Pe)
•  Used to weigh the relative contribution of convection to diffusion.

•  Defined as a ratio of diffusion time to convection time.

diffusion time t d L2 V V L
≡ = = ≡ Pe
convection time t c D L D

•  If Pe >> 1, convection is faster, and convection dominates transport.

€•  If Pe << 1, diffusion is faster, and diffusion dominates transport.
•  If Pe ~ 1, diffusion and convection are both important.

•  Pe is a dimensionless number, and like other dimensionless numbers

(e.g., Reynold’s number) it weighs the relative importance of different
physical phenomena (e.g., inertial vs. viscous forces).

BE2-HHMT2, Heat&Mass Transfer II

D.R. Overby, Revised Dec-28-10
 Fluid Properties: Stress
•  Stress is force per unit area. Units: N/m2, Pa, dynes/cm2
•  Depends on 2 vectors: force and surface orientation
•  Stress is a tensor of order 2.
⎛σ σyy
σ xy σ xz ⎞ σyx
⎜ xx ⎟
σ = ⎜σ yx σ yy σ yz ⎟
⎜σ σ zy σ zz ⎟⎠ σxy
⎝ zx σxx

- Often written as σij σxy

σxx

€ i -- direction of orientation vector (x,y,z) y

j -- direction of force vector
σyx
x
i=j for a normal stress σyy
i≠j for a shear stress

Stress tensor is symmetric

σij = σji BE2-HHMT2, Heat&Mass Transfer II
D.R. Overby, Revised Dec-28-10
 Fluid Properties: Definition of a Fluid
•  Any substance that deforms continually under shear stress.
•  Gasses and liquids are usually fluids.
•  Corollary: Shear stress must be zero in a fluid at rest.

Upper plate moves, then stops. Upper plate continually moves.

• Some substances exhibit both fluid-like and solid-like

behaviour (viscoelastic)
BE2-HHMT2, Heat&Mass Transfer II
D.R. Overby, Revised Dec-28-10
 Fluid Properties: Density, Viscosity

Property Symbol Description Units

Density ρ
Mass per unit volume g/cm3

Viscosity
µ
Resistance to flow under shear g/(cm sec)
(Dynamic viscosity)

Kinematic viscosity ν = µ/ρ

“Diffusivity” of momentum cm2/sec

Typical values of fluid parameters given in Truskey Table 1.2

BE2-HHMT2, Heat&Mass Transfer II

D.R. Overby, Revised Dec-28-10
 The Continuum Concept
•  Analysis requires that we define fluid properties at a point.

•  As ∆V  0, eventually molecular variations dominate.

•  Chose some δV that is much larger than molecules, but much

smaller than dimensions of interest (L).

Δ mass
ρ = lim
ΔV →0 ΔV

For continuum
€ assumption to hold,
δV << L
BE2-HHMT2, Heat&Mass Transfer II
D.R. Overby, Revised Dec-28-10
 Extensive vs. Intensive Properties
Extensive property (or extrinsic property)
•  Depends on the size or amount of material contained in system
•  Cannot be defined at a point
•  Examples: mass, volume

Intensive property (or intrinsic property)

•  Independent of size or amount of material
•  Can be defined at each point
•  Examples: density, concentration

Integrating an intensive property over space translates an intensive property

into an extensive property.

Note, defining intensive properties implicitly assumes that the continuum

assumption is valid (otherwise, properties will fluctuate wildly!)

BE2-HHMT2, Heat&Mass Transfer II

D.R. Overby, Revised Jan-17-11
 Lecture 1: Introduction and Basic Definitions
Lecture Objectives:
1.  To define transport phenomena and give examples where
transport processes are important for the function of
biological systems.
2.  To describe the two fundamental processes of mass
transport: convection and diffusion.
3.  To describe the engineering definition of a fluid and its
properties, the continuum assumption and the engineering
concept of stress.

Reading: Truskey §1.1-1.3, 2.3.3 (1.4-1.8, extra)

BE2-HHMT2, Heat&Mass Transfer II

D.R. Overby, Revised Dec-28-10